vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
Declaration i
Approval ii
Abstract iii
Abstrak iv
Dedication v
Acknowledge vi
Table of Content vii
List of Tables xii
List of Figures xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background
1 1.2
Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective
2 1.4
Scope 3
1.5 Benefits of the Project
3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Introduction to Robot
4 2.1.1 Autonomous robot
8 2.1.2 Industrial robot
9 2.2
Mechanical Structure 10
2.2.1 Frame 10
2.2.1.1 ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 11
2.2.1.2 Acrylic 12
2.2.1.3 Polycarbonate 13
2.2.1.4 PVC Polyvinyl Chloride 14
2.2.1.5 Plywood 15
2.2.1.6 Extruded Aluminium 16
2.2.1.7 Carbon Fibre 17
viii 2.2.2 Locomotion
18 2.2.3 Motor
19 2.2.3.1 AC motor
19 2.2.3.2 DC motor
20 2.2.4 Master Controller
24 2.2.4.1 PLC
24 2.2.4.2 Microcontroller
26 2.2.5 Electric and Electronic Components
27 2.2.5.1 Capacitor
28 2.2.5.2 Diode
29 2.2.5.3 Resistor
30 2.2.5.4 Transistor
32 2.2.5.5 Electronic Relay
33 2.2.6 Sensors
34 2.2.6.1 Proximity Sensor
35 2.2.6.2 Range Sensor
36 2.2.6.3 Tactile Sensor
37 2.2.7 Power Supply
38 2.2.7.1 Direct Current
39 2.2.7.2 Solar
40 2.2.7.3 Battery
41 2.3
Past Research 45
2.3.1 A Bot Board Plus Line Following Robot 45
2.3.2 Desktop Line Following Robot 47
2.3.3 Failurebot 50
3. METHODOLGY 53
3.1 Introduction
53 3.2
Research Tool 53
3.2.1 References Books 53
3.2.2 Journals and Articles 54
3.2.3 Internet 54
3.3 Project Planning
55 3.3.1 Topic Selection
56
ix 3.3.2 Data Collection
56 3.3.3 Designing
56 3.3.4 Building
57 3.3.5 Analyze Robot Performance
57 3.3.6 Presentation and Report Writing
57 3.4
Selection of Components and Equipments 58
3.4.1 Motor 59
3.4.2 Sensor 59
3.4.3 Master Controller 60
3.4.4 Motor Driver 60
3.4.5 Battery 60
3.4.6 Voltage Regulator 61
3.4.7 Lathe Machine 61
3.4.8 Vertical Milling Machine 61
3.4.9 Drilling Machine 61
3.4.10 Horizontal Band Saw 62
3.4.11 Laser Cut 62
3.4.12 Soldering Station 62
3.4.13 Multimeter 62
3.5 System Block Diagram
63 3.6
Operational Flow Chart 64
3.7 Preliminary Design
65 3.7.1 Arrangement of the Sensor Cells
65 3.7.2 The Distance between the Drive Centre and the Sensor
66 3.8
Project Schedule 67
4. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 69
4.1 Introduction
69 4.2
Mechanical Construction 69
4.2.1 Base 70
4.2.2 Lifting Mechanism 71
4.3 Electrical and Electronic components
74 4.3.1 LED-LDR Sensor Cells
74 4.3.2 LED-LDR Sensor Cells Development
75
x 4.3.3 Comparator
76 4.3.4 Comparator Development
76 4.3.5 Main Power Supply
77 4.3.6 Main Power Supply development
78 4.3.7 Electrical Wiring
79 4.3.8 Programming
80
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 81
