Efektivitas Pemberian Gabungan Agar-agar dan Probiotik pada Pengobatan Konstipasi Fungsional

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

  1. Prasetyo D. Konstipasi pada anak. Disampaikan pada kongres nasional IV Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Indonesia (BKGAI), Medan, 4-7 Desember 2010

  2. Felt B. Functional Constipation and Soiling in children. 2003. Diunduh dari : http://cme.med.umich.edu/pdf/guideline/peds03.pdf Diakses Februari 2003

  3. Wang Ji-Yue, Wang Ye-ling, Zhou Sheng-Li, Zhou Jun-Fu. May chronic childhood constipation cause oxidative stress and potential free radikal damage to children?. Biomed Environ Sci. 2004; 17:266-72 4. Jufri M, Soenarto YS, Oswari H, Arief S, Rosalina I, Mulyani SN. Konstipasi. Gastroenterologi-Hepatologi. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta. IDAI. 2010; 201-14

  5. Khodadad A, Sabbaghian M. Role of synbiotics in the treatment of childhood constipation: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Iran J Pediatr.

  2010; 20:387-92

  6. Tabbers MM, Chmielewska A, Roseboom MG, Crates N, Perrin C, Reitsma JB, et al. Fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173 010 in childhood constipation: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pediatric. 2011; 127:1392-99

  7. Thomas DW, Frank RG. Probiotics and prebiotics in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2010; 126:1217-28

  8. Collado MC, Isolauri E, Salminen S, Sanz Y. The impact of probiotic on gut health. Curr drug Met. 2009; 10:68-78

  9. Lannitti T, Palmieri B. Therapeutical use of probiotic formulation in clinical practice. Clin Nutr. 2010; 29:701-25

  10. Chmielewska A, Szajewska H, Systematic review of randomised controlled trials: probiotic for functional constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16:69-75

  11. Castillejo G,Bullo M, Anguera A, et al. A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated pediatric patients. Pediatrics 2006;118:e641-48

  12. North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Evaluation and treatment of constipation in children: summary of updated recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric

  Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;43:405-7

  13. Biggs WS, Dery WH. Evaluation and treatment of constipation in infants and children. Am Fam Physician. 2006; 73:469-77

  14. Murat S, Mine C, Gamze G, Cihan G, Hakan Y. Colchicine treatment for functional constipation. The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology.2000;11:235-8

  15. Gulliams T. Maintaining regularity : constipation, fiber, and natural laxatives. A concise update of important issues concerning natural health ingredient. 2003; 5(2):1-8 16. International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Constipation. 2008

  17. International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Functional bowel disorders. 2008

  18. Williams CL, Bollella M, Wynder EL. A new recommendation for dietary fiber in childhood. Pediatrics. 1995; 96:985-8

  19. Dwyer JT. Dietary fiber for children : how much?. Pediatrics 1995;96:1019-22

  20. Sekhon BS, Jairah S. Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics: an overview. J Pharm Educ Res. 2010; 1:13-36

  21. FAO/WHO. Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including power milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Disampaikan pada Report of a joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Power Milk with live Lactic Acid Bacteria, Cordoba, Argentina 1-4 Oktober, 2001

  22. Collins MD, Gibson GR. Probiotics, prebiotic and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69 Suppl:1052S-7S

  23. Tabarsa M, Rezae M,Zohreh R,et al. Fatty acids, amino acids, mineral contents and prooximate composition of some brown seaweeds. J. Phycol. 2012; 47:1-8

  24. Murugan K, Iyer vv. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of marine algae, Gracilaria edulis and Enteromorpha lingulata, from Chennai Coast. Int.J.Cancer Res, 2012;8(1):15-26

  25. Ali A, Gamal E. Biological importance of marine algae. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal..2010;18:1–25

  26. Tandon V, Gupta BM, Tandon R. Free radicals/reactive oxygen species. JK- Practitioner 2005;12(3):143-48

  27. Sen S, Chakraborty R, Sridhar C, Reddy SR, De B. Free radicals, antioxidants, diseases and phytomedicines: current status and future prospect. Int J of Pharmacheu Sci Rev and res. 2010; 3(1):91-100

  28. Rohani K, Ghadikolaei, Abdulalian E. Evaluation of the proximate, fatty acid and

  mineral composition of representative green, brown and red seaweeds from the Persian Gulf of Iran as potential food and feed resources. J Food Sci Technol. 2012; 49(6):774–80

  29. Gulmaraes EV, Goulart EMA, Penna FJ. Dietary fiber intake, stool frequency and colonic transit time in chronic functional constipation in children. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001;34(9): 1147-53 30. Hillemeier C. An overview of the effects of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal transit. Pediatrics.1995;96:997-99

  31. McClung HJ, Boyne L, Heitlinger L. Constipation and dietary fiber intake in children. Pediatrics 1995;96:999-1001

  32. Tabbers MM, Boluyt N, Marjolein YB, et al. Nonpharmacologic treatment for chilhood constipation : Systematic review. Pediatrics 2011;128:753-61

  33. Wendy S, Biggs, William HD, Evaluation and treatment of constipation in infants and children. Am Fam Physician 2006;73:469-77

  34. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia nomor 75 tahun 2013 tentang angka kecukupan Gizi yang dianjurkan bagi bangsa Indonesia. 2013;1-10

  35. Li Y, Zong Y, Qi J et.al. Prebiotics and oxidative stress in constipated rats.

  JPGN. 2011; 53:447-52

  36. Tomita R, Fujisaki S, Ikeda T, Fukuzawa M. Role of nitric oxide in patients with slow-transit constipation. Dis Colon Rektum. 2002; 45:593-600

  37. Zhou JF, Lou JG, Zhou SL, et.al. Potential oxidative stress in children with chronic constipation. World J Gastroenterol.2005;11(3):368-71

  38. Bu Lin Nan Bu, Hwei Chang Mei, Hsuan Ni Yen, dkk. Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus Lcr35 in children with chronic constipation. Pediatrics International.

  2007; 49:485-89

  39. Chang Hee Soo, Park Young Kie, Kang Kil Sung, dkk. Prevalence, clinical characteristics and management of functional constipation at pediatric gastroenterology clinics. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28:1356-61

  40. Guimaraes EV, Goulart EMA, Penna FJ. Dietary fiber intake, stool frequency and colonic transit time in chronic functional constipation in children. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001;34(9):1147-53

  41. Lippincott W, Wilkins. Evaluation and Treatment of Constipation in Infants and Children: Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology,Hepatology and Nutrition. J. Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.

  2006;3(43):e1-13

  42. Baucke VL, Miele E, Staiano A. Fiber (Glucomannan) is beneficial in the treatment of childhood constipation. Pediatrics. 2004;113;e259-64

  43. Jurnalis YD, Sarmen S, Sayoeti Y. Konstipasi pada anak. CDK-200. 2013;1(40): 27-31

  44. Baucke VL. Prevalence, symptoms and outcome of constipation in infants and toddlers. Jpeds. 2004; 359-63

  45. Peppas G, Alexiou VG, Mourtzoukou E, et al. Epidemiology of constipation in Europe and Oceania: a systematic review. BMG Gastroenterology. 2008; 8(5): 1-

  7

  46. Iraji N, Keshteli AH, Sadeghpour S, et al. Constipation in Iran: SEPAHAN systematic review No.5. Int J Prev Med. 2012;34-41

  47. Legg AR. Managing functional constipation in children. Paediatr Child Health.

  2011;16(10):661-5

  48. Tabbers MM, Boluyt N, Berger MY, et al. Nonpharmacologic treatments for chilhood constipation: systematic review. Pediatrics. 2011; 128:753-61

  49. Speriadiao PGL, Tahan S, Neto UF, et al. Dietary fiber, energy intake and nutritional status during the treatment of children with chronic constipation. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003;36:753-59 50. Mahan LK, Stump SE. Krause’ food and nutrition therapy.12 th ed. Canada. Saunders Elsevier. 2008;676-79

  51. Nix S. William’s basic nutrition and diet therapy.13 th ed. Canada. Mosby Elsevier. 338

  52. Liem O, Lorenzo CD, Taminiau JA, Mousa HM, Benninga MA. Current treatment of childhood constipation. Ann Nestle (Engl). 2007;73-8

  53. Parrish CR. Nutrients and constipation : cause or cure?. Practical Gastroenterology. 2008;43-49

  54. Yang J, Wang PH, Zhou L, dkk. Effect of dietary fiber on constipation: A meta analysis. World J Gastroenterol.2012;18(48): 7378-83

  55. Indiana Aulia, Supriatmo, Emil Azlin,dkk. Peranan serat (glukomanan) dalam pengobatan konstipasi fungsional pada anak. 2014; 1-57

  LAMPIRAN

1. Personil Penelitian

  1. Ketua penelitian : dr. Wahyu Ningsih Lestari

  2. Supervisor / Anggota : Prof.dr. Atan Baas Sinuhaji, Sp.A(K) dr. Supriatmo, M.Ked(Ped)Sp.A (K) dr. Emil Azlin, M.Ked(Ped)Sp.A(K) dr. Ade Rachmat, M.ked(Ped) Sp.A

  3. Anggota penelitian : dr. Mislina Munir dr. Mega Oktariena dr. Melati Mandasari Nasution

  4. Tenaga Administrasi : 1 orang

2. Anggaran No Uraian Jumlah

  1. Honorarium Tenaga Administrasi Rp 200.000,-

  2. Fotokopi (200 lbr x @ Rp 150) Rp 30.000,-

  3. Bahan : Probiotik (Lacidofil

  TM ®

  sebanyak 14 btl, @ 60 caps/btl no reg POM : SI.114602931,Exp date: April 2016 (Rp. 235.000) Agar-agar Swallow Globe, sebanyak 834 ktk, @ 12bks/ktk (Rp.10.000)

  Rp 3.290.000,- Rp 8.340.000,-

  4. Transportasi dan Akomodasi Rp 50.000,-

  5. Pembuatan Proposal dan Laporan Penelitian Rp 200.000,-

  6. Penggandaan Proposal dan Laporan Penelitian Rp 500.000,-

  Total Rp 12.610.000,- Sumber dana diharapkan dari donatur yang bersifat tidak mengikat.

  3. Jadwal Penelitian

   Maret April Mei Juni Persiapan Pelaksanaan Penyusunan Laporan Penggandaan Laporan

4. Naskah Penjelasan Kepada Kepala Sekolah Madrasah Tsanawiyah

  

Yayasan Amal Sosial Al Washliyah gedung Johor Medan dan orang

tua/wali

  Yth. Bapak / Ibu …………………..…………….

  1. Sebelumnya kami ingin memperkenalkan diri (dengan menunjukkan surat tugas dari Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FK USU). Nama saya dr.

  Wahyu Ningsih Lestari, bertugas di divisi Gastroenterologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FK USU/RSU Haji Adam Malik. Saat ini, kami sedang melaksanakan penelitian tentang manfaat pemberian gabungan agar-agar ditambah probiotik pada anak yang menderita konstipasi fungsional.

  2. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan kami, anak Bapak/Ibu menderita konstipasi fungsional yang berdampak pada proses pembelajaran.

  3. Untuk itu, kami berencana untuk mengobati anak Bapak/Ibu dengan memberikan obat agar-agar dan probiotik. Dari penelitian didapatkan bahwa pemberian terapi agar-agar ditambah probiotik selama satu bulan akan memberikan efek yang baik dalam memperbaiki frekuensi dan konsistensi tinja pada anak dengan konstipasi fungsional. Saat ini saya mencoba untuk melakukan penelitian untuk melihat manfaat jika pemberian agar-agar dan probiotik digabungkan dalam mengobati konstipasi fungsional pada anak.

  4. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan pengukuran tinggi badan, penimbangan berat badan, pemberian catatan harian konstipasi dan kuisioner untuk mengetahui anak yang menderita konstipasi fungsional. Pada anak yang menderita konstipasi fungsional, akan diberikan obat selama empat minggu, obat dikonsumsi sekali sehari dalam bentuk puding agar-agar. Pemantauan dilakukan setelah dua dan empat minggu pengobatan serta dilakukan pengukuran tinggi badan, berat badan dan kuisioner dibandingkan pengukuran sebelum diberi obat.

  5. Jika Bapak/Ibu bersedia agar anaknya diobati dengan obat tersebut, maka kami akan mengharapkan Bapak/Ibu menandatangani lembar Persetujuan Setelah Penjelasan (PSP).

  6. Bapak/Ibu serta anak anda bebas menolak ikut atau mengundurkan diri dalam penelitian ini. Semua data penelitian akan diperlakukan secara rahasia, sehingga tidak memungkinkan orang lain mengetahui data penderita. Semua biaya penelitian akan ditanggung oleh peneliti.

  7. Bila ada keterangan yang kurang jelas dan bila muncul keluhan selama pengobatan konstipasi fungsional pada anak anda, maka dapat menghubungi saya a/n dr.wahyu ningsih lestari, no HP : 085260571898.

  8. Demikian yang dapat kami sampaikan. Atas perhatian Bapak/Ibu, kami ucapkan terima kasih.