Pengaruh Suhu Reaksi Dan Jumlah Katalis Pada Pembuatan Biodiesel Dari Limbah Lemak Sapi Dengan Menggunakan Katalis Heterogen CaO Dari Limbah Kulit Telur Ayam
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] Prateepchaikul, Gumpon., Allen, Michael L., Leevijit, Theerayut.,
Thaveesinshopha, Kittisak., “Methyl Ester Production from High Free Fatty Acid
Mixed Crude Palm Oil,” Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol, Vol. 29 No. 6, pp. 15511561, 2007.
[2] Ramaraju, A. dan Ashok, Kumar T. V., “Biodiesel Development from High
Free Fatty Acid Punnakka Oil,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 1-6, 2011.
[3] Suirta, I. W., “Preparasi Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah Kelapa Sawit,” Jurnal
Kimia, Vol. 3 No. 1, hal. 1-6, Universitas Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran, 2009.
[4] Kouzu, Masato., Kasuno, Takekazu., Tajika, Masahiko., Yamanaka, Shinya.,
Hidaka, Jusuke., “Active Phase of Calcium Oxide Used As Solid Base Catalyst
for Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Refluxing Methanol,” Applied
Catalysis, 334, pp. 357-365, 2008.
[5] Kim, Hak-Joo., Kang, Bo-Seung., Kim, Min-Ju., Park, Young Moo., Kim,
Deog-Keun., Lee, Jin-Suk., Lee, Kwan-Young., “Transesterification of Vegetable
Oil to Biodiesel Using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst,” Catalysis Today, 93-95, pp.
315-320, 2004.
[6] Da Cunha, M.E., Krause, L.C., Moraes, M.S.A., Faccini, C.S., Jacques, R.A.,
Almeida, S.R., Rodrigues, M.R.A., Caramao, E.B., “Beef Tallow Biodiesel
Produced in A Pilot Scale,” Fuel Processing Technology, 90, pp. 570-575, 2009.
[7] Darling International Inc., Beef Tallow, www.darpro.com, 2012, diakses pada
28 Juli 2013.
[8] Ghaly, A. E., Dave, D., Brooks, M. S., Budge, S., “Production of Biodiesel by
Enzimatic Transesterification : Review,” American Journal of Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 54-76, 2010.
[9] Marchetti, J. M., Miguel, V. U. dan Errazu, A. F., “Heterogeneous
Esterification of Oil With High Amount of Free Fatty Acids,” Fuel, 86, pp. 906910, 2006.
[10] Jazie, Ali A., Pramanik, H. dan Sinha, A. S. K., “Egg Shell As Eco-Friendly
Catalyst for Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil : Optimization for Biodiesel
Production,” Special Issue of International Journal of Suistanable Development
and Green Economics (IJSDGE), Vol. 2 No.1, pp. 27-32, 2013.
[11] Mutreja, Vishal., Singh, Satnam dan Ali, Amjad., “Biodiesel from Mutton
Fat Using KOH Impregnated MgO As Heterogeneous Catalysts,” Renewable
Energy, 36, pp. 2253-2258, 2011.
43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[12] Dias, Joana M., Alvim-Ferraz, Maria C. M., Almeida, Manuel F., Diaz, Jose
D. Mendez., Polo, Manuel Sanchez., Utrilla, Jose Rivera., “Selection of
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat,” Fuel, 94, pp.
418-425, 2012.
[13] Viriya-Empikul, N., Krasae, P., Nualpaeng, W., Yoosuk, B., Faungnawakij,
K., “Biodiesel Production Over Ca Based Solid Catalysts Derived from Industrial
Wastes,” Fuel, 92, pp. 239-244, 2011.
[14] Padil., Wahyuningsih, Slamet dan Awaluddin, Amir., “Pembuatan Biodiesel
dari Minyak Kelapa melalui Reaksi Metanolisis Menggunakan Katalis CaCO3
yang Dipijarkan,” Jurnal Natur Indonesia, Vol. 13 No. 1, hal. 27-32, Universitas
Riau, Pekanbaru, 2010.
[15] Watcharathamrongkul, Kornkanok., Jongsomjit, Bunjerd dan Phisalaphong,
Muenduen, “Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts for Ethanolysis of Soybean Oil,”
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technology, Vol. 32 No. 6, pp. 627-634, 2010.
[16] Laksono, Tejo., “Pengaruh Jenis Katalis NaOH dan KOH serta Rasio Lemak
dengan Metanol terhadap Katalis Biodiesel Berbahan Baku Lemak Sapi,”
Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 2013.
[17] Rengga, Wara Dyah Pita dan Ernawati, Rosidah Erlis., “Biodiesel dari
Campuran Lemak Sapi (Beef Tallow) dan Minyak Sawit,” Jurnal Bahan Alam
Terbarukan, Vol. 1 No. 1, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 2012.
[18] Viriya-Empikul, N., Krasae, P., Puttasawat, B., Yoosuk, B., Chollacoop, N.,
Faungnawakij, K., “Waste Shells of Mollusk and Egg As Biodiesel Production
Catalysts,” Bioresource Technology, 101, pp. 3765-3767, 2009.
[19] Santoso, Nidya., Pradana, Ferdy dan Rachimoellah, “Pembuatan Biodiesel
dari Minyak Biji Kapuk Randu (Ceiba pentandra) melalui Proses Transesterifikasi
dengan Menggunakan CaO Sebagai Katalis,” Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember, Surabaya, 2012.
[20] Encinar, J.M., Sanchez, N., Martinez, G. dan Garcia L., “Study of Biodiesel
Production from Animal Fats with High Free fatty Acid Content,” Bioresource
Technology, Vol. 102 No. 23, pp. 10907-10914, 2011.
[21] Lengyel, Jozef., Cvengrosova, Zuzana dan Cvengros, Jan.,
“Transesterification of Triacylglycerols Over Calcium Oxide As Heterogeneous
Catalyst,” Petroleum & Coal, Vol. 51 No. 3, pp. 216-224, 2009.
[22] Canakci, M. dan Gerpen, J. Van., “Biodiesel Production from Oils and Fats
with High Free Fatty Acids,” Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 44 No. 6, pp. 14291436, 2001.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[23] Kouzu, Masato., Kasuno, Takekazu., Tajika, Masahiko., Sugimoto,
Yoshikazu., Yamanaka, Shinya., Hidaka, Jusuke., “Calcium Oxide As A Solid
Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil and Its Application to
Biodiesel Production,” Fuel, 87, pp. 2798-2806, 2007.
[24] Omar, Wan Nor Nadyaini Wan dan Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina.,
“Optimization of Heterogeneous Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Palm
Oil Via Response Surface Methodology,” Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, pp. 13291338, 2011.
[25] El-Mashad, Hamed M., Zhang, Ruihong dan Avena-Bustillos, Roberto J., “A
Two-Step Process for Biodiesel Production from Salmon Oil,” Biosystems
Engineering, 99, pp. 220-227, 2007.
[26] Moser, Bryan R., “Biodiesel Production, Properties and Feedstocks,” In Vitro
Cell. Dev. Bio1, 45, pp. 229-266, 2009.
[27] Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia, www.bsn.com,
SNI : 7182:2012, 2012, diakses pada 28 Juli 2013.
[28] Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, Statistik Peternakan
dan Kesehatan Hewan. www.ditjennak.deptan.go.id, ISBN: 978-979-628-025-4,
2012, diakses pada 30 Juli 2013.
[29] Agrina, Lemak Sapi, www.agrina-online.com, 2009, diakses pada 29
September 2014.
[30] Knothe, Gerhard., Van Gerpen, Jon dan Krahl, Jurgen., The Biodiesel
Handbook. USA : AOCS Press, 2005.
[31] Hikmah, Maharani Nurul dan Zuliyana, “Pembuatan Metil Ester dari Minyak
Dedak dan Metanol dengan Proses Esterifikasi dan Transesterifikasi,” Universitas
Diponegoro, Semarang, 2010.
[32] Rachmaniah, Orchidea., “Studi Transesterifikasi Berkatalis Asam
Triglyceryde dan Fatty Acid dari Minyak Mentah Dedak Padi Menjadi Biodiesel,”
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 2005.
[33] Science Lab, Methyl Alcohol MSDS, www.sciencelab.com, 2013, diakses
pada 25 Agustus 2013.
[34] Hameed, B. H., Lai, L. F. dan Chin, L. H., “Production of Biodiesel from
Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) Using Heterogeneous Catalyst : An Optimized
Process,” Fuel Processing Technology, 90, pp. 606-610, 2009.
[35] Vicente, Gemma., Martinez, Mercedes dan Aracil, Jose., “Integrated
Biodiesel Production : A Comparison of Different Homogeneous Catalysts
Systems,” Bioresource Technology, 92, pp. 297-305, 2004.
45
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[36] Ranjan, Mishra Sruti., Kumar, Mohanty Mahendra dan Kumar, Pattanaik
Ajay., “Preparation of Biodiesel from Crude Oil of Simarouba glauca Using CaO
As A Solid Base Catalyst,” Research Journal of Recent Sciences, Vol. 1 No. 9,
pp. 49-53, 2012.
[37] Arunlertaree, C., Kaewsomboon W., Kumsopa A., Pokethitiyook, P. dan
Panyawathanakit, P., “Removal of Lead from Battery Manufacturing Wastewater
by Egg Shell,” Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 857-868, 2007.
[38] Thiruvengadaravi, K.V., Nandagopal, J., Baskaralingam, P., Bala, V. Sathya
Selva., Sivanesan, S., “Acid Catalyzed Esterification of Karanja (Pongamia
pinnata) Oil with High Free Fatty Acids for Biodiesel Production,” Fuel, 98, pp.
1-4, 2012.
[39] Raspe, Djessica Tatiana dan Da Silva, Camila., “Determination of Free Fatty
Acid by FT-NIR Spectroscopy in Esterification Reaction for Biodiesel
Production,” Journal of Energy, Article ID 301647, 2013.
[40] Aziz, Isalmi., Nurbayti, Siti dan Ulum, Badrul., “Esterifikasi Asam Lemak
Bebas dari Minyak Goreng Bekas,” Valensi, Vol. 2 No. 2, hal. 384-388, UIN
Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2011.
[41] Mamilla, Venkata Ramesh., Mallikarjun, M. V. dan Rao, Dr. G. Lakshmi
Narayana., “Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil,” International Journal of
Energy Engineering, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 94-100, 2011.
[42] Thiruvengadaravi, K.V., Nandagopal, J., Bala, V. Sathya Selva., Kirupha, S.
Dinesh., Vijayalakshmi, P., Sivanesan, S, “Kinetic Study of The Esterification of
Free Fatty Acids in Non-Edible Pongamia pinnata Oil Using Acid Catalyst,”
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 2 No. 12, 2009.
[43] Lam, Man Kee., Lee, Keat Teong dan Mohamed, Abdul Rahman.,
Homogeneous, “Heterogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysis for Transesterification
of High Free Fatty Acid Oil (Waste Cooking Oil) to Biodiesel : A Review,”
Biotechnology Advances, 28, pp. 500-518, 2010.
[44] Endalew, Abebe K., Kiros, Yohannes dan Zanzi, Rolando., “Heterogeneous
Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil (JCO),” Energy, pp. 18, 2011.
[45] Berrios, M., Siles, J., Martin, M. A., Martin, A., “A Kinetic Study of the
Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Sunflower Oil,” Fuel, 86, pp. 23832388, 2007.
[46] Lee, Dae-Won., Park, Young-Moo dan Lee, Kwan-Young., “Heterogeneous
Base Catalysts for Transesterification in Biodiesel Synthesis,” Catal Surv Asia,
13, pp. 63-77, 2009.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[47] Menteri ESDM, Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
Republik Indonesia Tentang Tarif Tenaga Listrik, www.esdm.go.id, 2014, diakses
pada 14 Agustus 2014.
[48] CV. Rudang Jaya, Laboratory Chemicals, www.yellowpages.co.id, 2014,
diakses pada 21 Agustus 2014.
[49] Menteri ESDM, Program Percepatan Pemanfaatan Bahan Bakar Nabati
(BBN), www.esdm.go.id, 2013, diakses pada 14 Agustus 2014.
[50]
Menteri
Perdagangan,
Tinjauan
Pasar
Minyak
www.kemendag.go.id, 2014, diakses pada 21 Agustus 2014.
Goreng,
[51] Kombe, Godlisten G., Temu, Abraham K., Rajabu, Hassan M., Mrema,
Godwill D., “High Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Feedstock Pre-Treatment Method for
Biodiesel Production,” Second International Conference on Advance in
Engineering and Technology, pp. 176-182, 2011.
[52] Sharma, Y.C., Singh, B. dan Upadhyay, S.N., “Advancements in
Development and Characterization of Biodiesel,” Fuel, 87, pp. 2355-2373, 2008.
[53] Mathiyazhagan, M. dan Ganapathi, A., “Factors Affecting Biodiesel
Production,” Research in Plant Biology, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 01-05, 2011.
[54] Saputra, Leo., Rakhmah, Noor., Pradita, Hapsari Tyas dan Sunardi.,
“Produksi Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah dengan Cangkang Bekicot (Achatina
fulica) Sebagai Katalis Heterogen,” Prestasi, Vol. 1 No. 2, hal. 118-125, 2012.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1] Prateepchaikul, Gumpon., Allen, Michael L., Leevijit, Theerayut.,
Thaveesinshopha, Kittisak., “Methyl Ester Production from High Free Fatty Acid
Mixed Crude Palm Oil,” Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol, Vol. 29 No. 6, pp. 15511561, 2007.
[2] Ramaraju, A. dan Ashok, Kumar T. V., “Biodiesel Development from High
Free Fatty Acid Punnakka Oil,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 1-6, 2011.
[3] Suirta, I. W., “Preparasi Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah Kelapa Sawit,” Jurnal
Kimia, Vol. 3 No. 1, hal. 1-6, Universitas Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran, 2009.
[4] Kouzu, Masato., Kasuno, Takekazu., Tajika, Masahiko., Yamanaka, Shinya.,
Hidaka, Jusuke., “Active Phase of Calcium Oxide Used As Solid Base Catalyst
for Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Refluxing Methanol,” Applied
Catalysis, 334, pp. 357-365, 2008.
[5] Kim, Hak-Joo., Kang, Bo-Seung., Kim, Min-Ju., Park, Young Moo., Kim,
Deog-Keun., Lee, Jin-Suk., Lee, Kwan-Young., “Transesterification of Vegetable
Oil to Biodiesel Using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst,” Catalysis Today, 93-95, pp.
315-320, 2004.
[6] Da Cunha, M.E., Krause, L.C., Moraes, M.S.A., Faccini, C.S., Jacques, R.A.,
Almeida, S.R., Rodrigues, M.R.A., Caramao, E.B., “Beef Tallow Biodiesel
Produced in A Pilot Scale,” Fuel Processing Technology, 90, pp. 570-575, 2009.
[7] Darling International Inc., Beef Tallow, www.darpro.com, 2012, diakses pada
28 Juli 2013.
[8] Ghaly, A. E., Dave, D., Brooks, M. S., Budge, S., “Production of Biodiesel by
Enzimatic Transesterification : Review,” American Journal of Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 54-76, 2010.
[9] Marchetti, J. M., Miguel, V. U. dan Errazu, A. F., “Heterogeneous
Esterification of Oil With High Amount of Free Fatty Acids,” Fuel, 86, pp. 906910, 2006.
[10] Jazie, Ali A., Pramanik, H. dan Sinha, A. S. K., “Egg Shell As Eco-Friendly
Catalyst for Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil : Optimization for Biodiesel
Production,” Special Issue of International Journal of Suistanable Development
and Green Economics (IJSDGE), Vol. 2 No.1, pp. 27-32, 2013.
[11] Mutreja, Vishal., Singh, Satnam dan Ali, Amjad., “Biodiesel from Mutton
Fat Using KOH Impregnated MgO As Heterogeneous Catalysts,” Renewable
Energy, 36, pp. 2253-2258, 2011.
43
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[12] Dias, Joana M., Alvim-Ferraz, Maria C. M., Almeida, Manuel F., Diaz, Jose
D. Mendez., Polo, Manuel Sanchez., Utrilla, Jose Rivera., “Selection of
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production from Animal Fat,” Fuel, 94, pp.
418-425, 2012.
[13] Viriya-Empikul, N., Krasae, P., Nualpaeng, W., Yoosuk, B., Faungnawakij,
K., “Biodiesel Production Over Ca Based Solid Catalysts Derived from Industrial
Wastes,” Fuel, 92, pp. 239-244, 2011.
[14] Padil., Wahyuningsih, Slamet dan Awaluddin, Amir., “Pembuatan Biodiesel
dari Minyak Kelapa melalui Reaksi Metanolisis Menggunakan Katalis CaCO3
yang Dipijarkan,” Jurnal Natur Indonesia, Vol. 13 No. 1, hal. 27-32, Universitas
Riau, Pekanbaru, 2010.
[15] Watcharathamrongkul, Kornkanok., Jongsomjit, Bunjerd dan Phisalaphong,
Muenduen, “Calcium Oxide Based Catalysts for Ethanolysis of Soybean Oil,”
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technology, Vol. 32 No. 6, pp. 627-634, 2010.
[16] Laksono, Tejo., “Pengaruh Jenis Katalis NaOH dan KOH serta Rasio Lemak
dengan Metanol terhadap Katalis Biodiesel Berbahan Baku Lemak Sapi,”
Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 2013.
[17] Rengga, Wara Dyah Pita dan Ernawati, Rosidah Erlis., “Biodiesel dari
Campuran Lemak Sapi (Beef Tallow) dan Minyak Sawit,” Jurnal Bahan Alam
Terbarukan, Vol. 1 No. 1, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, 2012.
[18] Viriya-Empikul, N., Krasae, P., Puttasawat, B., Yoosuk, B., Chollacoop, N.,
Faungnawakij, K., “Waste Shells of Mollusk and Egg As Biodiesel Production
Catalysts,” Bioresource Technology, 101, pp. 3765-3767, 2009.
[19] Santoso, Nidya., Pradana, Ferdy dan Rachimoellah, “Pembuatan Biodiesel
dari Minyak Biji Kapuk Randu (Ceiba pentandra) melalui Proses Transesterifikasi
dengan Menggunakan CaO Sebagai Katalis,” Institut Teknologi Sepuluh
Nopember, Surabaya, 2012.
[20] Encinar, J.M., Sanchez, N., Martinez, G. dan Garcia L., “Study of Biodiesel
Production from Animal Fats with High Free fatty Acid Content,” Bioresource
Technology, Vol. 102 No. 23, pp. 10907-10914, 2011.
[21] Lengyel, Jozef., Cvengrosova, Zuzana dan Cvengros, Jan.,
“Transesterification of Triacylglycerols Over Calcium Oxide As Heterogeneous
Catalyst,” Petroleum & Coal, Vol. 51 No. 3, pp. 216-224, 2009.
[22] Canakci, M. dan Gerpen, J. Van., “Biodiesel Production from Oils and Fats
with High Free Fatty Acids,” Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 44 No. 6, pp. 14291436, 2001.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[23] Kouzu, Masato., Kasuno, Takekazu., Tajika, Masahiko., Sugimoto,
Yoshikazu., Yamanaka, Shinya., Hidaka, Jusuke., “Calcium Oxide As A Solid
Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil and Its Application to
Biodiesel Production,” Fuel, 87, pp. 2798-2806, 2007.
[24] Omar, Wan Nor Nadyaini Wan dan Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina.,
“Optimization of Heterogeneous Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Palm
Oil Via Response Surface Methodology,” Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, pp. 13291338, 2011.
[25] El-Mashad, Hamed M., Zhang, Ruihong dan Avena-Bustillos, Roberto J., “A
Two-Step Process for Biodiesel Production from Salmon Oil,” Biosystems
Engineering, 99, pp. 220-227, 2007.
[26] Moser, Bryan R., “Biodiesel Production, Properties and Feedstocks,” In Vitro
Cell. Dev. Bio1, 45, pp. 229-266, 2009.
[27] Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia, www.bsn.com,
SNI : 7182:2012, 2012, diakses pada 28 Juli 2013.
[28] Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan, Statistik Peternakan
dan Kesehatan Hewan. www.ditjennak.deptan.go.id, ISBN: 978-979-628-025-4,
2012, diakses pada 30 Juli 2013.
[29] Agrina, Lemak Sapi, www.agrina-online.com, 2009, diakses pada 29
September 2014.
[30] Knothe, Gerhard., Van Gerpen, Jon dan Krahl, Jurgen., The Biodiesel
Handbook. USA : AOCS Press, 2005.
[31] Hikmah, Maharani Nurul dan Zuliyana, “Pembuatan Metil Ester dari Minyak
Dedak dan Metanol dengan Proses Esterifikasi dan Transesterifikasi,” Universitas
Diponegoro, Semarang, 2010.
[32] Rachmaniah, Orchidea., “Studi Transesterifikasi Berkatalis Asam
Triglyceryde dan Fatty Acid dari Minyak Mentah Dedak Padi Menjadi Biodiesel,”
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, 2005.
[33] Science Lab, Methyl Alcohol MSDS, www.sciencelab.com, 2013, diakses
pada 25 Agustus 2013.
[34] Hameed, B. H., Lai, L. F. dan Chin, L. H., “Production of Biodiesel from
Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) Using Heterogeneous Catalyst : An Optimized
Process,” Fuel Processing Technology, 90, pp. 606-610, 2009.
[35] Vicente, Gemma., Martinez, Mercedes dan Aracil, Jose., “Integrated
Biodiesel Production : A Comparison of Different Homogeneous Catalysts
Systems,” Bioresource Technology, 92, pp. 297-305, 2004.
45
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[36] Ranjan, Mishra Sruti., Kumar, Mohanty Mahendra dan Kumar, Pattanaik
Ajay., “Preparation of Biodiesel from Crude Oil of Simarouba glauca Using CaO
As A Solid Base Catalyst,” Research Journal of Recent Sciences, Vol. 1 No. 9,
pp. 49-53, 2012.
[37] Arunlertaree, C., Kaewsomboon W., Kumsopa A., Pokethitiyook, P. dan
Panyawathanakit, P., “Removal of Lead from Battery Manufacturing Wastewater
by Egg Shell,” Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 857-868, 2007.
[38] Thiruvengadaravi, K.V., Nandagopal, J., Baskaralingam, P., Bala, V. Sathya
Selva., Sivanesan, S., “Acid Catalyzed Esterification of Karanja (Pongamia
pinnata) Oil with High Free Fatty Acids for Biodiesel Production,” Fuel, 98, pp.
1-4, 2012.
[39] Raspe, Djessica Tatiana dan Da Silva, Camila., “Determination of Free Fatty
Acid by FT-NIR Spectroscopy in Esterification Reaction for Biodiesel
Production,” Journal of Energy, Article ID 301647, 2013.
[40] Aziz, Isalmi., Nurbayti, Siti dan Ulum, Badrul., “Esterifikasi Asam Lemak
Bebas dari Minyak Goreng Bekas,” Valensi, Vol. 2 No. 2, hal. 384-388, UIN
Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2011.
[41] Mamilla, Venkata Ramesh., Mallikarjun, M. V. dan Rao, Dr. G. Lakshmi
Narayana., “Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil,” International Journal of
Energy Engineering, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 94-100, 2011.
[42] Thiruvengadaravi, K.V., Nandagopal, J., Bala, V. Sathya Selva., Kirupha, S.
Dinesh., Vijayalakshmi, P., Sivanesan, S, “Kinetic Study of The Esterification of
Free Fatty Acids in Non-Edible Pongamia pinnata Oil Using Acid Catalyst,”
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 2 No. 12, 2009.
[43] Lam, Man Kee., Lee, Keat Teong dan Mohamed, Abdul Rahman.,
Homogeneous, “Heterogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysis for Transesterification
of High Free Fatty Acid Oil (Waste Cooking Oil) to Biodiesel : A Review,”
Biotechnology Advances, 28, pp. 500-518, 2010.
[44] Endalew, Abebe K., Kiros, Yohannes dan Zanzi, Rolando., “Heterogeneous
Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil (JCO),” Energy, pp. 18, 2011.
[45] Berrios, M., Siles, J., Martin, M. A., Martin, A., “A Kinetic Study of the
Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Sunflower Oil,” Fuel, 86, pp. 23832388, 2007.
[46] Lee, Dae-Won., Park, Young-Moo dan Lee, Kwan-Young., “Heterogeneous
Base Catalysts for Transesterification in Biodiesel Synthesis,” Catal Surv Asia,
13, pp. 63-77, 2009.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[47] Menteri ESDM, Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
Republik Indonesia Tentang Tarif Tenaga Listrik, www.esdm.go.id, 2014, diakses
pada 14 Agustus 2014.
[48] CV. Rudang Jaya, Laboratory Chemicals, www.yellowpages.co.id, 2014,
diakses pada 21 Agustus 2014.
[49] Menteri ESDM, Program Percepatan Pemanfaatan Bahan Bakar Nabati
(BBN), www.esdm.go.id, 2013, diakses pada 14 Agustus 2014.
[50]
Menteri
Perdagangan,
Tinjauan
Pasar
Minyak
www.kemendag.go.id, 2014, diakses pada 21 Agustus 2014.
Goreng,
[51] Kombe, Godlisten G., Temu, Abraham K., Rajabu, Hassan M., Mrema,
Godwill D., “High Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Feedstock Pre-Treatment Method for
Biodiesel Production,” Second International Conference on Advance in
Engineering and Technology, pp. 176-182, 2011.
[52] Sharma, Y.C., Singh, B. dan Upadhyay, S.N., “Advancements in
Development and Characterization of Biodiesel,” Fuel, 87, pp. 2355-2373, 2008.
[53] Mathiyazhagan, M. dan Ganapathi, A., “Factors Affecting Biodiesel
Production,” Research in Plant Biology, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 01-05, 2011.
[54] Saputra, Leo., Rakhmah, Noor., Pradita, Hapsari Tyas dan Sunardi.,
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