external validity is the consistency of the drawn conclusion generalizations with the rest of the world other researches of the samerelated topic.
4. Discuss how you can improve validity and reliability in case-study designs.
According to Yin 2003, there are many ways researchers can improve the validity and reliability of their case-study designs
In designing the research, a general theory should be tapped into for single-case studies while a replication logic should be utilized for multiple-
case types. Both tactics improve external validity.
Tapping into a general theory as a part of the design of a single-case study would put the conclusions generalizations which can be derived from
the study in equal wavelength with other studies that employ the same theory. Replication logic is pretty much the same as the first tactic but is more
“robust” since it is applied to multiple stand-alone case studies converging to make a cross-case conclusion.
In the collection of the data for the research, the use of a case study protocol and development of a case study database would enhance the
reliability of a case-study. To improve construct validity, on the other hand, researchers should employ using multiple sources of evidence and establish a
chain of evidence.
Utilization of a case study protocol would maintain the comparability and consistency of date gather while the development of a case study
database would make sure that information used in the case study is available for replication. Multiple sources of evidence would create a multi-
dimensional conclusion based on the verged themes from different sources. A chain of evidence would actually establish the integrity and credibility of the
gathered information.
In data analysis, in order to improve internal validity, researchers may match patterns, establish a well-structured explanation with sufficient
support, pre-empt arguments against the drawn conclusion, and utilize logic models.
5. Define plagiarism and briefly discuss three strategies how we can avoid plagiarism
