Figurative language used in sports rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper.

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN SPORTS RUBRIC IN

THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfilment of The Requirements for The Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic

University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Alief Falahuddin Armuzad A73213081

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN SPORTS RUBRIC IN THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic

University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

The Advisor

Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling NIP: 197810062005012004

Alief Falahuddin Armuzad Reg. Number: A73213081

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2017

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DECLARATION PAGE

This thesis contains materials which have been accepted for the award of Sarjana degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. And to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by other person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.

Surabaya, July 10, 2017 Researcher

Alief Falahuddin Armuzad Reg. Number: A73213081

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THESIS ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE

This thesis written by Alief Falahudin Amuzad, entitled Figurative Language Used In Sports Rubric In The Jakarta Post Newspaperhas been approved by the Advisor to fulfill the requirement of Strata 1 Degree of English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Surabaya, July 10, 2017

Thesis Advisor

Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling NIP: 197810062005012004

Acknowledge by:

Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag NIP: 196906152007011051

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2017

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ABSTRACT

Armuzad, Alief Falahuddin. 2017. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN SPORTS RUBRIC IN THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Arts and Humanities. States Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling

Key Terms: Figurative Language, Literal Language, Sports Rubric, The Jakarta Post

This study conducts to analyze the use of figurative language in sport rubric of The Jakarta Post newspaper. This study focuses on observing the words which contain figurative language by using Evelyn Hatch’s theory that consists of simile, metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, allusion, personification and antithesis. The method of this study was descriptive qualitative because the researcer described about the reason of the sentence that is categorized into figurative language. Whereas, data source is taken from sports rubric in The Jakarta Post newspaper which published in February 2016 to April 2016.

The result of the data shows that there are 63 sentences which contain of figurative language in sport rubrics of The Jakarta Post newspaper. The research has found that there are seven kinds of figurative language which appeared in sport rubrics of The Jakarta Post newspaper. They are simile, metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, allusion and personification. In addition, the researcher also found the funtion of figurative language which used in The Jakarta Post newspaper is to attract the reader’s attention.

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INTISARI

Armuzad, Alief Falahuddin. 2017. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN SPORTS RUBRIC IN THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER. Tesis. Program Studi Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Sastra dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah, M. App. Ling

Key Terms: Bahasa Kiasan, Bahasa Literal, Rubrik Olahraga, The Jakarta Post

Studi ini diadakan untuk menganalisa penggunaan bahasa kiasan pada rubrik olahraga dari koran The Jakarta Post yang dipublikasikan pada Februari sampai April 2016. Studi ini berfokus pada observasi kata-kata yang mengandung bahasa kiasan dengan menggunakan teori dari Evellyn Hatch yang terdiri dari simile, metafora, sinekdoke, metonimi, hiperbola, alusio, personifikasi dan antitesis. Metode yang digunakan dalam analisa ini yaitu deskriptif kualitatif karena peneliti menjelaskan tentang alasan mengapa suatu kalimat itu dikategorikan pada bahasa kiasan, sedangkan sumber data diambil pada rubrik olahraga dalam koran The Jakarta Post yang dipublikasikan pada Februari sampai April 2016.

Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 63 kalimat yang mengandung bahasa kiasan pada rubrik olahraga dari koran The Jakarta Post. penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat tujuh jenis dari bahasa kiasan yang ada di rubrik olahraga pada koran The Jakarta Post, yaitu simile, metafora, sinekdoke, metonimia, hiperbola, alusio dan personifikasi. Peneliti juga menemukan fungsi dari bahsa kiasan yan digunkan pada koran The Jakarta Post adalah untuk menarik perhatian pembaca.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover Page ……….………...i

Inside Title Page ……….ii

Declaration Page ………....iii

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page………….………iv

Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page……….………..v

Motto ……….……….vi

Dedication Page ………vii

Acknowledgement ………...viii

Table of Contents ……….………..ix

Abstract ……….………xii

Intisari ………...xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of The Study ………1

1.2. Research Problems ……....………...5

1.3. Research Objectives ……….…………6

1.4. Significance of Study ………...…6

1.5. Scope and Limitations ……….……...6

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1.Theoretical Framework ………..8

2.1.1.Semantics ...……….……….8

2.1.2. Figurative Language .……….………...12

2.1.2.1.Kinds of Figurative Language ....……….………..13

2.1.3. The Jakarta Post Newspaper...……...….…….……….17

2.2.Review of the Related Studies ………….…….………..18

CHAPTER 3 METHOD OF THE STUDY 3.1. Research Design ………...20

3.2. Data Collection ………...21

3.2.1.Data and Data Sources ………..21

3.2.2.Instruments ………...21

3.2.3.Techniques of data collection ………....21

3.3. Data Analysis………...22

CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION AND FINDING 4.1. Findings………...24

4.1.1. Kinds of Figurative Language ………...24

4.1.1.1. Simile ………...24

4.1.1.2. Metaphor ………...25

4.1.1.3. Synecdoche ………..27

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4.1.1.5. Allusion ………..30

4.1.1.6. Hyperbole ……….………..32

4.1.1.7. Personification ………....…34

4.1.2. Function of Figurative Language ………..……...35

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION .……….39

REFERENCES ……….………41

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CHAPTER I

1. Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study

The main purpose of communication is sending messages to other human. In sending the message, the sender does not only use an explicit message but also uses an implicit message, that the meaning of message is different from usual message. Explicit message is directly and clearly expressing something and leaving little room for interpretation. Implicit message is not directly expressing something, it uses visuals, body language, colors, etc. to interpret the meaning.

The meaning of language is divided into two distinctions: literal and non-literal (figurative). Literal language uses words directly according to their proper meanings. In other words, the term of literal language denotes that all the words in accordance with their original meanings. It is often used when talking about facts or interesting information. There is nothing fancy in literal language, it is clear and precise.

According to Furniss (1996:106), a word, phrase, or statement is figurative when it cannot be taken literally. In other words, figurative language is a language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. It is supported by Perrine’s definition (1983:581), she stated that “figurative language is a language that cannot be taken literally or should not be

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(Rozakis, 1995:28). It means that figurative language is to express something in another way to refer one thing by giving the implied meaning. In order to create a special effect, figurative language used not with their basic meaning but with a more imaginative meaning.

Figurative language is a persuasive language. Persuasive language is used for many reasons, for example, to help to sell products or services, or to convince people to accept a view or idea. Perrine (1992:61) stated that it is another way of adding an extra dimension to language, which can attract the reader’s attention. Thus, the use of figurative language can be used to attract the attention of the reader. Some literary devices such as similes, metaphors, and personification can help create word pictures for the reader.

Similes is used to compare two things by using words “like” or “as”. Thus, with the use of simile can make a direct comparison between a topic or issue that can give a vivid picture for the reader. Metaphor used to compare one thing to

another without the use of “like” or “as”. Metaphor can attract reader attention with

creating a visual representation for the reader by comparing the topic or issue as something else. While, the use personification is used to produce a visual connection by assigning a human trait to an inanimate or nonhuman object. When figurative language is used in writing, it can attract the reader's attention and make the writing becomes more convincing.

Research about figurative language has been done with different focuses. The research by Nurita Widyanti (2013) focuses on the sentence of Harper’s Bazaar

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Magazine Advertisement. The researcher found six types of figurative language: simile, metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche, personification and hyperbole. The data were taken from advertisements in Harper’s Bazaar Magazine that published in November 2012 to January 2013. The results show that the most often used figurative language in this research is metaphor.

Fitria Lonanda (2013) focuses on the characterization of the Nightingale and The Rose Short Story by Oscar Wilde. The results found 14 figurative languages that used in the short story, with details: eight similes, one metaphor, two personifications, two ironies, and one hyperbole. Based on these results, simile is a type of figurative language that is most used in the Oscar Wilde short story.

Another research is from Rashid Mahmood (2014). This research focuses on the use of figurative language in Pakistani English Newspaper. The researcher use four kinds of figures of speech that is, metonymy, metaphor, hyperbole and simile. The result shows that simile, metaphor and hyperbole are the most often used figures of speech by The News newspaper and metonymy is the most often used by The Nation newspaper.

Masruri (2011) analyse figurative language on the lyrics of Westlife’s selected songs. The researcher focused on finding the kinds of figurative language, the general meaning of lyric and the message of lyric on Westlife’s selected songs. The results found that hyperbole is figurative language that most often used in lyrics of Westlife’s selected songs. For example, in the lyric “I’m holding a fortune” and

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“That heaven has given to me” that is impossible to do by a human being, but the using hyperbole makes the lyric more interesting to listen.

Based on the previous study above, the research uses different sources of data, such as songs, short story, newspaper and magazine advertisement. This research aims to continue the research by using figurative language and newspaper as the source of the data. The researcher is interested to analyse figurative language in The Jakarta Post Newspaper because the previous study mentioned above has not been done a research using the specific part of the newspaper as the source of the data. So, the researcher uses The Jakarta Post Newspaper as the source of the data and it is focused on sports rubric from The Jakarta Post Newspaper because this section contains figurative language which is needed by the researcher.

Newspaper is a printed media that usually distributed daily or weekly in the form of a folded book of papers. In a newspaper, the most important or interesting news usually will be displayed on the front page. Newspapers may also include advertisements, entertainment, opinions and other general interest news. Some of the main function of newspaper is to inform, advise, practical, and entertain. Newspaper has a function to inform its readership. A newspaper often employs reporters to collect information about events, or they pay another publication to print out their stories.

In addition, newspaper may also have reviews and opinions on sports and commentary on personalities, cinema and comments and opinions on life in general. Furthermore, newspaper also publishes a wealth of useful information of a practical

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nature that helps people undergo about their daily routine, such as weather forecasts, sporting schedules, classified advertising, television schedules, shipping news and cinema listings. Newspapers also as an entertainment. Many newspapers will publish puzzles, crosswords and games.

Based on the previous explaination in this research, the researcher wants o analyses the use of figurative language in sports rubric of The Jakarta Post Newspaper. Whereas The Jakarta Newspaper which uses was published in 1 June 2016 to 8 June 2016. From this research, the researcher hopes the result of this research can answer the problems of this research. Moreover, the researcher uses Evelyn Hatch’s theory to conduct this research. In Evelyn Hatch theory consist of simile, metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, allusion, personification and antithesis. So, the researcher would like to analyze it from the words which contain the figurative language.

1.2. Research Problems

In this research, the researcher will try to find out the figurative language used in Sports Rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper. The problems are formulated in the following questions:

1. What are kinds of figurative language used in Sports Rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper?

2. What are the function of figurative language used in Sports Rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper?

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1.3. Research Objectives

1. To understand kinds of figurative language used in Sports Rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper

2. To understand the function of figurative language used in Sports Rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper

1.4. Significance of the Study

The significance of this research is to give an understanding about figurative language and also kinds of figurative language to the reader. Also, to make the reader understand how to analysis figurative language.

1.5. Scope and Limitations

This research will focus on observing the words that contain a figurative language in The Jakarta Post Newspaper. The data are from sports rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper which published in 1 June 2016 to 8 June 2016.

1.6. Definition of Key Terms

a) Figurative Language : Is a language that cannot be taken literally or should not be taken literally only (Perrine, 1983:581). In other words, figurative language is another way of saying something than the ordinary way.

b) Literal Language : Is a language that refers to words that do not deviate from their defined meaning.

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c) Sports Rubric : Sports rubric is one of the special columns in newspapers which contains sports news, such as football, basketball, tennis, etc.

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CHAPTER II

2.1. Theoretical Framework

2.1.1. Semantics

The word semantics is derived from Greek word semantikos (“significant”). Semantics is referring to the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings. Simpler definition, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences. Semantics is a technical term referring to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics. According to Richard, J. et al (1985:254) semantic refers to the smallest units of meaning in a word. In addition, semantics studies about both symbols and signs that state a meaning and connect a meaning to another. There are at least seven types of meaningin semantic according to Leech (1974:9), those are:

a) Conceptual Meaning: It is also called logical or cognitive meaning. It is the basic propositional meaning which corresponds to the primary dictionary definition. In other words, it refers to the dictionary meaning which indicates the concepts.

Example: The word walk, the conceptual meaning or the primary dictionary meaning is to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. There are also a few other words that, according to the dictionary, mean to move forward on foot.

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b) Connotative Meaning: It refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. In other words, it is something more than the dictionary meaning.

Example: Wall Street. It literally means is a street situated in Lower Manhattan but connotatively it refers to wealth and power.

c) Social Meaning: It refers to the use of language to establish and regulate social relations and to maintain social roles. This type of language use is alternatively described as social or phatic communication. Social meaning is the meaning which an expression conveys about the contexts or social circumstances of its use. It is the formality of the expression.

Example: The word mother is formal language, mom is used as colloquial language and mama is a child language.

d) Affective Meaning: It refers to emotive association or effects of words evoked in the reader, listener. In affective meaning, language is used to express personal feelings or attitude towards the listener or the target of the utterance. Such feelings or attitudes are usually negative or insincere in nature. They are normally expressed through such forms of language use as insults, flattery, hyperbole or sarcasm.

Example: I hate you, you idiot. In this example, the speaker seems to have a very negative attitude towards his listener. This is called affective meaning. e) Reflected Meaning: It arises when a word has more than one conceptual

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which have more than one meaning surfaces at the same time, so there is a kind of ambiguity.

Example: He took the drugs. The word drugs can refer to medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.

f) Collocative Meaning: It is usually associated with the use of some words in the same environment. Collocative meaning is the meaning of a word produced in the specific context. As a result of conventionality of collocation, a word will produce different meanings when placed with different words. Example: heavy smoker. It means a person who smokes a lot

g) Thematic Meaning: It is the meaning that is communicated depends on how the speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis. It concerns with how the order of words spoken affects the meaning that is entailed.

Example: - Mr. Jen donated the first prize.

- The first prize was donated by Mr. Jen

In those example, the active sentence answers an implicit question what did Mr. Jen donate? while the passive sentence answers the implicit question who donates the first prize?

The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased. In general, semantics generally refers to how meaning is conveyed through the symbols of a written language. Thus, it means that semantics is a way

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to interpret the meaning. According to Griffiths (2006:6) In interpret the meaning, it is classified into three stages:

h) Literal meaning: It means that all words are in strict accordance with their original meanings. The meaning of the words is in the most basic sense without the use of metaphor or exaggeration. In other words, the meaning of the words is based on the dictionary meaning.

i) Explicature: It is a basic interpretation of an utterance, using contextual information and world knowledge to work out what is being referred to and which way to understand ambiguous expressions.

j) Implicature: Implicature denotes either the act of meaning or implying one thing by saying something else, or the object of that act. Implicatures can be part of sentence meaning or dependent on conversational context, and can be conventional or unconventional. In other words, it refers to what the speaker means.

The purpose of semantic is to propose exact meanings of the words and phrases and remove confusion, which might lead the readers to believe a word has many possible meanings. Besides, semantic enables the readers to explore a sense of the meaning, because if the place of a single word is removed or changed from the sentence, it will change the entire meanings. Semantics construct a relation between adjoining words and clarifies the sense of a sentence whether the meanings of words are literal or figurative.

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2.1.2. Figurative Language

Figurative language is a language which uses words or phrases that different from the literal meaning. Figurative language is a language using figures of speech and it is language that cannot be taken literally or should not be taken literally only (Perrine, 1983:581). It means that figurative language is an expression used by person or the author indirectly by using the comparison. Thus, it cannot be interpreted literally because the comparison in figurative language expression has the meaning.

The use of figurative language makes the literary works more interesting. This style of language makes the language more interesting and poetic. With the abundance of figurative language used by the author in the literary works, the better of his work to be read by the reader. It shows the ability and the creativity of the author in using the language. In addition, it also proves that the use of figurative language has made the language more colourful, rich, and aesthetic.

Figurative language is very common in poetry, but it is also used in prose and nonfiction writing as well. There are many different types of figurative language. It is often included the use of a specific type of word or word meaning. Hatch (1995:88) notes that, traditionally, figurative language has been described in terms of categories: metaphor, simile, personification, allusion, and so on.

Some linguists have different perceptions to divide the kinds of figurative language. Perrine (1983:571) divided it becomes ten kinds, they are metaphor, metonymy, simile, synecdoche, personification, allegory, overstatement (hyperbole), irony, symbol, and paradox. Meanwhile, Rozakis (1995:33) divided

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into allegory, ambiguity, apostrophe, conceit, connotation and denotation, contrast, metaphor, irony, hyperbole, irony, litotes, metonymy, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, transferred epithet, personification, sarcasm, synecdoche, simile, symbolism, synesthesia, and understatement. In addition, even though theorist classify figure of speech as many as 250 types, the concept and principle are almost the same.

In this research, the researcher used Evelyn Hatch theory because this aims to limit the research conducted by the researcher. It covers simile, metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, allusion, hyperbole, personification and antithesis

2.1.2.1. Kinds of Figurative Language

a) Simile

Simile is used to compare things that are essentially not the same. Simile comparison is expressed by the use of some word or phrase, such as like, as, than, seems, similar to, or resembles. According to Hatch (1995: 66) simile is a statement introduced by like or as. Briefly, simile is the comparison of two distinctly different things but it is considered the same as helped by the connective words. Similes are used in literature to make writing more vivid and powerful. In everyday speech, they can be used to convey meaning quickly and effectively.

Example: The baby’s skin is a smooth as silk. This sentence is simile because it

considers the baby’s skin is the same with silk. Yet, the baby’s skin and silk are different things in form and utility. The connective word used is as.

b) Metaphor

Metaphor is a figurative language which makes an implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common

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characteristics. According to Perrine (1973:60), metaphor is figurative language which two unlike objects are implicitly compare without the use like or as. A metaphor develops a comparison which is different from a simile. Metaphor does not use like or as to develop a comparison. Perrine (1983:571) also state that “In metaphor the comparison is implied—that is, the figurative term is identified with or substituted for the literal term.” From those statement, we can get the point that metaphor is a comparison of two things that are not alike. Metaphors use more specific words like is, are, was, or were.

Example: Dad is a bearwhen he is mad. In that sentence, dad is compared as a bear and that sentence uses is to compare the two things.

c) Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a part of something that represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. The entity referred to as a container of constituents and one of these constituents is used to represent the entire entity as a whole (Lakoff, 1980:36). Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packing by the name of that container or packing. According to Reaske (1980:4), the technique of synecdoche uses a part in order to signify the whole. In other words, the use of synecdoche helps writers to shorten their writing.

Example: soldiers were equipped with steel. The writer prefers to use those statement because it is more concise than saying “The soldiers were equipped with swords, arrows, daggers, knives, etc.”

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d) Metonymy

It is a figurative language that is used to replace the name of a thing with the name of something else. Metonymy is shown where an entity is described as a whole something closely related to it. Pardede (2008:25) states that metonymy is the substitution of one term for another with which it is closely associated. Generally, metonymy is used to give a deeper meaning. By using metonymy, text shows a deeper meaning that can draw attention of the reader. In addition, the use of metonymy helps achieve conciseness.

Example: The White House is concerned about the terror. The White House here represents the people who work in it.

e) Allusion

Is a statement which refers to a thing or something without mention it directly. It can refer to a person, event, or thing in history and it does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers. In other words, allusion is a quick mention or a brief hint.

Example: Guess who the new Newton in our school. Those example is an allusion to a historical figure that is Isaac Newton.

f) Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figurative language which is not meant to be taken literally. A hyperbole is an overstatement that exaggerates a particular condition for emphasis. Perrine (1992:101) state that “hyperbole is simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in the service of truth”. Hyperbole is frequently used in everyday language and sometimes uses simile or metaphor to create the effect of exaggeration.

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Example: Ages have passed since I last saw you. That sentence contains exaggeration, because the speaker may not have met his friend for five or six hours or a day, but the use of the word ages exaggerates the sentence to add emphasis.

g) Personification

Personification is another kind of figurative language (Hatch, 1995:89). Personification is the projection of characteristics that generally belong only to humans onto inanimate objects, animals, deities, or forces of nature. These characteristics can include verbs of actions that only humans do or adjectives that describe a human condition. Reaske (1980:39) defines personification as a process to assigning a human characteristic to non-human object. In other words, we can make an object or idea to do something that usually is only done by people. Thus, Personification is a figurative language that gives human attributes to something that are not human.

Example: The sea is angry. Sea is not human, but in this example sea is given an emotion that is only used for human.

h) Antithesis

Antithesis literally means opposite. Antithesis is the use of contrasting concepts, words, or sentences within parallel grammatical structures. This combination of a balanced structure with opposite ideas serves to highlight the contrast between them. According to Reaske (1980:25) antithesis is results when a pair or more of strongly contrasting terms are presented together. In other words, it is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to get a contrasting effect.

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Example: Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven. The words reign or serve and Hell or Heaven is the antithesis and it is placed in a sentence to achieve an antithetical effect.

2.1.3.The Jakarta Post Newspaper

Media can be a way to presents any idea or become a means of communication in this world. It has an important role to influence people in society. It gives information about many aspects such as politics, education, social condition or even sport. Furthermore, mass media such a newspaper will use language by written text in giving us the information. Newspaper conveys a meaning through language. In addition, many linguists concern this kind of mass media as a study because newspaper is often use a new words or other expression through language. Newspaper also common consumes by society nowadays. People will get more knowledge also by reading the newspaper. Thus, newspaper as a media mass also has its own role or power in the society.

In Indonesia, there are many newspapers which are distributed. One of those is The Jakarta Post. It is an English language newspaper from Indonesia and it is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara which the head office is in Jakarta. The Jakarta Post also has a feature both a Sunday and Online edition, which is not possible to do in the daily print edition. It is targeted at foreigners and educated Indonesians, although the middle-class Indonesian readership has increased. The Jakarta Post has won several awards and been described as being "Indonesia's leading English-language daily". The Jakarta Post also a member of Asia News Network.

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2.2. Review of the Related Studies

Figurative Language were investigated by some researchers before. One of

them is Masruri (2011), his thesis entitled “an analysis of figurative language on

the lyrics of westlife’s selected songs”. This research focus on finding the kinds of

figurative language, the general meaning of lyric and the message of lyric on

Westlife’s selected songs. Masruri used qualitative approach in his research.

The results found that hyperbole is figurative language that most often used in lyrics of Westlife’s selected songs. Furthermore, the message from the lyrics of

Westlife’s selected songs is about human social life which contained about love,

sadness, happiness, spirit and others.

The next previous study was titled “a stylistic-pragmatic analysis of figurative

language in harper’s bazaar magazine advertisement”. Nurita (2013) used

descriptive qualitative method to analyse figurative language in harper’s bazaar magazine advertisement. She used stylistic theory and pragmatic theory to support her research.

The results of her research showed that there are six kinds of figurative language that found in harper’s bazaar magazine advertisement. It consists of simile, metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche, personification and hyperbole. Then, the most often used figurative language in this research is metaphor.

Another research was titled “a critical discourse analysis of figurative language in pakistani english newspapers”. Rashid (2014) analyze the use of figurative language in four pakistani english newspaper that is, the news, dawn, the nation and the express tribune. He used four kinds of figures of speech that is,

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metonymy, metaphor, hyperbole and simile. This research used corpus based qualitative approach to analyse figurative language in pakistani english newspapers The results show that The News is newspaper that most frequently uses simile, metaphor and hyperbole and The Nation is newspaper that most frequently uses metonymy. Then, metonymy is the most used figurative language in all four newspapers.

In this research, the researcher is interested to analyse figurative language in The Jakarta Post Newspaper. It is focused on the sports rubric because the previous study mentioned above has not been done a research using the specific part of the newspaper as the source of the data. The researcher wants to know the types of figurative language that used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper and the function of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper.

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CHAPTER III

3. Research Method

This part discusses the detail information about the method of the research design, data and data sources, instruments, techniques of data collection, and data analysis.

3.1. Research Design

In this research, the researcher uses qualitative approach. It is used to gain the understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It is used qualitative approach because the researcher collected the data from sports rubric in the Jakarta Post newspaper that are in a form of words or pictures rather than number. According to Slavin (1992:65) qualitative research is intended to explore important social phenomena by immersing the investigator in the situation for extended periods. So, it can be concluded that the researcher is the main instrument for gathering the data. In addition, this research is descriptive. It is descriptive because the researcher will describe about the reason of the sentence that is categorized into figurative language. And also described about the function of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper.

The researcher also uses content analysis method. Content analysis is a technique for systematically describing written, spoken or visual communication. According to Neuman (1997: 272-273) content analysis is a technique for gathering and analysing the content of text. The researcher uses content analysis because the

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refers to words, meanings, pictures, symbols, ideas, themes, or any message which can be communicated. The text itself is anything written, visual, or spoken that serves as a medium for communication.

3.2. Data Collection

3.2.1.Data and Data Sources

The data of this research are words, phrases, clauses or sentences used in The Jakarta post Newspaper and the data source of this research is taken from sports rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper which published in 1 June 2016 to 8 June 2016.

3.2.2.Instruments

The researcher was the main instrument in conducting this research. It is because the researcher is the one who collected and analysed the data. In this research, the researcher observes the words from The Jakarta Post Newspaper that contain figurative language. According to Moleong (2001:121), in qualitative research, the researcher becomes the designer, data collector, analyst, interpreter, and also result reporter of the research.

3.2.3.Techniques of data collection

The data are collected from sports rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper which published in 1 June 2016 to 8 June 2016. To collect the data, the researcher uses some steps as follows:

1. Download The Jakarta Post Newspaper from Press Reader application 2. Read The Jakarta Post Newspaper, especially in rubric sports

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3. Underline the figurative language which are found in The Jakarta Post Newspaper

3.3. Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the researcher analysed the data to answer the research problems. In this research, the researcher uses some steps as follow:

1. Identifying the data that has been collected

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3. Describing the function of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISSCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher presents the result of the data that has been collected and analysed using Evelyn Hatch theory. It includes the kinds of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post newspaper and the function of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post newspaper.

4.1. Findings

In this section, the researcher presents the analysis of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post newspaper and the function of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post newspaper. The data are taken from sports rubric in The Jakarta Post Newspaper.

4.1.1. Kinds of Figurative Language

In this part, the researcher analysed the Jakarta Post newspaper based on theory that have been explained in the chapter 2. Those are 8 kinds of figurative languages that consist of simile, metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, allusion, hyperbole, personification and antithesis. It explains in some analysis below:

4.1.1.1. Simile

Simile is used to compare things that are essentially not the same. Simile comparison is expressed by the use of some word or phrase, such as like, as, than, seems, similar to, or resembles

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Datum 1

The 20-year-old Ihsan earned a compliment from Lee, currently ranked world number three, who described his playing style as similar to legendary Indonesian

player Taufik Hidayat. (The Jakarta Post, 6 June 2016)

The data above is a simile. The sentence uses the connecting word as to compare two different things. In the sentence above, Lee is comparing Ihsan with legendary Indonesian player that is Taufik Hidayat because Ihsan playing style is similar with Taufik Hidayat.

4.1.1.2. Metaphor

Metaphor is a figurative language which makes an implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. Metaphor does not use like or as to develop a comparison.

Datum 1

Its form has reflected the Jekyll and Hyde nature of Dunga’s team (The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

The metaphor here is indicated by the Jekyll and Hyde nature of Dunga’s team. In this sentence is compared Dunga’s team with Jekyll and Hyde which is usually used in reference to a person or thing that alternately displays two different sides to their character or nature. It is metaphor because Dunga’s team displays a very good attacking game but also showed a chaotic defense.

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Datum 2

A superman effort by James – the first man to lead to Finals in all three major statistics with averages of 35.8 points, 13.3 rebounds and 8.8 assists –couldn’t

keep the Warriors from taking the best-of-seven series in six games. (The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

The data above is categorized as a metaphor. In that sentence, James is compared with superman which have a superhuman abilities without the use of like or as. The writer compared James with Superman because he became the first man to lead to finals in all three major statistics.

Datum 3

The Warriors meanwhile arrived in the finals after a Houdini act against the Thunder in the Western Conference Finals, coming back from 3-1 down to

complete a stunning 4-3 win on Monday. (The Jakarta Post, 3 June 2016)

The expression Houdini act is metaphor. Houdini act refers to an American magician who became world famous as an escape artist. The word of Houdini act compares to The Warriors comeback from 3-1 down to 4-3 win. The comparison in metaphor is implied because this expression does not have the connective word such as like, seems, and as.

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Datum 4

And anyone who watched the pair overtake each other several times during the last lap of an Italian GP won last time out by wafer-thin 0.019 seconds by Lorenzo

will know a swashbuckling show will likely be laid on for the locals (The Jakarta Post, 4 June 2016)

Wafer-thin means extremely thin and flat. This sentence is metaphor because it is comparing Lorenzo last lap time that is 0.019 seconds with wafer-thin. This sentence does not use connective word such as like, seems, and as to compare two different things.

4.1.1.3. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a part of something that represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packing by the name of that container or packing.

Datum 1

The Indonesians won 24-22, 18-21, 21-16 (The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

The sentence above is synecdoche. The word Indonesians is represented two Indonesian badminton player Alfian Eko Saputra and Annisa Saufika that beat Chris and Gabrielle Adcock at the BCA Indonesia Open in Jakarta. The Indonesians

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is the whole that represented the part. The part itself is refered to Alfian Eko Saputra and Annisa Saufika.

4.1.1.4. Metonymy

It is a figurative language that is used to replace the name of a thing with the name of something else. Generally, metonymy is used to give a deeper meaning. By using metonymy, text shows a deeper meaning that can draw attention of the reader.

Datum 1

The Dane secured the first game after nailing a quick 15 points and ending it stylishly at 21-12

(The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

The sentence above is Metonymy. This sentence is considered as metonymy since The Dane stated in the news refers to badminton player from Denmark that is Kjaersfeldt. In the case above, the metonymy is used to replace Kjaersfeldt name with the Dane because it refers to the citizens of Denmark.

Datum 2

Les Bleus will face Scotland in their final wam-up game on june 4 in Metz. (The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

Les Bleus is often used in a French sporting context, and in particular may refer to France national football team. Les Bleus is French language which means

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is the blues. It is a metonymy because Les Bleus refers to France National Football team which is always used blue shirt as their main shirt.

Datum 3

“We’ve reached up to 70 cups [on Wednesday], while we were at 30 [on Monday],” he told The Jakarta Post

(The Jakarta Post, 3 June 2016)

The metonymy above is indicated by The Jakarta Post. It is metonymy because The Jakarta Post in that sentence is referred to a newspaper or the people who work in it. The Jakarta Post itself is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia

Datum 4

In comments to Sports Illustrated, US soccer federation chief Sunil Gulati said he expected the tournament to meet its target.

(The Jakarta Post, 4 June 2016)

In the data above, Sports Illustrated is a metonymy. In that sentence, Sports Illustrated is metonymy because it is referring to sports magazine. It is containing a sports news and expert analysis including NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB, NASCAR, etc. Sports Illustrated itself is an American sports media franchise owned by Time Inc.

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Datum 5

Yonex is one of the main sponsors of the tournament. (The Jakarta Post, 4 June 2016)

The sentence above is metonymy. The word Yonex is considered as a metonymy because it refers to a brand of badminton racket. Yonex is a Japanese manufacturer of sporting equipment for badminton, golf, and tennis, producing rackets, clubs, shoes, shuttlecocks, tennis balls, and other equipment for those sports.

Datum 6

Political leaders, sports figures, celebrities and fans around the world paused to remember “The Greatest”, whose career spanned three decades.

(The Jakarta Post, 6 June 2016)

The greatest here is metonymy because it refers to the boxer from America. He was an American professional boxer and activist who famously proclaimed himself "The Greatest". The boxer is Muhammad Ali. He is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated sports figures of the 20th century.

4.1.1.5 Allusion

It is a statement which refers to a thing or something without mention it directly. It can refer to a person, event, or thing in history and it does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers

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Datum 1

Two years after their traumatic World Cup semi-final exit, Brazil is haunted by the past as it heads into the copa America centenario aiming for its first title in

nearly a decade.

(The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

The data above is Allusion because it refers to an event that is a 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. The events that occur is in the semi-finals where at that time Brazil was defeated by Germany with a score of 7-1. The defeat from Germany makes Brazil trauma and haunted by the past when compete in Copa America.

Datum 2

Murray has won the last five meetings between the pair, but Gasquet can draw upon the support of a home crowd hoping to see him become the first Frenchman

to win a Grand Slam title since Yannick Noah in 1983 (The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

The sentence above is an Allusion. The allusion in that sentence is Yannick Noah. It is because Yannick Noah is referring to a former professional tennis player from France. He is best remembered for winning the French Open in 1983 and as a highly successful captain of France's Davis Cup and Fed Cup teams.

Datum 3

Previously, Lee won in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013, Taufik, who has since retired, won in 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

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(The Jakarta Post, 6 June 2016)

This sentence is categorized as an Allusion. It refers to a Legendary Indonesian badminton player that is Taufik Hidayat. He is a former World and Olympic champion in men's singles. He has also won the Indonesian Open six times (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006).

Datum 4

Williams’s latest attempt to equal Steffi Graf’s Open era record of 22 Grand Slam titles was thwarted on Saturday by Muguruza in the final

(The Jakarta Post, 6 June 2016)

In the sentence above, Steffi Graf’s is considered as an Allusion. It refers to the legendary tennis player. Stefanie Maria "Steffi" Graf is a German former tennis player, who was ranked world No. 1 during her career. Graf won 22 Grand Slam singles titles. Her 22 singles titles put her second on the list of Major wins by a tennis player (male or female) since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968.

4.1.1.6. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figurative language which is not meant to be taken literally. These statements are used to create a strong impression and add emphasis. Hyperbole sometimes makes use simile or metaphor to create the effect of exaggeration

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Datum 1

World number two Tontowi Ahmad and Liliana Natsir crushed their Australian opponents

(The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

From the sentence above, the researcher finds the word crushed is categorize as a hyperbole. It is impossible that Tontowi Ahmad and Liliana Natsir crushed their Australian opponents. Here, the writer exaggerated the sentence by using the word crushed instead of defeat to deliver the news that Tontowi Ahmad and Liliana Natsir win against their opponent.

Datum 2

Mogensen hits the field after brain surgery (The Jakarta Post, 1 June 2016)

The sentence above is categorized as a hyperbole. The word hits are hyperbole because Mogensen is not really hit the field. The writer exaggerates the sentence by using the word hits to make it more interesting. The point is that Mogensen has recovered from injury and ready to play again.

Datum 3

Warriors RIP Cavaliers in Finals Opener (The Jakarta Post, 4 June 2016)

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The sentence above uses an exaggeration word that is RIP. It is categorized as a hyperbole because the word RIP is an abbreviation of requiescat in pace or Rest in peace in English language, often used in epitaphs or when there is someone who died. In that sentence, the writer could have used the word defeat instead of RIP to convey that Warriors is winning the game against cavaliers. However, the writer prefers to use the word RIP to make the sentence more interesting to read.

4.1.1.7. Personification

Personification is the projection of characteristics that generally belong only to humans onto inanimate objects, animals, deities, or forces of nature. These characteristics can include verbs of actions that only humans do or adjectives that describe a human condition. Thus, Personification is a figurative language that gives human attributes to something that are not human.

Datum 1

Curry calls for hungry Warriors (The Jakarta Post, 3 June 2016)

The word hungry in the sentence above is indicated as a personification. It is because hungry is the nature possessed by human while Warriors is not human. Therefore, the sentence above is personification because it gives the nature of human to non-living things.

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Datum 2

Bale is key as Wales’ prepare to roar at Euro (The Jakarta Post, 7 June 2016)

The data above is personification. The word roar is the nature that possessed by living things while Wales is not living things. Wales is a National Football club. So, it is categorized as a personification because in that sentence is giving the nature of living things to something that is not a living thing

4.1.2. Function of Figurative Language

In the sports rubric of the Jakarta Post newspaper was found seven types of figurative language. The seven types of figurative languages are simile, metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, allusion, hyperbole and personification. The most used figurative language in sports rubric in the Jakarta Post is metonymy, the second is hyperbole and allusion. There are 34 metonymy that are found in the sports rubric of the Jakarta Post newspaper and also there are 10 hyperbole and allusion.

The function of metonymy is to replace a word with another one. Mostly, Metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism and it gives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects. By using metonymy, texts show deeper or hidden. In addition, the use of metonymy helps achieve conciseness. For example, “Les Bleus will face Scotland in their final wam-up game on june 4 in Metz”. From that example, we can find some of the functions of metonymy that is, to shorten the writing and give a deeper meaning. The example above uses the word les bleus and not the France national football team because the word les bleus are

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shorter than using the France national football team. The use of les bleus also gives a deeper meaning because les bleus itself has a meaning the blues where it refers to the France national football team which is always identical with their blue shirt.

In daily conversation, the function of hyperbole is to emphasize for an amusing effect. Hyperbole, is used to communicate ideas, emotions, and images in a more efficient way than through plain language. The purpose of hyperbole is to create a larger effect and stress to a specific point. Such sentences usually convey an action or sentiment that is generally not realistically possible or plausible but helps emphasize an emotion and is not meant to be taken literally. For example, “World number two Tontowi Ahmad and Liliana Natsir crushed their Australian opponents”. In this example, the writer uses the word crushed to emphasize an emotion. The word "crushed" is not realistic because it is impossible that Tontowi Ahmad and Liliana Natsir crushed their opponent. Thus, in that sentence, the writer might want to say that Tontowi Ahmad and Liliana Natsir succeed to defeat their opponent but with exaggerate the word to emphasize an emotion.

An allusion has a function to stimulates ideas, associations, and extra information in the reader's mind with only a word or two. Allusions in writing help the reader to visualize what is happening by evoking a mental picture. Therefore, the reader must be aware of the allusion and must be familiar with all of the meaning hidden behind the words. For example, “Two years after their traumatic World Cup semi-final exit, Brazil is haunted by the past as it heads into the Copa America centenario aiming for its first title in nearly a decade”. In the example above, the writer gives an extra information to the reader about World Cup semi-final in Brazil.

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The allusion in that sentence make the reader visualize why Brazil feels haunted by the past. In this case, the reader must know all of the meaning hidden behind the words to understand the sentence.

Based on the most used figurative languages in the sports rubric of the Jakarta Post newspaper that is, metonymy, hyperbole and allusion. it can be concluded that the function of figurative language used in the sports rubric in the Jakarta Post newspaper is to shorten the writing, to give a deeper meaning, to create a larger effect and stress to a specific point, and to stimulate ideas, associations, and give an extra information to the reader.

4.2. Discussion

From the data findings above, it was found that many figurative languages used in the Jakarta post newspaper. There are seven kinds of figurative language used in the Jakarta Post newspaper, those are; simile, metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, allusion, hyperbole and personification. The Jakarta Post used almost all of the kinds of figurative language, except for antithesis. In addition, metonymy held the highest frequency of the types of figurative language used in the Jakarta Post newspaper. The table below shows the result of analysis:

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Number Figurative Language The Jakarta Post

1 Simile 1

2 Metaphor 5

3 Synecdoche 1

4 Metonymy 34

5 Allusion 10

6 Hyperbole 10

7 Personification 2

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion

As from the result of the data analysis that described in the chapter IV, this research will be concluded based on formulated research questions that will be described into two points. First is about the kinds of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper and the second is the function of figurative language used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper.

Firstly, the researcher uses the Evelyn Hatch’s theory of figurative language that consists of simile, metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, allusion, personification and antithesis. In this case, the researcher found that there are 63 sentences which contain the figurative language in the sport rubrics of The Jakarta Post newspaper. All of these terms are divided into seven categories, and found that simile and synecdoche consist of 1 sentence, personification are 2 sentences, metaphor are 5 sentences, hyperbole and allusion are 10 sentences, and metonymy are 34 sentences.

Secondly, this research described the function of figurative language in The Jakarta Post newspaper is to shorten the writing, to give a deeper meaning, to create a larger effect and stress to a specific point, and to stimulate ideas, associations, and give an extra information to the reader.

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5.2. Suggestion

In this research, the researcher analyses the kinds of figurative language used in the Jakarta Post newspaper and the function of figurative language used in the Jakarta Post newspaper. There are still many subjects of figurative language that can be analysed such as novel, comic and movie. Another suggestion for the further researcher is to analyse using another theory of figurative language such as using the theory of figurative language by Rozakis or Verdonks. The researcher hopes that this research can gave benefits to another researcher.

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Leech, G. 1974. Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd.

Lonanda, F. 2013. The Use of Figurative Language in Characterization Of The Nightingale and The Rose Short Story by Oscar Wilde. Padang

Mahmood, R. 2014. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Figurative Language in Pakistani English Newspapers. International Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 6 Masruri, M. Z. 2011. An Analysis of Figurative Language On the Lyrics of

Westlife’s Selected Songs. Tulungagung.

Neuman, W. 1997. Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Pardede, M. 2008. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis: Understanding Poetry. Medan: University of North Sumatra.

Perrine, L. 1973. Sounds, and Sense: an introduction to poetry. New York: Harcourt College Publisher.

Perrine, L. 1983. Literature: Sturcture, Sounds, and Sense Fourth edition. London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.

Perrine, L. 1992. Structure, Sounds, and Sense: an introduction to poetry. Harcourt: Brace Jovanovich College Publisher.

Reaske, C. R. 1980. How to Analyze Poetry. England: Harvard University.

Richard, J., Platt, J., Weber, H. 1985. Longman Dictionary of Apllied Linguistics. Great Britain: Longman Group Limited

Rozakis, L. E. 1995. How to Interpret Poetry. New York: A Simon & Schuster Macmillan Company.

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Slavin, R. E. 1992. Research methods in education: A practical guide. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Widyanti, N. 2013. A Stylistic-Pragmatic Analysis of Figurative Language in Harper’s Bazaar Magazine Advertisement. Yogyakarta.

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The allusion in that sentence make the reader visualize why Brazil feels haunted by the past. In this case, the reader must know all of the meaning hidden behind the words to understand the sentence.

4.2. Discussion

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Number Figurative Language The Jakarta Post

1 Simile 1

2 Metaphor 5

3 Synecdoche 1

4 Metonymy 34

5 Allusion 10

6 Hyperbole 10

7 Personification 2

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39 CHAPTER V