Amir's ambitions to redeem his guilts as portrayed in Khaled Hosseini's the kite runner.

INTISARI

Jaelani, A (2017). Amir’s Ambition to Redeem His Guilts Toward Hassan as

Potrayed in Khaled hosseini’s The Kite Runner_. Thesis_{. English} Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University, Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Itsna Syahadatud Dinurriyah, M.A

Skripsi ini menceritakan tentang kajian ambisi yang ditemukan dalam novel The

Kite Runner _{karya Khaled Hosseini. Skripsi ini fokus pada Amir sebagai salah} satu karakter dalam novel tersebut. Tujuan adalah untuk menggambarkan karakter Amir dan kehidupan Amir, kesalahan-kesalahan Amir terhadap Hassan, dan ambisi Amir untuk menebus seluruh kesalahannya terhadap Hasan dalam novel tersebut.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kepustakaan yaitu mengumpulkan buku-buku, jurnal, dan referensi internet yang memiliki hubungan dengan analisa ini.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Amir merupakan salah satu tokoh utama dalam novel tersebut memiliki karakter yang berkembang. al itu terjadi karena Amir berjuang untuk mencapai ambisinya dan juga kepribadiannya yang berubah-ubah dalam novel tersebut. Selain itu, kesalahan-kesalahan Amir membawa dia melakukan beberapa ambisi untuk menebus kesalahan-kesalahan itu dalam hidupnya.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside the Cover Page ……… i

Inside the Title Page ……….. ii

Declaration Page ……… iii

Advisor’s Approval Page ...………. iv

Examiner’s Approval Page ...………. v

Motto ...………. vi

Dedication Page ...……… vii

Acknowledgement ………. viii

Table of Contents ……….. x

Abstract ………. xiii

Intisari ……… xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...1

1.1. Background of the Study...1

1.2. Statement of the Problems...6

1.3. Objective of the Study...7

1.4. Significance of the Study...7

1.5. Scope and Limitation...8

1.6. Method of the Study...8

1.7. Definition of Key Terms...10

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE...11

2.1. Theoretical Framework...11

2.1.1. Freudian Psychoanalysis...12

2.1.1.1. Id...13

2.1.1.1. Superego...15

2.1.2. New Criticism...16

2.1.3.1. Character...17

2.1.3.2. Characterization...19

2.1.3. The Concept of Ambition...21

2.2. Review of Previous Study...23

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS...26

3.1. Amir’s Character and Characterization... ...26

3.1.1. Caring and Kind...28

3.1.2. Optimistic...30

3.1.3. Patient...33

3.1.4. Coward...34

3.1.5. Inferior...38

3.1.5. Anxious...39

3.1.5. Selfish...45

3.1.5. Sly...46

3.2. Amir’s Guilts Toward Hassan...48

3.2.1. Deserting Hassan when he gets raped byAssef...49

3.2.1. Accusing Hassan who steals his wristwatch and money...52

3.3. Amir’s Ambition to Redeem His Guilts...54

3.3.1. Doing a journey to Pakistan to meet Rahim Khan...55

3.3.2. _{Continuing his journey to save Sohrab from Assef in Kabul...}59

3.3.3. Amir’s Sorry toward Hassan...62

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION...64

REFERENCES….………... 66 APPENDIX

SYNOPSIS BIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Study

Human is most honorable creature created by Allah Subhahanu Wata’ala than the others. Allah SWT says in Quran with Chapter Al Isra 70:

مهان ضفو تابيطلا نم مهانق رو حبلاو بلا يف مهان محو دأ ينب انم ك دقلو م يثك ي ع

انق خ نم

:ي سإا( ايضقت 07

)

“And We have certainly honored the children of Adam and carried them on the land and sea and provided for them of the good things and preferred them over much of what We have created, with (define) preference” Q.S Al Isra: 70.

Allah Subhanahuwata’ala provides us with common sense and desire. Human can create something that useful for himself or herself and other people by using his or her common sense. Aristotle as cited in Brann described common sense as the ability with which human processes sense-perception, memories and imagination (25). Therefore, human has a power of imagination. This power of imagination can be expressed with various ways, such as by creating literary work.

By expressing ideas, the literary works are created by human to be consumed by other human. The ideas of the people creating literary work with people

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literary works that have interesting ideas can get position in literary lovers as literature having high artistic values. It is not a strange thing if a literary work is interesting to be read today and also a subject of research for certain parties to try to understand the hidden meanings of the work. Therefore, Robert says that literature is an art which is essentially an imaginative act that is an act of writer’s imagination in selecting, endering and interpreting life experience (1).

There are values of life containing in literary works which the authors put in their works such as religious values, philosophy, and etc. Wellek states that

frequently literature is though of as a form of philosophy, as “ideas” wrapped in form, and it is analyzed to yield “leading ideas” (107). It means that authors use their

imagination of mind to create their works trying to show the certain philosophy in their life and show in their works, so the readers can know or also follow what the writer believe. Therefore, literature can be treated as a document in the history of ideas and philosophy (Wellek 108).

There are many kinds of literary works, such as novel, drama, poetry, and short story. According to Edgar and Henry, literature may be classified into four categories or genres: prose fiction, poetry, drama, nonfiction prose. Usually the first three are classified as imaginative literature: mythes, parables, romances, novel, short story (2-3).

The novel is one of literary works having many people or literary lovers wanting to read it. Novel consists of long storylines, many characters, and more complex events. So, it makes the work attractive and interesting to be enjoyed. Novel

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is a great variety of writings that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose (Abrams 190). Robert DiYanni states that through reading a wide variety of stories readers can enter many different imaginative worlds in the process enlarging and deepening reader’s perception of the world (3-4). Due to those reasons, this thesis wants to serve one of the great experiences in the world which exists in a novel.

In addition, the novel is regarded as reflective of a particular community life because most figure or events that occur in these works ever discovered in real lives, but there are some things that have been added through the imagination of authors to make the characters and events in the story more interesting than real lives. Most novels always provide things that are suspense in the storyline making readers of the novel to keep reading until the end of the story. Therefore, a good storyline produces conflict to build the excitement and suspense that are needed to keep the reader involved (Tomlinson 26).

There are some elements in the novel including plot, character, theme, characterization, setting, and conflict.Usually, the authors of the the novel make different theme in their novel. One of the theme is about ambition. Ambition is the persistent and generalized striving for success, attaintment, and accomplishment (Mueller 06). It means that in some cases people ambitions can be attained by higher levels of education and income, build more prestigious careers, and report higher overall levels of life satisfaction. Ambition itself is one kind of human attitude. It will grow up automatically when there is a desire in human. Ambition involves

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persistence and generality in that we do not expect that ambition ceases to exist once a certain level of attaintment is achieved, nor do we believe that ambition is

compartmentalized toward seccess in only a single sphere (Mueller 06). It could be applied by a positive and negative way to achieve everything. So, to catch up human willings, they will do all things without thinking twice with their way. It primary happens on all of human in the world when they are growing up their ambition. For example there is someone who has a desire to be a good man. In fact, when someone wants to be a good man, her or she should do hard work way to catch his or her desire such as by honesty, integrity and so on. Based on that example above, there are many ways to build human’s ambition based on their willing (Heathwood 539).

The Kite Runner is one of the novels tells about ambition. This novel is written by an Afghan-American novelist, Khaled Hosseini and it was published in 2003. The story describes how the social barrier between Pashtuns and Hazaras in Afghanistan society makes a coward and inferior boy such Amir, the main character, experiencing a guilty. Guilt experienced by Amir lead him to experience ambition. A big guilt experienced by Amir happened when he let Hassan, Amir’s beloved Hazaras servant and friend, raped by Assef to save his last kite from kite fighting tournament he just won in order to get Baba’s respect and recognition. This kind of guilty later causes more conflicts, further ambition and change of Amir’s personality become a bad person toward Hassan. According to Freud, “To begin with, if we ask how a person comes to have a sense of guilt, we arrive at an answer which cannot be disputed: a person feels guilty (devout people would say sinful) when he does

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something he knows to be ‘bad’”(72). We feel guilty when we feel responsible for an action that we regret. In the story, Amir’s ambition appears when Amir knew that Hassan was his half brother, so he accepted Rahim Khan’s request to take Sohrab, Hassan’s son, out from Kabul to redeem his guilt toward Hassan. Therefore, Amir’s life change his personality from a coward to be an optimistic, sly, even to be a caring person.

The Kite Runner become a best seller after being printed in paperback and was popularize in book clubs. It was a number one New York Times bestseller for over two years (2003-2005), with over seven million copies sell in the United States. The New York Times Book Reviews was generally positive, though parts of the plot draw significant controversy in Afganistan. A number of adaptations was create following publication, including a 2007 film of the same name, several stage performences, and a graphic novel (Hosseini 2003).

Based on the background explanation above, this research intends to study the novel. This study believes that this theme is an interesting issue to talk about. It is already known that people in the world have one ambition which is wanted to be achieved in his or her life. They do various ways to get their own ambitions through positive or negative way. Therefore, ambition is the important matter in human’s life. By having the ambition, human’s life will be more direct and better. Although, it is not easy to achieve our that ambition. Humans have to face many obstacles and challenges. Sometimes, human have to immolate our material and prestige, in order to get that ambition.

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The related study is done by Islachatul Ainiyyah, the student of The State Islamic University of Surabaya (2015), who wrote under the title “The Study of Pip’s Character in Reaching His Ambition in Charles Dickens’ Great Expextation”. There are several results of this study. First, this research shows that the character of Pip influences what Pip does in reaching his ambition. It is as a background of Pip’s attitude and Pip’s behavior. The second, to reach his ambition, Pip through conscious and unconscious process. And from that process the writer finds the behavior changes of Pip as the psychological effect.

The difference of this study with the researcher above is this research focuses the study on the ambitions of a man to redeem his guilt. The research focuses in male character who struggle to express his ambition to redeem his guilt in the novel.

1.2 Statement of Problems

Based on the background of the study above, the problems of this research will formulated as follows:

1. How is Amir in the novel characterized? 2. How did Amir feel guilty toward Hassan? 3. How does Amir redeem his guilts in the novel?

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1.3 Objective of Study

Related to statement of the problem, the objectives of this study are formulated as follows:

1. To describe Amir’s character portrayed in Khaled Husseini’s The Kite Runner novel.

2. To explain Amir’s guilt toward Hassan in Khaled Husseini’s The Kite Runner novel.

3. To expound Amir’s ambitions to redeem his guilt in Khaled Husseini’s The Kite Runner novel.

1.4Scope and Limitation

To avoid a broad discussion in analyzing Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner novel, the research gives limitation to character in the novel which writer focuses on analyzing the characterization of Amir as the main character in the story. Henceforth, the analysis of the characterization is in the beginning to provide the idea that will suggest how this study will be carried on further in ambition in the story. Then, the writer also discusses about Amir’s guilt in the novel. This research also concerns on psychoanalysis aspects to analyze Amir’s ambition to redeem his guilt toward Hassan.

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1.5 Significance of The Study

There are several benefits that can be gained through The Kite Runner novel research, especially in literary world.Theoretically, this research can enrich the researchers in the field of literarature on the study of the novel. In addition, this research can be used as an additional reference for researchers who want to conduct a study of literary works especially in analyzing ambition in other literary works. Practically, through analyzing The Kite Runner novel using theory related to human personality, this research hopes that the reader can understand more about the

ambition of themselves in order to redeem their guilts. Other benefits of this research are going to make it easy for students to understand this novel being studied and this study can be considered as a contribution to the literary study especially for students in English Letter.

1.6. Method of the Study

This study is a library based study. Therefore, the writer uses some books as data resource realted with topic researched. There are two kinds of data source; they are primary and secondary data. In this case, this study merely uses the of The kite arunner by Khaled Hosseini as the primary data source. Beside that, this study uses other sources outside the novel that are closed with the subject ant it can support the primary data, such as theory books, text book, other thesis, and internet source to

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improve the knowledge. In presenting the analysis, this study mainly uses descriptive analytic. The research follows the following steps:

1. Reading the novel to get the complete and well understanding on the whole story.

2. Selecting and collecting the data in form of naration and conversation from novel related to the statement of problems.

3. Analyzing the data collected by firstly categorizing them into two points, dealing with two points of the statement of problems. Then, each point is analysed using related theories which refer to the objectives of the study. 4. Making conclusion based on the result of the data analysis.

1.8 Definition of Key Term

There are several key terms essential for use in this study. Key terms must be defined to provide a more easily understood explanations in this research. They are: Ambition : The persistent and generalized striving for success, attaintment,

and accomplishment (Mueller 06).

Redeem : Achieved through being a Muslim nad doing no action that would forfeit one’s identification with Islam, or being sincere faith (iman) and doing virtuous actions (Islamic Encyclopedia).

Guilt : A cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person believes or realizes accurately or not that he or she has

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compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a moral standard and bears significant responsibility for that violation (Encyclopedia of Psychology).

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the writer will discuss about some literary theories to support the description in the next chapter. They are Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis which specifically in personality structure, new criticism that focus on character and

characterization and the concept of ambition. This study uses new criticism theory to find out how the character of Amir in the novel. Meanwhile, psychoanalysis theories and concept of ambition also used to analyze how the ambition of Amir’s to redeem his guilt is revealed.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

A research needs some important concepts and theories that are related to the problem in order to help the analysis. The usage of theories and concepts are very important to support the analysis. Therefore, actually an analysis cannot be

committed without involving related theory. Hence, this study utilizes some related theories and concepts to help in conducting the research. The whole theories will be stated specifically in this chapter. In analyzing Amir’s ambition toward his guilt in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, this study uses psychoanalysis as the main theory, new criticism theory and the concept of ambition as supporting theory.

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2.1.1. Freudian Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is established by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). As a general theory of individual human behavior and experience, psychoanalysis ideas enrich and are enriched by the study of the biological and social sciences, group behavior, history, philosophy, art, and literature. The psychoanalysis framework stresses the importance of understanding that each individual is unique; there are factors outside of a person’s awareness (unconscious thoughts, feelings, and experiences) which influence his or her thoughts and actions, and human beings are always engaged in the process of development throughout their lives. Tyson argues when we look at the world through a psychoanalysis lens, we see that it is comprised of individual human beings, each with a psychological history that begins in childhood experiences in the family and each with pattern of adolescent and adult behavior that are the direct result of that early experience (11).

Tyson states that the goal of psychoanalysis is to help us resolve our psychological problem, often called disorder or dysfunction and none of us is

completely free of psychological problems; the focus is on patterns behavior that are destructive (29). It means that psychoanalysis theory can be implemented to analyze literary works. It can help reader to understand human behavior, and then it must be certainly be able to help them understand literary works; especially those are about human behavior.

Hall states that the total personality of human as conceived by Freud consist of three mayor systems. These are called id, ego, and superego (22). Freud’s

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psychoanalysis theory of personality asserts that human behavior and personalities are the result of the interaction of three component parts of the mind; id, ego and superego. By working together cooperatively they enable the individual to carry out the fulfillment of basic needs and desires (qtd. in Melia 32).

Hence, the three major systems of personalities have their own way to work. Yet, to fulfill human needs, desires included the pleasures and satisfactions, the three-physic areas must be tided in a harmony. Conversely, when the three structure of personality are at odds with one another or in unharmonious condition, the person cannot be said maladjusted when they live in normal society. In this case, normal society is the society that arranged by social norms and they are who obeys to the social values which prevails in that societies.

a. Id

Id is the seat of innate desire and the main source of psychic energy (Miller 112). Id is an important part of human personality because it allows them to get the basic needs. It is the most primitive part of the personality and the first part to develop.

Id wants immediate satisfaction, in accordance with the pleasure principle. The energy of id is invested either in action on an object that would satisfy an instinct or in images of an object that would give partial satisfaction (Miller 112). Id operates according to the pleasure principle. It aims to fill the pleasurable things and away from painful things. Id also aims to satisfy the biological urges and drives, for instance, feelings of hunger, thirst, sex, and other natural body desires that aimed to

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deriving pleasure. Basically, id does not care about reality and about the needs of anyone else. Id only cares about own satisfaction.

In line with statement above, id is not governed by laws of reason or logic, and it does not possess values, ethics, or morality. It is driven one consideration only, to obtain satisfaction for instinctual needs in accordance with the pleasure principle (qtd. in Melia 32). It means that id is the place of human instinct that must be

satisfied in order to make human stay alive. For instance, the need to eat, drink, avoid pains and gain sexual pleasure. In satisfying human desires, id does not fit to the norms and values which prevail in society. No matter how the way is, as long as id’s needs are fulfilled. Because of that, it can be said that id does not recognize logics, values, norms, and morality.

b. Ego

Ego is the second part of the personality to develop. Ego has function to filter the encouragement that wants to be satisfied by id based on the reality (qtd. in

Wigayanti 33). Ego acts according to the reality principle. Ego understands that people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or selfish can hurt them in the end.

Ego acts to protect the individual by mediating between the laws of society and the pressures of id (Ridgway 7). In the well-adjusted person the ego is the executive of the personality, it controls and governs the id (Hall 28). Ego acts as mediator of id’s desire that unorganized with superego’s desire that complex human to obey into the norms. It is ego’s job to meet the needs of id, while taking into

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consideration the reality of the situation. The id’s inability always produces the desires object leads to the development of the ego. The ego is the mind’s avenue to the real world. It is developed because it is needed for physical and psychological survival (Miller 113).

c. Superego

The superego is a precipitation of family life. It holds out to the ego ideal standard and moralistic goals (Lapsley and Stey 6). The superego is the moral part of human and it is develops due to the moral and ethnical restraint that placed on them by their caregivers.

Superego is composed of two parts: the conscience and the ego ideal (Miller 116). In this case, the conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to the id's demands, the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt. Then, the ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how we ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat others people, and how to behave as a member of society. Behavior which falls short of the ideal self may be punished by the superego through guilt. The superego can also reward us through the ideal self when we behave ‘properly’ by making us feel proud. Therefore, if a person’s ideal self is too high a standard, then whatever the person does will represent failure. The ideal self and conscience are largely determined in childhood from parental values and how they were brought up (Miller 116).

Superego is organized by moralistic and idealistic principle which inverse to pleasure principle from id and reality principle from ego. Superego tries to balance

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between id and ego. Superego decides whether an action is right or wrong. The superego opposes both the id and the ego. It rewards, punishes, and makes demands. It tries to do away with both the pleasure principle and the reality principle (Miller 116).

This study uses psychoanalysis theory in order to help in analyzing how Amir’s guilt makes his ambition in the novel.

2.1.2. New Criticism

New Criticism, emerging in the 1920s and especially dominant in the 1940s and

1950s (Selden, Widdowson, and Brooker 18). The starting place of it is Eliot’s essay “Tradition and the Individual Talent,” which discusses what was to become a key

concept in modern criticism: tradition (Calboun 2). It is a critical theory that stressing the importance of reading a text as an independent and complete work of art.

New criticism is not concerned with context, such as historical, biographical, intellectual and so on; it is concerned solely with the text in itself with its language and organization; it does not seek a text’s meaning, but how it speaks itself (Selden, Widdowson, and Brooker 19). It means the new criticism does not lock its focus on the context of the author or what external factor that influenced a literary work. It only concern about the text itself, it does not need other factor to analyze a literary work because the text is the most crucial object. The text cannot be seen through the author’s intention or reader’s personal opinion.

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New criticism asserts that the text of literary works is a complete system or structure. As complete structure of literary works, text of literary works is constructed by elements of literary works which correlation each other to make a meaning. There are intrinsic and extrinsic element of literary works. Intrinsic unsure of literary works such as character, plot, setting, conflicts, etc. the extrinsic unsure of literary works such as the political condition in the time the literary works are written, the

background of author, the city of the literary works published, and etc. In this way, a New Critic focuses on intrinsic and extrinsic element to interpret the text which all the evidence provided by the language of the text itself in literary works (Tyson 137).

To analyze the ambition of Amir as character in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, this research will use new criticism as supporting theory concerning the character and characterization of Amir. Thus, the explanation of character which is one of intrinsic elements of text in New Criticism theory will be provided.

1. Character

Characters are the life of literature: they are the objects of our curiosity and fascination, affection, and dislike, admiration and condemnation (Bennett and Royle 60). People like to read literary work because of character emerging in there. In the literary works, such as drama, short story and novel, characters are an important element which will always be present to build the story in the literary work because it includes one of the elements forming literary works. Characters are another element of fiction vital to the enjoyment of a story (Tomlinson 29). Besides that,

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Therefore, the role of character in building a storyline is definitely something

important because it is possible in a story without presenting a character that make up the story so it makes the story becoming interesting to be read by the reader.

In addition, the author of the story can select some characters that build the story in his work is through characters that can be played by humans, animals, or other objects. However, usually in a story like a novel always been dominated by human. Card states that character is the nature of one or more of the people in the story (what they do and why they do it) (48).

According to Abrams, characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it (the dialogue) and from what they do (the action) (32). Moreover, Roberts says in fiction, a character may be defined as verbal representation of human being (131). It means that the characters in the novel can be stated as a verbal representative of human being because the characters or human being in fiction who plays action in the novel can do actions like making conversation or doing activities which are found in people in real.

In the story, Dietsch states that there are two types of characters; they are main or major character and minor character (343). They are characters referring to good or bad characterization during the course of events in the story.

Besides that, there were two types of character which are found in the novel, those are flat and round. Round character is complex individual who possesses both

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good and bad traits while flat character is a character described in a one- sided or underdeveloped manner (Tomlinson 29). Round character is called as Major character in a work of fiction because it tends to developed in the sequence of events in the story. Flat character is called as minor character in a work of fiction which does not undertake change in the sequences of the story.

In addition, the existence of the character in a certain literary works is a must due to it is the basic element of literary work itself. Although literary works such as novel always present a character, many people got difficulty in understanding the character. It is stand by Perrine that understanding character is not easy. He said that character is much more complex, anyone can repeat what a person a person is (83). Therefore character becomes one of the topics chosen by the researcher that will be discussed in the next chapter. It is hoped that the writer’s analysis toward character will ease other researcher in analyzing a character in a literary work.

2. Characterization

Characterization refers to the way an author develops the fictional people who populate a novel. Characterization is how an author helps us get to know all of the characters in literary works. An author might develop a character though dialogue and action. There are two ways an author can convey information about a character. Those are direct and indirect characterization. Using direct manner means that the author describes directly about the character. Otherwise, indirect manner of

characterization the author does not merely tell the characters but showing them to the readers thought how the character looks, what the character does, what the

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character thinks, and how the character affects other characters from these five things the reader can understand and get clear description of the character’s personality (Hughes 3).

Holman states that there are three fundamental methods of characterization of fiction: (1) the explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct exposition, either in an introductory block or more often piece-meal throughout the work, illustrated by action; (2) the presentation of the character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader will be able to deduce the attributes of the actor from the action; (3) the representation from within a character, without comment on the character by the author, of the impact of actions and emotion upon his inner self, with the expectation that the reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes of the character (76).

From the point drawn above, Holman argues that there are three ways that usually done by the author to ease the reader judge the personality of their character. Through the explicit presentation by the author, the action done by the character, and the representation by the character, it is expected that the reader will be able to imagine the fictional character emerged by the author.

In this case, the writer uses characterization analytical approach to analyze Amir’s character in order to know about Amir’s personality descriptions which further it can help the writer to explain about the psychological condition when he has big ambition to redeem his guilt toward Hassan.

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2.1.3 Concept of Ambition

Every human has an ambition and the ambition can be positive or negative. The meaning of the word ambition refers to a positive connotation like what Freud and another author of science explain about that concept. Sasson in Affirmation-Words With Power (To Make Your Wishes Come True) described ambitions as a strong desire to achieve something in his life, or getting something for certain reason. Meanwhile, Tatenhove says ambition is energy, expressed in active behavior toward some purpose or aspiration (19). Also Alfred, together with Freud and Jung said that ambition is a natural desire to reach higher levels of completeness and fulfillment (21). From those explanantions, it could be said that ambition is the ability that revealed by real action to get some targets with the result that extend to the higher step of perfection in our life. For instance, a leader must have an ambition and great vision for everyone who is at hand. The true meaning of ambition is power boost. An ambition is a source of inspiration and motivation. It makes people survive and keeping their expectation for the purpose. For the future, that makes a person want to be strong.

Subsequently, at about fifteen century, the negative connotation of ambition appeared for the first time, it was used in English Literature in which the word was picked up from the French Language. At the time, ambition means an eager desire for honor, rank, and position (Tatenhove 20). It seems that Warren Bennis also has a negative connotation about the word ambition. He says ambition is the death of thinking (25). It means that if ambition has dominated people’s way of thinking, the

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will be able to think wisely. For example, they want to be legislative candidates, they do not have many supporters, but they do not want to strive and hard work to get support, with the result that they use money politics.

In Freudian theory, based on id, ego and superego concept, the ambition is in the id structural. Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. Pervin and John states that conscious means those thought, experience, and feelings, which we are aware. The preconscious is for thought, experiences, and feelings. The unconscious is those thought, experiences, and feelings of which we are aware (107). In the process of the id, ego, and superego to reach the ambition, someone will through the different process and different effect. The first process, it will emerge the negative effect. In this case, the Id is more dominant. When ego succumb or surrender too much power to the id and the superego or to the outside world, there will be irregularities and irregular condition (Berger 86).

When an ambition people with a big spirit can control their way and find the purpose so they will become success person. Ambition will be motivator of success if people are able to control of it or it will be the instrument that drives people to

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effect to someone if they can control. It deals when someone get a big ambition with uncontrollable will become an ambitious person.

However, the human’s ambition can be influenced by the background of life, family, even the social condition where they live (Wiliam 29). Sometimes, someone who has an ambition is ready to do everything to reach it. They do not care about the effect of the ambition toward their life. Therefore, ambition can be good is not only make someone has a certain purpose in their life but also can be bad thing if someone become very selfish in reaching the ambition. This concept is needed to expound Amir’s ambition to redeem his guilt toward Hassan in Khaled Hossaini’s The Kite Runner.

2.2 Review of Related Study

To deepen this study, some previous studies from graduating papers and journal publications are taken as a comparative study that have relevant point in order to get some important to help this research, those study are:

Firstly, from journal publication entitled “The Issue of Cultural Identity in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner” written by Nina Farlina in 2008. She is student of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. This journal is focused on the character analysis and cultural identity of Amir and Hasan. The writer uses qualitative descriptive method, the theory of character and the concept of cultural identity by Stuart Hall. The result of this study shows that there are two main characters, Amir and Hassan. They come from the same background, Afghanistan, but present

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different ethnic and religion sects. The first character, Amir is a Pashtun ethnic, the majority ethnic group in Afghanistan, who believes he is a better class than the Hazara and who follows the Sunni sect of Islam. The second character is Hassan. Hassan is a Hazara ethnic, a minority ethnic group of Afghanis who follow Islamic beliefs called Shi’a. The different ethnics and inter-religions create civil war, ethnic conflict, and inter-religion conflict.

Secondly, Sentot Joko Mulyono (2004) is student of University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta entitle “Amir’s Personality Development in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner”. The analysis of the study is focused on the major character “Amir”, based on structural elements and psychosocial approach. In doing this study, the writer used psychosocial theory by Erik Homburger Erikson. It is a theory which analyzes personality development related to internal and social factors. This theory indicated by eight stages which every stages has own specific

development that frames individual with a crisis that must be faced. From the result of the study, the writer gets conclusion that Amir’s personality development is influenced by two factors, internal and external. Internal means the crisis he faced in stages form from infancy period to adulthood period. External factors means family, ethnic and culture, gender and intimacy.

Thirdly, Robertus Vembry Mahartantyo (2010) is student of Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta, entitle “A Study of Amir’s Disloyalty to Friendship with Hassan as seen in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner”. This study used library reasearch and provided psychological approach and the sociocultural-historical

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approach because they deal with Amir’s disloyalty which is related to the

psychological concepts and sociocultural-historical background. The result of this research shows that the relationship among Amir and Hassan can be categorized into three types. They are relationship between a master and a servant, a Pashtun and a Hazara, and friends. These three types of relationship do not work well among them. There are factors which trigger Amir to be disloyal. Those are family and social factors. The family factors reveal Hassan’s true position in Amir’s family and Baba’s treatment to Amir and Hassan. The social factors discuss how the general traits of the Pashtuns and the Hazaras are, how Sunni and Shia in Afghanistan like, and how the socialization among the Pashtuns and the Hazaras happen.

Based on the review studies above, the whole papers above discusses about a bad relationship between the master and his assistant causing conflicts which is describe the conditions of Afghanistan at the time. They add those conflicts happen because of several factors, such as family, religion, ethnic and culture, gender and intimacy. Different from all papers above, this study tries to analyze Amir’s ambition to redeem his guilt toward Hasan that drives him anxious in his life. Therefore, before analyzing amir’s ambition, the elements of new criticism, such as character and characterization, is needed as a supporting theory to know Amir’s characterization in the novel.

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CHAPTER III ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the study presents an analysis of Amir’s character and ambition in the novel by using new criticism and psychoanalysis theory. In this analysis, the focus will be devided into threee parts as the answer of the statement of the problems. The first part is about characterization, it analyzes the characterization of Amir based on Abram’s theory as the basic description of the character through his action, talking, and thinking in the novel. Furthermore, the next analysis shows Amir’s guilts toward Hasan through the novel. The last analysis discusses about Amir’s ambition to redeem his guilts toward Hasan in the novel.

3.1 Amir’s Character and Characterization

Amir is the main character in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. Main character is an important character in a story that is appeared continually so that the main character dominates the story (Nurgiyantoro 176). It means that the reader will be able to understand the behaviour, personality, attitude, and the character of fictional person by how the author characterizes the character. Amir is protagonist, the narrator, and the main character because of his dominant appearance from the beginning to the end of the story.

Amir is a round character because his trait is unstable and change from the beginning until the end of the story. This statement is suitable with Tomlinson’s argument, he says that a round character is complex, changeable and has many sides

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(29). Amir’s trait always change in particular conditions. Sometimes Amir feels very jealous towards Hassan, but on the other hand, he loves Hassan and considers him as his brother. Amir is also hates Hassan and tries to betray him and then throws him out of his house. However, when he grows up he feels remorseful with his behaviour in the past and tries to redeem his guilt. Amir is sure that there is a way to be good again, so he wants to redeem all his guilts in order to make his life much better and to cleanse his concience. Here are some explanations about Amir’s character and

characterization in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner.

A.Caring and Kind

Amir is a caring person. He is a person who shows his feeling of affection and concern for other people. Amir’s caring toward Hassan can be seen when Amir tries to calm Hassan down when he is crying beside Amir. Slinging his arm around

Hassan, pulling Hassan close and letting Hassan rest his head on Amir’s shoulder are the body gestures Amir makes that show his affection and concern toward Hassan. So that it can be conclude that Amir is a caring person.

I reached across my seat, slung my arm around him, pulled him close. He rested his head on my shoulder (Hosseini 7).

Amir is also a good person in Afghan. He has the maidens who always obey him. The things that he feels the desire to ask for a help, Hassan never denies his order. Considering Hassan has shown the total respect to Amir, he freely makes Hassan as he wants.

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I talked to Hassan into firing walnuts with his slingshot at the neighbor’s one -eyed Germany shepherd. Hassan never wanted to, but if asked, really asked, he wouldn’t deny me (Hosseini 3).

The quotation above explains that Amir is like a king for Hassan. Hassan always hears and does what Amir says. Amir only possesses Hassan as his friend. Wherever he goes, Hassan must be with him.

One day, we were walking from my father’s house to Cinema Zainab for a new Iranian movie…(Hosseini 6).

Amir enjoys to play a kind of kid game. He is very pleased to spend his childhood with Hassan. Forgetting the status, what he wants is to have fun like other boys. Amir is not considere himself as the great man’s son and not consideres Hassan as his maid. He and Hassan can play, work together as result to have good

combination among two persons in real friendship without looking at status.

I read him poems and stories, sometimes riddles-though I stopped reading those when I saw he was far better at solving them than I was (Hosseini 24). The second proof shows Amir as a caring person appears when Amir asks Sohrab to live with him and his wife in America. Amir asks Sohrab to live with him because Sohrab is the only family he has and he helps Amir in a bloody fight that he faces with Assef. The sentence that the author uses to describe Amir has big caring and affection toward Sohrab.

What had happened in that room with Assef had irrevocably bound us. ... “Would youlike to come live in America with me and my wife?” (Hosseini 279).

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Another proof showing Amir as a caring person is Amir questions toward Sohrab whether he wants Amir to chase the kite or not. Amir tries to get back Sohrab trust by chasing the kite. Amir wants Sohrab believe him that he can give back Sohrab hopes and promise to have a better life in America together. Amir will always do and try everything and anytime what Sohrab wants.

“Do you want me to run that kite for you?” ... I thought I saw him nod. “For you, a thousand times over,” (Hosseini 323).

In addititon, Amir is not only playing game and watching movie but he is interested to reading literary work. He spends a lot of time to read books as if there is no much time to play around like another boy. He knows that Hassan is illiterate so he wishes he could make Hassan understand a word through the reading. He and Hassan always work together to solve any problems so that Hassan as his friend would become someone who easily literates a word.

That evening, I climbed the stairs and walked into Baba’s smoking room, in my hands the two sheets of paper on which I had scribbled the story (Hosseini 26).

B.Optimistic

Amir is an optimistic person. He shows his confident and expects the best. Amir as an optimistic person appears when he wants to follow the kite-fighting tournament and won it to get Baba recognitions by showing that he is worthy. Amir knows that he is a good kite fighter so that he believes that he must win and bringt the

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last kite to Baba. The way Amir believes in himself to follow and to win the kite-fighting tournament to get Baba recognitions represents Amir has big confident. Dealing with his confidence, Amir can be concluded as an optimistic person.

I was going to win, and I was going to run the last kite. Then I’d bring it to home and show it to Baba. Show him once and for all that his son was worthy (Hosseini 49).

Amir is proud to Hassan, proud to the kite side. Amir confesses Hassan is the best one in running kites and it can make his friendship more solid through what Hassan does to Amir.

I was going to win. There was no other viable option. I was going to win, and I was going to run that last kite. Then I’d bring it home and show it to Baba. Show him once and for all that his son was worthy. Then may be my life as a ghost in this house would finally be over (Hosseini 49).

Amir is optimist in reaching the thing that he loves. He convinces himself that he is going to win kite fighting competition. Soon, he figures out that his father will be proud to him, if he wins the game and he will be easy to get the attention of his father. He believes that if he likes that game his father will love him like his own son.

People were stomping their feet, clapping, whistling, chanting...I wondered if Baba’s voice was one of them (Hosseini 57).

All people need support in every competition from the others. Amir strongly need the support especially from his father. He is not certainly sure that his father fighting his spirit but he is not hopeless what he expects is to win the game and surely his father will be highly proud of him.

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Then I saw Baba on the roof. He was standing on the edge, pumping both of his fists. Hollering and clapping. And that right there was the single greatest moment of my twelve years of life, seeing Baba on that roof, proud of me at last (Hosseini 58).

Amir as an optimistic person also can be seen when Amir sees there are only two kites which keep flying on the sky and his kite is one of them. Amir tries to concentrate to the last blue kite and it brought him to smell a victory he believed he could get.

All I saw was the blue kite. All I smelled was victory (Hosseini 57). In addition, Amir is the fast-learner on the things that he likes. He wants to make his father proud of him instead of hating on him. Upon his successful of his competition where he could have the appreciation from his father and make his father love him like a real child. He shows an effort to be a diligent person. Although he rarely got the appreciation from his father or was ignored. He does not put his mind on that problem.

That and Hassan, of course. I read everything, Rumi, Hafez, Saadi, Victor Hugo, Jules Verne, Mark Twain, Ian Fleming. When I had finished my mother’s books-not the boring history ones, I was never much into those, but the novels, the epics-I started spending my allowance on books (Hosseini 17).

Amir intends to give his father the story that he produced in order to have the appreciation from his father. He again wants to make his father proud of him and expects he could get the word ‘good’. But what he expected turns into nothing.

Probably stood there for under a minute, but, to this day, it was one of the longest minutes in my life. Second plodded by, each separated from the next

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by an eternity. Air grew heavy, damp, almost solid. I was breathing bricks. Baba went on staring me down, and didn’t offer to read (Hosseini 27).

It is clear that Amir does not find any convenient when he is trying to offer his story. The reluctance to face his father arises soon he gets in the room and finds no words from his father. As a boy whose character still immature to face inconvenient circumstance with his own father, it would become trouble. Feeling like an ignored boy.

As always, it was Rahim Khan who rescued me. He held out of his hand and favored me with a smile that had nothing feigned about it (Hoseeini 27). Fortunately, Amir’s spirit does not easily break down, at least he can find someone who is willing to read his story. Although Rahim Khan would read his story he still expects that his father could read it as well.

When they left, I sat on my bed and wished Rahim Khan had been my father (Hosseini 28).

C.Patient

Amir as the main character of The Kite Runner is patient. He is a person who has the ability to accept delay, rejection, suffering without complaining. Amir as a patient person appears when Sohrab does not answer all Amir questions and Amir keeps maintaining the conversation although he always meet by silence. His ability to accept rejection without complaining when Amir is ignored by Sohrab for many times in the conversation he made can be classified as a patient person.

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“How are you?” I said. He didn’t answer. ... Again I was met by silence. (Hosseini, 2003:307)

D.Coward

As the main character in The Kite Runner, Amir is described as a coward person. He is described as a person who lacks courage when facing a dangerous or unpleasant situation. Mostly, a coward person will try to avoid unpleasant condition he needs to face. It is appears when he was boy. This kind of character appears because Amir has no any other friends except Hassan. He feels happy beside Hassan. However, not like another boy who always play with another boy but he does not. Baba tells Rahim Khan that Amir never fights back to the boys in their neighborhood who tries to annoy him. Amir just droppes his head. Never fighting back and

dropping the head when there are boys annoying Amir are Amir’s behavior and gestures that show he is a person who lacks of courage to stand for himself. Yet there is no person who likes to be annoyed by another people.

I see how they push him around, take his toys from him, give him a shove here, a whack there. And you know, he never fights back. Never. He just...drops his head and...” (Hosseini 19).

Amir as a coward person also appears when Amir knows Assef and his gang trap Hassan in an alley. Again, this kind of character appears because Amir has no the power to fight another boy the effect of himself who does not know anythings strong. Seeing Hassan is trapped by Assef and his gang makes Amir afraid. The only thing Amir can do just see Hassan from behind one part of the alley, yet he knows that

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Hassan needs his help. Amir’s cowardliness can be seen by his reaction toward the situation, such exhaling his breath slowly and quietly. Amir’s reaction such breathing quietly indicates Amir is fear to produce any sound that can be heard by Assef and may lead Assef knows his presence in the alley and it will bring Amir in a bad condition. Dealing with the explanation, Amir reactions above is caused by his lack of courage when he faces dangerous or unpleasant situation.

I realized I still hadn’t breathed out. I exhaled, slowly, quietly (Hosseini 63).

Amir is looking for Hassan who does not come back from the running kite. After he finds Hassan is surrounded by his villain friend (Assef). He does not straightly go to them as Amir is coward, no dare to defend his friend Hassan whom he have been loyal to. He sees all the things happen to Hassan but he just sees it without interfering.

I realized I still hadn’t breathed out. I exhaled, slowly, quietly. I felt paralyzed. I watched them close in on the boy I’d grown up wit, the boy whose harelipped face had been my first memory (Hosseini 63).

It is distinctly described that Amir is not dare to defend Hassan who has been disturbed by his villain friends. He still watches what his villain friends do to Hassan, he does not even make a move, he hides so that Hassan or his villain friends do not see him.

I opened my mouth, almost said something. Almost. The rest of my life might have turned out differently if I had. But I didn’t. I just watched. Paralyzed (Hosseini 64).

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Amir has no courage in defending Hassan. He is supposed to say or to defend Hassan from his villain friends. Amir just watches in silent without taking any action where Hassan was tortured by his villain friends, Assef.

Assef knelt behind Hassan, put his hands on Hassan’s lips and lifted his bare buttocks. He kept one hand on Hassan’s back and undid his own belt buckle with his free hand. He unzipped his jeans. Dropped his underwear. He positioned himself behind Hassan. Hassan didn’t struggle. Didn’t even whimper. He moved his head slightly and I caught a glimpse of his face. Saw the resignation in it. It was a look I had seen before. It was the look of the lamb (Hosseini 66).

According to the quotation above, it clearly indicates that Amir is not able to close to the scene. Beside, Hassan is unwell-treated by Assef. Amir just looks and feel sorry about what happen to Hassan. If Amir considers Hassan as his friend he is supposed to protect Hassan, as like what Hassan did to him when he faces a problem. The character of Amir spontaneously changes without having any consideration on his friendship. He sees Hassan is suffering. However, he does nothing unless looking at the disgraceful action.

I stopped watching, turned away from the alley. Something warm was running down my wrist. I blinked, saw I was still biting down on my fist, hard enough to draw blood from the knuckles. I realized something else. I was weeping. From just around the corner, I could hear Assef’s quick, rhythmic grunts (Hosseini 67).

In fact, Amir is not able to see Assef treats Hassan. The tragedy makes his eyes glassy. He feels shock until he have to turn his head to other direction in order to

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not witnessing what is happening to Hassan. Finally, his heart is melted and knowing that he is guilty as he does not defend Hassan.

I had one last chance to make a decision. One final opportunity to decide who I was going to be. I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan-the way he’d stood up for me all those times in the past-and accept whatever would happen to me. Or I could run. In the end, I ran (Hosseini 68).

Amir puzzles himself. The coward and loyalty take a place in his soul. He realizes that Hassan always defend him but he is not able to do the same thing. That is how Amir to pay Hassan. In spite of his friendship with Hassan is so solid, Amir still considers Hassan as his servant instead of a true friend.

Nothing was free in this world. May be Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay, to win Baba. Was it a fair price? The answer floated to my conscious mind before I could thwart it; He was just a Hazara, wasn’t he? (Hosseini 68).

Another statement which Amir depicted as a coward person also appears after a betrayal toward Hassan. Amir can not live happily since a feeling of guilt and shame always came to him. Amir feels guilt and shame after betraying Hassan can be seen when Amir can not stand to look at the sentences Amir ever carved on his and Hassan’s favorite pomegranate tree. Amir is lack of courage to recognize how close his friendship with Hassan, and how shameful he is toward himself by betraying his loyal friend and servant.

The words I’d carved on the tree trunk with Ali’s kitchen knife, Amir and Hassan : The Sultan of Kabul ... I couldn’t stand looking at them now (Hosseini 76).

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E.Inferior

Amir in the story is depicted as an inferior person. He is a person who always see himself as a person with low importance and quality. This kind of person usually thinks that he is unworthy and lack of self confidence. Mostly, Amirs inferiority appears dealing with his assumption that Baba hates him. The first situation proves Amir as an inferior person happens when he thinks the reason why Baba prefers to get busy with his own business than has a quality time with Amir. The way Amir assumes the reason Baba does not like to spend more time with him, later make Amir feels that Baba hates him a little, so that shows that Amir as an inferior person. Amir believes that his presence is not important for Baba since he already murdered his mother in his birth.

I always felt like Baba hated me a little. And why not? After all, I had killed his beloved wife, (Hosseini 17).

Amir as an inferior also happen when Amir thinks that his hobby, reading poetry books does not make Baba proud with him. Amir realizes that a real boy and a real man does not read a poetry book. They would prefer to play soccer than bury themselves in a poetry book. Amir thinks that he is not a son that Baba wants to get.

Of course, marrying a poet was one thing, but fathering a son who preferred burying his face in poetry books to hunting...well, that wasn’t Baba had envisioned it, I suppose. Real man didn’t read poetry ... Real men – real boys – played soccer just as Baba had when he had been young. (Hosseini 17).

The relationship between Amir and his father is not really fair. Amir always feel away from his father attention.

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Sometime I asked Baba if I could sit with them, but Baba would stand in the doorway...”Why don’t you go read one of those books of yours?” (Hosseini 13).

Amir feels that there is no time to laugh with his father. He does not spend his actual time like another child; spoiling, laughing, joking with his father. Amir really feels that he is unexpected son in his family. His character as young boy is more solicit to have been regarded as good son. He is trying to get his parents charm through conversation, but he finds none.

They were sitting on the dock, feet dangling in the water, fishing poles in hand. I asked Baba why they grew their hair long, but Baba grunted, didn’t answer (Hosseini 13).

Furthermore, all of these are the effect of his action toward Hassan when he gets rapped by Assef. His attitude is change into bad then he always think about negative thinking toward Hassan and his father.

F. Anxious

Amir is an anxious person. He is a person who easy to worry or to feel uncomfortable about something that is happening or might happen in the future. The first proof showing Amir as an anxious person is Amir gestures and body responses when he is seeing Hassan being trapped by Assef and his gang in a alley. Amir feels his body clench up and cold rippled up his spine. Clenching up the body and

producing something cold ripple up in Amir’s spine can be see as Amirs worry and uncomfortable feeling when he sees an unpleasant condition experienced by Hassan.

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Blocking Hassan way out of the alley...Wali..Kamal..Assef... I felt my body clench up, and something cold rippled up my spine (Hosseini 62).

The second proof showing Amir as an anxious person appears when he

becomes insomniac and he tries to say to anyone who sleeps near him that he watched Hassan got raped. Amir hopes someone will hear his confession, so that he will not have to live with that kind of lie anymore. He feels worry and uncomfortable toward an unpleasant situation he experienced which gives a bad impact toward his

psychology after letting and hiding a rude fact that Hassan got raped by Assef. “ I watched Hassan get raped,” I said to no one. ... A part of me was hoping someone would wake up and hear, so I wouldn’t have to live with this lie anymore... That was the night I became an insomniac. (Hosseini 75). Since his friendship with Hassan is built, he never considers Hassan as his slave, but after the sad event happened. Amir assumptions about Hassan drastically changes. He even puzzles on Hassan with his status. He gets something to sacrifice to pay his dignity as a good person. He has a doubt on his friendship since Assef

threates Hassan, whereas he has known for a long time that Hassan is Hazara. Here, it is indicated that Amir has no principle upon the life that he is walking on.

I was grateful for the early-evening shadows that fell on Hassan’s face and concealed mine. I was glad I didn’t have to return his gaze. Did he know I know? And if he knew, then what would I see if I did look in his eyes? Blame? Indignation? Or, God forbid, what I feared most: guileless devotion? That, most of all, I couldn’t bear to see (Hosseini 69).

The quotation above also indicates that Amir still remains silent on what happened to Hassan. He even pretends that he does not witness the things on the

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scene when Hassan gets rapped by Assef. Surely, he becomes uncomfortable if Hassan knew that Amir witnessed the violence on him. Beside that Amir also feel guilty, feel unfair upon Hassan.

He opened his arms. I put the kite down and walked into his thick hairy arms. I buried my face in the warmth of his chest and wept. Baba held me close to him, rocking me back and forth. In his arms, I forgot what I’d done. And that was good (Hosseini 69).

As a young boy, Amir finds no one who can reduce his sorrow unless his father. Sorrow which caused by his own cowardice, he then fells that he betrayes the friendship. A betrayal which breaks his heart, feels guilty all day long. He never tells his father about what he has seen. Every youngest boy does the same thing in order to be good to shelter under their father, or mother touch. Amir continues to live on. As his relation with his father is now becoming normal. Amir is not a young boy who is willing to remain silent if something bothers him.

Everyone in the van was talking, talking loudly and at the same time, nearly shrieking, which is how Afghans talk. I asked one of the twins-Fazila or Karima, I could never tell which was which-if she’d trade her window set with me so I could get fresh air on account of my car sickness (Hosseini 72).

It is normal for the young-age boys who travels away to fell uncomfortable during the trip. However, the things not all boys dare to order the one to reduce their carsick. Amir feels no harm if he does so even the one is unfamiliar with him. So, his impatient character rises soon he feels something which makes him goes unhappy.

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Baba and I were finally friends. We’d gone to the zoo a few days before, seen Marjan the lion, and I had hurled a pebble at the bear when no one was watching (Hosseini 74).

Every single day will be bright as his father care about him. Although he has been good with his father, he still feels guilty upon Hassan, wanting to tell to anyone.

An hour later, I still couldn’t sleep. I kept tossing and turning as my relatives grunted, sighed, and snored in their sleep. I sat up. A wedge of moonlight streamed in through the window….. I watched Hassan get raped, I said to no one (Hosseini 75).

The quotation above indicates that Amir can not be able to bear the burden. He wants everybody to wake up and to listens his words. The words can relieve his painful, he does not want to lie any more, a lie that makes him feel more

uncomfortable.

I DIDN’T SPEAK TO HASSAN until the middle of the next week. I had just half-eaten my lunch and Hassan was doing the dishes. I was walking upstairs, going to my room, when Hassan asked if I wanted to hike up the hill. I said I was tired (Hosseini 75).

In fact, Amir still feels guilty to Hassan. However Hassan really does not know that Amir saw the rape. Amir himself remains under bad feeling upon Hassan. It is his mistakes that makes him hates Hassan. The guilty delivers him loose relation between him and Hassan.

I went downstairs, crossed the yard, and entered Ali and Hassan’s living quarters by the loquat tree. I lifted Hassan’s mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it. I waited another thirty minutes. Then I knocked on Baba’s door and told what I hoped would be the last in a long line of shameful lies (Hosseini 90-91).

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Amir as an anxious person also can be see when he feels guilty after uttering Hassans name, when Rahim Khan said that he is living with Hassan in Kabul. Feeling the air is too thick and too hot can be see as a symbol that Amir is worry and

uncomfortable feeling toward an unpleasant situation that is happening. Yet a normal person with normal feeling or emotion will not feel a thick and hot of the air,

suddenly. Amir gets difficult in breathing which belongs to anxiety’s physical effect. The anxiety’s physical effect experienced by Amir, as an anxious person, such

difficulty in breathing belongs to heart palpitation. Heart palpitation is a condition of breathings difficulty that is caused by abnormality of heartbeat that range from often unnoticed skipped beats or accelerated heartrate to very noticeable change.

Palpitation can be brought on by anxiety.

“Hassan,” I said. ... Those thorny old barbs of guilt bore into me once more, ... Suddenly the air in Rahim Khan’s little flat was too thick, too hot,... (Hosseini 176).

Hearing from Rahim Khan that Hassan is Amirs half illegitimate brother, makes Amir shows his anxiety that indicates him as an anxious person. The swooping up and down and swaying side to side room represent Amir’s shock which later leads him to experience a worry and uncomfortable feeling. It also indicates to Amir’s dizziness. Dealing with the definition of dizziness, dizziness is described as a feeling of as if everything is turning round and being unable to balance. Amir’s dizziness shows Amir’s physical effect of his anxiety. Dizziness is a symptom usually

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accompanies heart palpitation which is brought on by anxiety that makes heartbeat beats abnormally.

I felt like a man sliding down a steep cliff, ... The room was swooping up and down, swaying side to side (Hosseini 195) .

Amir as an anxious person also appears when Amir thinks whether he is the cause of Hassan’s death or not. Amir knows that he has not brought the Taliban to the house and asked them to kill Hassan, although in the other hand Amir admitted to himself that the condition would be different if he never sent Hassan out from his home and his life. Amir gets a dilemma by thinking whether he can be considered as the cause that Hassan is dead or not shows that Amir is worried.

I hadn’t brought the Taliban to the house to shoot Hassan. But I had driven Hassan and Ali out of the house. ..things might have turned out differently if I hadn’t? (Hosseini198).

Amir as an anxious person also appears when he knows that the Taliban leader who is standing in front of him, Assef, makes him nervous, afraid and worried. Trying to take a breath but Amir can not do shows Amir’s worry. Later, Amir’s worrying makes Amir feels as if his face is burning out. So that, a feeling of a burned face Amir get, can be see as a big uncomfortable feeling that appears within Amir himself which Amir tries to handle.

I tried to take a breath and couldn’t. ...My face was burning. ...”Assef” (Hosseini 246).

The last proof showing Amir as an anxious person can be seen in a moment when he finds Sohrab get suicide trial. Amir is really shocked, he feels on his own

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knees and scream. Amir’s act such falling down on his knees and scream, shows that Amir worry and uncomfortable feeling toward what he sees at that time.

Sohrab!... I knocked on the bathroom door. I pushed the door open. ... Suddenly I was on my knees, screaming (Hosseini 299).

G.Selfish

In The Kite Runner, Amir as main character appears as a selfish person. He is a person who thinks first of his own interests, needs, etc without having concern for other. Amir as a selfish person can be see when Amir prefers to run away and to betray Hassan. In Amir’s way from escaping and being afraid toward what he saw, Amir tries to calm himself down by saying that nothing is free in this world. Amir does not account Hassan as his closest friend who always does everything to him. Amir does everything to save his kite as the key to get Baba’s recognition and respect.

Assef was right: Nothing was free in this world. Maybe Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay, to win Baba. ... He was just a Hazara, wasn’t he? (Hosseini 68).

Day by day Amirs character tends to be bad, he hopes Hassan and his father are evicted from his house. It is because Hassan attracts Baba’s attention. He even does not want Hassan become his friend. Amir wants Hassan to leave his house through the trick that he played, he thought by doing that way, Hassan and his father become uncomfortable staying in his house and hoping they would be evicted by Amir’s father.

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I love him in that moment, loved him more than I’d over loved anyone, and I wanted to tell them all that I was the snake in the grass, the monster in the lake (Hosseini 92).

Amirs hope is already reached. He baits Hassan for his own purpose, for bad reason Amir uses Hassan to save him about the stealing. He pays the sacrifice of Hassan with disgrace way, he traps Hassan in deepest pain.

Strangely, I was glad that someone knew me for who I really was; I was tired of pretending (Hosseini 92)

So, it is clearly said that Amir is finally found himself in wrong way. The pain that he suffer flies away soon he finds out that Hassan and Ali knew his bad manner upon Hassan.

I overheard him telling Baba how he and his brother knew the Russian and Afghan soldiers who worked the checkpoints, how they had set up a “mutually profitable” (Hosseini 99).

H.Sly

In The Kite Runner, Amir is described as a sly person. He is a person who deceives another person and tries to make someone believes something that is not true. Amir as a sly person appears when he tries to send out Hassan from his home and his life dealing with his guilt after betraying Hassan due to his willing to get his fasther respect and recognition. Amir efforts to send Hassan out from his home reveals by putting some cash and his watch under Hassan mattress when Hassan and Ali are going out to the bazaar. After putting the money and watch, Hassan goes to

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see Baba and says that he loses his moneys and watch. Amir does this trick to make the situation as if Hassan stole his money and watch. Dealing with the explanation to the context above, putting some cash or money and watch under Hassan mattress and later seeing Baba to say that he just loss his money and watch can be seen as Amir efforts to deceive Hassan and to make Baba sees Hassan as the thief. Amir does everything to make Hassan out from his life. Their friendship is broken because of Amir’s attitude toward Hassan after the incident in the alley.

Then I took a couple of the envelopes of cash from the pile of gifts and my watch,... I went to downstairs, crossed the yard, and entered Ali and Hassan’s living... I lifted Hassan’s mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it (Hosseini 90-91).

From the explanation above, it can be conclude Amir as the main character of The Kite Runner belongs to a dynamic character. Amir as a dynamic character can be see by his some efforts he does to reach his ambitions such as winning the kite tournament, betraying Hassan to save the kite to get Baba’s recognition and respect, making a trick to send Hassan out from his home dealing with guilt he gets after betraying Hassan, going to Kabul to take out Sohrab, Hassan sons, from Kabul to redeem his guilt toward Hassan as his half illegitimate brother, and chasing the kite for Sohrab to prove his willing to get back Sohrab’s trust. Meanwhile, Amir’s characteristic as a dynamic character can be seen by his changed personality, although he has some traits or general description revealed in the story. In the beginning of The Kite Runner, Amir appears as a caring person toward Hassan, in

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addition to the end of the novel he still appears as a caring person but toward Sohrab as Hassan’s son.

3.2 Amir’s Guilts Toward Hassan

Throughout the novel Amir is plagued by the guilt. Guilt is an emotion that people experience because they are convinced that they have caused harm. In cognitive theory, the thoughts cause the emotions. The guilt of emotion follows directly from the thought that you are responsible for someone’s misfortune, whether or not this is the case.

The explanation above is in line with the friendship between the two main characters, Amir and Hassan is potrayed. This novel shows Amir’s guilts toward his best friend, Hassan. The reason Amir betray Hassan is getting Baba acceptances. Amir needs Baba to accept him as his one and only son. However, Baba always compares Amir to Hassan. Baba dissaproves to Amir behaviours. He consideres Amir not normal because he likes poetry and he never stands up for himself in solving his problems. Baba says that he will never have believed that Amir is his son if he has not seen the doctor pull Amir out from his wife with his own eyes. Amir is very disappointed with his father because he does not consider Amir as his son and gives more attantion to Hassan rather than himself. Amir will do anything to get the acceptance and affection from his father, although he is betraying Hassan.

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A. Deserting Hassan when he gets raped by Assef.

Amir's first betrayal happen when a kite tournament is held in Amir's districts. Amir is very glad with this event because flying kites is the only activity that is consistently brings him and Baba closer.

“.... the child between Baba and me thawed a little. And the reason for that was the kites. Baba and I lived in the same house, but in different spheres of existence. Kites ware the one paper-thin slince of intersection between those sphrese” (Hosseini 46).

Amir wants to be a winner. He wants to please his father. All this time his father did not really like it when he wrote. Her father hopes Amir can become a great footballer. Even if he ever tried it but it happens is he became a very lame player in the field. Kite is one way to unite himself with his father.

In flying kite, Amir and Hassan are a great team. Their hands bleed from holding the sharp strings, but their hearts are filled with hope to win the tournament. Amir focuses and surprisingly cuts another kite and wins.

“Hassan, we...”I know, Inshaallah, we’ll celebrate later. Right now, I’m going to run that the blue kite for you,”he said. ”Hassan! Come back with it!” He cupped his hands around his mouth then said “For you a thousand times over!”(Hosseini 63).

The kite match was won by Amir. His knees stand in the heavens. And finally he was able to break his opponent's kite rope and stay in his own air. The cut off kite was chased by Hassan. When Hassan says, "You won," Amir corrects him by saying "We won" because Hassan assists him to win the tournament, so the kite and the victory is theirs. The true victory for Amir is seeing Baba shouting with pride. Then

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"Did I ever tell you your father was the best kite runner in Wazir Akbar Khan? Maybe all of Kabul? How jealous he made the neighborhood kids. He's run kites and never look up at the sky, and people used to say he was chasing the kite's shadow. But they did not know him like I did. Your father was not chasing any shadow. He just ... knew "(Hosseini 337).

Amir takes Sohrab to the park to play kites. Amir's ability will play a tested

kite again and he can subvert a kite near him. Instantly for the first time Sohrab

smiled a little.Amir runs the kite for Sohrab and shouts "For you, a thousand times

ever!" Hassan shouts when he runs the kite for Amir.

Finally, Amir understands what it is like to be as loyal and loving as Hassan,

and can truthfully repeat Hassan's words, "For you, a thousand times ever." Now,

Amir can run away from the past in his life, he runs towards something: a connection

with Hassan that he can be proud of, a chance to help his nephew's transition into a

new life if this is as easy as bringing him the Kite, and an opportunity to act upon his

newfound maturity. Again now, Amir is running with freedom in his heart instead of

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CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis above, there are several points that should be

underlined. First is about the character of Amir. He belongs to be a major character

who has big effect to build the story in The Kite Runner novel. Amir is described as a child who has a kind and caring person when he was child. However, Amir’s

characterization begin to become difference such coward, inferior, anxious, selfish,

sly after the incident that his half brother, Hassan gets raped by Assef in the alley.

Amir develop as a man has optimistic and patient to make a decision in his life. Meanwhile, Amir’s characteristic as a dynamic character can be seen by his changed personality, although he has some traits or general description revealed in the story.

In the beginning of The Kite Runner, Amir appears as a caring person toward Hassan

then tend to be a bad boy. However, in the end of the novel he still appears as a caring person but toward Sohrab as Hassan’s son.

Second is about guilts of Amir that has been analyzing by writer in previous

chapter. There are two part of this analysis. The first is amir does not help Hasan

when he gets raped by Assef; it is happen when Hassan wants to get the last kite in

the kite tournament. Hassan gets raped by Assef in the alley and Amir who saw the

incident did nothing at all. Instead he was hiding and leaves Hasan just like that. At

the same time, Amir also feels guilty because he cannot stand up for Hassan. Another instance that tends to Amir’s guilt toward Hassan is Amir accuses Hassan who steals

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his wristwatch and money; the incident is happen when Amir is deliberate put his wristwatch and money under Hassan’s pillow in order to accuse Hassan who steals those things. So, that incident makes Hassan and his father is out from Amir’s house.

The last point is about the ambition of Amir in the novel. Through Sigmund Freud’s id, ego, and super ego, ambition is in id structural. First, his id-marked when Amir is controlled by desire to save his life from anxiety. The other hand, ego arises

when Amir finds a way from Rahim Khan about his ambition, and he does anything

to in bad and good way to reach his ambition. Furhermore, Amir knows that his

ambition can give bad and good effects to his life is shows superego. The first

ambition Amir does is going to Paskistan to meet Rahim Khan; Amir is more

remorseful. He remembers Rahim Khan’s words that there is a way to be good again to end his guilts.And the key to that is finding Hassan’s son, Sohrab, somewhere in Kabul and bring him safely to America.

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