Techniq es in Wate shed Management”
M odu le 6 – ( L2 2 – L2 6 ) : “ Use of M ode r n Te ch n iqu e s in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t ” Te ch n iq e s in W a t e sh e d M a n a ge m e n t ” Applica t ion s of Ge ogr a ph ica l I n for m a t ion Syst e m a n d Re m ot e Se n sin g in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t , Role of g g , D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m in W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m s & Applica t ion s in W a t e r sh e d Applica t ion s in W a t e r sh e d 2 4 2 4
Decision Support Syst em s & L24– L24 Applicat ions in Wat ershed Managem ent l h d
Topics Cove r e d Topics Cove r e d
Decision support syst em s ( DSS) , Basics, Decision support syst em s ( DSS) , Basics, Charact erist ics of DSS, Com ponent s of DSS, Charact erist ics of DSS, Com ponent s of DSS, Charact erist ics of DSS Com ponent s of DSS Charact erist ics of DSS Com ponent s of DSS DSS st ruct ure, Applicat ions of DSS in w at er DSS st ruct ure, Applicat ions of DSS in w at er m anagem ent , Applicat ions of DSS in m anagem ent , Applicat ions of DSS in A A li li i i f DSS i f DSS i Wat ershed Managem ent . Wat ershed Managem ent .
Decision support syst em s, Decision support syst em s,
Keywords: Keywords:
charact erist ics, com ponent s, st ruct ure. charact erist ics, com ponent s, st ruct ure. charact erist ics, com ponent s, st ruct ure. charact erist ics, com ponent s, st ruct ure. Decision Support Syst em s - Basics
Decision: a reasoned choice am ong alt ernat ives
DSS: a syst em t hat support s a m anager or m anagers
working as a problem - solving t eam in t he solut ion of a sem i- working as a problem - solving t eam in t he solut ion of a sem i- st ruct ured problem by providing inform at ion or m aking suggest ions concerning specific decisions.
I n general t erm s, DSS are: l
com put er- based syst em s designed t o support decision
- – m akers int eract ively in t hinking & m aking decisions. m akers int eract ively in t hinking & m aking decisions. Dedicat ed- rest rict ed but well defined area of applicat ion
- – syst em s incorporat ing m odelling, analysis wit h dat a,
- – d dat abase m anagem ent syst em s & facilit at e logist ics of b
& f ili l i i f decision m aking process int eract ive syst em s t hat help decision m aker syst em at ise e ac e sys e s a e p dec s o a e sys e a se
- – decision m aking process
I n general t erm s, DSS are:
providers of cust om - built inform at ion
- – Decision m aking : Decision support :
role of aiding t he decision
a decision is a choice
- – m aking process m aking process bet ween alt ernat ives t o b t lt t i t
sim plest level:
m eet specific obj ect ives
expert advice regarding a t he alt ernat ives m ay y
- – d decision bet ween i i b represent :
alt ernat ives
different courses of
m ost com plex level:
act ion act ion
dedicat ed com put er syst em s
different hypot heses
i.e. DSS eg. General clim at ic
different use of a m odel m odel geographical ent it y et c.
Ch a r a ct e r ist ics of D SS
– Abilit y t o support com plex decision m aking
- – Fast response t o unexpect ed sit uat ions
- – Abilit y t o t ry different st rat egies quickly and obj ect ively
- – I m proves m anagem ent cont rol and organizat ional perform ance
- – Reduces cost of m odeling considerably d f d l d bl
– Large dat a handling capabilit ies, m odeling capabilit ies & I nt eract ive & graphical bilit i & I t t i & hi l funct ions t o m ake dat a easily usable.
Sem i- st ruct ured approach t o problem solving
Large volum e of inform at ion
I nt egrat e m any inform at ion sources
Models are difficult t o use
Deal wit h t rade offs: social, econom ic, biophysical, Deal wit h t rade- offs: social, econom ic, biophysical, legislat ion
I dent ify preferred opt ions for furt her follow up
Making decisions t o m eet specific obj ect ives
Conflict !
oft en involves CONFLI CT
Solving t hese conflict s is t he art of good decision
m aking Why DSS?.
DSS does not t ake decisions
Provides t im ely inform at ion P id t i l i f t i
Com m unicat e result t o a larger audience
Open and unbiased working
Scenario analysis
Using a DSS, a person responsible for t he act ual proj ect is able t o m ake rat ional use of t he syst em w it hout an in- dept h knowledge of m odeling t echniques
Typica l D SS
Pre Processing Tools Com put er Models
Post Processing Tools Graphical User I nt erface - I nt eract ive
Com pon e n t s of D SS
Dat abases – Tem poral, spat ial
G S o spa a da a GI S for spat ial dat a
Mat hem at ical m odels
Expert syst em s
St at ist ical, graphical soft ware, spreadsheet s
User int erface
D a t a ba se in a D SS D a t a ba se in a D SS - dat a t hat are st ored in a large pool dat a t hat are st ored in a large pool
from which different applicat ions wit h different dat a requirem ent s can ret rieve.
Fou r m a j or ca t e gor ie s of da t a : Spat ial dat a; Tem poral
dat a; Relat ion dat a; At t ribut e dat a
Com pon e n t s of D SS…
User I nt erface is soft w are t hat helps t he decision- m aker t o use t he applicat ion easily & effect ively. pp y y
Well- designed user int erfaces can free t he user from learning com plex com m and languages.
A m aj or part of t he DSS developm ent effort goes in design of user int erface.
Mat hem at ical m odels Mat hem at ical m odels are an im port ant com ponent of a e an im po t ant com ponent of a DSS.
The The com m only used m odels com m only used m odels include opt im izat ion, include opt im izat ion, sim ulat ion, st at ist ical m odels, decision analyses, genet ic algorit hm s, neural net w orks et c.
D SS St r u ct u r e
The basic DSS st ruct ure include: Dat abase subsyst em – Model base subsyst em – Model base subsyst em User int erface or dialog subsyst em – Knowledgebase subsyst em –
Decision Maker/ Manager + Computer Computer Manager (DSS) ( ) Based Solution Based Solution
Solution Based Solution
D SS St r u ct u r e
D a t a ba se M a n a ge m e n t Tools •
Dat abase m anagem ent syst em is t he soft ware used for m anagem ent of dat abase for m anagem ent of dat abase
M ode l Ba se Su bsyst e m •
I t is t he heart of t he syst em
D ia logu e Su bsyst e m ( Use r in t e r fa ce ) •
I t is t he face of t he syst em
Kn ow le dge ba se Su bsyst e m • l d b S b
Expert ise for solving crit ical problem s st ored as rules t o be followed during t ypical sit uat ions t o be followed during t ypical sit uat ions
I t provide int elligence t o decision m akers @ decision
D SS St r u ct u r e
- D a t a ba se M a n a ge m e n t Tools
Manage Dat a t hrough a dat a Dict ionary
Com plex dat a m anipulat ion
Provide com prehensive dat a securit y
Provide com prehensive dat a securit y
Ret rieves dat a
Cont ains a procedural language along wit h hierarchical & relat ional dat a st ruct ure
Cont ains a procedural language along wit h hierarchical
I nt errelat e dat a from different source
Updat ing l d f d ff
Ext ract ion
The key capabilit ies of a Dat a base
D SS St r u ct u r e …
- M ode l Ba se Su bsyst e m • M ode l Ba se Su bsyst e m
I t cont ains 4 basic t ypes of m odels:
St rat egic m odels; Tact ical m odels; Operat ional g ; ; p m odels; Model building blocks and sub rout ines
Th k The key capabilit ies of a m odel base bilit i f d l b
Creat e new m odels quickly
Maint ain wide range of m odels t o support all levels Maint ain wide range of m odels t o support all levels of m anagem ent
I nt er relat e t he m odels wit h t he dat abase
Access and int egrat e t he m odel building blocks
Manage m odel base wit h m anagem ent funct ions analogous t o dat abase m anagem ent analogous t o dat abase m anagem ent
D SS St r u ct u r e …
M ode l Ba se Tools •
Different m odeling t echniques com m only used Different m odeling t echniques com m only used in DSS m odel bases are:
Opt im izat ion m odels O t i i t i d l
Num erical m odels
Art ificial Neural Net works
Fuzzy Logic based m odels
GI S and Rem ot e Sensing based m odels
M ode l Ba se Tools
- Opt im iz a t ion M ode ls: Different t echniques
Linear program m ing
Linear program m ing
Non- linear program m ing
Dynam ic program m ing
Dynam ic program m ing
AI Techniques
- N u m e r ica l M ode ls: Used for solving part ial • N u m e r ica l M ode ls: Used for solving part ial
different ial equat ions;
- Com m only used m et hods Com m only used m et hods
Finit e elem ent m et hod ( FEM)
Finit e difference m et hod ( FDM)
Finit e difference m et hod ( FDM)
M ode l Ba se Tools
GI S ba se d Spa t ia l M ode lin g: •
GI S is a com put er based syst em used for st oring, p y g, m anipulat ing and analysing dat a
I t provides t im ely inform at ion in a readily usable form
Re m ot e Se n sin g Tools S i l
Rem ot e sensing dat a gives t he det ailed dist ribut ion of t he param et ers basin wide t he param et ers basin wide
Useful for dist ribut ed m odelling of t he wat ershed
Delineat ion of wat ershed, soil t ype, land use classificat ion
Spa t ia l D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m s
Provides a decision- m aking environm ent t o enable analysis of geographical inform at ion
SDSS SDSS are DSS wit h m echanism s for input of spat ial dat a are DSS wit h m echanism s for input of spat ial dat a
Allow represent at ion of t he com plex spat ial relat ions and st ruct ures com m only found in spat ial dat a
I I nclude analyt ical t echniques unique t o spat ial and l d l t i l t h i i t t i l d geographical analysis ( including st at ist ics)
SDSS: Three level archit ect ure
Tools:
general purpose hardware and soft ware t ools t hat can be assem bled t o build a variet y of syst em m odules
Te ch n ica l su ppor t e r pp : SDSS t hat can be configured t o
g address specific problem s
Bu ilde r :
t akes dom ain specific dat a and develops t he SDSS for a given applicat ion SDSS for a given applicat ion
Spa t ia l D e cision Su ppor t Syst e m s…
DBMS DBMS - locat ional, t opological and t hem at ic dat a t ypes t o l i l l i l d h i d
support cart ographic display, spat ial query, analyt ical m odeling
MBMS - m odel base m anagem ent syst em t o support
st at ist ical and num erical m odels which st ores m odels inst ead of dat a inst ead of dat a
Each m odel m ay be a sm all piece of code t o solve a part of an algorit hm
Knowledge based reasoning, im age processing m ay be part of t he MBMS
Graphical and t abular report generat ors Graphical and t abular report generat ors
2- d and 3- d displays
Bar chart s, pie- chart s, scat t er plot s, line plot s, ...
Applicat ion specific plot s and report s
D SS D e ve lopm e n t M e t h odology
DSS needs assessm ent
DSS m odel Concept ualizat ion
DSS m odel Concept ualizat ion
Dat abase Developm ent
Generic DSS Developm ent
Generic DSS Developm ent
DSS Cust om izat ion
DSS Test ing/ Refinem ent
DSS Test ing/ Refinem ent
DSS Applicat ions and Dem onst rat ion
DSS Evaluat ion/ Fine t uning
DSS Evaluat ion/ Fine t uning
Dissem inat ion/ Training & Out Reach Plan
Preparat ion of Final Report
Preparat ion of Final Report
Wat er I ssues in Space & Tim e Wat er I ssues in Space & Tim e – DSS Needs DSS Needs
Extended/Seasonal Climate Weather
Decadal Climate Weather Weather Outlooks Outlooks Forecasts F
Variability V i bili Ch Change Predictions t t
10 6 10 6 D r ou gh t M a n a ge m e n t D h M
10 5 M R
Re se r voir Ope r a t ion , Gr ou n dw a t e r , evelopmen tainable t
W W
D D 10 4
I Sus Management 10 3
Fla sh Flood Fl d 10 2
10 e
h h n n
r ry k k d d day year wee mont seaso deca centuTe m por a l Sca le DSS for Wat er Resources Planning
Decision Support Syst em ( DSS) provides Wat er
Managem ent Aut horit ies a well- st ruct ured, user- f i friendly, pract ical and com plet e w at er resources dl t i l d l t t m anagem ent inform at ion syst em .
DSS m ay assist decision m akers in t aking t he right y
g g decisions on t he basis of good com parison of different st rat egies under various scenarios, & com bine t he benefit s of GI S, expert syst em s & sim ulat ion m odels benefit s of GI S, expert syst em s & sim ulat ion m odels
Wat er Resources Planning - Daunt ing challenge
Resource- wise com plexit y
Societ y- wise com plexit y
E Econom y- w ise com plexit y i l it DSS in Wat er Resources Planning - Typical Com ponent s Typical Com ponent s
Hydrological I nform at ion Syst em
Dem and Proj ect ion Module
Econom ic Analysis Module G hi l U I t f
Opt im izat ion and Sim ulat ion Module
Hydrological Dat a Analysis Syst em and Planning O t i i t i d Si l t i M d l
St at ist ical and Tim e Series Analysis Tool
Rem ot e Sensing Dat a Analysis Syst em
I nform at ion Syst em for ot her required Dat a
Geographical I nform at ion Syst em
Graphical User I nt erface Hydrological I nform at ion Syst em s & Dat a Processing HIS An y Ot h e r I n for m a t ion D t St or a ge Pr oce ssin g Use r s
- • D e cision M a k e r s • Policy M a k e r s
D a t a V a lida t ion Re cor din g y
- • En gin e e r s • Scie n t ist s • Use r Gr ou ps
Re cor din g Act ion / St u die s/ V a r iou s Use s Se n sin g W a t e r Re sou r ce s/ W a t e r sh e d Syst e m Object System
Typica l D SS for W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t
Time Series Data Spatial Data Socio- econom ic dat a Population Data Tem poral Dat a Spat ial Dat a HIS Dat abase/ HI S Wat er dem and Wat er dem and Water Use supply,
St at ist ical Statistical Tool GIS Demand predict ion GI S/ RS analysis Prediction Model m odel
H ydr ologica l m ode lin g syst e m s Hydrological Model Wat er Balance Computation of st udies – Actual and Actual and
Sim u la t ion – Sim u la t ion – Water Availability Dem and Projected Opt im iz a t ion Demand Computatuion Model m anagem ent M ode ls – Alt e r .
Pla n s Optimistation Model Expert System Select Expert syst em s Graphical User Interface by DSS DSS Soft ware for Wat er Resources Planning MULI NO decision support syst em ( m DSS) , Venezia, I t aly.
MI KE BASI N , by t he Danish Hydraulic I nst it ut e ( DHI ) ;
BASI NS BASI NS , U.S.- Environm ent al Prot ect ion Agency U S Environm ent al Prot ect ion Agency
SDSS for Evaluat ion of Wat er Dem and & Supply Managem ent Schem es, Technical Universit y of At hens
I QQM, Queensland Depart m ent of Nat ural Resources
ENSI S, by t he Norw egian I nst it ut e for Wat er Research
REALM , , Vict oria Universit y of Technology & Dept . Nat ural y gy p Resources & Environm ent , Vict oria, Aust ralia
RI BASI M , by Delft Hydraulics
WEAP WEAP , by t he St ockholm Environm ent I nst it ut e by t he St ockholm Environm ent I nst it ut e
AQUATOOL , by t he Universidad Polit ecnica de Valencia, Spain
I RAS , Civil Dept . Cornell Universit y & Resources Planning Asso.
Ca se St u dy:
Barvi Reservoir on Barvi Ri i B dl DSS b d GI S River in Badlapur – DSS based on GI S
Lengt h of Dam : 746.70 m ; St orage Capacit y Gross: 178.50 MCM; Dead : 1.64 MCM; Live/ Usable: 176.86 MCM Cat chm ent area: 166.02 Sq.Km s; Original Nat ural Source: Barvi river at village Pim ploli Taluka : Kalyan Dist rict : Thane a a ag p o a u a a ya a
Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri,( 1995) CSRE Technical Report , I I T Bom bay
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
Obj e ct ive s
Generat e current landuse/ landcover inform at ion from Generat e current landuse/ landcover inform at ion from rem ot e sensing.
Sim ulat e new subm ergence for each value of raised height of Barvi reservoir.
Com put e increase in capacit y of reservoir.
I dent ify subm ergence village- w ise, landuse/ land I dent ify subm ergence village w ise landuse/ land cover- wise.
Provide necessary input s for t he decision m akers t o t ake opt im al decisions based on cost v/ s benefit analysis. Case St udy: GI S based DSS Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri ( 1995) CSRE Technical Report t , I I T Bom bay
For Res. Level of 67m P V P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri ( 1995) 'Applicat ion of GI S in Wat er Resources kt h l J K S i ( 1995) 'A li t i f GI S i W t R Developm ent - A Case St udy', " Proc. of GI S AM/ FM Asia'95, Case St udy: GI S based DSS Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J. K. Suri ( 1995) CSRE Report , I I T Bom bay
P. V e n k t a ch a la m , J.K. Su r i ( 1 9 9 5 ) 'Applica t ion of GI S in W a t e r Re sou r ce s
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
Ref: P Venkt achalam J K Suri( 1995) CSRE Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri( 1995) CSRE Technical Report , I I T Bom bayP. V e n k t a ch a la m , J.K. Su r i ( 1 9 9 5 ) 'Applica t ion of GI S in W a t e r Re sou r ce s
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
Ref: P. Venkt achalam , J.K. Suri ( 1995) CSRE Technical Report , I I T Bom bay p yP. V e n k t a ch a la m , J.K. Su r i ( 1 9 9 5 ) 'Applica t ion of GI S in W a t e r Re sou r ce s
Case St udy: GI S based DSS
D SS – Con clu din g Re m a r k s
Wat er m anagem ent involves m any processes, which are m odelled individually or collect ively by DSS are m odelled individually or collect ively by DSS
DSS helps t he wat er m anagers t o t ake t he opt im al decisions in com plex sit uat ions
DSSs developed - applied t o a part icular basin or a d l d l d l b basin wit h sim ilar charact erist ics
DSS – needed for all t he irrigat ion wat ersheds, t o DSS needed for all t he irrigat ion wat ersheds, t o m ake m ost of t he available fresh wat er resources
Wat ershed m anagem ent - part icipat ory decision m aking - m aking
I NTERACTI VE DSS - end user can input his end user can input his
I NTERACTI VE DSS
dat a, analyse & query t o get opt im um solut ions in less t im e wit h m inim um cost .
Re fe r e n ce s Re fe r e n ce s
J.V.S Murt hy ( 1991) , Wat ershed Managem ent , New Age I nt . Pub. • ht t p: / / w w w .esa.int / esaLP/ ESAMBA2VMOC_LPsm os_1.ht m l
Arm ugam , N. and Mohan, S. ( 1997) . “ I nt egrat ed Decision Support g , , ( ) g pp
Syst em for Tank I rrigat ion syst em operat ion“ , Journal of Wat er
Resources Planning and Managem ent , 123( 5) , 266- 273. Dunn, S.M., Mackay, R., Adam s, R. and Oglet horpe, D.R.( 1996) . “ The Hydrological Com ponent of H d l i l C t f NELUP Decision Support Syst em : An NELUP D i i S t S t A Appraisal“ , Journal of Hydrology, 177( 3- 4) , 213- 235.
I t o, K., Xu, Z.X., Jinno, K.N., Koj iri, T. and Kawam ura, A.( 2001) .
“ Decision Support Syst em for Decision Support Syst em for Surface Wat er Planning in River Surface Wat er Planning in River Basins“ , J. of Wat er Res. Plan. Managem ent , 127( 4) , 272- 276.
Jam ieson, D.G. and Fedra, K. ( 1996) . “ The ‘Wat erWare‘ Decision Support Syst em for River Basin Planning. 1. Concept ual Design. pp y g p g “ Journal of Hydrology 177( 3- 4) , 163- 175.
Jayashankar, R., ( 1989) “ Decision Support Syst em s” Tat a- McGraw Hill Publishing Com pany, New Delhi.
Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?
Crit ically st udy role of Decision Support Syst em s in developm ent of effect ive Syst em s in developm ent of effect ive Wat ershed Managem ent Plans ( det ails can be obt ained from I nt ernet ) . )
Evaluat e t he capabilit ies of various DSS Evaluat e t he capabilit ies of various DSS soft w are used for Wat er Resources soft w are used for Wat er Resources planning. ( det ails can be obt ained from planning.
I nt ernet ) .
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!. Q
I llust rat e charact erist ics of a t ypical DSS.
What are t he im port ant com ponent s of a What are t he im port ant com ponent s of a
DSS?. Describe im port ant Model Base Tools. esc be po t a t ode ase oo s
Ment ion st ep by st ep m et hodology for DSS developm ent & im plem ent at ion.
Describe a t ypical Hydrological I nform at ion Syst em s.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?. g Q
Why do we need a DSS?.
Explain t he t ypical st ruct ure of DSS. Explain t he t ypical st ruct ure of DSS I llust rat e t he charact erist ics of Spat ial DSS.
Describe t he t ypical feat ures of DSS for Describe t he t ypical feat ures of DSS for Wat er Resources Planning.
I llust rat e a t ypical Decision Support I llust rat e a t ypical Decision Support Syst em s for Wat ershed Managem ent ?.
Un solve d Pr oble m !. Un solve d Pr oble m !
For your w at ershed area, explore t he For your w at ershed area, explore t he
possibilit y of using a DSS for effect ive w at er possibilit y of using a DSS for effect ive w at er possibilit y of using a DSS for effect ive w at er possibilit y of using a DSS for effect ive w at er
m anagem ent plans. m anagem ent plans. From t he lit erat ure, ident ify a suit able DSS From t he lit erat ure ident ify a suit able DSS From t he lit erat ure ident ify a suit able DSS From t he lit erat ure, ident ify a suit able DSS package for wat ershed m anagem ent plans. package for wat ershed m anagem ent plans.
Which are t he ot her areas where DSS can Which are t he ot her areas where DSS can Which are t he ot her areas where DSS can Which are t he ot her areas where DSS can be effect ively used in w at ershed be effect ively used in w at ershed m anagem ent developm ent plans?. m anagem ent developm ent plans?.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho Professor, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, p p g g g g Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076. Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: Email: Email: Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in Phone: (022) – Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302 25767339; Fax: 25767302