INTRODUCTION 45 SHEAR TEST MICROSTRUDTURE OBSERVATION 52

x

3.3 MOULD PREPARATION 39

3.3.1 Mould Designing 39 3.3.2 Mould Specification 39

3.4 PROCESS SEQUENCE OF SAMPLE PREPARERATION

40

3.5 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 41

3.5.1 Shear Test 42 3.5.2 Microstructure 43 3.5.2.1 Microstructure Analysis 44 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 45

4.1 INTRODUCTION 45

4.2 SHEAR TEST

46

4.3 MICROSTRUDTURE OBSERVATION 52

4.3.1 Optical Microscope 52 4.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscope 55 5 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 58 REFERENCES 60 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Different metal particles shapes and manufacturing methods. 11 Table 3.1 Typical chemical composition for copper alloy- C106. 41 Table 3.2 Typical chemical composition for aluminum 2024. 42 Table 4.1 The Data of Al-SS smooth surface. 47 Table 4.2 The Data of Al-SS v-shape surface. 47 Table 4.3 The Data of Sn-SS smooth surface. 49 Table 4.4 The Data of Sn-SS v-shape surface. 49 xii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Formation of a composite material using reinforcement and matrix. 8 Figure 2.2 Continuouse fiber composites and short fiber composites. 10 Figure 2.3 The interface function. 18 Figure 2.4 Interlock of mechanical bonding. 19 Figure 2.5 Electrostatic bonding. 20 Figure 2.6 Chemical bonding. 20 Figure 2.7 Reaction that involving polymer. 21 Figure 2.8 Interfacial that formed by interdiffusion. 21 Figure 2.9 Single fiber test. 24 Figure 2.10 Illustration of specimen geometry. 25 Figure 2.11 Cross-sectional diagram of loaded indentor. 26 Figure 2.12 Iosipescu shear test fixture. 27 Figure 2.13 Test fixture and specimen by Arcan et al. 1978. 28 Figure 2.14 Modified Wyoming shear test fixture. 29 Figure 2.15 Idaho shear test fixture. 30 Figure 2.16 FPL shear test fixture. 31 xiii Figure 2.17 Specimen dimension of Single Fiber Pull-Out Test. 32 Figure 2.18 Single Fiber Test 33 Figure 2.19 Optical Microscope 34 Figure 2.20 SEM component. 35 Figure 2.20 SEM operating. 36 Figure 3.1 Material involve and parameter consideration. 38 Figure 3.2 Mould specification. 39 Figure 3.3 The process sequence of sample composites preparation. 40 Figure 3.4 Single Fiber Test 43 Figure 3.5 Pull-Out Shear Test Diagram 43 Figure 4.1 Sample 46 Figure 4.2 The position of The Sample at UTM 46 Figure 4.3 Shear Test of Al-SS Composites 48 Figure 4.4 Shear Test of Sn-SS Composites 50 Figure 4.5 The Shear Test for Smooth Surface 51 Figure 4.6 The Shear Test For V-Shape Surface 51 Figure 4.7 Microstructure on Boundary Surface with 500X, Al-SS 52 Figure 4.8 Microstructure on Boundary Surface with 500X, Sn-SS 53 Figure 4.9 Microstructure on Interface Region 55 xiv NOMENCLATURE SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy. TEM Transmission Electron Microscope. ASTM America Society for Testing and Materials. MMC Metal Matrix Composite. PMC Polymer Matrix Composite. CMC Ceramics Matrix Composite. EDM Electrical Discharge Machining. Al Aluminum. SS Stainless Steel. Sn Stannum. 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND