Watershed Management in Arid Regions Strategic Planning

  M odu le 2 – ( L7 ) Su st a in a ble W a t e r sh e d Appr oa ch M odu le 2 – ( L7 ) Su st a in a ble W a t e r sh e d Appr oa ch & W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t Pr a ct ice s

  7 Wat ershed Managem ent in Arid Regions & St rat egic Planning

  7 Regions & St rat egic Planning

  L7 – L7 L7 L7 Watershed Management in Arid Watershed Management in Arid Regions & Strategic Planning

   

Topics Cove r e d Topics Cove r e d

    Watershed Management Practices in Arid Watershed Management Practices in Arid and Semi--arid Regions, strategies, Case and Semi arid Regions, strategies, Case study study study study

    Keywords: Keywords: Wat ershed m anagem ent Wat ershed m anagem ent pract ices, St rat egies, Arid region, Sem i pract ices, St rat egies, Arid region, Sem i-- arid t i t i St St t t i i A id A id i i S S i i arid id id region. region.

Ar id & Se m i-- a r id Re gion s Ar id & Se m i a r id Re gion s g g

   Drylands cover m ore t han 60% of t he eart h’s surface.

  

  Arid zones - described as a part of t he drylands, & have m ost severe clim at ic condit ions.

  

  Maj or dist inguishing feat ure - t he arid zone has low Maj or dist inguishing feat ure t he arid zone has low rainfall ( < 500m m or Aridit y I ndex < 0.20) w it h m ore t han 50% int er- annual variabilit y.

  

  This m akes - difference in t erm s of nat ure of ecosyst em , socio- econom ic environm ent & challenges for sust ainabilit y. y

  

  High wind and solar regim es furt her increase t he effect of rainfall variabilit y.

Ar id & Se m i-- a r id Re gion s.. Ar id & Se m i a r id Re gion s.. g g

  

  Whole com plexit ies m akes a fragile ecosyst em in which sm all dist urbances m ay cause great loss t o t he which sm all dist urbances m ay cause great loss t o t he sust ainabilit y, which are som et im es irreversible.

  

  Hot arid zones of t he world are econom ically and environm ent ally disadvant aged, wit h unique environm ent ally disadvant aged wit h unique problem s.

  

  Ecosyst em s of t hese zones are highly fragile wit h large risks t hat cause.

  

  Severe im pedim ent s t o developm ent program s. Of t he t ot al land area in t he world, arid zones cover 18.8% . t ot al land area in t he world arid zones cover 18 8%

  

  These arid zones are diverse in t erm s of clim at e, soils, veget at ion, anim als, and t he lifest yles and act ivit ies of t he people. h l Arid & Sem i-- arid Regions… Arid & Sem i arid Regions… 

  Lit t le but variabilit y in rainfall & presence of dist inct ive Lit t l b t i bilit i i f ll & f di t i t i periods of drought are charact erist ics of arid t ropics.

   Oft en, t erm s drought & aridit y are used incorrect ly. 

  A drought is a depart ure from average or norm al condit ions

• short age of w at er adversely im pact s on funct ioning of ecosyst em s, & people,

   Aridit y - average condit ions of lim it ed rainfall & wat er supplies, not t o t he depart ures t here from .

  

Arid & Sem i-- arid Regions Arid & Sem i arid Regions -- I ndia I ndia



  Hot arid regions of I ndia- covering an area of 31.70 m ill. Ha, involving seven st at es: Raj ast han, Guj arat , Punj ab, Haryana, AP, Karnat aka,& Maharasht ra. Punj ab, Haryana, AP, Karnat aka,& Maharasht ra.

   11.8% of t he count ry is under hot arid environm ent . 

  Arid regions of Raj ast han, Guj arat , Punj ab, & Haryana

• const it ut e Thar Desert , - account s for 89.6% of t ot al h

  f f l hot arid regions of I ndia. I ssues in Arid & Sem i-- arid Regions I ssues in Arid & Sem i arid Regions 

  I n Arid & sem i- arid regions: Desert ificat ion, land degradat ion & drought affect m ore t han 2 billion people - sit uat ion m ight worsen due t o clim at e people - sit uat ion m ight worsen due t o clim at e change.

  

  2.6 billion people ( 44% ) are affect ed by desert ificat ion

  

  Populat ion growt h - 18.5 % in dryland areas in 1990s

  

  GDP in dryland areas is 50% lower t han in non- dryland areas dryland areas

  

  Nat ural regenerat ion of veget at ion cover & soils in arid areas t akes 5- 10 t im es longer t han in favorable areas wit h great er and m ore regular rainfall. I ssues in Arid & Sem i-- arid Regions.. I ssues in Arid & Sem i arid Regions..

  

  Main agricult ural land use t ypes in dryland areas: cropland, irrigat ed land, and rangeland. cropland, irrigat ed land, and rangeland.

  

  Different land degradat ion problem s occur depending on t he t ype of land use.

  

  55% of t he gross value of food is produced under f h l f f d d d d rainfed agricult ure.

  

  Cropland in dry rainfed areas is used prim arily by Cropland in dry rainfed areas is used prim arily by sm allholder farm ers t o cult ivat e field and cash crops.

  

Challenges in Arid & Sem i Challenges in Arid & Sem i-- arid Regions arid Regions



  Burning of organic m at erial ( harvest residue, brush fires)

  Deforest at ion

  

  Deforest at ion

  

  Free grazing, no clear land use right s

  

  Soil erosion ( wind and wat er)

  

  

  I nfert ile soil

  I nsufficient am ount s of organic m at erial and nut rient s

  

  I nsufficient am ount s of organic m at erial and nut rient s

  

  Expansion of cult ivat ed fields and dim inishing of nat ural veget at ion cover

  

  Lack of wat er for irrigat ion

  

   Povert y, Socio econom ic problem s.

W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t in Ar id Re gion s in Ar id Re gion s

   

  I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent ( I WM) provides -- I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent ( I WM) provides fram ework t o int egrat e nat ural resource m anagem ent fram ework t o int egrat e nat ural resource m anagem ent wit h com m unit y livelihoods in a sust ainable way. wit h com m unit y livelihoods in a sust ainable way.

     

  Addresses issues of degradat ion of nat ural resources, soil Addresses issues of degradat ion of nat ural resources, soil Addresses issues of degradat ion of nat ural resources soil Addresses issues of degradat ion of nat ural resources soil erosion, landslides, floods, frequent drought s and erosion, landslides, floods, frequent drought s and desert ificat ion, low agricult ural product ivit y, poor wat er desert ificat ion, low agricult ural product ivit y, poor wat er quant it y and qualit y and poor access t o land and relat ed quant it y and qualit y and poor access t o land and relat ed t it d lit d t it d lit d t t l l d d l t d d d l t d resources from an resources from an

  I WM I WM perspect ive. perspect ive.

  W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t in Ar id Re gion s W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t in Ar id Re gion s g g g g

   Mapping of SLM pract ices

   On sit e and off sit e int eract ions eg: Dust st orm s originat e On- sit e and off- sit e int eract ions –eg: Dust st orm s originat e on t hreat en people & livelihoods close by but far aw ay.

   Highland- lowland int eract ions: People in arid areas are dependent on ecosyst em services provided by highland dependent on ecosyst em services provided by highland areas. Eg. highlands - give w at er t o surrounding lowlands.

   Regional int eract ions and rural- urban linkages

  

  Part icipat ion and com m unit y involvem ent : Part icipat ion and com m unit y involvem ent : 

  Planning for sust ainable land m anagem ent : 

  Mult i- funct ional use: helps t o reduce risk t hrough diversificat ion, t o prom ot e synergies t hat produce added econom ic, ecological or social value, & t o preserve & st rengt hen ecosyst em services.

Su st a in a ble La n d M a n a ge m e n t in Ar id Re gion s

   SLM helps t o:

   

  I ncrease food securit y, prim arily for sm allholder I ncrease food securit y prim arily for sm allholder farm ers

  

  Provide local energy

  

  Provide local fresh & clean wat er

  

  Mit igat e soil degradat ion

  

  I ncrease soil m oist ure - soil developm ent & funct ions I ncrease soil m oist ure soil developm ent & funct ions

  

  Enhance prim ary product ion and nut rient cycling

  

  Preserve biodiversit y at t he farm level t hrough agro Preserve biodiversit y at t he farm level t hrough agro forest ry, int ercropping, fallow, and preservat ion of locally adapt ed seed SLM in Arid Regions SLM in Arid Regions 

  Preserve soil m oist ure ( for plant product ion) 

  I ncrease prim ary product ion I ncrease prim ary product ion 

  Regulat e river, lake and groundw at er levels  

  Regulat e w at er discharge from highland t o Regulat e w at er discharge from highland t o

low land areas, reducing Floods and increasing

low flow s

   I nt egrat ion of crop product ion and livest ock product ion - core of m ult i- funct ional land use.

  Mult i- funct ional Land Use  Product ion of food and cash crops is a priorit y. 

  I rrigat ed land: Dryland areas w it h high pot ent ial for groundw at er & surface w at er are used t o cult ivat e crops, d t & f t d t lt i t fruit s & veget ables.

  

Rangeland: Livest ock product ion is t he priorit y. Livest ock

m anagem ent reduces risks, w hile rot at ion of grazing land t d i k hil t t i f i l d ensures t hat veget at ion cover is preserved.

   Dryland areas react w it h part icular sensit ivit y t o

dist urbances in t he w at er and biom ass cycles. Regulat ing

and support ive funct ions are seriously affect ed by

inappropriat e m anagem ent of t he soil and t he veget at ion

cover.

D r y La n d M a n a ge m e n t

   Dryland areas react w it h part icular sensit ivit y t o dist urbances in t he w at er and biom ass cycles.

    Regulat ing & support ive funct ions - seriously affect ed by Regulat ing & support ive funct ions seriously affect ed by inappropriat e m anagem ent of soil and veget at ion cover.

   Biom ass cycle: Soil organic m at t er influence on m ult iple soil funct ions such as soil biodiversit y, fert ilit y, carbon st orage, funct ions such as soil biodiversit y fert ilit y carbon st orage regulat ion of surface w at er flow s & im proved w at er qualit y.

   Wat er cycle: Reduct ion of soil cover ( plant s, lit t er & m ulch) and of soil organic m at t er - st art ing point in vicious and of soil organic m at t er st art ing point in vicious degradat ion spiral due t o drast ic dist urbance of w at er cycle.

   SLM pract ices for bet t er soil cover- im prove biom ass & w at er cycles, key t o im prove soil fert ilit y& w at er availabilit y. w at er cycles key t o im prove soil fert ilit y& w at er availabilit y

  

No- t illage wit h cont rolled t raffic, Furrow- enhanced runoff harvest ing, Rot at ional Grazing. WM Plans -- Arid Regions WM Plans Arid Regions 

  

Developm ent of in- sit u rainw at er harvest ing t echniques -

require less labor and m aint enance  

  Developm ent of plant based w at er absorbing/ ret aining Developm ent of plant - based w at er absorbing/ ret aining m at erials 

  I nit iat ives for widespread adopt ion of rainwat er conservat ion t echniques t echniques 

  I m provem ent in t radit ional w at er harvest ing syst em s  Developm ent of sim ple w indbreak est ablishm ent t echniques. 

  

Exploring t he pot ent ial of arid zone agro forest ry as a t ool

for solving environm ent al problem s.

• – Organic farm ing in virgin arid lands. g g g – Eco- t ourism .

W M Pr a ct ice s-- Ar id Re gion s W M Pr a ct ice s Ar id Re gion s

   Ru n - off Fa r m in g: syst em of grow ing crops on harvest ed & st ored w at er in t he farm - by eart hen dam or a bund across t he gent le slope of t he farm land Shallow , gravelly and rocky t he gent le slope of t he farm land - Shallow , gravelly and rocky uplands for grazing - harvest ing runoff wat er; Maj or com ponent s: wat er collect ing area, cont our bands ( channels) , m oist ure st orage basins, im pounding m echanism ( bands, g , p g ( ,

spillways & sluice) & a zone of cult ivat or’s set t lem ent s.

   Silvi- pa st u r e : used in areas rainfall below 200 m m / yr & food p product ion is very difficult ; On t he ot her hand t here are som e y ; grass species, e.g. Cenchrus cilieria, Lasiurus sindicus et c., w ell adapt ed t o such clim at e and m ake nat ural rangelands.

  Tree species like Prosopis cineraria and Zizyphus num ularia p p yp com e up in t hese rangelands & m ake a silvipast ural syst em . Anim als- cows, goat s & sheep are part of t his farm ing syst em .

  Good exam ple of sust ainable m anagem ent . -

W M Pr a ct ice s in Ar id Re gion s W M Pr a ct ice s in Ar id Re gion s

   Agr i- silvicu lt u r e : popular syst em in areas of rainfall 200- 400 m m / yr. People prot ect nat urally germ inat ed seedlings

of useful t rees like P. cineraria, Z. num ularia, Tecom ela

undulat a, et c., com e up in crop fields. Mixed cropping of

pearl m illet , m ot h bean, clust er bean and sesam e is carried out under t hese t rees. These t rees do not com pet e w it h t he crops but com plim ent ary in t erm s of im proving b li i f i i m icroenvironm ent .

  

Agr i- H or t icu lt u r e : Based on experim ent s in research

farm s & farm er’s fields, a new agri- hort icult ure syst em of j uj ube ( Ziziphus m aurit iana) int er- cropped w it h arid legum es e.g. clust erbean / m ot hbean / greengram developed f for areas receiving rainfall of m ore t han 250 m m . Agri- i i i f ll f t h 250 A i hort icult ure syst em found t o give bet t er& earlier product ion, year- round work and resilience t o errat ic rainfall.

W M Pr a ct ice s in Ar id Re gion s W M Pr a ct ice s in Ar id Re gion s

   La y fa r m in g: on one piece of land a rot at ion of

  grasses for 4 6 years, followed by food grain crops grasses for 4- 6 years, followed by food grain crops like pearl m illet or legum es for 2- 3 years & t hen land is left fallow for 2- 3 years. Whole farm is divided int o part s in such a way t hat every year all t hree pract ices, part s in such a way t hat every year all t hree pract ices

  

i.e. grass product ion, crop product ion and fallow, are

available in one or anot her part .

   W in d br e a k s/ sh e lt e r be lt s: i d b k / h l b l Wind erosion, high d h h

  t herm al regim e & hot desiccat ing winds - serious problem s, - affect t he est ablishm ent , growt h & yield of crops in arid areas. Mixt ure of t rees & shrubs plant ed across t he wind direct ion help in reducing wind speed.

  

W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t Te ch n iqu e s W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t Te ch n iqu e s

in Ar id a n d Se m i-- a r id Re gion s in Ar id a n d Se m i a r id Re gion s 

  En gin e e r in g or St r u ct u r a l Te ch n ologie s 

  Side H ill D it ch e s or Sim ila r D ive r sion St r u ct u r e s —t ypically separat ing higher, non- arable land from cult ivat ed land below. separat ing higher non arable land from cult ivat ed land below

  

Con t ou r Bu n din g or Ridge s —Built along t he cont our as part of

t he crop field layout from eit her st ones or soil.

    Gr a sse d W a t e r w a ys Gr a sse d W a t e r w a ys —Carry away run- off t hat has been channeled Carry away run off t hat has been channeled by cont our st ruct ures t o a cent ral down slope drain.

   Te r r a ce s —Radical conversion of sloped land int o a series of graded st eps approxim at ing flat condit ions. p app o a g a o d o

  

Sm a ll- Sca le Te r r a cin g —Discont inuous use of t erracing, usually

sm all plat form s on which t o plant fruit t rees.

   M icr o- Ba sin s —Pit s or half- m oon st ruct ures built in a pat t ern p across t he slope t o t rap rainfall, usually in drier areas.

   Gu lly Plu gs —Barriers built perpendicular t o slope across drainage ways t o slow wat er run- off & cont ain t ransport ed soils & silt .

  

W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t Te ch n iqu e s W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t Te ch n iqu e s

in Ar id Re gion s in Ar id Re gion s g g 

  V e ge t a t ive Tr e a t m e n t M e a su r e s  

  St r ip Cr oppin g or Con t ou r Fa r m in g St r ip Cr oppin g or Con t ou r Fa r m in g - Orient ing ploughing & Orient ing ploughing & t illing along cont our t o avoid run- off & erosion.

   Livin g Ba r r ie r s —Plant ed along t he cont our t o t rap or filt er run- off and ret ain soil, such as cont our hedgerows or grass st rips.

   Le gu m in ou s Cove r Cr ops —Fix nit rogen, raise organic m at t er cont ent , and prot ect t he soil, such as green m anure or m ulch.

  

Ze r o Low Tilla ge —Crop residues left on sit e aft er harvest , while

t he next crop is dibbled int o t he soil w it h a m inim um of dist urbance. h d bbl d h l h f d b

  

Adj u st m e n t s t o Agr on om ic Pr a ct ice s - I m proved plant spacing

& appropriat e crop rot at ion, including int er- cropping.

   C Com post Applica t ion t A li t i - I m prove t he organic m at t er cont ent of t he I t h i t t t t f t h soil, it s t ilt h, and it s abilit y t o infilt rat e rainfall.

  

Agr o for e st r y Pr a ct ice s - Addit ion of a t ree crop t o t he farm ing

syst em for conservat ion. syst em for conservat ion

W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t & St r a t e gic Pla n n in g St r a t e gic Pla n n in g

  

  Overall goal is alleviat ion of povert y & upgrading of living st andards by m eans of sust ainable developm ent living st andards by m eans of sust ainable developm ent of wat er & wat er resources and conservat ion of t he environm ent .

  

  The overall goal incorporat es t he t hree following m ain The overall goal incorporat es t he t hree following m ain

  m ission goals:

  1. Manage, develop and prot ect wat er and relat ed resources t o m eet needs of current and ffut ure generat ions.

  

  2. Operat e , m aint ain and rehabilit at e facilit ies safely, reliably efficient ly t o prot ect t he public invest m ent . reliably efficient ly t o prot ect t he public invest m ent .

  

  3. Enhance t he organizat ional effect iveness of t he wat er resources coordinat ion syst em , & prom ot e capacit y- building. capacit y building

St r a t e gic Pla n n in g - W M

  Cont rol of soil erosion – Priorit y l d

  Povert y alleviat ion

  

  People part icipat ion

  

  People part icipat ion

  

  Opt im izat ion t echniques

  

  Agricult ure product ivit y

  

  

  I dent ify priorit y wat ersheds

  Make best of available resources

  

  St orage reservoir, wat er int ake or diversion dam s

  

  Populat ion

  

  Priorit y for wat ershed wit h crit ical condit ions

  

  Priorit y for wat ershed wit h crit ical condit ions

  

   Wat ershed Managem ent St rat egies 

  Set obj ect ives – WM Plans

  

  St rat egies t o im plem ent

  

  I m plem ent at ion by individuals, Governm ent , Group, NGO et c.

    Prevent ive st rat egies: Prevent ive st rat egies: - preserving exist ing sust ainable preserving exist ing sust ainable

  land use pract ices: Est ablish & sust ain prevent ive m easures including land use pract ices - result s in long t erm , sust ainable resource developm ent and t erm sust ainable resource developm ent and product ivit y wit hout causing land degradat ion

   Rest orat ive st rat egies: - t o overcom e ident ified

  problem s or t o rest ore condit ions in a wat ershed t o a desirable level

• Reduce sedimentation
• Localized collection and storage water supply
• Localized collection and storage
• Deep root to shallow rooted
• More rainfall
• Recharge
• Recharge Flooding

  b)

  c)

  Increase cultivation

  b)

  Develop agro forestry

  a)

  Hydropower

  b)

  Hydropower

  b)

  Utilize wood for fuel

  a)

  Re-vegetate

  c)

  Construct levees channelization

  Reservoir storage

  a)

  e) Pump from aquifer

  e) Pump from aquifer

  d) Cloud seeding

  Reduce evapotranspiration

  c)

  Water harvesting

  b)

  Water harvesting

  b)

  Reservoir Storage and transfer

  a)

  Deficient water

  W t h d St t i Watershed Strategies

Problem Possible Alternative solutions Watershed Management objectives Problem Possible Alternative solutions Watershed Management objectives

• Minimize sediment delivery
• Minimize sedimentation
• Plant more vegetation Energy Storage
• Plant more trees
• Reduce sedimentation Storage
• Reduce sedimentation Food Shortage
• More productivity, better crop
• Restructure land

  More live stock More grazing land

• Better structures
• Re-vegetate, stable slopes on

  Supply from wells and Protect groundwater f i i drinking water pumps

  a)

  Treat waste water Use forest wet lands Reduced fishery production

  a)

  Reduced

  Control pollutants Buffer strips, vegetative cover etc.

  a)

  Control pollutants Buffer strips Polluted streams

  )

  Treat water supplied from contamination

  b)

  a)

  Revegetate slopes Poor quality d i ki

  c)

  Contour terracing

  b)

  Contour terracing

  b)

  Erosion control structure

  a)

  Erosion/ Sedimentati on

  Watershed Strategies

• Filter through wet land Polluted

  Treat waste water Use forest, wet lands etc.

Typica l W M St r a t e gie s

   Ba se d on r a in fa ll, t e m pe r a t u r e , soil, t opogr a ph y,

cr oppin g a n d fa r m in g syst e m s a n d w a t e r r e sou r ce s

E l f I di

   W t Hi l R i 

  Ex a m ple s for I n dia : West ern – Him alayan Region

   J&K, HP, U.P. Hills -

  St eep hilly land, m ount ains

• – Thrust : Wat er Conservat ion & use; Land use planning crop diversificat ion et c planning, crop diversificat ion et c.

   East ern Him alayan Region

   Sikkim , Darj eeling, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Assam

• – High rainfall high forest soil erosion High rainfall, high forest , soil erosion

  Thrust : Soil and w at er conservat ion, im provem ent of farm ing syst em s

   Low er Ganget ic Plains – w est Bengal g g

• – Frequent floods, poor w at er m anagem ent

  Thrust : I rrigat ion developm ent , crop product ivit y, im provem ent , livest ock

Typica l W M St r a t e gie s…

   East ern Plat eau and Hills: Madhya Pradesh and Orissa

• – High rainfall, Soil erosion

  Thrust : Wat er conservat ion irrigat ion developm ent soil Thrust : Wat er conservat ion, irrigat ion developm ent , soil correct ion et c.

  

Sout h Plat eau and Hills: Andhra Pradesh, Karnat aka and

Tam ilnadu - Rainfed farm ing Tam ilnadu Rainfed farm ing

  Thrust : I rrigat ion developm ent , crop m anagem ent 

  Guj arat Plains and Hills 

  Arid zone, less rainfall, less irrigat ion Thrust : Wat er conservat ion, dry land farm s, wat er m anagem ent , w ast eland developm ent

   West ern Dry Region

   Raj ast han Desert s sandy less rainfall high evaporat ion

• – Desert s, sandy, less rainfall, high evaporat ion

  

Typica l W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t Typica l W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t

St r a t e gy – M P, I n dia

Ca se St u dy: D e se r t Ra in w a t e r H a r ve st in g I n it ia t ive H a r ve st in g I n it ia t ive

  

N e e d for t h e D e se r t Ra in w a t e r H a r ve st in g

I n it ia t ive : I n it ia t ive : aim ed at alleviat ing povert y & providing aim ed at alleviat ing povert y & providing

  reliable wat er supply t o som e of rem ot e populat ions in rural Raj ast han - grips of severe drought for t he last few years. few years

  

  Proj ect ut ilize t radit ional Rainwat er Harvest ing t echniques - sust ainable m odel drought affect ed areas.

  

  Raj ast han - desert st at e in I ndia wit h 10% of area, but wit h 1% of wat er resources. Scarce and fragile wat er resources in t his sem i arid environm ent are under resources in t his sem i- arid environm ent are under t hreat from frequent drought s, increasing groundwat er salinit y & falling wat er t ables.

  ht t p: / / w w w.yogaindailylife.org/ init iat ives/ rainwat er- harvest ing ht t p: / / www yogaindailylife org/ init iat ives/ rainwat er- harvest ing

  D e se r t Ra in w a t e r H a r ve st in g I n it ia t ive g Case st udy: Case st udy: y y

  

Grass root s proj ect aim ed at alleviat ing povert y and

providing a reliable w at er supply

   Out com e of I nit iat ive- form at ion of global part nerships & O t f I it i t i f t i f l b l t hi & est ablishm ent of a cent re t o prom ot e Rainw at er Harvest ing for desert and sem i- arid regions.

   R i Ra in w a t e r H a r ve st in g Solu t ion t H t i S l t i

   Creat ed in response t o increasing wat er crisis facing I ndia's rem ot e rural com m unit ies in Raj ast han & from request s ffrom villages.

   I nit iat ive aim s - year round supply of fresh wat er for rural com m unit ies in drought affect ed areas - Lead Part ner has a long st anding presence and ongoing w orking relat ionship wit h local villages.

   Village Wat er Act ion Planning - Com m unit y Based Wat er Managem ent

  D e se r t Ra in w a t e r H a r ve st in g I n it ia t ive Case st udy: Case st udy:

  

  NGO - I nt ernat ional Sri Deep Madhavananda Ashram Fellowship launched t his init iat ive. I t ut ilizes Fellowship - launched t his init iat ive. I t ut ilizes t radit ional Rainwat er Harvest ing t echniques in conj unct ion wit h com m unit y based wat ershed m anagem ent plans t o provide a sust ainable m odel t o m anagem ent plans t o provide a sust ainable m odel t o be used in drought affect ed areas

  

  Village Wat er Act ion Planning - Com m unit y

  Based Wat er Managem ent 

  Huge success – could change the face of many villages

  

  Many villages became self sufficient in water & food. Many villages became self sufficient in water & food

  ht t p: / / w w w.yogaindailylife.org/ init iat ives/ rainwat er- harvest ing ht t p: / / www yogaindailylife org/ init iat ives/ rainwat er- harvest ing

Re fe r e n ce s Re fe r e n ce s

    St at e of Environm ent of I ndia 2009: report of Minist ry of St at e of Environm ent of I ndia 2009: report of Minist ry of Environm ent and Forest ( source: Environm ent and Forest ( source: ht t p: / / m oef.nic.in/ downloads/ hom e/ hom e-- SoE ht t p: / / m oef.nic.in/ downloads/ hom e/ hom e SoE-- Report Report -- 2009.pdf 2009.pdf ))

    Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) , Wat ershed Planning and Managem ent , Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) , Wat ershed Planning and Managem ent , Yash Publishing House Yash Publishing House

   Successful Governance I nit iat ives & Best Pract ices,

Experiences from I ndian St at es, Planning Com m ission, Gov.

  I ndia   Benefit s of Sust ainable Land Managem ent , UNCCD. Benefit s of Sust ainable Land Managem ent , UNCCD.   ht t p: / / w w w .yogaindailylife.org/ init iat ives/ rainwat er-- harvest ing ht t p: / / w w w .yogaindailylife.org/ init iat ives/ rainwat er harvest ing

    Arid Zone Agroforest ry: Dim ensions and Direct ions for Arid Zone Agroforest ry: Dim ensions and Direct ions for Sust ainable Livelihoods, ARUN K. SHARMA; www.cazri.raj .nic.in

   www. agritech.tnau.ac.in www agritech tnau ac in

Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?

   I llu st r a t e t h e t ypica l W a t e r sh e d

M a n a ge m e n t St r a t e gie s in diffe r e n t Agr o

clim a t ic r e gion s of I n dia .

    I dent ify t he agro clim at ic region. I dent ify t he agro clim at ic region.  

  I d I d I dent ify st at es I dent ify st at es t if t t t if t t

   

  Discuss t he t hrust areas Discuss t he t hrust areas

      Discuss possible wat ershed m anagem ent plans. Discuss possible wat ershed m anagem ent plans. Discuss possible wat ershed m anagem ent plans. Discuss possible wat ershed m anagem ent plans.

  Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay

Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!. Q

   What are t he land & w at er relat ed problem s in arid regions?. in arid regions?

   What are t he m aj or challenges relat ed t o w at ershed m anagem ent in arid regions?. w at ershed m anagem ent in arid regions?

   Discuss dryland m anagem ent in arid regions.  

I llust rat e wat ershed m anagem ent st rat egies I llust rat e wat ershed m anagem ent st rat egies for various problem s

  Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay P f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i

  IIT B b

Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?. g Q

   Different iat e bet w een drought & aridit y.  

  I llust rat e soil erosion processes. I llust rat e soil erosion processes 

  What are t he im port ant issues in arid regions?. eg o s 

What are different t ypes of w at er erosion?.

  Discuss each t ype?.

  

What is t he scope of I nt egrat ed Wat ershed

Managem ent in Arid Regions?.

   Discuss t he im port ance of st rat egic planning Discuss t he im port ance of st rat egic planning in w at ershed m anagem ent .

Un solve d Pr oble m !. Un solve d Pr oble m !

   

For an arid region of average annual rainfall For an arid region of average annual rainfall

of less t han 250m m , prepare Wat ershed of less t han 250m m , prepare Wat ershed Managem ent plan for I nt egrat ed Managem ent plan for I nt egrat ed M M t t l l f f I t I t t d t d Sust ainable Developm ent ?. Sust ainable Developm ent ?.

      I dent ify t he problem s. I dent ify t he problem s. I dent ify t he problem s I dent ify t he problem s

   

Find out different opt ions of sust ainable Find out different opt ions of sust ainable land m anagem ent . land m anagem ent . land m anagem ent land m anagem ent

• – I m proving Wat er availabilit y I m proving Wat er availabilit y –
• – I m proving agricult ural product ion I m proving agricult ural product ion –
• – Reduce soil/ w ind erosion & suggest scient ific m et hods Reduce soil/ w ind erosion & suggest scient ific m et hods – for soil conservat ion for soil conservat ion

  Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho Professor, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, p p g g g g Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076. Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: Email: Email: Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in