Feasibility Study On Mechanical Properties Of Various Vacuum Casting Materials.

“I / we admit that have read this

work and in opinion of me / we this work was adequate from the aspect scope and quality to the significance to for Bachelor Mechanical

Engineering (Design and Innovation)”

Signature : ………... 1st _{Supervisor Name : Mr. Mohd Rizal Alkahari}

Date : ………

Signature : ………... 2nd Supervisor Name : Mr. Hambali Bin Boejang

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS VACUUM CASTING MATERIALS

ROSLIZA BINTI ISMAIL

This report is submitted to the Faculty Mechanical Engineering in partial to fulfill the requirement for Bachelor Mechanical Engineering

(Design and Innovation)

FACULTY OF MECHINCAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

iii

“I hereby declared that this report is a result of my own work except for the works that have been cited clearly in the references.”

Signature : ………

Name : Rosliza Binti Ismail

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to praise Allah for giving me the strength to endure the Projek Sarjana Muda period with a great successfully. It is known that, this PSM is one of the most important subjects that must be endured by all UTeM students as a requirement to get a degree.

I would like to say thank to my project supervisors, Mr. Mohd Rizal Alkahari and Mr. Hambali Bin Boejang from faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for their commitment, support, advice, time share and guidance given. His helps contribute lots in order to complete this project successfully. Not forgotten, for all lectures and technicians involves with their invaluable support, shared of information and also their experiences.

I would like to express greatest thankful to my parent, Mr. Ismail Bin Husin and Mrs. Natrah Binti Samat for their support in order to ensure completion of this project, encourage from them be the morale for me to do the best of this project. Not forgotten, special thanks to all my friends for their help, support and information given. Thank to all people who directly or indirectly have been help contribute and full support through the project period.

Lastly, I would like to apologize for my wrong doing and mistakes during this PSM period. I hope all the knowledge and experience that I gathered in this PSM can help me in my career in the future.

vi

ABSTRAK

Matlamat projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji kemungkinan ciri-ciri mekanikal bagi pelbagai bahan-bahan penuangan vakum. Projek ini termasuk kajian ke atas perisian CAD, teknik-teknik ’Rapid Prototyping’, teknik-teknik ’Rapid Tooling’ seperti acuan getah silikon dan penuangan vakum, dan ujian tegang untuk spesimen daripada penuangan vakum seperti acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polipropilena (PP), politena (PE), nilon (polyamide), dan getah. Tujuan ujian tegangan adalah untuk menentukan ’Ultimate Tensile Strength’ (UTS) dan ’Modulus Young’ (E). Daripada data ekperimen, perbandingan dengan bacaan daripada standard data akan dibuat untuk memastikan nilai ciri-ciri mekanikal untuk semua spesimen adalah betul.

vii

ABSTRACT

This project aim is to study the mechanical properties of various vacuum casting materials. This project includes the study on CAD software, Rapid prototyping techniques, Rapid tooling techniques such as silicon rubber mold and vacuum casting, and tensile testing for the specimen from the vacuum casting materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS), polypropylene(PP), polyethylene(PE), nylon (polyamide), and rubber. The purpose of the tensile test is to determine the ultimate tensile stress (UTS) and tensile modulus (E). From the data of the experiments, comparison with the theory data will be done to make sure the value of the mechanical properties for all specimens are right.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRAK vi

ABSTRACT vii

TABLE OF CONTENT viii

LIST OF TABLE xi

LIST OF FIGURE xii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

ABBREVIATION xiv

1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Purpose of Project 2

1.4 Objective of Project 3

1.5 Scope of Project 3

2 CHAPTER 2: Polymers, Rapid Prototyping & CAD

2.1 An Overview of Polymers 4

2.1.1 General Properties of Polymers 5 2.1.1.1 ABS(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) 5

viii 2.1.1.2 PP (Polypropylene) 6

2.1.1.3 PE (Polyethylene) 7 2.1.1.4 Nylon (Polyamide) 8

2.1.1.5 Rubber 9

2.2 Suitable Shape for Mechanical Testing 10

2.3 Rapid Prototyping 11

2.3.1 History 11

2.3.2 An Introduction To Rapid Prototyping 11

2.3.3 Additive Processes 13

2.3.3.1 Steriolithography (SLA) 15 2.3.3.2 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 16

2.3.4 Subtractive Processes 18

2.4 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 20

2.5 Standard Triangulation Language (STL) File 22

5 CHAPTER 3: Rapid Tooling And Applications

.1 Brief History of Rapid Tooling (RT) 23

3.2 Introduction of Rapid Tooling 24

3.2.1 Direct Soft Tooling 25

3.2.2 Indirect Soft Tooling 25

3.2.2.1 Silicon Rubber Molds 26

3.2.3 Direct Hard Tooling 29

3.2.4 Indirect Hard Tooling 29

3.3 Casting Techniques 30

3.3.1 Sand Casting 31

3.3.2 Investment Casting 31

ix 4 CHAPTER 4 : Mechanical Testing

4.1 Introduction 34

4.2 Scope of Experiment 35

4.3 Test Procedure 35

4.4 Specimen Size 37

4.4.1 Rigid and Semirigid Plastics 37

4.5 Mechanical Properties 38

4.5.1 Stress 39

4.5.2 Strain 40

4.5.3 Stress-Strain Curves 41

4.5.4 Tensile Strength 42

4.5.5 Elongation to Break 43

4.5.6 Young's Modulus 44

5 CHAPTER 5: Methodology

5.1 Introduction 45

5.2 Literature Review 47

5.3 Designing Test Model 47

5.4 CAD Data Verification 49

5.5 Rapid Prototyping 50

5.5.1 Surface Finishing 51

5.6 Silicone Rubber Mold 54

5.6.1 Preparation 54

5.6.2 Parting Line 54

5.6.3 Molding Frame 55

5.6.4 Calculating the Required Quantity of

Silicone 56

5.6.5 Preparing the Silicon 57

5.6.6 Degassing the Silicone 57

x

5.6.8 Gates 60

5.6.9 Riser 60

5.6.10 Route for material casting 61

5.7 Vacuum Casting 50

5.7.1 Preparing the silicon mold 62 5.7.2 Calculating the Required Quantity of Resin 62

5.7.3 Preparing the Cast 63

5.7.4 Opening the Cast 64

5.8 Mechanical Testing 65

5.8.1 Preparing the Specimen 66

5.8.2 Tensile Test 67

5.9 Comparative Analysis 68

6 CHAPTER 6: Results And Discussions

6.1 Calculation for Required Quantity of Silicone 69 6.2 Calculation for Required Quantity of Resin 70 6.3 Problems in Making Silicon Rubber Mold 73

6.4 Problems in Vacuum Casting 74

6.5 Tensile Test 76

6.5.1 Sample for Tensile Test and the crack 76 6.5.2 Causes of error in Tensile Test data

measurement 77

6.5.3 Analysis of the Data 80

6.5.3.1 Tensile Strength 80

6.5.3.2 Toughness 84

6.5.3.3 Modulus of Elasticity 84

7 CHAPTER 7: Conclusion And Recommendations

7.1 Conclusion 86

xi

REFERENCES 88

xi

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Material Properties for ABS Table 2.2 Material Properties for PP Table 2.3 Material Properties for PE Table 2.4 Material Properties for Nylon

Table 2.5 Characteristic of Additive Rapid Prototyping Technologies Table 4.1 Test specimen summary

Table 4.2 Mechanical properties for tensile testing Table 6.1 Modulus for each material

xii

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1 A dogbone specimen shape. Figure 2.2 An illustration of the SLA process. Figure 2.3 An illustration of FDM process

Figure 2.4 The triangle with three vertices. The sequence of the storage of the vertices indicates the direction of the triangular face.

Figure 3.1 Classification of rapid tooling

Figure 3.2 Vacuum casting with silicon molding Figure 3.3 Vacuum Casting

Figure 3.4 Draining out metal before solidification yields hollow castings Figure 4.1 Illustration for tensile testing.

Figure 4.2(a) Type I, II, III, and V Specimen Figure 4.2(b) Type IV Specimen

Figure 4.3 Mechanical properties for tensile testing. Figure 4.4 Illustration of stress

Figure 4.5 Illustration of strain

Figure 4.6 Graph of stress versus strain

Figure 4.7 Graph of stress versus strain for tensile strength Figure 4.8 Graph of stress versus strain for elongation to break Figure 4.9 Graph of stress versus strain for Young’s Modulus. Figure 5.1 Project flow chart

Figure 5.2(a) Modeling a dog-bone using CATIA V5 Figure 5.2(b) Size of the dog-bone from ASTM D638.

xi Figure 5.3 Arrangement of dog-bone using Magic 9.0 software

Figure 5.4 Setting up Prodigy Plus machine using Insight software Figure 5.5 Building process of dog-bone in Prodigy Plus machine Figure 5.6 Dog-bone builds up from Prodigy Plus

Figure 5.7 Sanding the model with 360-grid papersand Figure 5.8 Spray the models using Aerosol Paint. Figure 5.9 Measure the model

Figure 5.10 Wet sanding

Figure 5.11 Embedded model in clay and wavelike the margin Figure 5.12 Building process for mould box

Figure 5.13 Spray the mould box using Acmos 70-2406

Figure 5.14 Silicone (Protosil RTV 240 Komp. A)(left)and hardener (Protosil RTV 240 Komp B1) (right)

Figure 5.15 Mixing process

Figure 5.16 Primary degassing the silicone Figure 5.17 Filling the mould frame

Figure 5.18 Secondary degassing the silicone Figure 5.19 Releasing mold from clay

Figure 5.20 Closed mold with gate Figure 5.21 Applying gate to the mold Figure 5.22 Making the risers

Figure 5.23 Making the routes

Figure 5.24 Closing the mold with staple and tape Figure 5.25 Position of silicone mold

Figure 5.26 Program in Automatic Mode Figure 5.27 Resin inside the casting mold Figure 5.28 Take off the model from mold Figure 5.29 Cutting the remains

Figure 5.30 Casting dog-bones Figure 5.31 Test specimen Figure 5.32 Instron machine Figure 5.33 Clamp the specimen Figure 5.34 Breaking dog-bones

xii Figure 6.1(a) Neukadur Protocast 120 Schwarz Komp. A

Figure 6.1(b) Neukadur Protocast 120 Komp. B2 Figure 6.2(a) Neukadur Protocast 108

Figure 6.2(b) Neukadur Harter PTG 8

Figure 6.3(a) Neukadur Protoamid 80 Komp. A Figure 6.3(b) Neukadur Protoamid Komp. B4 Figure 6.4(a) Neukadur Protoflex 190-15 N Figure 6.4(b) Neukadur Harter PTG 1 Figure 6.5 One gate at the center of mold Figure 6.6 Product unformed completely Figure 6.7 Bubbles inside the product Figure 6.8 Sticky dogbones

Figure 6.9 Incompletely solidified

Figure 6.10 Cutting the remains on product Figure 6.11 ABS before and after tensile test Figure 6.12 PP/PE before and after tensile test Figure 6.13 Nylon before and after tensile test Figure 6.14 Rubber before and after tensile test Figure 6.15 Examples of good break of tensile test

Figure 6.16 Examples of bad break of tensile test (break at some flaw) Figure 6.17 Graph stress vs strain for ABS

Figure 6.18 Graph stress vs strain for PP/PE Figure 6.19 Graph stress vs strain for Nylon Figure 6.20 Graph stress vs strain for Rubber Figure 6.21 Graph stress vs strain for all material Figure 6.22 Modulus of elasticity for all material

xi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Gantt Chart Appendix B Tensile Test Data

xii

ABBREVIATION

2D Two-dimension 3D Three-dimension

ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Stryene

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

B.C Before Century

C Celcius

CAD Computer Aid Design

CAE Computer Aided Engineering CNC Computer Numerically Controlled

E Young’s Modulus

F Fahrenheit

FKM Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal FDM Fused Deposition Machine HDPE High-Density Polyethylene

IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification LDPE Low-Density Polyethylene

LOM Laminated Object Manufacturing

PA Polyamide

PE Polyethylene

PP Polypropylene

PSM Projek Sarjana Muda RP Rapid prototyping RT Rapid Tooling

xi SLA Stereolithography

SLS Selective Laser Sintering SRM Silicone Rubber Mold

STL Standard Triangulation Language UTeM Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka UTS Ultimate Tensile Stress

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.3 Background

‘Projek Sarjana Muda’ (PSM) is a compulsory for all student of UTeM in order to obtain a degree in the engineering field. From the PSM, every student will apply their subject learned from the classes into the final project. There are many applications that have to do such as theoretical, experimental, analysis, design and so on. Objective of this project is to produce professional and efficient graduate to complete engineering problem by literature and scientific study through research approach and development and through application of knowledge were studied and knowledge from some other field those concerning.

Nowadays, lots of products are produced using vacuum casting. This is because the process allows the user to evaluate moulding designs without committing to the delays and expense of production tooling. The system is capable of reproducing intricate designs with complex internal detail and surface finish comparable to injection moulded components and is suitable for producing a limited quantity of working prototypes or production parts. Small undercuts can be tolerated due to the flexibility of the silicone mould.

These final projects will focus on mechanical properties of vacuum casting material. There are several types of plastic resins that always be used in vacuum casting such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Stryene(ABS), polypropylene, polyethylene,

2 nylon (polyamide), rubber and so on. Each of this material will be fabricated with the same standard shape using vacuum casting process. A tensile testing will be done on those products to examinee the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield and ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity and so on.

1.2 Problem Statement

Polymers commonly referred to as plastics, is wide used in design products due to their relatively low cost and good machineability. However, designers need to choose the right materials to make their quality product. To achieve the aims, mechanical properties of the materials need to be studied first before any problem or mistake occurs. For example, in the medical field, human bones can be replaced with the bones made from polymers. Hence, the designers need to study the properties of the polymer to make sure there is no any complication to the patient in the future.

1.3 Purpose Of Project

The aim of this project is to study on mechanical properties of vacuum casting material.

3 1.4 Objective of Project

The objectives are following:

 To study the mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), Nylon (polyamide) and rubber.

 To understand about the vacuum casting process.

 To study relations between Computer Aid Design (CAD), Rapid Prototyping (RP), Silicon Rubber Mould (SRM) and vacuum casting.

 To perform the mechanical testing for vacuum casting materials.

1.5 Scope

The scope of this project is to do literature search on standard shape for testing specimen and the material used, Rapid Prototyping (RP), Silicon Rubber Mould (SRM) and casting techniques, mechanical testing, actual material properties and database.

4

CHAPTER 2

POLYMERS, RAPID PROTOTYPING & CAD

2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF POLYMERS

Most plastic materials are used because they are advantageous mechanical properties at an economical cost. For this reason, the mechanical properties may be considered the most important of all the physical and chemical properties of high polymers for most applications. Thus, everyone working with such materials needs at least a basic knowledge of their mechanical behaviour and how this behaviour can be modified by the numerous structural factors that can be varied in polymers. Polymers vary from liquids and soft rubbers to very hard and rigid solids.

One of the key areas in the design process is the selection of the appropriate materials. A poor material choice can lead to failure of a part or system or to unnecessary cost. In selecting the appropriate material one must consider the following [1]:

 Material properties that will affects the part performance.

 Material processing because it will affects the manufacturing cost and therefore the final part cost.

 Material cost.

 Availability of the material. The availability of the required material can affect the production timelines. Often the small design projects, the minimum purchase size or quantity may far exceed the team’s need.

5 The relative importance of the above four factors varies depending on the application. For example, in military and aerospace applications, pushing the material properties to their limits normally takes precedence over cost. For consumer products, lowering cost typically plays the leading role.

2.1.1 General Properties of Polymers

This section will discuss the properties associated in the rapid tooling materials such as ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), Nylon or polyamide (PA) and rubber.

2.1.1.1ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

ABS possesses outstanding impact strength and high mechanical strength, which makes it so suitable for tough consumer products. Additionally, ABS has good dimensional stability and electrical insulating properties.. It finds applications in automobile and appliance components, as well as pipes and fittings. Typical application include: form-fit-function, concept modeling, feature detail, snap-fits, vacuum metallization and electroplating, investment casting and as master for RTV moldings and vacuum forming. Offered in a variety of colors. Other properties of ABS as in Table 2.1 below:

Table 2.1: Material Properties for ABS [2].

Maximum Temperature 176°F 80°C

Minimum Temperature -4°F -20°C

Autoclavable No

Melting Point 221°F 105°C

Tensile Strength 4,300 psi

Hardness R110

UV Resistance Poor

Translucent Yes

6

2.1.1.2PP (polypropylene)

Polypropylene (PP), a polymer prepared catalytically from propylene which differs from HDPE by having an isostatic replacement of a hydrogen atom by a methyl group on alternate carbon atoms in the main chain. Although largely unreactive chemically the presence of the methyl groups makes Polypropylene slightly more susceptible to attack by strong oxidizing agents than HDPE. A major advantage is Polypropylene's higher temperature resistance, this makes PP particularly suitable for items such as trays, funnels, pails, bottles, carboys and instrument jars that have to be sterilized frequently for use in a clinical environment. Polypropylene is a translucent material with excellent mechanical properties and it has gradually replaced the polyethylenes for many purposes. Great chemical resistance makes Polypropylene a popular choice for plating and chemical tanks, as well as laboratory cabinetry and semi-conductor bench tops. Other properties of PP as in Table 2.2 below [2]:

Table 2.2: Material Properties for PP [2].

Maximum Temperature 275°F 135°C

Minimum Temperature 32°F 0°C

Autoclavable Yes

Melting Point 338°F 170°C

Tensile Strength 4,500 psi

Hardness R95

UV Resistance Poor

Translucent Yes

Flexibility Rigid

Specific Gravity 0.90

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.3 Background

‘Projek Sarjana Muda’ (PSM) is a compulsory for all student of UTeM in order to obtain a degree in the engineering field. From the PSM, every student will apply their subject learned from the classes into the final project. There are many applications that have to do such as theoretical, experimental, analysis, design and so on. Objective of this project is to produce professional and efficient graduate to complete engineering problem by literature and scientific study through research approach and development and through application of knowledge were studied and knowledge from some other field those concerning.

Nowadays, lots of products are produced using vacuum casting. This is because the process allows the user to evaluate moulding designs without committing to the delays and expense of production tooling. The system is capable of reproducing intricate designs with complex internal detail and surface finish comparable to injection moulded components and is suitable for producing a limited quantity of working prototypes or production parts. Small undercuts can be tolerated due to the flexibility of the silicone mould.

These final projects will focus on mechanical properties of vacuum casting material. There are several types of plastic resins that always be used in vacuum casting such as Acrylonitrile Butadiene Stryene(ABS), polypropylene, polyethylene,

nylon (polyamide), rubber and so on. Each of this material will be fabricated with the same standard shape using vacuum casting process. A tensile testing will be done on those products to examinee the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield and ultimate strength, modulus of elasticity and so on.

1.2 Problem Statement

Polymers commonly referred to as plastics, is wide used in design products due to their relatively low cost and good machineability. However, designers need to choose the right materials to make their quality product. To achieve the aims, mechanical properties of the materials need to be studied first before any problem or mistake occurs. For example, in the medical field, human bones can be replaced with the bones made from polymers. Hence, the designers need to study the properties of the polymer to make sure there is no any complication to the patient in the future.

1.3 Purpose Of Project

The aim of this project is to study on mechanical properties of vacuum casting material.

1.4 Objective of Project

The objectives are following:

 To study the mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), Nylon (polyamide) and rubber.

 To understand about the vacuum casting process.

 To study relations between Computer Aid Design (CAD), Rapid Prototyping (RP), Silicon Rubber Mould (SRM) and vacuum casting.

 To perform the mechanical testing for vacuum casting materials.

1.5 Scope

The scope of this project is to do literature search on standard shape for testing specimen and the material used, Rapid Prototyping (RP), Silicon Rubber Mould (SRM) and casting techniques, mechanical testing, actual material properties and database.

CHAPTER 2

POLYMERS, RAPID PROTOTYPING & CAD

2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF POLYMERS

Most plastic materials are used because they are advantageous mechanical properties at an economical cost. For this reason, the mechanical properties may be considered the most important of all the physical and chemical properties of high polymers for most applications. Thus, everyone working with such materials needs at least a basic knowledge of their mechanical behaviour and how this behaviour can be modified by the numerous structural factors that can be varied in polymers. Polymers vary from liquids and soft rubbers to very hard and rigid solids.

One of the key areas in the design process is the selection of the appropriate materials. A poor material choice can lead to failure of a part or system or to unnecessary cost. In selecting the appropriate material one must consider the following [1]:

 Material properties that will affects the part performance.

 Material processing because it will affects the manufacturing cost and therefore the final part cost.

 Material cost.

 Availability of the material. The availability of the required material can affect the production timelines. Often the small design projects, the minimum purchase size or quantity may far exceed the team’s need.

The relative importance of the above four factors varies depending on the application. For example, in military and aerospace applications, pushing the material properties to their limits normally takes precedence over cost. For consumer products, lowering cost typically plays the leading role.

2.1.1 General Properties of Polymers

This section will discuss the properties associated in the rapid tooling materials such as ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), Nylon or polyamide (PA) and rubber.

2.1.1.1ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

ABS possesses outstanding impact strength and high mechanical strength, which makes it so suitable for tough consumer products. Additionally, ABS has good dimensional stability and electrical insulating properties.. It finds applications in automobile and appliance components, as well as pipes and fittings. Typical application include: form-fit-function, concept modeling, feature detail, snap-fits, vacuum metallization and electroplating, investment casting and as master for RTV moldings and vacuum forming. Offered in a variety of colors. Other properties of ABS as in Table 2.1 below:

Table 2.1: Material Properties for ABS [2].

Maximum Temperature 176°F 80°C

Minimum Temperature -4°F -20°C

Autoclavable No

Melting Point 221°F 105°C

Tensile Strength 4,300 psi

Hardness R110

UV Resistance Poor

Translucent Yes

2.1.1.2PP (polypropylene)

Polypropylene (PP), a polymer prepared catalytically from propylene which differs from HDPE by having an isostatic replacement of a hydrogen atom by a methyl group on alternate carbon atoms in the main chain. Although largely unreactive chemically the presence of the methyl groups makes Polypropylene slightly more susceptible to attack by strong oxidizing agents than HDPE. A major advantage is Polypropylene's higher temperature resistance, this makes PP particularly suitable for items such as trays, funnels, pails, bottles, carboys and instrument jars that have to be sterilized frequently for use in a clinical environment. Polypropylene is a translucent material with excellent mechanical properties and it has gradually replaced the polyethylenes for many purposes. Great chemical resistance makes Polypropylene a popular choice for plating and chemical tanks, as well as laboratory cabinetry and semi-conductor bench tops. Other properties of PP as in Table 2.2 below [2]:

Table 2.2: Material Properties for PP [2].

Maximum Temperature 275°F 135°C

Minimum Temperature 32°F 0°C

Autoclavable Yes

Melting Point 338°F 170°C

Tensile Strength 4,500 psi

Hardness R95

UV Resistance Poor

Translucent Yes

Flexibility Rigid

Specific Gravity 0.90