Pengendalian Bahaya (Revised)

HAZARD CONTROL
By. Reny Indrayani, M.KKK.
Occupational Safety and Health Section of Jember University

WHAT IS HAZARD CONTROL PROGRAM ?
 A control program consists of all steps necessary to
protect workers from exposure to a substance or
system, and the procedures required to monitor
worker exposure and their health to hazards
 Selecting an appropriate control is not always easy.
It often involves doing a risk assessment to evaluate
and prioritize the hazards and risks

OBJECT CONTROL
Kinds of Hazard :






Physical Hazard
Biological Hazard
Chemical Hazard
Physiological (Ergonomic) Hazard
Psicological Hazard

HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROL
1

ELIMINASI

2

SUBSTITUSI

3

REKAYASA TEKNIK

(Elimination)

(Substitution)

(Engineering Controls)

4

PENGENDALIAN ADMINISTRATIF
(Administrative Controls)

5

ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI

Reference : OHSAS 18001

(Personal Protective Equipment)

HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROL
1

2
3
4
5

HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROL
Control

Effectiveness

Description

Effort

Elimination

100%
Hazard Removed

Remove. Redesign the

process or plant so the
hazard does not exist

Low

Substitution

75% you are
reducing hazard

Hazard substituted with
something of a lesser
risk .

Moderate

Engineering
Control

50% you are

reducing hazard
(controlling
hazard)

Hazard controlled
through isolation using
an engineering
measure

Moderate

Administrative
Control

25% you are now Hazard controlled by
influencing people
putting soft
controls which rely
on people

High

Personal
Protective
Equipment (PPE)

5% You are limiting Hazard controlled by
the damage
the use of PPE

Major

HOW DO I KNOW WHAT KIND OF CONTROL IS
NEEDED ?
Choosing a control method may involve:
 Evaluating and selecting temporary or permanent
controls
 Implementing temporary measures until permanent
controls can be put in place
 Implementing permanent controls when

reasonably practicable

PHYLOSOPHY OF CONTROL

Elimination &
Substitution

Engineering
Control

Administrative
Control

PPE

Control as close to source as possible
Start with the source !

PHYLOSOPHY OF CONTROL
REMEMBER !

 A legal limit or guideline
(such as an exposure limit)
should never be viewed
as a line between "safe"
and "unsafe".
 The best approach is to
always keep exposures or
the risk of a hazard as low
as possible.

1. ELIMINATION
 Is the first consideration for controlling hazards
 It is the preferred way to control a hazard and
should be used whenever possible.

 Elimination is the process of removing the hazard
from the workplace.
 It is the most effective way to control a risk because
the hazard is no longer present.

THE EXAMPLE OF ELIMINATION
 Eliminate hazardous waste
 Eliminate the cause of tripping and slipping hazard
from the workplace

2. SUBSTITUTION
 Is the second consideration for controlling hazards
 It is done by substituting hazardous material or
process with a new one that is less hazardous than
the original
Remember! You need to make sure the
substitute material or process is not
causing any harmful effects,
Controlling and monitoring exposures is
needed

THE EXAMPLE OF SUBSTITUTION
Substituting the substance (Hazardous Chemical) :
Instead Of :

Consider :

Carbon tetrachloride (causes liver
damage, cancer)

1,1,1-trichloroethane, dichloromethane

Benzene (causes cancer)

Toluene, cyclohexane, ketones

Pesticides (causes various effects on
body)

"Natural" pesticides such as pyrethrins

Organic solvents (causes various effects Water-detergent solutions
on body)
Leaded glazes, paints, pigments (causes Versions that do not contain lead

various effects on body)
Sandstone grinding wheels (causes
severe respiratory illness due to silica)

Synthetic grinding wheels such as
aluminium oxide

THE EXAMPLE OF SUBSTITUTION
Substituting the substance (Hazardous Chemical) :
Another type of substitution includes using the same
chemical but to use it in a different form.

THE EXAMPLE OF SUBSTITUTION
Substituting the process :
 Which is less hazardous ?

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
 If hazard elimination or substitution is not feasible,
engineering controls should be considered next.
 Engineering controls are methods that are built into
the design of a plant, equipment, or process to
minimize the hazard.
 Note: Engineering controls are a very reliable way
to control worker exposures as long as the controls
are designed, used, and maintained properly.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
The basic types of engineering controls are:
 Process control (intervention)
 Enclosure and/or isolation of emission source
 Ventilation

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
A. PROCESS CONTROL
 Process control involves changing the way a job
activity or process is done to reduce the risk.

Monitoring should be done before and
after the change is implemented to make
sure the changes did result in lower
exposures.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
A. PROCESS CONTROL
Examples :
• Use wet
methods rather
than dry when
cutting, drilling
or grinding.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
A. PROCESS CONTROL
Examples :
• Use an
appropriate
vacuum or
instead of dry
sweeping.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
A. PROCESS CONTROL
Examples :
• Use mechanical lifting rather than manual methods.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
B. ENCLOSURE & ISOLATION
 An enclosure keeps a selected hazard "physically"
away from the worker.

 The enclosure itself must be well maintained to
prevent leaks.
 Care must be taken when the enclosure is opened
for maintenance as exposure could occur if
adequate precautions are not taken.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
B. ENCLOSURE & ISOLATION
Example :
 glove boxes

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
B. ENCLOSURE & ISOLATION
An enclosure also protect workers from that machine itself
(machine guard)

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
B. ENCLOSURE & ISOLATION
 Isolation places the hazardous process
"geographically" away from the majority of the
workers.
 Common isolation techniques are to create a
contaminant-free booth either around the
equipment or around the employee workstations.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
B. ENCLOSURE & ISOLATION
Example :
 Chemical storage warehouse

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
B. ENCLOSURE & ISOLATION
Example ??

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
B. ENCLOSURE & ISOLATION

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
C. VENTILATION
 Ventilation is a method of control that strategically
"adds" and "removes" air in the work environment.
There are 2 types of mechanical ventilation systems
 Dilution (or general) ventilation reduces the
concentration of the contaminant by mixing the
contaminated air with clean, uncontaminated air.
 Local exhaust ventilation captures contaminates at
or very near the source and exhausts them outside.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
C. VENTILATION
Dilution / General ventilation
Ventilation supplies and exhausts large amounts of
air to and from an area or building
Dilution must be limited to only situations where:
 the amounts of pollutants generated are not very
high,
 their toxicity is relatively moderate, and
 workers do not carry out their tasks in the
immediate vicinity of the source of
contamination.

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
C. VENTILATION
Dilution / General ventilation

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
C. VENTILATION
Local exhaust ventilation
A local exhaust ventilation
system consists :
1. A hood
2. Ductwork
3. A fan which draws the
air from the hood
4. Air cleaning devices
may also be present
that can remove
contaminants

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
C. VENTILATION
Local exhaust ventilation

3. ENGINEERING CONTROL
COMBINING CONTROL : ENCLOSURE & VENTILATION

4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
 Administrative controls limit workers' exposures by
scheduling shorter work times in contaminant areas
or by implementing other "rules".
 These control measures have many limitations
because the hazard itself is not actually removed or
reduced.

 Administrative controls are not generally favoured
because they can be difficult to implement,
maintain and are not a reliable way to reduce
exposure.

4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
Methods of scheduling shorter work times include:
 Scheduling maintenance and other high exposure
operations for times when few workers are present
(such as evenings, weekends).
 Using job-rotation schedules that limit the amount of
time an individual worker is exposed to a substance.
 Using a work-rest schedule that limits the length of
time a worker is exposure to a hazard.

4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
 Example : Sandblasting

4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
A. WORK PRACTICES RULE

 Developing and implementing standard operating
procedures (SOP).
 Training and education of employees about the
operating procedures.
 Keeping equipment well maintained.
 Preparing and training for emergency response for
incidents such as spills, fire, or employee injury.

4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
B. EDUCATION AND TRAINING

 Training must cover not only how to do the job
safely but it must also ensure that workers
understand the hazards of their job.
 It must also provide them with information on how
to protect themselves and co-workers.

4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
C. GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
Good housekeeping is essential to prevent the accumulation of
hazardous or toxic materials. (Method : 5S)

4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
D. PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES & FACILITIES

 Personal hygiene practices are another effective
way to reduce the amount of a hazardous
material absorbed, ingested or inhaled by a
worker.
 They are particularly effective if the
contaminant(s) can accumulate on the skin,
clothing or hair.

4. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
D. PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES & FACILITIES

Example :
 Washing hands after handling material and before
eating, drinking or smoking.
 Avoiding touching lips, nose and eyes with
contaminated hands.
 No smoking, drinking, chewing gum or eating in
the work areas - these activities should be
permitted only in a "clean" area.

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)
 Final Item. Used when hazards cannot be
eliminated through engineering or administrative
controls.
 PPE includes items such as respirators, protective
clothing such as gloves, face shields, eye
protection, footwear, etc.

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)
 Personal protective equipment should never be the
only method used to reduce exposure except
under very specific circumstances because PPE
may "fail" (stop protecting the worker) with little or
no warning.
 For example: "breakthrough" can occur with gloves,
clothing, and respirator cartridges.

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)

Safety is ABC. Always Be Careful

THANK YOU…