Packaging of Curly Chilies During Transportation and Temporary Storage for Domestic Market in Indonesia
Proceedings
International Symposium on
Quality Management of Fruits and Vegetables
for Human Health
aオァ セエ
5-8, 2013, Bangkok, Tpailand
-
aセd
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
QUALITY MANAGEME T OF FRUITS
VEGETABLES FOR HUMAN HEALTH
(FVHH 2013)
Co-Conveners
Sirichai Kanlayanarat
Chalermchai Wongs-Aree
Bangkok, Thailand
August S-B, 2013
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
Chulalongkorn University
Phuket Rajabhat University
Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University
Postharvest Technology Innovation Center
FVHH 1013
ImematiOllu! Symposium 011 Quality MUllugemem of Fruits und Vegetables
for Hilma" Health
Editors
C. Wongs-Aree
Killg iWol1gkuf Mセ Universit)' of Technology Thol/buri, Thailand
i\.K. Kanellis
AristoTle ケエゥウキセョu
ofThessaloniki, Greece
P. Penchaiya
King _II.1ol1gkur 5 Unil'ersity a/Technology Thonbllri. Thailand
S. Kanlayanarat
King MOlIgkUf S U,,;\'ersity ofTechllOlogy T71Onhllri. ThailOlld
Organizing Committee
Kanlay3113mt, S., King mッョァォオエZセ
Universit)' afTee/molog)' T7lOl1b/lri, Thailand
Kosiyachinda, S" Kasel.l'art Universil)', Thailand
Acedo, Jr. A.L., Visoyus Stale Universily. Ihe PhihjJpines
ojCarragene. Spain
Anes, F., Technical uョゥ|G・イNセェエケ
Brueckner, D., Leibniz Ins/illiTe ofVegelable and Omamellla! Crops. Germany
Costa. G.. University ofBologna. Italy
Florkowski, W., Uni\'ersiry ofGeorgia, USA.
Gemma, H.. Tsukuba Vnil'ersir)', Japtm
Kanellis. A.K., Aristotle VI/il'ersit)' ofn,essaloniki. Greece
\-an Koolen, 0., Wageningel1 Lカセゥウイ・ョu
the Netherlands
J\'lathe, 11.., Universily of West HUl/gOlY. HUI/gar)'
.\1attoo, I\.K., USDA-ARS, Beltsville. USA
McGlasson, WB., Unil'ersity of Western Sydney. Aus/ralia
!vfitnl., S.K., Sidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya. India
","icola. S.. Unil'ersity ofTorins, Italy
Paull, R., UniversityofUowaii. USA
Prange. R., Dalhousie Uni\'ersit>: Canada
Srz;:dnicki. G., Universi(v a/New South Wales, Australia
T;:rry. L.A.. Cranfield U"il'ersif), UK
Pacific Agri-food Research Centre, Canada
Toiyonen. LNaヲᄋセp
Un/versiry of Technology Thonbur/. 71lai/alld
\\'ongs-Aree, C., King mッョァォオエセᄋ
Scientific Committtec
Aldous. D., University olMelboume. AIIMralia
.--\yanzaIO. D., lnrernafional Horticulrurist COl/sul/am. lUll)'
Hawn. USA
Bai, J.• イ・エョ wセadsu
Banks, N.. Scinnova Limited, Nelli Zealand
Cemer, ARa. Israel
Ben- Yehoshua, S., the セィO」。ョゥ
Bcnkeblia. N., University olthe West II/dies. Jamaica
Chiesa, A., BlIanm Ares University. Argell1ina
Cisncro-Zevallos, L, Texas A&M. USA
Co1clli, G., University of Foggia. Italy
Erbn, M., Akdelliz Universi/)', Turkey
Proceedings of rVHH 2013
Symposium on Quality '\'lanagemml ofFruils and VCgclabl...s for Homan Ileahh
August 5-8, 2013. Golden Tulip So'"creign HOlCI. Bangkok. Thailand
ャ。ョッゥ ュセ
J
Scienrific Commirrtcc (collt/lIl/ed)
Preface
Esguerra, E., Unirersity ojthe Philippines. the Philippines
Fallik. E., The Volcalli Center, ARO, israel
Golding, J" N5W Department ofPrimal)' Indllstries, Australia
Ilale, C., ISHS Commission PlalJ! Protectioll, llil?ll" Zealund
lIumanaka, D., Kyushll University. Japan
Illlmauzu, Y, Sl1inshli Universif); Japan
Hayashi, T., Kinki Ullil'ersity, Japan
Ilcyes, J., Massey Unil'ersif}\ NI?II' Zealand
Ihl, M" Universit}' dela F/'Onlero, Chile
'mai, K., Meiji Ulli\'ersif)', Japan
Lnatsu, Y., Narional Food Research lm·titll/e, Japan
h\llSaki, N.. Meiji Unh-ersity, Japan
Izumi, 11., Kinki Uniwrsity. Japan
Kim, J,G., Nationallnstill1te oJHorriculfllral and Herbal Science, Korea
Kondo,S., Chiha University, Japall
Lanig:lUdiere, C, lRTA.. Spain
Le\\;nsohn. E., ARo, Ne>.l'e }"ar Research Center. Israel
Lurie. 5., TIre Volcani Cemcl: ARO. Israel
:\bnganaris. G.A., C)prlls University u/Teelmolog); Cypms
:o.lathooka. F.M .• Jomo KenyUf1a Universit)' ofAgriculture And Technology, Kenya
:o.lizrahi. Y.. Bell Gurion Unil'ersily, Negl?l'. Is/'Oel
:\\izutani, F.. Ehime Unirersity. Japan
\Iorais. A.M.M.A., Unil'ersily Catolica Prall/gllese, Portugal
"\"akano. K .. .viigala Ul1i\'el'Sil): Japan
:\icolai. B.. Karholieke Unilwsity, l.elf\'en. BelgiulII
:\ishizawa. T.. Yamagata UniwI"sif): Japan
Obcnland. D.M .. Lsraセ dsu
SIV.4SC USA
Opara. L.U.. StellenbO/Th U/lil'ersif); Sowh Africa
Oppenheim. P.. Deakin UllilWSit.l: Australia
Peeh. J.e.. ESSA IX?, France
Perkins- Veazie. P.M., Norrh Carolina Slale Unire/'sit): C.iSA
Pokluda. R.. .\fendellJ·niwrsit,l' Bmo. C=ech Republic
Pomt. R.. The lalcalli Cellfer ARo. Israel
R,' ,;ciS. G.. L'nh'ersif)' of.s:\·d"ey, Allsn'alia
R:...:L1.,:O\\ ski. K .• Research 1I1Sti1llte ojHorricullllre, Poland
5.3..."1.r (If Hnm:u セ
CuC"f'r Pre\enth£> i ョ セ ⦅
217
セA
F:., ii
r
Xa
LwB [j GセB MG
C.
Oxygen FUdical.-\hsorb:llK't
ud [nracls Ol'rj,'£>d from Lセ
S Kij"ima
Effects of.-\nuxi::l Treatmenl on TomalO fruil Quality (.-4bstraCl)
.:..eu.
Imp,ac[ oftbe En\ ironmC'llai r.
K. Deak. T. S.:.is:edi and L. He/yes
E\"perimenllli Approllches for Obseniog Inlernaliulion
inln Tomato hy E, coli
セ
't:getllhle Qualit:- _-\fTened"" P
4 Cr';£sa. /" Log,>gara- .{ :..e.
205
JOOIlIlI'OI1.';
j'l;ulldestrueli\'e Determination of Carotenoid Content
and Compusilion in Tomaloes Using Near Infrared Spertroscopy
- _laj
A.: Bo.=.-;..;pu........セ
Fre:sh "t>gelabl£> QUJlit:-: l.BJll
195
.\'. Charoenchongsllk. _,t Itai, A. Oikawa and H. Murayama
The Suitable Conditiun Storage fur \Iaintllin Quality
ufVielDamese 1\hngo Fruit c\". Catlloa Loc
F
of e.-
11Ie セャッゥウ ィp
S. Mowki and T. Hal1da
Cbanges in Russet Pears during Ripening fAbs"actj
e_..-
K bッNZイオMセ
5 • .chmda
P,,)'ra Pre.wmuriQIIS
H. lkeura.
of PtttiIJ | エ セ
During Lo.. t セ ャ j ー ・ セ
C. Wofanawoll. C. 1l0ngs-Aree. l'Sriluons:. T rVaslI.l·ri and S. Kal/layallara!
Vh'ersit), aョ。ャセ
sis of Momordica churol/tia L Accessions
froln Easlern and l"orlh F:aSlern India Based on Morphological,
Yield Related Traits and I\lolccular Marker
-!
Nセib⦅yャヲッエBkヲ ᆪ
167
Y.A. PUTll.·alllo. R. Nurdjannuh. A. Lamona and E. Danna....ari
fruit Ragging IU lin prove l\'lango qオセャゥヲIG
fur GrOWing Mango Fruit in Thaihlnd
•
for thr CorUrWef P P'b
00 Pine:3PPw イセB⦅
223
II" ,r...:lT)ngl1ll
Proc"cdinj;S ofFVHH 201 J
[nu:matioo.al S) mposium on Quality Mana!!lo;ti considered that plastic net packaging allowed Ihe highest interaction between chilies
:;:)j ambienl temperature condilion. This caused Ihatlranspiration of chilies was easier than
セ
other packaging maler-ials.
rrrmness
Fig. 2 shows the change in finnness of curly chilies in plastic net, plastic sack and
::rdboard during period storage. It was considered that at day 0 or JUSt after han'esting,. Ihe
"'-:mless for all conditions were almost the same, however, at day I the highest losses of
"'"--::::;.ncss was observed on plastic net then following by plastic sack and cardboard.
Cok>,
Table 1 shows the change in color for curly chilies in plastic net, plastic sack and
;;:::-;:OOard. L·. ehroma and hue angle indicated general changes in color for different color
-e:;. Chroma and hue angle in all experimental conditions showed the similar trend. The
-est speed 10 become fully red was found for chilies packed in cardboard. The similar
セ ョ」セ
of the change in lightness, L· values, was found in all experimental conditions. 1n
NャセMZN
if the transportation period and temporary storage was considered during 5 days, lhe
⦅セ
chilies were still in good condition for all experimental conditions.
mine
Fig. 3 shows the change in vitamin C of curly chilies among packaging methods
..:.ng storage. All vitamin C change's patterns almoslthe same. ln lhe beginning of storage
セッ、N
,-itamin C content increased up to day 3 and after that tended to decrease. This change
セL[イ ・、
chilies experienced a physiological change hecause during storage period.
.-
CO,,"CLUSIONS
Among ditrerem packaging malerials, the longest postharvest life was curly chilies
:aL... ed in ventilated cardboard box. The damage ofcurly chilies was fOund at day 13.7 and 5
,. \ emilated cardboard box, plaslic sack and plastic net, respectively. There \Vas no significant
.::""erence on finnness change ofcurly chilies among packaging materials. Minimum weight
S \\a5 found in curly chiJies. packed in ventilated cardboard box. This slUdy recommends
-g \'emilated cardboard box for distribution and temporary storage of curly chilies.
-\.O\...,"OWL£DGE!\fE1\'TS
The funding ofihis research was partly supported by the National Research lncentive
-:::l!I\-e 2013.
uterature Cited
--.rI. E.E.L., Sargent, S.A., Simonne,A.. Shaw, L.N. and Cantliffe, OJ. 2007. Changes in the
posthan'est quality ofDali! hOi peppers as affected by storage temperature. Proceedings
of the 120'" Annual Meeting of the Florid.1 State Horticultural Society_ 120:246--250.
""2j3yklang.. M.. K1ieber, A. and Peter, R.D. 2000. Color at harvest and post-han'est behaviour
uuluence paprika and chilli spice quality. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 20(3):269セWX
--....wnds, N.K., Hanaras. M. and Bosland. P. W. 1994. Posthan'est water los.s and storage quality
of nine pepper (Capsicum) cultivars. HonScience. 29(3): 191-193.
:anjagc, M.a., Nyalala, s.p.a., IIIa,A.C., Mugo. B.\V., Limbe.i\.E. and Vulimu, t.M. 2005.
Extending postharvesl life of sweet pepper (Capsicum 01ll1llm L. 'California Wonder')
\\ ith modified atmosphere packaging and storage tcmperature. Agricultura Tropica et
^MッZセェョァZNッヲ vQ RPQS
a...-n.:I\;onal Symposium
International Symposium on
Quality Management of Fruits and Vegetables
for Human Health
aオァ セエ
5-8, 2013, Bangkok, Tpailand
-
aセd
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
QUALITY MANAGEME T OF FRUITS
VEGETABLES FOR HUMAN HEALTH
(FVHH 2013)
Co-Conveners
Sirichai Kanlayanarat
Chalermchai Wongs-Aree
Bangkok, Thailand
August S-B, 2013
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
Chulalongkorn University
Phuket Rajabhat University
Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University
Postharvest Technology Innovation Center
FVHH 1013
ImematiOllu! Symposium 011 Quality MUllugemem of Fruits und Vegetables
for Hilma" Health
Editors
C. Wongs-Aree
Killg iWol1gkuf Mセ Universit)' of Technology Thol/buri, Thailand
i\.K. Kanellis
AristoTle ケエゥウキセョu
ofThessaloniki, Greece
P. Penchaiya
King _II.1ol1gkur 5 Unil'ersity a/Technology Thonbllri. Thailand
S. Kanlayanarat
King MOlIgkUf S U,,;\'ersity ofTechllOlogy T71Onhllri. ThailOlld
Organizing Committee
Kanlay3113mt, S., King mッョァォオエZセ
Universit)' afTee/molog)' T7lOl1b/lri, Thailand
Kosiyachinda, S" Kasel.l'art Universil)', Thailand
Acedo, Jr. A.L., Visoyus Stale Universily. Ihe PhihjJpines
ojCarragene. Spain
Anes, F., Technical uョゥ|G・イNセェエケ
Brueckner, D., Leibniz Ins/illiTe ofVegelable and Omamellla! Crops. Germany
Costa. G.. University ofBologna. Italy
Florkowski, W., Uni\'ersiry ofGeorgia, USA.
Gemma, H.. Tsukuba Vnil'ersir)', Japtm
Kanellis. A.K., Aristotle VI/il'ersit)' ofn,essaloniki. Greece
\-an Koolen, 0., Wageningel1 Lカセゥウイ・ョu
the Netherlands
J\'lathe, 11.., Universily of West HUl/gOlY. HUI/gar)'
.\1attoo, I\.K., USDA-ARS, Beltsville. USA
McGlasson, WB., Unil'ersity of Western Sydney. Aus/ralia
!vfitnl., S.K., Sidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya. India
","icola. S.. Unil'ersity ofTorins, Italy
Paull, R., UniversityofUowaii. USA
Prange. R., Dalhousie Uni\'ersit>: Canada
Srz;:dnicki. G., Universi(v a/New South Wales, Australia
T;:rry. L.A.. Cranfield U"il'ersif), UK
Pacific Agri-food Research Centre, Canada
Toiyonen. LNaヲᄋセp
Un/versiry of Technology Thonbur/. 71lai/alld
\\'ongs-Aree, C., King mッョァォオエセᄋ
Scientific Committtec
Aldous. D., University olMelboume. AIIMralia
.--\yanzaIO. D., lnrernafional Horticulrurist COl/sul/am. lUll)'
Hawn. USA
Bai, J.• イ・エョ wセadsu
Banks, N.. Scinnova Limited, Nelli Zealand
Cemer, ARa. Israel
Ben- Yehoshua, S., the セィO」。ョゥ
Bcnkeblia. N., University olthe West II/dies. Jamaica
Chiesa, A., BlIanm Ares University. Argell1ina
Cisncro-Zevallos, L, Texas A&M. USA
Co1clli, G., University of Foggia. Italy
Erbn, M., Akdelliz Universi/)', Turkey
Proceedings of rVHH 2013
Symposium on Quality '\'lanagemml ofFruils and VCgclabl...s for Homan Ileahh
August 5-8, 2013. Golden Tulip So'"creign HOlCI. Bangkok. Thailand
ャ。ョッゥ ュセ
J
Scienrific Commirrtcc (collt/lIl/ed)
Preface
Esguerra, E., Unirersity ojthe Philippines. the Philippines
Fallik. E., The Volcalli Center, ARO, israel
Golding, J" N5W Department ofPrimal)' Indllstries, Australia
Ilale, C., ISHS Commission PlalJ! Protectioll, llil?ll" Zealund
lIumanaka, D., Kyushll University. Japan
Illlmauzu, Y, Sl1inshli Universif); Japan
Hayashi, T., Kinki Ullil'ersity, Japan
Ilcyes, J., Massey Unil'ersif}\ NI?II' Zealand
Ihl, M" Universit}' dela F/'Onlero, Chile
'mai, K., Meiji Ulli\'ersif)', Japan
Lnatsu, Y., Narional Food Research lm·titll/e, Japan
h\llSaki, N.. Meiji Unh-ersity, Japan
Izumi, 11., Kinki Uniwrsity. Japan
Kim, J,G., Nationallnstill1te oJHorriculfllral and Herbal Science, Korea
Kondo,S., Chiha University, Japall
Lanig:lUdiere, C, lRTA.. Spain
Le\\;nsohn. E., ARo, Ne>.l'e }"ar Research Center. Israel
Lurie. 5., TIre Volcani Cemcl: ARO. Israel
:\bnganaris. G.A., C)prlls University u/Teelmolog); Cypms
:o.lathooka. F.M .• Jomo KenyUf1a Universit)' ofAgriculture And Technology, Kenya
:o.lizrahi. Y.. Bell Gurion Unil'ersily, Negl?l'. Is/'Oel
:\\izutani, F.. Ehime Unirersity. Japan
\Iorais. A.M.M.A., Unil'ersily Catolica Prall/gllese, Portugal
"\"akano. K .. .viigala Ul1i\'el'Sil): Japan
:\icolai. B.. Karholieke Unilwsity, l.elf\'en. BelgiulII
:\ishizawa. T.. Yamagata UniwI"sif): Japan
Obcnland. D.M .. Lsraセ dsu
SIV.4SC USA
Opara. L.U.. StellenbO/Th U/lil'ersif); Sowh Africa
Oppenheim. P.. Deakin UllilWSit.l: Australia
Peeh. J.e.. ESSA IX?, France
Perkins- Veazie. P.M., Norrh Carolina Slale Unire/'sit): C.iSA
Pokluda. R.. .\fendellJ·niwrsit,l' Bmo. C=ech Republic
Pomt. R.. The lalcalli Cellfer ARo. Israel
R,' ,;ciS. G.. L'nh'ersif)' of.s:\·d"ey, Allsn'alia
R:...:L1.,:O\\ ski. K .• Research 1I1Sti1llte ojHorricullllre, Poland
5.3..."1.r (If Hnm:u セ
CuC"f'r Pre\enth£> i ョ セ ⦅
217
セA
F:., ii
r
Xa
LwB [j GセB MG
C.
Oxygen FUdical.-\hsorb:llK't
ud [nracls Ol'rj,'£>d from Lセ
S Kij"ima
Effects of.-\nuxi::l Treatmenl on TomalO fruil Quality (.-4bstraCl)
.:..eu.
Imp,ac[ oftbe En\ ironmC'llai r.
K. Deak. T. S.:.is:edi and L. He/yes
E\"perimenllli Approllches for Obseniog Inlernaliulion
inln Tomato hy E, coli
セ
't:getllhle Qualit:- _-\fTened"" P
4 Cr';£sa. /" Log,>gara- .{ :..e.
205
JOOIlIlI'OI1.';
j'l;ulldestrueli\'e Determination of Carotenoid Content
and Compusilion in Tomaloes Using Near Infrared Spertroscopy
- _laj
A.: Bo.=.-;..;pu........セ
Fre:sh "t>gelabl£> QUJlit:-: l.BJll
195
.\'. Charoenchongsllk. _,t Itai, A. Oikawa and H. Murayama
The Suitable Conditiun Storage fur \Iaintllin Quality
ufVielDamese 1\hngo Fruit c\". Catlloa Loc
F
of e.-
11Ie セャッゥウ ィp
S. Mowki and T. Hal1da
Cbanges in Russet Pears during Ripening fAbs"actj
e_..-
K bッNZイオMセ
5 • .chmda
P,,)'ra Pre.wmuriQIIS
H. lkeura.
of PtttiIJ | エ セ
During Lo.. t セ ャ j ー ・ セ
C. Wofanawoll. C. 1l0ngs-Aree. l'Sriluons:. T rVaslI.l·ri and S. Kal/layallara!
Vh'ersit), aョ。ャセ
sis of Momordica churol/tia L Accessions
froln Easlern and l"orlh F:aSlern India Based on Morphological,
Yield Related Traits and I\lolccular Marker
-!
Nセib⦅yャヲッエBkヲ ᆪ
167
Y.A. PUTll.·alllo. R. Nurdjannuh. A. Lamona and E. Danna....ari
fruit Ragging IU lin prove l\'lango qオセャゥヲIG
fur GrOWing Mango Fruit in Thaihlnd
•
for thr CorUrWef P P'b
00 Pine:3PPw イセB⦅
223
II" ,r...:lT)ngl1ll
Proc"cdinj;S ofFVHH 201 J
[nu:matioo.al S) mposium on Quality Mana!!lo;ti considered that plastic net packaging allowed Ihe highest interaction between chilies
:;:)j ambienl temperature condilion. This caused Ihatlranspiration of chilies was easier than
セ
other packaging maler-ials.
rrrmness
Fig. 2 shows the change in finnness of curly chilies in plastic net, plastic sack and
::rdboard during period storage. It was considered that at day 0 or JUSt after han'esting,. Ihe
"'-:mless for all conditions were almost the same, however, at day I the highest losses of
"'"--::::;.ncss was observed on plastic net then following by plastic sack and cardboard.
Cok>,
Table 1 shows the change in color for curly chilies in plastic net, plastic sack and
;;:::-;:OOard. L·. ehroma and hue angle indicated general changes in color for different color
-e:;. Chroma and hue angle in all experimental conditions showed the similar trend. The
-est speed 10 become fully red was found for chilies packed in cardboard. The similar
セ ョ」セ
of the change in lightness, L· values, was found in all experimental conditions. 1n
NャセMZN
if the transportation period and temporary storage was considered during 5 days, lhe
⦅セ
chilies were still in good condition for all experimental conditions.
mine
Fig. 3 shows the change in vitamin C of curly chilies among packaging methods
..:.ng storage. All vitamin C change's patterns almoslthe same. ln lhe beginning of storage
セッ、N
,-itamin C content increased up to day 3 and after that tended to decrease. This change
セL[イ ・、
chilies experienced a physiological change hecause during storage period.
.-
CO,,"CLUSIONS
Among ditrerem packaging malerials, the longest postharvest life was curly chilies
:aL... ed in ventilated cardboard box. The damage ofcurly chilies was fOund at day 13.7 and 5
,. \ emilated cardboard box, plaslic sack and plastic net, respectively. There \Vas no significant
.::""erence on finnness change ofcurly chilies among packaging materials. Minimum weight
S \\a5 found in curly chiJies. packed in ventilated cardboard box. This slUdy recommends
-g \'emilated cardboard box for distribution and temporary storage of curly chilies.
-\.O\...,"OWL£DGE!\fE1\'TS
The funding ofihis research was partly supported by the National Research lncentive
-:::l!I\-e 2013.
uterature Cited
--.rI. E.E.L., Sargent, S.A., Simonne,A.. Shaw, L.N. and Cantliffe, OJ. 2007. Changes in the
posthan'est quality ofDali! hOi peppers as affected by storage temperature. Proceedings
of the 120'" Annual Meeting of the Florid.1 State Horticultural Society_ 120:246--250.
""2j3yklang.. M.. K1ieber, A. and Peter, R.D. 2000. Color at harvest and post-han'est behaviour
uuluence paprika and chilli spice quality. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 20(3):269セWX
--....wnds, N.K., Hanaras. M. and Bosland. P. W. 1994. Posthan'est water los.s and storage quality
of nine pepper (Capsicum) cultivars. HonScience. 29(3): 191-193.
:anjagc, M.a., Nyalala, s.p.a., IIIa,A.C., Mugo. B.\V., Limbe.i\.E. and Vulimu, t.M. 2005.
Extending postharvesl life of sweet pepper (Capsicum 01ll1llm L. 'California Wonder')
\\ ith modified atmosphere packaging and storage tcmperature. Agricultura Tropica et
^MッZセェョァZNッヲ vQ RPQS
a...-n.:I\;onal Symposium