Evaluation Of Psychophysical Experience And Heart Rate Of Malaysian Female While Manual Lifting Activities.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

EVALUATION OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL EXPERIENCE AND

HEART RATE OF MALAYSIAN FEMALE WHILE MANUAL

LIFTING ACTIVITIES

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering

(Manufacturing Management) (Hons.)

NURFARAHANA BINTI SIMUN B050910035

900215016100

FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING 2013

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: Evaluation of Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate of Malaysian Female While Manual Lifting Activities

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2012/13 Semester 2

Saya NURFARAHANA BINTI SIMUN

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. **Sila tandakan ( )

SULIT TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Alamat Tetap:

NO. 83, Jalan Pantai, Kampung Tanjung Genting, Mersing, Johor.

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Cop Rasmi:

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DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled “Evaluation of Psychophysical Experience

and Heart Rate of Malaysian Female While Manual Lifting Activities” is the results of my own research except as cited in references.

Signature : ……….

Author’s Name : ………

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APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of UTeM as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Management) (Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as follow:

………

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ABSTRAK

Di dalam industri pembuatan, mengangkat beban secara manual dilakukan dengan meluas oleh para pekerja. Bagaimanapun, teknik mengangkat beban secara manual yang tidak betul boleh menyumbang kepada kecederaan-kecederaan berkaitan kerja seperti sakit belakang dan sakit bahu kepada pekerja. Tujuan kajian ini ialah untuk merangka model matematik untuk meramal kesan paras ketinggian angkatan, berat beban dan sudut pusingan terhadap pengalaman psikofizikal dan kadar denyutan jantung wanita Malaysia semasa mereka mengangkat beban secara manual. Kajian ini melaksanakan pemerhatian tempat kerja dan kajian soal selidik bagi menentukan teknik angkatan dan masalah kesihatan yang dialami oleh pekerja wanita. Kemudiannya, satu eksperimen makmal telah dijalankan untuk menyiasat kesan paras ketinggian angkatan, berat beban dan sudut pusingan terhadap pengalaman psikofizikal dan kadar denyutan jantung subjek wanita semasa mengangkat beban secara manual. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, kajian ini mendapati berat beban telah dikenalpasti sebagai penyumbang utama kepada pengalaman psikofizikal, tahap kesakitan dan kadar denyutan jantung subjek wanita. Sembilan model matematik telah dirangka untuk meramal kesan ketinggian angkatan, berat beban dan sudut pusingan terhadap pengalaman psikofizikal dan kadar denyutan jantung wanita Malaysia. Semua model tersebut telah disahkan melalui data sejarah dan data eksperimen. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, satu kesepadanan yang baik di antara keputusan model matematik, data sejarah dan data eksperimen. Oleh itu, kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa model yang telah dibangunkan di dalam kajian ini boleh dipercayai untuk meramal kesan ketinggian angkatan, berat beban dan sudut pusingan terhadap pengalaman psikofizikal, tahap kesakitan dan kadar denyutan jantung semasa mengangkat beban secara manual. Kajian ini mencadangkan kesan saiz beban dan cara angkatan seharusnya dipertimbangkan untuk kajian masa depan.

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ABSTRACT

In manufacturing industry, manual lifting is widely practiced by the workers. However improper manual lifting technique can contribute to occupational injuries such as lower back pain and shoulder pain to the workers. The aim of this study is to develop mathematical models which are specifically used to predict the effects of lifting height, load mass, and twist angle on psychophysical experience and heart rate of Malaysian female while they are manual lifting. This study has performed workplace observation and questionnaire survey to determine lifting techniques and health problems experienced by the female workers. Subsequently a laboratory based experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of lifting height, load mass, and twist angle on psychophysical experience and heart rate of female subjects in manual lifting. Based on statistical analysis, this study found that the load mass has identified as main contributor to the psychophysical experience, pain level and heart rate of female subjects. Additionally nine mathematical models have been developed to predict the effects of lifting height, load mass, and twist angle on psychophysical experience and heart rate of Malaysian female. All models have been validated through historical data and experimental work. Based on statistical analysis, there is a good agreement between the results of the mathematical model, the historical data and the experimental work. Therefore, this study concluded that the models developed by this study are reliable for predicting the effect to the psychophysical experience, pain level and heart rate with respect to lifting height, load mass and twist angle in manual lifting. This study suggests that the effects of load sizes and lifting style should be considered in future study.

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DEDICATION

I would like to convey my appreciation to my beloved parents, siblings, and friends who have giving me their moral supports continuously throughout my entire life.

Thank you for undivided loves and supports.

May God bless them for their positive supports which give me motivation to excellence in my future.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, great deals appreciated go to the contribution of my faculty and university, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

I am also would like to thank to my supervisor, Dr. Isa bin Halim, whose invaluable guidance, advice, assistance from initial to the final level enabled me to develop understanding of this project. He inspired me greatly to work in this project. His willingness to motivate me contributed tremendously to my project. I appreciate the knowledge and advices that has gained from my supervisor. He has given me valuable cooperation, assistance, support and suggestion during this completion of project.

Special thank goes to Jati Beringin Sdn. Bhd. and Infineon Technologies (M) Sdn. Bhd. for providing fruitful case study during data collection.

Moreover, I would like to thank to my family who have giving me the supports and motivation to carry on from beginning until the completion of this project submission.

Finally, I would like to thank to my course mate for their cooperation, comprehensive and explanation as well as is providing some useful information in my final year project.

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Abstrak i

Abstract ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Content v

List of Tables viii

List of Figures xi

List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study 3

1.5 Significance of Study 4

1.6 Report Outlines 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting 6

2.1.1 Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting 6

2.1.2 Health Problems Associated with Manual Lifting 10

2.1.3 Manual Lifting Assessment Methods 10

2.1.4 Control Measures for Health Problems Associated with

Manual Lifting 11

2.2 Review on Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate 12 2.2.1 Assessment Method for Psychophysical Experience 12

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Heart Rate in Manual Lifting 13

2.4 Summary of Literature 15

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 16

3.1 Investigation of Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in

Manual Lifting 16

3.1.1 Investigation of Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting 16 3.1.2 Investigation of Health Problems in Manual Lifting 18 3.2 Assessment of Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate

while Performing Manual Lifting 21

3.2.1 Subjects 23

3.2.2 Replications 24

3.2.3 Randomization 24

3.2.4 Standard Operation Procedures (SOP) 24

3.2.5 Pilot Study and Actual Experiment 29

3.3 Formulation of Mathematical Model of Psychophysical Experience

and Heart Rate in Manual Lifting 30

3.3.1 Descriptive Statistics 30

3.3.2 Comparative Statistics 30

3.3.3 Regression Statistics 31

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32

4.1 Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting 32

4.1.1 Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting 32

4.1.2 Health Problems due to Manual Lifting 35

4.2 Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate while Performing

Manual Lifting 37

4.2.1 Psychophysical Experience 39

4.2.2 Psychophysical Experience (Pain Level) 43

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vii

4.3 Formulation of Mathematical Model 53

4.3.1 Psychophysical Experience 53

4.3.2 Pain Level 61

4.3.3 Heart Rate 67

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE WORK 70 5.1 Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting 70 5.2 Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate of Female in

Manual Lifting 70

5.3 Formulation of Mathematical Model for Female 71

5.4 Suggestion for Future Work 72

REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES

A Questionnaire Form for Direct Survey in Industry

B Borg Scale for Psychophysical Experience used in LBE for Test 1 C Likert Scale for Pain Level used in LBE for Test 1

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viii 3.1 The Combination of Dependent Variables and Independent Variables 21 3.2 Standard Operation Procedure of Psychophysical Experience 25

3.3 Standard Operation Procedure of Heart Rate 27

4.1 Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting from Literature and On-site

Observation 33

4.2 Lifting Techniques and Its Figure in the On-site Observation 34

4.3 Details of Subjects 38

4.4 Minimum, Maximum, Mean and Standard Deviation of the Subjects 38

4.5 Sequences of Tests in LBE 38

4.6 ANOVA: Psychophysical Experience (Left) versus Twist Angle,

Load Mass, Lifting Height in Lower Back 41

4.7 ANOVA: Psychophysical Experience (Right) versus Twist Angle,

Load Mass, Lifting Height in Lower Back 41

4.8 ANOVA: Psychophysical Experience (Left) versus Twist Angle,

Load Mass, Lifting Height in Upper Arm 42

4.9 ANOVA: Psychophysical Experience (Left) versus Twist Angle,

Load Mass, Lifting Height in Upper Arm 42

4.10 The Correlations Results for Psychophysical Experience in Lower Back 43 4.11 The Correlations Results for Psychophysical Experience in Upper Arm 43 4.12 ANOVA: Pain Level (Left) versus Twist Angle, Load Mass,

Lifting Height in Lower Back 46

4.13 ANOVA: Pain Level (Right) versus Twist Angle, Load Mass,

Lifting Height in Lower Back 46

4.14 ANOVA: Pain Level (Left) versus Twist Angle, Load Mass,

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ix 4.15 ANOVA: Pain Level (Right) versus Twist Angle, Load Mass,

Lifting Height in Upper Arm 47

4.16 The Correlations Results for Pain Level in Lower Back 48 4.17 The Correlations Results for Pain Level in Upper Arm 48

4.18 Data of Subjects’ Heart Rate for 27 Tests 49

4.19 ANOVA: Heart Rate versus Twist Angle, Load Mass, Lifting Height 52

4.20 The Correlations Result 52

4.21 Regression Analysis: Psychophysical Experience (Left) versus

Lifting Height, Load Mass, Twist Angle in Lower Back 54 4.22 Regression Analysis: Psychophysical Experience (Right) versus

Lifting Height, Load Mass, Twist Angle in Lower Back 54 4.23 Regression Analysis: Psychophysical Experience (Left) versus

Lifting Height, Load Mass, Twist Angle in Upper Arm 55 4.24 Regression Analysis: Psychophysical Experience (Right) versus

Lifting Height, Load Mass, Twist Angle in Upper Arm 56 4.25 Validation Data of Psychophysical Experience in Lower Back 57 4.26 Validation Data of Psychophysical Experience in Upper Arm 58 4.27 T-test for Validation of Results in Lower Back 59

4.28 T-test for Validation of Results in Upper Arm 60

4.29 Regression Analysis: Pain Level (Left) versus Twist Angle,

Load Mass and Lifting Height in Lower Back 61

4.30 Regression Analysis: Pain Level (Right) versus Twist Angle,

Load Mass and Lifting Height in Lower Back 62

4.31 Regression Analysis: Pain Level (Left) versus Twist Angle,

Load Mass and Lifting Height in Upper Arm 63

4.32 Regression Analysis: Pain Level (Right) versus Twist Angle,

Load Mass and Lifting Height in Upper Arm 63

4.33 Validation Data of Pain Level in Lower Back 64

4.34 Validation Data of Pain Level in Upper Arm 65

4.35 T-test for Validation of Results in Lower Back 66 4.36 T-test for Validation of Results in Upper Arm 67

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4.38 Validation Data of Pain Level in Upper Arm 69

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LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Report Outline 5

2.1 Squat, Stoop and Semi-squat Lifting Techniques 7

2.2 Symmetry, Asymmetry, One-handed and Two-handed Lifting 9

2.3 Heart Rate Monitor (Polar, Finland) 13

3.1 The Literature Survey of the Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting 17

3.2 The Process of Direct Survey 18

3.3 The Literature Survey of the Health Problems due to Manual Lifting 19

3.4 The Process of Questionnaire Survey 20

3.5 Worker fill up the Questionnaire Form 21

3.6 Flow Chart of Experiment Activities 23

4.1 Number of Respondents with Pain Level from 5 to 10 for Right Side

of Body 36

4.2 Number of Respondents with Pain Level from 5 to 10 for Left Side

of Body 37

4.3 Psychophysical Experience in Left and Right of Lower Back 39 4.4 Psychophysical Experience in Left and Right of Upper Arm 40 4.5 Pain Level of Subjects for Left and Right Side of Lower Back 44 4.6 Pain Level of Subjects for Left and Right Side of Upper Arm 45

4.7 Average of Heart Rate (after) for 27 Tests 50

4.8 Heart Rate of 10 Subjects for Test 14 51

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xii

NOMENCLATURE

 - Degree

< - Less than

> - More than

ANOVA - Analysis of Variance

BPDR - Body part discomfort diagram rating

bpm - Beat per minute

CI - Confidence Interval

cm - Centimeter

DF - Degree of freedom

DOE - Design of experiment

Eq. - Equation

F - F Test (ANOVA)

H0 - Null hypothesis

H1 - Alternate hypothesis HRM - Heart rate monitor

kg - Kilogram

LB - Lower Back

LBE - Laboratory based experiments

LBP - Lower back pain

p - p-value (ANOVA)

R - R-squared (regression analysis)

RPE - Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale

SD - Standard deviation

SOP - Standard operation procedure SSE - Sum of squares error

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xiii

UA - Upper Arm

UTeM - Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka VAS - Visual analogue scale

VS - Versus

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1 This chapter presents the background of study, problem statements, objectives, and scope and limitation of study. In addition, the significance of study and the report outlines are also provided in this chapter.

1.1 Background of Study

Manual lifting requires a person to use force to carry an object by using both of his or her hands. There are few techniques of lifting such as stoop lifting and squat techniques, but those techniques only can use for a load that not so heavy.

Many of the industry in Malaysia still use the manual lifting techniques without assistance of equipment. The ergonomics risk factor associated with manual lifting can lead to occupational injuries. According to Lin et al. (2002), the incidence, severity, and potential disability of low back pain are related to the demands on the individual in the workplace.

This study is about evaluation of psychophysical experience and heart rate of Malaysian female while manual lifting. The heart rate is interaction of human body when do some lifting, while psychophysical experience is the feeling or experience after the lifting like tired, pain or others feeling.

This study aims to develop mathematical models of psychophysical experience and heart rate with respect to twist angle, load mass and lifting height in manual lifting

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

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2 activities. The method to collect the data is direct surveys and questionnaire surveys of workers at an industry that applied the manual lifting technique and the laboratory based experiments.

1.2 Problem Statement

Based on observation, workers in industry require manual lifting in their daily job activities. However manual lifting practices lead several problems as summarized as follow:

a) Ergonomics risk factor associated with manual lifting can lead to occupational injuries such as low back pain and shoulder pain to industrial workers. Manual lifting contributes to occupational injuries associated with low back pain that can affect the life quality of industrial workers (Zurada, 2012).

b) Due to occupational injuries, the motivation, productivity and efficiency of the workers may be affected. Poor workers’ health can reduce productivity and work quality (Shikdar and Sawaqed, 2003).

c) The company has to spend money for medical, treatment and rehabilitation to the injured workers. Workers’ health issues have the potential to both increase costs and decrease revenues for any organization (Miller and Haslam, 2009).

d) Lead to absenteeism and high rate of turnover in the company. The absenteeism and turnover of workers can be reduced by increasing workers’ spirit at work (Kinjerski and Skrypnek, 2008). Poor working practices lead to low motivation of workers to come to workplace. In the worst case, they might be resigning from the position. Hence ergonomic working environment including safe lifting techniques is necessity for the workers.

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3 The aim of this study is to develop mathematical models of psychophysical experience and heart rate with respect to postures, loads mass and lifting height in manual lifting activities. Specifically this study embarks the following objectives:

a) To investigate the technique applied by the workers while performing manual lifting and the health problems experienced by female workers due to manual lifting task.

b) To assess the psychophysical experience and heart rate of female workers while performing manual lifting tasks.

c) To formulate mathematical models of psychophysical experience and heart rate of female subjects with respect to twist angle, load mass and lifting height in manual lifting activities.

1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study

This study focuses on the how manual lifting affected the psychophysical experience and heart rate of the subjects. In order to get all the data and information for the study, laboratory based experiments (LBE) have been carried out. The subjects are female and all of them are selected at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). The subjects must in good health and not having physical disabilities. The following section describes the variables used in the LBE.

As the subjects, 10 female (Maiti and Bagchi, 2006) students from UTeM will do the laboratory based experiments (LBE). The loads that used for this experiment is 5 kg (Maiti and Bagchi, 2006), 10 kg (Rabinowitz et al., 1998; Maiti and Bagchi, 2006)

and 15 kg (Lee, 2003). The subjects need to lift the loads from floor to the shelf with lifting height 55 cm, 75 cm (Rabinowitz et al., 1998) and 120 cm with three twist

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4 angles which are 0°, 45° and 90° (Plamondon et al., 2006). The limitation of this study is only limited to develop the mathematical model based on experimental works.

1.5 Significance of Study

There is a significance that has potential to help the workers in industry. Therefore, the occupational health of the workers can be improved especially in manual lifting task. The workers can practice the proper way to perform manual lifting task to avoid the occupational injuries such as low back pain.

Moreover, this study can be as future reference and research for the academicians. The results from the study can be delivered to society to enhance awareness on manual lifting activities.

1.6 Report Outlines

Chapter one provides background of study, problem statements, objectives, scope of the study, significance of study, and report outlines. In chapter two, the literature review of lifting technique and health problem in manual lifting are presented. The literature review is provided to support the methodology and discussion. The literature reviews have been found by using the journals and direct survey to the industry. Chapter three is all about methodology. It provides the method to identify the lifting techniques and health problems due to manual lifting, the psychophysical experience and heart rate in manual lifting and the method to formulate mathematical model for the psychophysical experience and heart rate with respect to postures, loads mass and lifting height in manual lifting activities. Chapter four presents the results obtain from the questionnaire survey and laboratory based experiments (LBE). Chapter five provides the conclusion and recommendation about the manual lifting tasks. Figure 1.1 shows the report outline of the study.

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5 Figure 1.1: Report Outline

Chapter 1

• Background of Study

• Problem Statement

• Objectives

• Scope and Limitation of Study

• Significance of Study

• Report Outline

Chapter 2

• Literature review

- Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting

- Review on Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate in Manual Lifting

- Review on Matehematical Models of Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate in Manual Lifting

Chapter 3

• Methodology

- Investigation of Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting

- Assessment of Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate while Performing Manual Activity

- Formulation of Mathematical Model of Psychophysical Experience and Heart

Rate while Performing Manual Activity

Chapter 4

• Results and Discussion

Chapter 5

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6 This chapter provides literature review on lifting techniques that applied by the industry worker while doing manual lifting. In addition, this chapter also provide the health problems in manual lifting.

2.1 Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting

There are lot of manual lifting activities in the industry, so that there is also a lot of lifting techniques applied by workers while performing the manual lifting. The workers also can expose the health problems due to manual lifting. The details of lifting techniques and health problems in manual lifting are describes in the following sections.

2.1.1 Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting

Manual lifting is defined as jobs that performed manually by humans including lifting, holding, carrying and moving heavy objects in the workplace (Zurada, 2012). Lifting happen when an object is move from a starting point to an ending point with a consequent increase in its vertical position (Hsiang et al., 1997). While lifting, both trunk muscles and hip muscles provide the extension torques to lift the torso upward. The following section describes the lifting techniques.

There are lot of lifting techniques. The common lifting techniques are stooping and squatting lifting techniques. According Straker (2003), squat technique starts with

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2

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7 stoop technique starts with position of stretched knees and the inclined trunk. Furthermore, there is semi-squat technique, the posture between the squat and stoop lifts. The above mentioned techniques are shown in Figure 2.1.

Squat Lifting Technique Posture

Stoop Lifting Technique Posture

Semi-squat Lifting Technique Posture

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2 activities. The method to collect the data is direct surveys and questionnaire surveys of workers at an industry that applied the manual lifting technique and the laboratory based experiments.

1.2 Problem Statement

Based on observation, workers in industry require manual lifting in their daily job activities. However manual lifting practices lead several problems as summarized as follow:

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3 1.3 Objectives

The aim of this study is to develop mathematical models of psychophysical experience and heart rate with respect to postures, loads mass and lifting height in manual lifting activities. Specifically this study embarks the following objectives:

a) To investigate the technique applied by the workers while performing manual lifting and the health problems experienced by female workers due to manual lifting task.

b) To assess the psychophysical experience and heart rate of female workers while performing manual lifting tasks.

c) To formulate mathematical models of psychophysical experience and heart rate of female subjects with respect to twist angle, load mass and lifting height in manual lifting activities.

1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study

and 15 kg (Lee, 2003). The subjects need to lift the loads from floor to the shelf with lifting height 55 cm, 75 cm (Rabinowitz et al., 1998) and 120 cm with three twist

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4 angles which are 0°, 45° and 90° (Plamondon et al., 2006). The limitation of this study is only limited to develop the mathematical model based on experimental works.

1.5 Significance of Study

Moreover, this study can be as future reference and research for the academicians. The results from the study can be delivered to society to enhance awareness on manual lifting activities.

1.6 Report Outlines

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Figure 1.1: Report Outline

Chapter 1

• Background of Study • Problem Statement • Objectives

• Scope and Limitation of Study • Significance of Study

• Report Outline

Chapter 2

• Literature review

- Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting

- Review on Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate in Manual Lifting

- Review on Matehematical Models of Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate in Manual Lifting

Chapter 3

• Methodology

- Investigation of Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting

- Assessment of Psychophysical Experience and Heart Rate while Performing Manual Activity

- Formulation of Mathematical Model of Psychophysical Experience and Heart

Rate while Performing Manual Activity

Chapter 4

• Results and Discussion

Chapter 5

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2.1 Lifting Techniques and Health Problems in Manual Lifting

2.1.1 Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting

There are lot of lifting techniques. The common lifting techniques are stooping and squatting lifting techniques. According Straker (2003), squat technique starts with

LITERATURE REVIEW

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7 position of deep knee flexion with the trunk close to erect. In addition, Straker stated stoop technique starts with position of stretched knees and the inclined trunk. Furthermore, there is semi-squat technique, the posture between the squat and stoop lifts. The above mentioned techniques are shown in Figure 2.1.

Squat Lifting Technique Posture

Stoop Lifting Technique Posture

Semi-squat Lifting Technique Posture

Evaluation Of Psychophysical Experience And Heart Rate Of Malaysian Female While Manual Lifting Activities.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA