S ING 1105768 Chapter3
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In order to accomplish the purpose of the study, there are several things
that need to be explained, such as research design, research site and participants,
data collection technique and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This study employed qualitative approach with descriptive method since it
is to show an accurate profile of persons and events of situations in order to have a
clear phenomenon (Saunders, Lewis and Tronhill, 2003). Qualitative approach
used as the purpose of the study is to describe the quality of EFL students‟
participation in genre based approach implementation. This is in line with
McMillan and Schuemacher (2001) that descriptive method simply describes
achievements, attitudes, behaviours of a group of a subject. Moreover, Suherdi‟s
framework of classroom discourse analysis was used through several procedures
which then the results were described to achieve the purpose of the study.
3.2 Research Site and Participants
This study was conducted in an EFL classroom of public junior high
school in Bandung. The classroom which is consisted of 36 nine graders was
chosen based on some criteria. Firstly, the English teacher is used to implement
GBA since its first implementation in 2004 curriculum. Secondly, she had got
GBA training. Those criteria were considered as the researcher‟s expectation that
the study would be well conducted and would take fitted in with the context under
discussion.
3.3 Data Collection
In order to collect data, classroom observation was conducted as the
instrument of the study. Creswell (2009) classified observations into four types,
such as complete participant, observer as participant, participant as observer and
complete observer. In this study, the researcher acted being an observer as
participant because the researcher could record information as it occurred. Thus,
Farida, 2016
THE QUALITY OF EFL STUD ENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN GENRE BASED APPROACH
IMPLEMENTATION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
the classroom observation would run naturally without any efforts to manipulate
the activities.
The classroom observation that was conducted through video-recording
took 13 meetings, covering one cycle of GBA. The cycle covers seven meetings
of BKOF, two meetings of modeling, two meetings of joint co nstruction and two
meetings of independent construction. Then, time allocation of each meeting was
80 minutes.
3.4 Data Analysis
Data collection that was gained from classroom observation and video
recording was analyzed using Suherdi‟s framework of classroom discourse
analysis (see Chapter II). Further a procedure of data analysis is explained below.
1. Transcribing the video recording
2. Segmenting data and labeling participants as „T‟ for teacher and „S‟ for
students.
3. Identifying utterances
4. Identifying utterances into some moves and exchanges such as K1, K2, DK1,
etc.
5. Labeling utterances in the forms of linguistic elements (LE), such as syllable
(Sy), word (W), phrase (Pr), clause (Cl) and se ntence (S). These labels are
used to identify the quality of students‟ verbal linguistic.
6. Labeling uterances in the forms of learning behavior content (BC), such as
C1, C2, C3 …, A1. A2, …, P1, P2, …
Table 3. 1 Representation of Sample Classroom Discourse Analized data
Move
DS1
+2
+3
x4
LE
BC
P
Data
Types of Exchanges
T
Okay, yang lainnya sudah
bagus.
Nah yang ini, ini banyak yang
menjawab keliru. Ini tulisannya
“due to” ada di dalam step
enam.
Step enam ada kata, due to bla
blab la. Nah kira-kira due to itu
artinya apa?
DS1 initiated
exchange (simple)
Farida, 2016
THE QUALITY OF EFL STUD ENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN GENRE BASED APPROACH
IMPLEMENTATION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
S2
S1
S2f
S1f
=2
+3
x4
7.
W
C2
Ss
T
Disebabkan
Disebabkan, dikarenakan, kamu
cari sinonimnya kira-kira apa
berarti yang artinya disebabkan?
W C2 S
Because
T
Because.
Atau lebih tepatnya karena
benda lanjutannya jadi because
of. Silahkan dicatat, ini pernah
muncul diujian ya. Di soal un
pernah muncul ya, silahkan
dicatat, due to artinya
dikarenakan. Jadi sinonimya
because of.
After coding, a set of criteria of scoring is set up for each element.
1) The quality of students-teacher interaction
Very low
: listening to explanation (response to K1), to commands
(response to A1/DA1/A2) or to performance (response to
S1/S2) each was scored 1.
Low
: answering genuine questions (response to K2) was scored
1.5.
Average
: answering testing questions (response to DK1) was
scored 2.
High
: performing a communicative task (response to DS1) was
scored 3.
Very high
: taking initiative to perform a communicative task (initial
S2) was scored 4.
2) The Linguistic quality of students‟ verbal contributions
Very low
: each contribution in the forms of syllables was scored
0.5.
Low
: each contribution in the forms of words was scored 1.
Average
: each contribution in the forms of phrases was scored 1.5.
High
: each contribution in the forms of sentences was scored
2.5.
Very high
: each contribution in the forms of texts was scored 4.
Farida, 2016
THE QUALITY OF EFL STUD ENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN GENRE BASED APPROACH
IMPLEMENTATION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3) The quality of students‟ learning behaviour
Very low
: each contribution in the forms of recalling (C1) was
scored 1.
Low
: each contribution in the forms of comprehending (C2)
was scored 2.
Average
: each contribution in the forms of application was scored
3.
High
: each contribution in the forms of articulating was scored
4.
Very high
: each contribution in the forms of naturalizing was scored
5.
8. Based on the set of criteria, the data are then converted into converted scores
which are then summed up.
9. Interpreting all data to get conclusion
Figure 3. 1 Representation of The Quality of Students' Participation
The Quality of Students-Teacher Interaction
111
Apperception
98
96
Teacher Explanation
64
60
35
Checking students'
understanding
discussion of difficulty word
34,5
28
21
15
3
1
VERY LOW
12
8
1,5
0
LOW
AVERAGE
Rehearsal
15
3
0
HIGH
8
4
0
VERY HIGH
Farida, 2016
THE QUALITY OF EFL STUD ENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN GENRE BASED APPROACH
IMPLEMENTATION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In order to accomplish the purpose of the study, there are several things
that need to be explained, such as research design, research site and participants,
data collection technique and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This study employed qualitative approach with descriptive method since it
is to show an accurate profile of persons and events of situations in order to have a
clear phenomenon (Saunders, Lewis and Tronhill, 2003). Qualitative approach
used as the purpose of the study is to describe the quality of EFL students‟
participation in genre based approach implementation. This is in line with
McMillan and Schuemacher (2001) that descriptive method simply describes
achievements, attitudes, behaviours of a group of a subject. Moreover, Suherdi‟s
framework of classroom discourse analysis was used through several procedures
which then the results were described to achieve the purpose of the study.
3.2 Research Site and Participants
This study was conducted in an EFL classroom of public junior high
school in Bandung. The classroom which is consisted of 36 nine graders was
chosen based on some criteria. Firstly, the English teacher is used to implement
GBA since its first implementation in 2004 curriculum. Secondly, she had got
GBA training. Those criteria were considered as the researcher‟s expectation that
the study would be well conducted and would take fitted in with the context under
discussion.
3.3 Data Collection
In order to collect data, classroom observation was conducted as the
instrument of the study. Creswell (2009) classified observations into four types,
such as complete participant, observer as participant, participant as observer and
complete observer. In this study, the researcher acted being an observer as
participant because the researcher could record information as it occurred. Thus,
Farida, 2016
THE QUALITY OF EFL STUD ENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN GENRE BASED APPROACH
IMPLEMENTATION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
the classroom observation would run naturally without any efforts to manipulate
the activities.
The classroom observation that was conducted through video-recording
took 13 meetings, covering one cycle of GBA. The cycle covers seven meetings
of BKOF, two meetings of modeling, two meetings of joint co nstruction and two
meetings of independent construction. Then, time allocation of each meeting was
80 minutes.
3.4 Data Analysis
Data collection that was gained from classroom observation and video
recording was analyzed using Suherdi‟s framework of classroom discourse
analysis (see Chapter II). Further a procedure of data analysis is explained below.
1. Transcribing the video recording
2. Segmenting data and labeling participants as „T‟ for teacher and „S‟ for
students.
3. Identifying utterances
4. Identifying utterances into some moves and exchanges such as K1, K2, DK1,
etc.
5. Labeling utterances in the forms of linguistic elements (LE), such as syllable
(Sy), word (W), phrase (Pr), clause (Cl) and se ntence (S). These labels are
used to identify the quality of students‟ verbal linguistic.
6. Labeling uterances in the forms of learning behavior content (BC), such as
C1, C2, C3 …, A1. A2, …, P1, P2, …
Table 3. 1 Representation of Sample Classroom Discourse Analized data
Move
DS1
+2
+3
x4
LE
BC
P
Data
Types of Exchanges
T
Okay, yang lainnya sudah
bagus.
Nah yang ini, ini banyak yang
menjawab keliru. Ini tulisannya
“due to” ada di dalam step
enam.
Step enam ada kata, due to bla
blab la. Nah kira-kira due to itu
artinya apa?
DS1 initiated
exchange (simple)
Farida, 2016
THE QUALITY OF EFL STUD ENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN GENRE BASED APPROACH
IMPLEMENTATION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
S2
S1
S2f
S1f
=2
+3
x4
7.
W
C2
Ss
T
Disebabkan
Disebabkan, dikarenakan, kamu
cari sinonimnya kira-kira apa
berarti yang artinya disebabkan?
W C2 S
Because
T
Because.
Atau lebih tepatnya karena
benda lanjutannya jadi because
of. Silahkan dicatat, ini pernah
muncul diujian ya. Di soal un
pernah muncul ya, silahkan
dicatat, due to artinya
dikarenakan. Jadi sinonimya
because of.
After coding, a set of criteria of scoring is set up for each element.
1) The quality of students-teacher interaction
Very low
: listening to explanation (response to K1), to commands
(response to A1/DA1/A2) or to performance (response to
S1/S2) each was scored 1.
Low
: answering genuine questions (response to K2) was scored
1.5.
Average
: answering testing questions (response to DK1) was
scored 2.
High
: performing a communicative task (response to DS1) was
scored 3.
Very high
: taking initiative to perform a communicative task (initial
S2) was scored 4.
2) The Linguistic quality of students‟ verbal contributions
Very low
: each contribution in the forms of syllables was scored
0.5.
Low
: each contribution in the forms of words was scored 1.
Average
: each contribution in the forms of phrases was scored 1.5.
High
: each contribution in the forms of sentences was scored
2.5.
Very high
: each contribution in the forms of texts was scored 4.
Farida, 2016
THE QUALITY OF EFL STUD ENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN GENRE BASED APPROACH
IMPLEMENTATION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3) The quality of students‟ learning behaviour
Very low
: each contribution in the forms of recalling (C1) was
scored 1.
Low
: each contribution in the forms of comprehending (C2)
was scored 2.
Average
: each contribution in the forms of application was scored
3.
High
: each contribution in the forms of articulating was scored
4.
Very high
: each contribution in the forms of naturalizing was scored
5.
8. Based on the set of criteria, the data are then converted into converted scores
which are then summed up.
9. Interpreting all data to get conclusion
Figure 3. 1 Representation of The Quality of Students' Participation
The Quality of Students-Teacher Interaction
111
Apperception
98
96
Teacher Explanation
64
60
35
Checking students'
understanding
discussion of difficulty word
34,5
28
21
15
3
1
VERY LOW
12
8
1,5
0
LOW
AVERAGE
Rehearsal
15
3
0
HIGH
8
4
0
VERY HIGH
Farida, 2016
THE QUALITY OF EFL STUD ENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN GENRE BASED APPROACH
IMPLEMENTATION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu