ICRAMET 2014 Proceedings

Batam Indonesia | 7 8 May 2014

i

Proceedings of the 3

rd

International Conference on Radar, Antenna,

Microwave, Electronics and Telecommunications (ICRAMET) 2014

“Developing Regional and International Scientific Co

-

operations”

Editor

Mashury Wahab

Yadi Radiansah

Syamsu Ismail

Yuyu Wahyu

Purwoko Adhi

Goib Wiranto

Technical Editor

Ken Paramayudha

Arie Setiawan

M. Tajul Miftahushudur

Prasetyo Putranto

Fadil Habibi Danufane

Layout and Cover

Dicky Desmunandar

ISSN : 1979-2921

Published by:

Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication

Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Kampus LIPI Jl. Sangkuriang Bandung 40135

Phone : +62 22 2504660

Fax : +62 22 2504659

Batam Indonesia | 7 8 May 2014

ii

COMMITTEE

Advisory Chair

Prof. Dr. Lukman Hakim, LIPI Chairman

Steering Committee

Syahrul Aiman, LIPI

Hiskia, LIPI

Mashury Wahab, LIPI

Yuyu Wahyu, LIPI

Goib Wiranto, LIPI

Purwoko Adhi, LIPI

Syamsu Ismail, LIPI

Rr. Widhya Yusi S, LIPI

Hammam Riza, BPPT

Arwin D.W. Sumari, MABES AU

Edy Siradj, Balitbang Kemhan

A. Andaya Lestari, IRCTR-I

Endon Bharata, IRCTR-I

Josaphat Tetuko S.S., Chiba Univ.

Raja Syamsul Azmir A., UPM Malaysia

Eko Tjipto Raharjo, UI

Fitri Yuli, UI

Andriyan B. Suksmono, ITB

Nana Rachmana, ITB

Adit Kurniawan, ITB

Sholeh Hadi P, UNIBRAW

Technical Program Committee

Chairman

Yadi Radiansah

Vice Chairman

Zaenul Arifin

Secretariat

Lisdiani

Poppy Sumarni

Finance Division

Wawat Karwati

Program Division

Emil Kristanti

Ratna Dwi Novitasari

Publication Division

Ken Paramayudha

Dicky Desmunandar

Prasetyo Putranto

Arie Setiawan

Fadil Habibi Danufane

M. Tajul Miftahushudur

Documentation & Exhibition Division

Endang Ridwan

Nani Haryati

Patricius Sriyono

Equipment & Transportation Division

Anna Kristina T

Sarip Hidayat Umaran

Sugiantoro

Batam Indonesia | 7 8 May 2014

iii

PREFACE

On behalf of the Chairman Organizing Committee of The 3

rd

International Conference on Radar, Antenna,

Microwave, Electronics and Telecommunications (ICRAMET) 2014, I would like to thank to all the participants for

their participation during the Conference that was held in Batam on May 7 - 8, 2014. We also would like to thank for

their contributions to the Conference program and for their contributions to these Proceedings.

I would like to specifically express my gratitude to the Chairman of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Prof Dr.

Lukman Hakim, who was officially opened the Conference. To the distinguished speakers : Dr. Teguh Rahardjo,

advisor to the Minister of Research and Technology for Defense and Security Affairs; Dr. Timbul Siahaan, directorate

general of defense potential, Ministry of Defense Republic of Indonesia; and Mr. Ali Nasheer Ahmadi from Iran

Electronics Industries.

This proceeding consists of 40 scientific papers. Some of these papers were presented as oral presentations, and the

rests were presented as poster presentations. This Conference would not be hold successfully without contribution of

the Speakers, the Authors, the Advisory Committees, and the members of the Organizing Committees. Therefore, I

would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to all of them for their active participation in

The 3

rd

International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics and Telecommunications (ICRAMET)

2014.

Bandung, June 5

th

2014

Chairman of the Organizing Committee

Batam Indonesia | 7 8 May 2014

iv

LIST OF PAPERS

1. Adjacent Interference Analysis in GSM Network at Purbalingga Area (Alfin Hikmaturokhman,

Eka Wahyudi and

Khoirun Ni’amah

_{) ...}

₁

2. Design and Fabrication of UWB Bandpass Filter for S-Band Application using Microstrip Stub

Loaded Resonator Added Notch Structure (Arief Budi Santiko and Fajri Darwis) ...

7

3. Wireless Weather Instrument for Multi-altitude Monitoring of Skydiving Landing Area (Asif

Awaludin, Rachmat Sunarya, Edy Maryadi, Halimurrahman, Ginaldi Ari Nugroho and Laras

Tursilowati)...

11

4. Design on Multi-Coupled Ring-Resonators of Interleave Filter with Large Free-Spectral Range by

Applying The Vernier Effects (D. Mahmudin, Y. Taryana and N. Armi) ...

15

5. Simulation of Stacked Patch Antenna by Moment of Method (Dian Tresnawan)...

18

6. Total Electron Content Data Correction Using Interpolation And Shifting (Dwiko Unggul

Prabowo, Timbul Manik and Peberlin Sitompul) ...

21

7. Design Hairpin Bandpass Filter at 400 MHz for DDS Clock on Radar System (Fajri Darwis and

Taufiqqurrachman)...

24

8. Picocell Antenna in 3-Band Global System for Mobile Communication (Folin Oktafiani and Yussi

Perdana Saputera)...

28

9. The Comparison of a Pulse Electromagnetic Field Effect on CaCl

2

and FeSO

4

Solutions (Hanif

Fakhrurroja, Hariyadi and Novan Agung Mahardiono)...

33

10. Design and Development of A Temperature Control System for Catfish Spawning (Hanif

Fakhrurroja and Hariyadi)...

38

11. Dye-sensitized Solar Sub-Modules (Lia Muliani, Jojo Hidayat and Lilis Retnaningsih) ...

42

12. Proposing Two SLC Structures Based on NLMS and RLS for Improving ECCM Capability of

Array Radar (M.H Ghamat, B.Abbasi and Sh. Salemian) ...

46

13. Designing High PRF Pulsed-Doppler Radar Using Robust Chines Remainder Theorem (Mohsen

Askari, Shamsollah Salemian, and Bijan Abbasi Arand) ...

51

14. Performance of Spectrum Sensing Technique in Cognitive Radio System (Nasrullah Armi, Arief

Suryadi and Purwoko Adhi)...

58

15. Image Processing Using Mathematical Morphology to Enhance Result of Surveillance Radar

Imaging (Vicky Zilvan and Octa Heriana) ...

63

16. Tri-Band Ring Square Slot Using Parasitic Element (Indra Surjati, Yuli Kurnia Ningsih and

Batam Indonesia | 7 8 May 2014

v

17. Application of SMT Filter on The FMCW Technology Radar System for Maritime Purpose (Sri

Hardiati and Topik Teguh Estu) ...

72

18. Using of the Okumura-Hata Propagation Model for Pathloss Determination in Tarakan (Syahfrizal

Tachfulloh)...

77

19. Design

and

Implementation

Resonator

Spurline

L-Type

at

Frequency

2.4GHz

(Taufiqqurrachman, Fajri Darwis, I Dewa Putu Hernida and Deni Permana)...

80

20. Design and Simulation of Bandpass Filter Microstrip Using Hairpin Method with Seven

Resonators (Teguh Praludi, Iqbal Syamsu and Bagus Edy Sukoco) ...

85

21. Development of Space Weather Observation System in Radio-Frequency-Based Using Callisto

(Timbul Manik, Peberlin Sitompul and Dwiko Unggul Prabowo) ...

89

22. Characterization of Barrium Ferrite Permanent Magnet for Circulator Components Working at S

Band ( 2.45 GHz

–

4.00 GHz) (Tony Kristiantoro, Nanang Sudrajat, Novrita Idayanti and Asep

Yudi Hercuadi)...

94

23. Application of The Hairpin Microstrip Band Pass Filters 456 MHz for FMCW Radar Systems

(Topik Teguh Estu, Sulistyaningsih and Sri Hardiati)...

98

24. Frequency Selection Analysis of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology in Indonesia (Uke

Kurniawan Usman and Galuh Prihatmoko) ...

103

25. UMTS/HSPA Network KPI Value Optimization Analysis in UMTS State Transformation Feature

Activation (Defika Fianti, Uke Kurniawan Usman and Yuyun Siti Rohmah) ...

107

26. Image Processing using Median Filter to Minimize Noise of Surveillance Radar Imaging (Octa

Heriana and Vicky Zilvan)...

113

27. Digital Modulation Simulation Through AWGN Channel and Rayleigh Fading Channel Using

Phase Shift Keying Modulation (Anggun Fitrian Isnawati, Wahyu Pamungkas and Abny Irawan) ...

116

28. Intercomparison of Ceilometer and Mie lidar Retrievals for Aerosol and Cloud Height

Over Kototabang, Indonesia (Wendi Harjupa and Syafrijon) ...

121

29. Two Stage Low Noise Amplifier 3 GHz using Non Simultaneous Conjugate Match Technique

(Yana Taryana, Achmad Munir, Yaya Sulaeman and Suhana Hermana) ...

125

30. High Gain Low Noise Amplifier 9.4 GHz for Radar Application using Microstip Line Matching

Network (Yana Taryana, Yaya Sulaeman, Nasrullah Armi and Mashury Wahab) ...

132

31. Bandwidth Enhancement of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Electromanetically

Coupled Technique for Wimax Applications (Yudi Yuliyus Maulana, Yuyu Wahyu, Folin

Oktafiani and Fadil Habibi Danufane) ...

136

32. Design and Simulation 4 x 1 Wilkinson Combiner / Power Divider for Application of LPI Radar

X-Band Frequency with Impact of Casing (Yussi Perdana Saputera, Arif Budi Santiko,

Batam Indonesia | 7 8 May 2014

vi

33. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Device Application as Mercury Sensor (Grace Mambu, Goib

Wiranto)...

147

34. Hybrid Polymer Solar Cell Based on Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide and Poly (Phenylene Vinylene)

Blend (Erlyta Septa Rosa, Shobih, and Muhammad Amiruddin) ...

151

35. Microstrip Antenna Side Lobe Suppression Using Left-Handed Metamaterial Structure (Fitri Yuli

Zulkifli, Pamela Kareen, Basari and Eko Tjipto Rahardjo) ...

155

36. Optical Properties on Blending Paste of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Reflector for Dye Solar Cell

Photoelectrode (Lilis Retnaningsih , Lia Muliani and Goib Wiranto)...

160

37. Study of Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Spray Coated Carbon Nanotube (CNT)

Based Counter Electrodes (Slamet Widodo, Goib Wiranto, Lilis Retnaningsih, I Dewa Putu

Hermida and Mirza Nur Hidayat) ...

164

38. Noise Cancellation of Recorded EEG using Robust Principal Component Analysis (Arjon Turnip,

Dwi Esti Kusumandari and Hanif Fakhurroja)...

170

39. Integrated of Advanced Oxidation Processes with Reverse Osmosis for Water Treatment (Arjon

Turnip, Demi Soetraprawata, and Sutrisno Salomo Hutagalung) ...

173

40. Development of Peat Water Treatment Technology based Advanced Oxidation Processes with O

3

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

1

Adjacent Interference Analysis In GSM Network at

Purbalingga Area

Alfin Hikmaturokhman1, Eka Wahyudi2, Khoirun Ni’amah3

Program Studi D3Teknik Telekomunikasi, Purwokerto Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Telematika Telkom Purwokerto JL.D.I Panjaitan No.128 Purwokerto, Telp (0281) 641629

1

alfin@st3telkom.ac.id, 2ekawahyudi@st3telkom.ac.id 3d311011@akatelsp.ac.id

Abstract—Evaluation of network performance is very important because it changes and developments continue to occur in the world of telecommunications, especially in mobile telecommunications. To continue improving the best performance of a system it is necessary to evaluate in the system through the performance evaluation of cellular networks based on the problem in the network one of which is signal disturb such as interference. Research by the author is to overcame the interference that occur in Purbalingga area base on network performance with the optimization (retune frequency) on Site has interference. Results of research conducted that condition Site Padamara and Selabaya has adjacent interference, so that to solve that with retune frequency on Padamara Site. Condition

RxLevel ≥ 95 dBm before retune BCCH is 96,81% and after retune BCCH is increase became 99,28%, condition RxQual ≤ 5

before retune BCCH is 46,30% and after retune BCCH is

increase became 67,04%, and condition SQI ≥18 before retune

BCCH is 69,49% and after retune BCCH is increase became 73,95%, condition C/I before retune BCCH has percentage 43,31% and after retune BCCH is increase became 54,47%. Also that performance SDSR before retune BCCH is 95,77% and after retune BCCH is increase became 97,078%, performance HOSR before retune BCCH 94,29% and after retune BCCH is increase became 97,078% and performance TDR before retune BCCH is 1,68% and after retune BCCH is increase became 1,43%.

Keywords: performance, optimization, adjacent channel interference, BCCH,retune frequency

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

The sound quality is very important thing required by each customer. A poor signal quality can be caused by several things, such as a weak power levels, high interference and others. Differences in the level and quality of the signal strength, the number of subscribers in a cell and geographical conditions may affect the performance of GSM network.

Optimization is one of the best method to analyze the performance and general quality of customer communication network to be maintained..

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background, the authors formulate the problem :

1) Factors that result the interference and appropriate solution to reduce interference?

2) How does the quality and performance of site before and after the turn of the BCCH (frequency retune) C. The purpose and the benefits

The purpose and the benefits to be achieved in this study are:

1) Knowing the factors that result in interference and knowing how solutions to reduce interference 2) Knowing how to quality and performance of site

before and after the turn of the BCCH (retune frequency) by looking at the Value parameter RxLevel, RxQual, SQI, C / I, SDCCH Success Rate (SDSR), Handover Success Rate (HOSR), and TCH Drop Rate (TDR).

D. Research Methodology

The methodology of the research are : 1) Research Methods

The research method used was to observe the interference.

2) Data collection method

The data collection method used two methods:

 Literature

 Field Data Collection 3) Research instrument

The statistical data are OSS SDCCH Success Rate ( SDSR ) , Handover Success Rate ( HOSR ) , TCH Drop Rate ( TDR ) and the drive test data to determine the parameters RxLevel , RxQual , C / I and SQI .

4) Research Variable

Research variables that will be observed are SDCCH Success Rate ( SDSR ) , Handover Success Rate ( HOSR ) , TCH Drop Rate ( TDR ) , RxLevel , RxQual , C / I and SQI .

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

2 5) Analysis Methods

The data from drive test using TEMS Investigation 10.0.5 software to find an area that is susceptible to interference, and how the right solution to handle the problem on interference

II. BASICTHEORY

A. GSM Cellular Communication Systems

1) Concept and Development of GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a second-generation mobile telecommunications technology that has been using a digital system. Advantages of the use of digital-based technology are able to have a greater capacity than analog-based telecommunications technology.[1]

2) GSM Network Interface

Interface is a subsystem of a liaison with another subsystem on the GSM network. The GSM network image interface can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1 GSM Network Interface [2] 3) GSM Frequency Allocation

GSM use frequency band of 900 MHz for operation , the frequency are 890-915 MHz uplink and 935-960 MHz downlink . GSM have 25 MHz bandwidth (915-890 = 960-935 = 25 MHz), and GSM channel width is 200 kHz, it have 125 channels, 124 channels are used for voice and one channel for signaling. [3]

B. Interference In GSM Networks

Interference caused by the presence of another signal whose frequency is the same and the other signal power is big enough. The measures used to assess the quality of the signal to interference expressed by C/I (dB).

In TEMS application, interference can be check by observing the radio parameters. The possibility of interference are when RxQual, C / I or SQI testing performed on the TRX bad but Rx Level in good condition, [4]

Figure 2. Interference Checking [5] The causes of interference are::

1) Frequency planning

2) There is no dominant cell that causes the C / I is low

3) The lack of frequency hopping. 4) The influence from the outside.

Various kinds of interference in mobile communication system are::

A. The co-channel interference

An inter-cell interference using the same frequency

Figure 3 Co-Channel Interference [5] B. The Adjacent Channel Interference

Interference caused by signals that frequency adjacent (side by side) with the frequency of the signal that is becoming the focus of attention as the next channel interference.

Figure 4, The Adjacent Channel Interference [5]

C. Drive Test and Optimization

1) Principle of Drive Test [6]

Drive Test is the process of measuring the mobile communication system in which the radio waves from the BTS to the MS or vice versa by using a mobile phone designed specifically for the measurement. 2) Drive Test Parameters [7]

a) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH). b) Absolute Radio Frequency Channel c) Cell Global Identity (CGI)

d) Base Station Identity Code (BSIC). e) Timing Advance (TA) [7]

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

3

D. Parameters Used

The parameters used to analyze the occurrence of interference and site performance are :[8-10]

1) RxLevel

RxLevel is received signal strong at the receiver side ( mobile station )

(1)

2) RxQual

RxQual is the received signal quality Mobile Station ( MS ).

(2) 3) Speech Quality Index (SQI)

SQI is the sound quality received by the Mobile Station ( MS ).

(3) 4) Carrier to Interference (C/I)

C/I is the ratio between the signal strong information bits and signal strong interference bits (4)

5) SDCCH Success Rate (SDSR)

SDCCH Success Rate ( SDSR ) is the percentage of success in getting SDCCH channel . Equation ( 5 )

6) TCH Drop Rate (TDR)

TCH Drop Rate ( TDR ) is the percentage of TCH_DR failure channel occupation . Equation ( 6 )

7) Handover Success Rate (HOSR)

Handover Success Rate ( HOSR ) is the percentage of success of the Mobile Station to move services from one cell to its neighboring cell . Equation ( 7 )

III. DATAANALYSISANDDISCUSSION

A. Data Collection Before Optimization

The area around Padamara and Selabaya site based on the results of test drives have a strong level of poor signal with -86 dBm (RxLevel Value) and very poor signal quality with 7 (RxQual value).

1) Interference checking

Figure 5 Interference Checking In TEMS

Based on figure 5 it can be concluded RxLevel: -86 dBm (category quite well), RxQual: 7, SQI: 3 and C / I: 8.20 dB (poor category), so the conclusion Padamara area and the Selabaya site got interference. The results of the drive test site Selabaya sectors 1 with BCCH 59 is a site have interference. Interference caused not only by one site also be caused by two or more sites. 2) RxLevel Observations Before Optimization

TABLE 1 RXLEVELOBSERVATIONSRESULTSBEFORE OPTIMIZATION

Value Sample Precentage

-75 to 0 5.866 16.35%

-97 to -75 28.862 80.46%

-120 to -95 1.143 3.19%

Total Sample 35.871 100%

TABLE 2 RXLEVEL VALUE OBSERVATIONSRESULTSBEFORE OPTIMIZATION

Measurement results

Value (dBm)

Average -84.894

Max -54

Min -108

Pada The average value obtained during the test drive was -84.894 dBm ( good category)

3) RxQual Observations Before Optimization

TABLE3RXQUALOBSERVATIONSRESULTSBEFORE

OPTIMIZATION

Value Sample Precentage

0 to 5 4.562 46.30%

5 to 6 1.621 16.45%

6 to 8 3.670 37.25%

Total Sample 9.853 100%

KPIs with RxQual Value 5 is 46.30%. These results are below the targets and signal quality in the area surrounding the Padamara siteconsidered very bad. This problem is due to interference between two sectors, between the Padamara site and the Selabaya site so we need some network repair.

TABLE 4 RXQUALVALUEOBSERVATIONSRESULTS

BEFOREOPTIMIZATION

Measurement results

Value (dBm)

Average 2.451

Max 7

Min 0

The average RxQual value is 2.451 very bad signal quality category

4) SQI Observations Before Optimization

TABLE 5 SQIOBSERVATIONSRESULTSBEFORE OPTIMIZATION

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

4

Value Sample Precentage

18 to 30 23.365 69.49%

5 to 18 1.963 5.38%

-20 to 5 9.172 25.13%

Total Sample 36.500 100%

KPI value with SQI Value ≥ 18 (69.49%). This is bad categorized due to interference between the two sectors, between the Padamara site and the Selabaya site.

5) C / I Observation Before Optimization

TABLE 6 C/IOBSERVATIONSRESULTSBEFORE OPTIMIZATION

Value Sample Precentage

12 to 55 15.654 43.31%

-5 to 12 11.277 31.20%

All Others 9.213 25.49%

Total Sample 36.144 100%

Padamara Site have C / I Value below 12 dB, that is indicating interference in the area.

TABLE 7 C/IOBSERVATIONRESULTSVALUE BEFORE OPTIMIZATION

Measurement results

Value (dBm)

Average 21.822

Max 35

Min 6.3

Value rata-rata C/I yang didapat adalah 21,822 dB, Value maksimum adalah 35 dB dan Value minimum yang didapat adalah 6,3 dB.

B. Data Collection After Optimization

In the window GSM Serving+ Neighbor BCCH sector 1 at Padamara site was already replaced, the first 58 (946.6 MHz) become 53 by using this frequency Fd = 935.2 + 0.2 * (53-1) = 945.6 Mhz.

So the site Selabaya sector 1 and sector 1 Padamara site already has a difference of 6 or difference BCCH 1.2 MHz (6 × 200 kHz = 1200 kHz = 1.2 MHz)

Figure 6 Padamara siteBCCH Substitution 1) RxLevel Observations After Optimization

TABLE8RXLEVELOBSERVATIONSRESULTSAFTER OPTIMIZATION

Value Sample Precentage

-75 to 0 6.866 22.09%

-97 to -75 24.067 77,19%

-120 to -95 224 0,72%

Total Sample 35.871 100%

The RxLevel value (95 dBm) precentage is 22.09% +77.19% = 99.28%. The signal level around the Padamara site area is increased and the categorized is good.

TABLE 9 RXLEVELVALUEOBSERVATIONSRESULTS

BEFORE OPTIMIZATION

Measurement results

Value (dBm)

Average -78.674

Max -49

Min -103

Average value is -78,674 dBm. 2) RxQual Observations After Optimization

TABLE 10 RXQUALOBSERVATIONSRESULTSAFTER OPTIMIZATION

Value Sample Precentage

0 to 5 4.686 67,04%

5 to 6 2.001 28,63

6 to 8 302 4,32

Total Sample 6.989 100%

RxQual value (5) is 67.04%, when compared to the old value was 46.30%, then the quality of the signal after the turn of the BCCH much better..

TABLE 11 RXQUALOBSERVATIONSVALUEAFTER OPTIMIZATION

Measurement results

Value (dBm)

Average 1,359

Max 7

Min 0

Average RxQual value obtained during the drive test process are 1,359, Maximum Value 7 and the minimum obtained 0. With an average RxQual Value obtained when the drive test at 1,359, its mean the signal quality at good category.

3) SQI Observations After Optimization

TABLE 12 SQIOBSERVATIONSRESULTSAFTEROPTIMIZATION

Value Sample Precentage

18 to 30 24.169 73.95%

5 to 18 2.651 8,11%

-20 to 5 5.863 17,94%

Total Sample 32.683 100%

The sound quality of the signal after the turn of the

BCCH is much better than before (SQI value ≥ 18 is

change from 69.49% to 73.95%). 4) C/I Observation After Optimization

TABLE 13 C/I OBSERVATIONSRESULTSAFTEROPTIMIZATION

Value Sample Precentage

12 to 55 8.124 54,47%

-5 to 12 4.523 30,32%

All Others 2.268 15,21%

Total Sample 36.144 100%

The results of MapInfo plotting for C/I Value Percentage is > 12 after the previous optimization, that is increased from 43.31% to 54.47%.

TABLE 14 C/IOBSERVATIONSVALUEAFTERTHEOPTIMIZATION

Measurement results

Value (dBm)

Average 25,564

Max 30,8

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

5 Average C/I value obtained during the data

collection process are 25.564 dB, the maximum Value 30.8 dB and The Minimum Value 11.4 dB. Its mean the category is good .

C. Padamara Site Performance Data Analysis

1) SDCCH Success Rate (SDSR) Analysis

Figure 7 SDSR Graph Padamara Site

Research carried out 7 days before and after the turn of the BCCH. BCCH replaced on August 19 2013. SDSR Values ranged 95.77% on the date August 12 2013 until August 18 2013 which means that the Value is included in the normal category KPI standards. SDSR increased to the range of 97.078% on the date of August 20 2013 until August 27 2013, which means the category standard KPI Value. Increased capacity occurred after the turn of the BCCH on August 19, 2013.

2) Analysis of Handover Success Rate (HOSR) and TCH Drop Rate (TDR)

Figure 8 Grafik HOSR dan TDR

HOSR ranges from 94.29% at the date of August 12 2013 until August 18 2013 which means that the Value is the normal category. HOSR value increased to the range of 95% on the date of August 20 2013 until August 27 2013, which means a good category.

TDR ranges from 1.68% at the date of August 12 2013 until August 18 2013 Value means the category is still normal. TDR increased to the range of 1.43% on August 20 2013 until August 27 2013, which means a good category.

D. The Observed parameter comparison Before and After

BCCH Substitution

TABLE 15 PERFORMANCECOMPARISONBEFOREANDAFTER

BCCHTURNPERFORMANSI

No Performa nce paramete rs

KPI percentage Average Enhacmen t

Before After Befor

e

Afte r

KPI Av

era ge

1 RxLev ≥ -

95 dBm

96.81% 99,28%

-84,89 4 -78,6 74% 2,47 % 6,2 2

2 RxQual

≤5 46,30% 67,04% -2,451 1,359

20,7 4%

3,8 1

3 SQI≥18 69,49% 73,95% - - 4,46

% -

4 C/I ≤ 12 43,31% 54,47% 21,82

2 25,5 64 11,1 6% 3,7 42

5 SDSR 95,77% 97,078

%

- - 1,30

8% -

6 HOSR 94,29% 95% - - 0,71

% -

7 TDR 1,68% 1,43% - - 0.25

% -

IV. CONCLUSION A. Conclusion

1) Interference that occurs in Padamara site and Selabaya site is adjacent channel interference because the sector one Padamara site and sector one Selabaya site differing only one BCCH ARFCN. That is Padamara site sector 1 has BCCH 58 ( 946.6 MHz ) and site Selabaya sector 1 has BCCH 59 ( 946.8 MHz ).

2) Interference that occurs resolved by retune frequency ( BCCH turnover ) on Padamara site that originally had BCCH 58 ( 946.6 MHz ) is changed to BCCH53 ( 945.6 MHz ) . So after the turn of the BCCH site Selabaya own Padamara and BCCH difference of 6 ( with 6 × 200 KHz bandwidth = 1200 kHz = 1.2 MHz ).

3) The entire network performance parameters after the turn of the BCCH (BCCH retune) has increased so that network performance in areas Padamara-Selabaya much better.

B. Suggestion

For the improvement and development of research, are suggestion :

1) The next development, the observations made are not only adjacent channel interference but also can be added to the co-channel interference observations. 2) Using planning software provider to be able to see a

simulation of ARFCN change and its impact on coverage (coverage area).

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

6

REFERENCES

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[2] Puspita, Riana Dewi, Analisis Optimalisasi Kapasitas Trafik Dengan Multiband Cell (MBC) Pada Jaringan GSM di PT.XL Axiata Puwokerto. Purwokerto:Akademi Teknik Telkom Sandy Putra Purwokerto, Tugas Akhir, 2011.

[3] Ulva, Andi T Wello, Analisis Performansi Pada Jaringan GSM 900/1800 di Area Purwokerto Studi Kasus di PT EXCELCOMINDO

PRATAMA.Purwokerto, Program Studi D3 Teknik Telkom,

Purwokerto, Tugas Akhir, 2009.

[4] Hikmaturokhman, Alfin, Konsep Interferensi Selular, Program Studi D3 Teknik Telkom, Purwokerto, Diktat Kuliah Teknik Selular, 2013. [5] Wardana, Lingga, 2G/3G RF Planning and Optimization for Consultant,

Edisi 1, Jakata, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia,2013.

[6] Grasindo, Sunomo, Pengantar Sistem Komunikasi Nirkabel, Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia, PT Gramedia Widiasarana,2004.

[7] Mauliya, Fatimah Ahmad dan Muh. Danudhirka, Optimasi Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Pada Jaringan Berbasis Global System For Mobile Communication (GSM) Dengan Metode Drive Test di Area

Operator Hutchison Charoen Pokphand Telecom (HCPT) Makassar”.

Makassar : Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muslim Indonesia Makassar, Tugas Akhir, 2011.

[8] Tarigan, Novyanti, (2013, Desember), Analisis Gangguan Spektrum Frekuensi pada Jaringan GSM PT. Indosat, Tbk, Program Pendidikan Sarjana Ekstensi Fakultas Teknik Sumatera Utara, Medan, Tugas Akhir,

2011. Dokumen PDF. [Online].

http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/30704/6/Cover.pdf [9] Ardhita, Reza, (2013, Desember), Laporan Studi Kasus Kinerja Layanan

Data Paket GPRS PT Nexwave Regional Jawa-Yogyakarta Divisi HCPT (Three) Semarang, Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Tugas Akhir. Dokumen PDF. [Online]. http://eprints.undip.ac.id/32028/1/Reza_Ardhita.pdf

[10] Al-Kautsar, Febrian, (2013, Desember), Optimasi Pelayanan Jaringan Berdasarkan Drive Test, Fakultas Teknik Elektro Universitas Indonesia,

Depok, Skripsi, 2009. Dokumen PDF. [Online].

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

Design and Fabrication of UWB Bandpass Filter

S-Band Application Using Microstrip Stub Loaded

Resonator Added Notch Structure

Arief Budi Santiko1 and Fajri Darwis2

1,2_{Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication – Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)}

Kampus LIPI Jl. Sangkuriang Building 20 4th floor Bandung, 40135 – Indonesia Phone. +62-22-2504661, Fax. +62-22-2504659

Email : ariefbudi[dot][20[at]gmail.co.id

Abstract— This paper present the Ultra-Wideband (UWB) bandpass filter for S-band application. A bandpass filter was designed using microstrip stub-loaded resonator added notch structure. The bandwitdh for this filter controlled by changing the width between stub loaded resonator. The notch structure was added for sharp rejection typical in the upper pass band. The design was simulated using ADS 2011.10 and fabricated using RT/duroid 5880. For the measurement results, a bandpass filter have operation band from 2 to 4 GHz, minimum insertion loss of 0.6 dB at center frequency 3 GHz, good VSWR and 50 ohm impedance in both of ports. The Simulation and measurement results are found in good agreement.

Keywords- bpf; S-band; microstrip; notch structure

I. INTRODUCTION

This letter is focused on the development of microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) for operating in S-band application. The development of this filter is focused on the operating bandwidth, because this filter is used to select the applications which operating in S-band. The narrow, wideband or ultra wideband of bandwidth filter are chosen according to their applications. This paper, explains how to design the filter which has ultra wideband bandwidth.

Various techniques have been developed to design microstrip bandpass filter especially using microstrip stub loaded resonator by [1], [2], and [3]. The demands of filter which has sharp rejection band are bring us to looking for new method to achieve it. One of the solutions is introducing notch structured. Many design have been proposed related this technique [4]-[9]. Ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip bandpass filter using ring resonator employing notch structure has been proposed by [4]. In [5] a UWB filter is developed using dual notch filter at S and C Band. In [6] a compact UWB BPF with embedded band notch structures has been presented for center frequency 5.8 GHz using short-circuited stubs.

In this research, we designed and fabricated the ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter for S-band application. The filter was designed using microstip stub-loaded

dual-mode resonator doublets with the various length of separated position between the resonant. The various position of length of separated position between the resonant is to optimize and get the desire bandwidth and added the notch structure. The notch structure is used to obtain sharp rejection on upper passband (fp2). The center frequency of bandpass filter is 3 GHz and the passband is from 2 GHz (fp1) until 4 GHz (fp2). The bandpass

filter has fractional bandwidth 66.67%. When if the fractional bandwidth greater than 25%, the bandpass filter is categorized as ultra-wideband [9]. For the simulation and optimization of bandpass filter, we used ADS 2011.10 software.

II. FILTER DESIGN AND SIMULATION

Figure 1 shows the structure of stub loaded resonator. As in [10] the length of L is about λ/2. The stub positions at center of L with dimensions of stub are width is denoted by w, and length by h.

Figure 1. A microstrip stub loaded resonator.

As was discussed in [1] and [10] the resonant frequencies of the odd- modes are given by

_√

(1)

And the resonant frequencies of the even-modes are given by

_√

(2) Where n = 1, 2, 3, ..., c is the speed of light in the free space and

denotes the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip line.

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

The proposed design of bandpass filter for S-band application is shown in Figure 2. As in [1] and [10], the structure of the design consists of two parallel microstrip stub-loaded dual-mode resonator doublet but oppositely placed stub-loaded resonators.

Figure 2. The proposed design of bandpass filter.

By using ADS 2011.10, we obtain the simulation results of s-parameter are close to design. The values of parameters in the bandpass filter which were designed are L = 42.4 mm, L1 = 20.3 mm, L3= 2 mm, W1 = 0.4 mm, W2 = 1.6 mm, S1 =

0.65 mm, S2 = 0.65 mm and for notch structure L2 = 11 mm,

W3 = 0.2 mm. For this design we must consider the width or

length of the microstrip line is ease to fabricate.

The results of simulation which have been done using ADS 2011.10 are shown below.

Figure 3. S-Parameter result of bandpass filter from ADS 2011.

Figure 3 shows the device response formed on simulation using s = 0.65 because using those separated length is have high percentage value than length other.

With change the separate between resonant microstrip lines, we can get the desired bandwidth as shown in figure 4. By using the software simulation, we optimize and plan the bandwidth with change values of separated (s) between the resonant.

Figure 4. The space factor of the bandpass filter.

Figure 5 shows the device response S21 by changing the

distance between resonant. Increasing wide range separated(s) is made the operational bandwidth is narrow. Otherwise the smaller distance range of separated can make operational bandwidth wider.

S = 0.65 mm S = 0.8 mm S = 1.00 mm S = 1.20 mm

Figure 5. The response of bandpass when the width space of (S) are 0.65 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.2 mm.

The influence of the separated (s) values is depicted in Figure 5, when the s is 0.65 mm and 0.8 mm, the bandwidth response has approximately similar performance. When s = 1.0 mm and s = 1.2 mm the response narrow approach, so for this design we choose the value of s = 0.65 because the desired bandwidth for wideband is good.

III. FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT

For the fabrication we use RT/duroid 5880 and using the sma connector. The values of εr = 2.20 and losses tangent (tan ) =

0.0009. The thickness of the substrate is 1.575 mm and the thickness of copper cladding is 35 µm. The photograph of the fabricated bandpass filter is shown in Figure 6.

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014 Figure 6. The photograph of the fabricated bandpass filter.

The measurement results were taken using an Advantest vector network analyzer. For the measurement, a microstrip feed line of 80 mm was added at both input and output sma connector. The insertion loss at the center frequency 3 GHz is -0.6 dB, response device is almost flat. In the operating frequency of 2 GHz and 4 GHz, at the lower passband frequency (fp1) is 2.082 GHz and at the upper passband frequency (fp2) is 4.164 GHz. It shows the operational frequency is shifted.

Knowing the approximate desired bandwidth with simulation, need be added notch structure. Additional notch structure is depicted in Figure 7. The notch structure at the upper passband is aim to produce a sharp rejection.

Figure 7. The S21 measure characteristic of the bandpass filter.

Figure 8 shows the S11 characteristic. The VSWR at the

center frequency is about 1.282 and the VSWR at 2.082 GHz is 1.267 and VSWR at 4.164 GHz is 3.465.

Figure 8. The S11 characteristic of the bandpass filter.

The phase characteristic of the bandpass filter is shown in Figure 9. At the center frequency 3 GHz, the phase is-11.48 deg. We can tune the phase by changing the length of transmission line if we want the phase have another value.

Figure 9. The phase characteristic.

From the simulation and fabrication we obtain that the characteristic of S21 are approximately similar. The desire sharp

rejection also closes to design. The measurement results of VSWR on bandwidth response are good result about 1.26 and it’s acceptable to pass the signal on device. On the whole, the specifications of fabricated filter are approach with the required specifications.

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

IV. CONCLUSION

The results of measurement and simulation show a good filter performance. On the other hand, results of fabrication will find differences with the simulation, depending on the number of mesh during the simulation run. The insertion loss in simulation almost same with fabricated filter is about 0.6db greater than -1.5 dB, VSWR its less than 1:1.5 good condition to pass the desire signal bandwidht by using this filter. Good experiment is fabricated from simulation results that we have designed. Fabrication process containing predictions of the frequency shift from simulation results. The results of the measurement filter were close to with the values in required specifications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author say thank you to all radar team PPET-LIPI and The author would like say thanks to my colleagues who discussion about the filter in this paper.

REFERENCES

[1] Zhewang Ma, Wenqing He, Chun-Ping Chen,Yoshio Kobayashi, and

Tetsuo Anada, “A Novel Compact Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter

Using Microstrip Stub-Loaded Dual-Mode Resonator Doublets”, 978 -1-4244-1780-IEEE.

[2] Xiu Yin Zhang, Jian-Xin Chen, Quan Xue, and Si-Min Li, “Dual-Band Bandpass Filters Using Stub-Loaded Resonators”, IEEE Microwave

And Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 17, no. 8, August 2007 [3] Cheng-Yuan HUNG, Min-Hang WENG, Yan-KuinSU, Ru-Yuan

YANG, Hung-Wei WU, “Design of Compact and Sharp-Rejection Ultra Wideband Bandpass Filters Using Interdigital Stepped-Impedance Resonators”, IEICE Trans. Electron., Vol.E90–C, NO.8 August 2007.

[4] Amanulla Khan, “Compact Ultra-Wideband Bandpass and Notched

Bandpass Filter Using Dual-Line Coupling Structure”, mini Project

Report, IISc, Bangalore.

[5] Thirumalaivasan K and Nakkeeran R, “Development of UWBBandpass

Filter with Two Notch Bands to Reject IEEE 802.11a/b Services”,

International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 3, June 2011.

[6] Hussein Shaman, and Jia-Sheng Hong, “Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter With Embedded Band Notch Structures”, IEEE

Microwave And Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 17, NO. 3, March 2007.

[7] Harish Kumar and MD. Upadhayay, “Design of UWB Filter with WLAN

Notch”, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, Volume

2012, Article ID 971097. Hindawi Publishing Corporation.

[8] Bowen Liu, Yingzeng Yin, Yi Yang, Yuqing Wei, Anfeng Sun, “UWB Bandpass Filter with Notched Band Using Broadside-Coupled Microstrip-Coplanar Waveguide Structure”, 978-1-4244-8559-8/11 IEEE 2011.

[9] Lembrikov. B. 2010. “Ultra Wideband”. Croatia: Sciyo.

[10] Taufiqqurrachman and Darwis F, ” Design anf Fabrication of Compact

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter for C-Band Application”, Proceeding The 7th _{National Radar Seminar and The 2}nd _{International}

Conferece on Radar, Microwave, Electronics and Telecommunications (Icramet), pp. 127-129, March 2013

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

Wireless Weather Instrument for Multi-altitude

Monitoring of Skydiving Landing Area

Asif Awaludin, Rachmat Sunarya, Edy Maryadi, Halimurrahman, Ginaldi Ari Nugroho, Laras Tursilowati Center for Atmospheric Science and Technology, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)

Jl. dr. Djundjunan 133, Bandung, Indonesia, phone +62226037445, fax +62226037443, e-mail: asif.awaludin@lapan.go.id

Abstract— Army are often conducting skydiving for many purposes, such as training, deliver personnel, equipment, and supplies. Therefore it is needed an instrument to monitor weather condition in skydiving area. A wireless weather instrument for multi-altitude monitoring of skydiving landing area has been developed. This instrument was able to measure wind speed, pressure, temperature, and humidity of an area. In its operation, this instruments are installed at 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m of altitude by using a PVC plastic inflatable balloon tethered at around 202 m height. Measurement results showed that its telemetry system has coverage around 850 m. Its wind speed, pressure, temperature and pressure data have similar pattern to MAWS201 Vaisala data.

Keywords-component; skydiving; instrument; weather; wireless

I. INTRODUCTION

Skydiving is a method usually conducted by army to deliver personnel, equipment, and supplies from a transport aircraft. As it is important part in military strategy, every soldier should possess good skydiving skills. Hence, skydiving training is carried out by the army in frequent time. One of important factors should be considered for continuous monitoring before doing skydiving is weather condition, particularly wind condition, due to the fact that weather can change very quickly. This consideration must be taken in order to be able to land in the designated landing area and also to monitor turbulence, as it is very dangerous if a jumper gets caught in a downward flow of air, it will accelerate the skydiver toward the ground, which can cause injury or death. Maximum surface wind speed limits for skydiver is 15 knot (7.7 ms-1) for beginner and 20 knot (10.3 ms-1) for expert, although local circumstances may demand that more restrictive limits be adopted [5].

There are several instruments can provide wind speed data of some altitude levels continuously, such as radar and sodar wind profiler. But, these instruments require a lot of money to realize it. Therefore, it is necessary to develop low cost instrument for wind speed monitoring in several altitude levels. In addition, the instrument should also provide pressure, temperature, and humidity information. Further, mobility aspect should be considered as mobile instruments will give a lot of benefits.

In this paper will be described development of a wireless weather instrument for low altitude skydiving preparation. This instrument is able to measure wind speed, pressure, temperature, and humidity in several altitudes (50 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m above ground surface) and transmit the data to receiver in ground segment. Installation of the instrument is carried out by mounting it at rope of PVC plastic inflatable balloon tethered at around 202 m height. This configuration will make the instrument become movable and easy to reinstall as it is forbidden to build a 202 m height of permanent tower.

II. DESIGNANDREALIZATION A. Design

The instrument is designed to measure wind speed, pressure, temperature, and humidity at 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m altitude above ground surface. Therefore, by considering atmospheric condition in its related altitude, this instrument should use sensors which able to measure wind speed from 0 to 20 ms-1, pressure from 600 to 1013 mbar, temperature from 15 to 35 °C, and humidity from 50 to 90 %.

Figure 1. General diagram of the weather instrument and its ground segment receiver.

PC Radio

receiver Ground segment wind speed

sensor

micro-controller

module pressure

sensor

temperature sensor

humidity sensor

Radio transmitter

Wireless weather instrument

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

As the data will be monitored from maximum distance of

500 m, the instrument is equipped with radio transmitter and its counterpart radio receiver in ground segment. The transmitter should be able to communicate with its receiver in maximum coverage of 540 m properly. All of the sensors and radio transmitter is controlled by a microcontroller module. Instrument weight also taken into consideration as it will be lifted by the balloon which only has maximum load 14 kg weight. Since the balloon will lift four instruments, two 4 kg ropes, and two 2 kg ropes as well, each instrument weight should not exceed 2 kg and easy to carry. General diagram of the instrument is shown by Fig. 1.

B. Realization

Development of wireless weather instrument is utilizing electronic components and modules existing in local market. As the main controller of this instrument, a tiny microcontroller module Arduino Pro Mini 328, which has embedded microcontroller ATMega328, was used. This module already has some needed features for this development such as TTL logic serial communication, I2C digital two wire interface, and analog to digital conversion. The function of this module is to acquire data from the sensors, synthesize it, and then transfer the result to radio transmitter for transmission toward receiver.

For wind speed sensor, Lutron AM-4204 hot wire anemometer was chosen. This sensor has measurement range from 0.2 to 20 ms-1, high precision for low air velocity measurement, LCD display, and RS232 data communication [3]. As requirement for the sensor is it should be light and easy to carry, the sensor was modified by removing its LCD display and box. Its battery was also removed and the voltage supply was integrated into one shared battery with other sensors and electronic modules. The microcontroller module acquire data from this sensor by using RXD pin of serial communication line where AM-4204 hot wire anemometer always send 16 bit serial data, consisting of wind speed and temperature data, through this line. Because microcontroller module and the sensor have different logic level for serial communication, a RS233 to TTL converter was installed to facilitate data transfer between them.

Pressure data was acquired using BMP085 barometric pressure sensor which also useful to obtain altitude information. It has measurement range from 300 to 1100 mbar (9000 to -500 m above sea level) with resolution 0.01 mbar. This sensor use I2C digital interface for data communication with microcontroller module via SCL and SDA pins. Altitude information can be derived from pressure data using Eq. (1), where h is altitude in meters, p is measured pressure in mbar, p0 is pressure at sea level (1013.25 mbar) [1].

( ( ⁄ )⁄ ) (1) Recently, there are many temperature sensor and humidity sensor integrated in one package, such as Sensirion SHT11. This sensor can measure temperature from -40 to 123.8 °C and

humidity from 0 to 100 % with accuracy ±0.4 °C and ±3 %RH respectively [4]. SCK and MOSI pins of microcontroller must be connected to clock and data pins of the sensor to acquire temperature and humidity data in a two wire serial interface communication.

The collected sensor data is synthesized by microcontroller module to obtain composite data consisting of altitude, pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind speed information. This result is ready to be transferred to radio transmitter forwarding it directly toward the radio receiver in ground segment. Both transmitter and receiver are using YS-C20S radio transceiver module which has 10 dBm power, 433 MHz center frequency with 8 channels, -110 dBm receiving sensitivity at 9600 bps serial communication, and small size with just 25 g weight.

Radio module ability for transmitter and receiver should be analyzed by determining its link margin using link budget calculation. By considering maximum altitude is 200 m and distance of monitoring site is 500 m, the transmitter and receiver radio must be able to communicate properly with maximum range of 540 m. Hence, with transmitter power is 10 dBm without cable line, receiver and transmitter antenna gain is 3 dB, and free space loss (LFS) calculated using Eq. (2) [2]

for 433 MHz frequency (fGHz) and 540 m distance (Dkm) is

-79.828 dB. the expected received signal power will be -63.828 dBm. As the receiver sensitivity is -110 dBm, the link margin will be 46,172 dB which is much higher than 10 dB limit for building reliable communication network.

(2) Development result of wireless weather instrument is shown by Fig. 2a. The instrument is light with just 370 g weight. Wind sensor is located inside a spaced four-level disk. Whereas pressure, temperature, and humidity sensors, they are installed in the bottom of the box (right side). The other components such as radio transmitter, microcontroller module, and wind sensor module transmitter are stored inside the box. Technical data of this instrument is described by Table 1.

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

(b)

Figure 2. Wireless weather instrument (a) and its receiver (b).

Receiver module for the instrument is shown by Fig. 2b. This receiver will be connected to a computer which running a HTML file on local web server. The HTML file always read a text file created and contained with text data received from the

transmitter by Ubuntu’s minicom application, subsequently use

it to display visualization graphics of the data.

TABLE I. WIRELESS WEATHER INSTRUMENT TECHNICAL DATA. Dimension and Weight

Dimension Weight

100 x 60 x 200 mm 370 g Telemetry

Frequency band Measurement Cycle

433 MHz 5 s Wind Sensor

Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy

0.2 to 20 ms-1

0.1 ms-1 ± (5% + 1d) reading Pressure Sensor

Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy

300 to 1100 mbar 0.01 mbar ±4 mbar Temperature Sensor

Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy

-40 to 123.8 °C 0.01 °C 0.4 °C Humidity Sensor

Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy

0 to 100 % 0.05 %RH ±3 %RH

III. TESTSANDRESULTS

The test was conducted to ascertain that wireless weather instrument, its receiver, and PVC plastic inflatable balloon were working properly. Two methods were used for this test. The first method was carried out by mounting the instruments at rope of the balloon tethered at around 20 m height. The balloon was raised by filling it with hydrogen gas until loaded completely. Only two instruments were tested and mounted at the rope. The receiver was connected to computer located on the ground.

The second method was by installing the receivers at a tower located at fifth floor of building, 18 m above ground, and transmitters were carried around as far as possible. These two methods were described by Fig. 3.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. (a) The first test method using balloon to lift the instruments and the receiver on the ground, the red arrows showing instruments position, (b) second method of test by installing receiver at a tower and the transmitter on the ground.

According to the test result, transmitters and receiver were able to communicate properly in 850 m coverage, beyond the target design. The instruments has also been able to measure wind speed, pressure, temperature and humidity using their sensors, then transmit it to the receiver in the ground. The receiver has been succeeded displaying the data into graphics as shown by Fig. 4.

Figure 4. HTML file in Local web server for displaying instrumentation results.

The hotwire anemometer sensor instrument was tested and compared its results to vane anemometer of MAWS201 Vaisala data for same altitude and location as described by Fig. 5. Hotwire instrument has higher sensitivity compared to vane anemometer for low wind speed. Both data have similar pattern although vane anemometer data showing that it has more sensitivity to high wind speed compared to hotwire anemometer.

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

Figure 5. Wind speed data comparison between wind speed sensor of wireless weather instrument (WWI) and vane anemometer of MAWS201 Vaisala.

Pressure, temperature and humidity sensors were tested and

compared its results to MAWS201 Vaisala’s sensors as well, as

described by Fig. 6. In this test, the first instrument was installed at 1 m of height above ground level. Recorded pressure value in this place was 927.8 mbar. By using Eq. (1), obtained value of altitude is 736 m above sea level. The second instrument was installed together with MAWS201 Vaisala at 17 m of height above ground level. Recorded pressure value in this place was 926.1 mbar. By using Eq. (1), obtained value of altitude is 752 m above sea level.

(a)

(b)

Figure 6. Temperature and humidity data comparison between wireless weather

instrument’s (WWI) sensors and MAWS201 Vaisala’s sensors.

Fig. 6.a indicate that area of 752 m height has warmer temperature compared to the one at 736 m height as it was placed at the top of building and has direct sunlight, whereas the surface area was surrounded by trees. The instrument

temperature data also has similar pattern to MAWS Vaisala’s

temperature sensor but it has higher value, therefore it should be calibrated. Relative humidity of 752 m height area has lower humidity compared to the one at 736 m (surface) as it was warmer. The instrument data also has similar pattern to MAWS

Vaisala’s humidity sensor but it has lower value, therefore it

should be calibrated as well. This was described by Fig. 6b. IV. CONCLUSIONS

A wireless weather instrument for multi-altitude monitoring of skydiving landing area has been developed. This instrument was able to measure wind speed, pressure, temperature, and humidity of an area. In its operation, this instruments are installed at 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m of altitude by using a pvc plastic inflatable balloon tethered at around 202 m height. Measurement results showed that its telemetry system has coverage around 850 m. Its wind speed, pressure, temperature and pressure data have similar pattern to MAWS201 Vaisala data.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank to all Atmospheric Technology Division’s staffs of LAPAN for their support in conducting the tests. We also thanks to Letkol Untung and his team from West Java Indonesia army for the cooperation in skydiving landing area weather monitoring project.

REFERENCES

[1] Bosch Sensortec Gmbh, “BMP085 Digital Pressure Sensor Datasheet”. 2008.

[2] J. Butler, et al., “Wireless Networking in The Developing World third edition,” The WNDW Project, 2013.

[3] Lutron Electronic, “Hot Wire Anemometer Model : AM-4204”.

[4] Sensirion, “Datasheet SHT1x (SHT10, SHT11, SHT15) Humidity and Temperature Sensor IC,” 2011.

[5] UK Civil Aviation Authority, “Parachuting,” The Stationery Office,

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

15

Design on Multi-Coupled Ring-Resonators of

Interleave Filter with Large Free-Spectral Range by

Applying The Vernier Effects

D. Mahmudin1, Y. Taryana2 and N. Armi3

Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Jl. Sangkuriang, Cisitu, bandung 40135 Indonesia

1_{dadin.mahmudin@lipi.go.id}

Abstract— Recently, optical networks are widely used as the backbone of communications since they have large bandwidth and low transmission loss. With a wide of Free-Spectral Range (FSR), the more the number of channels that can be accomodated. They can transfer data about a hundred Gbps. The proposed Multi-Coupled Ring-Resonator (MCRR) is designed by applying the Vernier effects. In this paper was shown that a large FSR can be obtained since many resonances are induced in the proposed MCRR. The proposed MCRR is promising for optical filters with large bandwidth.

Keywords: Free-Spectral Range, multi-coupled ring-resonator, Vernier effect

I. INTRODUCTION

Explosive growth in the internet requires larger channel

capacity. Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)

is an important solution for this demand. This growth requires high performance of optical devices. One of key devices for DWDM is wavelength filter. Recently, DWDM has had channel spacing narrower than 100GHz. In order to

satisfy this requirement, waveguide-based filters are pro

-posed. A concept of interleave filter or interleaver (or wavelength splitter) was also introduced to DWDM system

with channel spacing <50GHz using Mach-Zhender Inter

-ference[1].

In this paper, we report our investigation of interleaver

by using Multi-Coupled Ring Resonator (MCRR) . Micro

-ring resonators have been widely studied as a potential device for dense wavelength filter due to its advantages in smaller size and integratable with other devices[2]. Since microring resonators have 2 outputs, i.e. resonance output and antiresonance output, and also have periodic spectrum characteristics, they are applicable for interleavers. Another advantage of a microring resonator interleaver is that the denser DWDM channel will require larger ring radius. As a result, bending loss is negligible because the bending loss decreases with increasing ring radius. Based on optical

lattice structure theory[3], the cascade structure is provided to obtain better characteristics.

II. DEVICE MODELING

Figure 1 shows an example of Multi-Coupled Ring Resonator with ring radius r. Out-1 and Out-2 are antiresonance and resonance outputs, respectively. In 1x2 interleavers, one outport is used to passthrough odd channels and the other port passthroughs even channels. Figure 1 illustrates that resonance wavelength is set to even channels.

In

Out-2

r

K

_a

K

b

K

b

K

_a

Batam– Indonesia | 7 – 8 May 2014

16

Fig. 1 MCRR Structure

Power coupling ratios from input waveguide to ring and from ring to output waveguide are denoted by Ka,

respectively. Power coupling ratios between two rings are denoted by Kb. The couplings between waveguide and ring,

and between two rings are assumed as symmetric directional couplers.

Fig. 2 Block Diagram for MCRR

There are some methods to analyze microring resonator. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is usually used if both time and space response of fields are required. However, it will consume much memory and calculation time. In this study, since only the steady-state characteristic of microring resonator is needed, transfer matrix method[4] is simpler to be used. Signal flow chart is also applied to derive transfer function of cascaded microring resonator. Figure 2 shows block diagram of MCRR cosisting of transfer matrices of directional coupler Hci and factor of double delay lines Hdj. Equations of Hci

and Hdj are defined in the following equations:

…(1) (2)

where  and r are propagation constant, attenuation factor of waveguides and ring radius, respectively. In this analysis we assume that propagation constants of ring and input-output waveguides are same. The waveguides are also assumed as single mode. The excess loss of coupler is also neglected.

Figure 2 can be expressed in terms of 4-ports network

equation as follows:       2 1 b b = _      22 21 12 11 H H H H       2 1 a a (3)

where b1, b2 and a1 are complex amplitude of electric field

in Out-1, Out-2 and input ports, respectively. In this study a₂

is zero. The elements of the transfer function (H11,H12,H21

and H22), which a function of Ki,  and , can be derived by

using signal flow chart. In this paper, evaluating of spectra characteristics is based on the transmittance spectrum of

Out-2 (resonance output).

III. ANALYSIS : Vernier Effect

MCRR has 3 closed loops i.e loop 1 (inner ring), loop 2 (outer ring) and loop 3 ( half of inner ring + half of outer ring ). The closed loops of MCRR are shown in the Fig 3.

Fig 3 Closed loop of MCRR

By assuming that ¼ of inner ring = l_in = 2

r



and ¼ of outer ring = l_out , such that the FSR of MCRR is :

) 4 ( ) 2 2 ( ) 4

( in in out out

mprr l neff c L l l neff c M l neff c N FSR    

,

(3.36)

The relationship between l_in, l_out , L, M, and N are :

M N

L  2

,

in

out l

N L

l 

,

(4)

Where : H_c1

In Out-1

u

v (1) (2 )

(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (3) H_c2 H c3 H_c4 H_d1 H d2 H d3 H_d4 w Out-2 u u

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17

) 1 2 (

2 



 N q

L ,q 1,2,3,... (5)

(b)

Fig 5, Frequency Response of MCRR

The proposed device was analyzed using transfer matrix and signal flow-graph methods . The parameters of the designed device are set as following N = 20, L = 21, M = 22 , Ka= 10-1 and Kb= 10-3. Fig 5b shown that the vernier

effect occuring on the MCRR. The result of FSR on MCRR is 4 THz . The Band width of MCRR is 4.5 GHz as shown in Fig 5a.

IV. CONCLUSION

Design of MCRR by applying the Vernier effect is proposed. A large FSR and Bandwidth have been obtained in this design.

REFERENCES

[1] M. Oguma, K. Jinguji, K. Kitoh, T. Shibata and A.

Himeno, “Flat-passband interleave filter with 200GHz

channel spacing based on planar lightwave circuit-type

lattice structure”, Elec. Lett., 36, pp.1299-2000, (2000)

[2] B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, H. A. Haus, J. Foresi and J.P.

Laine, “Microring resonator channel dropping filters”,

J. Lightwave Technol., 15, pp. pp.998-1005, (1997)

[3] K. Jinguji and M. Kawachi, “Synthesis of coherent

two-port lattice-form optical delay line circuit”, J. Lightwave Technol., 13, pp.73-82, (1995)

[4] J. Capmany and M.A. Muriel, “A new transfer matrix formalism for the analysis of fiber ring resonator: compound coupled structures for FDMA

demultiplexing”, J. Lightwave Technol., 8, pp.1904

-1919, (1990)

[5] H. Nishihara, M. Haruna and T. Suhara, “Optical

integrated circuits”, McGraw Hill, p.160, (1989)

.

-20 -10 0 10 20

-20 -10 0

Relative Optical Frequency [GHz]

Transmission [dB]

N=20,L=21,M=22 Ka=10

-1

,Kb=10 -3

4.5GHz -1dB

0

1

2

3

4

-40

-20

0

Relative Optical Frequency [THz]

Transmission [dB]

N

=20,

L

=21,

M

=22

K_a

=10

-1

,

K_b

=10

-3

(c)

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176

Technol. Vol. 21, pp. 224–230, 1987.

11. J. Staehelin and J. Hoigné, “Decomposition of ozone in water: rate

of initiation by hydroxide ions and hydrogen peroxide,” Environ.

Sci. Technol. Vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 676–681, 1982.

12. H. Tomiyasu, H. Fukutomi, and G. Gordon, “Kinetics and

mechanism of ozone decomposition in basic aqueous solution,”

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177

Development of Peat Water Treatment Technology

based Advanced Oxidation Processes with O

₃

-UV-H

₂

O

₂

Sutrisno Salomo Hutagalung1, Imamul Muchlis1, and Arjon Turnip2

1

Center for Research and Development of Calibration, Instrumentation, and Metrology

2_{Technical Implementation Unit for Instrumentation Development}

Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia

E-mails: salomo15314@yahoo.com, imamul56@gmail.com arjon.turnip@lipi.go.id

Abstract- Peat water found in swampy area that is charaterised with generally blackish brown in color, organic compounds containing high levels of humus and iron. Peat water is surface water from peaty land with a very striking characteristic as a brownish red color, containing high organic matter as well as a high enough iron, sour taste, power hydrogen (pH)about 3-5, and a low hardness . In this research, the peat water treatment technology using advanced oxidation processes with O3

-UV-H2O2 to be able to eliminate the content of humus acids and

organic compounds (i.e., makes blackish brown of peat water become clean) is developed. The laboratory test for three different sample of peat water indicated that the treatment water still contaminated with high organic matter with pH less than 7. It can be concluded that the proposed method still require an extended processing to produce consumable water.

Key words: Water treatment, Membrane filtration, Ozonation, Advanced oxidation processes, UV irradiation.

I. INTRODUCTION

The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere exceeds the limit of the earth's ability to neutralize them have led to climate change. Natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and the uncertainty of the season are the impact of climate change that requires immediate action in a framework known as the long-term sustainable development. Drought and the resulting uncertainty season countermeasures need more research to be done. For some specific areas such as Kalimantan and Sumatra that have areas with peatland has sufficient water sources but cannot be directly consumed [1]. The majority of wetland stakeholders in this area considered that human health and sanitation are the most important criteria of a list of challenges and water-related pressures. Yet, a methodology to integrate health risks and opportunities into peatland management plans has previously not been proposed, despite the clear links and substantial real-life challenges.

Peat water found in swampy area that is characterised with generally blackish brown in color, organic compounds containing high levels of humus and iron. Peat water is surface water from peaty land with a very striking characteristic as a brownish red color (124-850 units PtCo), containing high organic matter (138-1560 mg / l KMnO4) as

well as a high enough iron, sour taste, power hydrogen (pH) about 3-5, and a low hardness [2, 3]. pH is the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration in a water-based solution. To resolve these challenges and better use economical resources, various advanced treatment technologies have been proposed, tested, and applied to meet both current and anticipated treatment requirements. Among them, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and ultra violet light (UV) irradiation have been proven to successfully remove a wide range of challenging contaminants and hold great promise in water and wastewater treatment [4-6].AOPs have been broadly defined as near ambient temperature treatment processes based on highly reactive radicals, especially the hydroxyl (OH*) radical, as the primary oxidant [7]. The OH*radical is among the strongest oxidizing species used in water and waste water treatment and offers the potential to greatly accelerate the rates of contaminant oxidation.

In this research, the peat water treatment technology using AOPs to be able to eliminate the content of humus acids and organic compounds that makes blackish brown of peat water become clean is developed. AOPs process used in this study is a combination of ozone (O3) gas and

ultraviolet light. Research will be focused on the effectiveness of the use of AOPs. Some parameters such as flow rate, dosage of ozone gas and ultraviolet light would be required to obtain the raw water quality of water. Peat soil water will be treated by using AOPs combined with supporting methods such as sand filters, and carbon filters. At the end, the results of the laboratory test is evaluated with reference to the National Regulation No. 82 Year 2001as a standard of quality of the clean water [8].

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II. METHOD

Availability of a prototype design of the peat water treatment technology into clean water is really expected, and it will be able to assist rural and coastal communities that facing problems with clean and drink water. The prototype is developed using advanced oxidation processes with O3

-UVbased on hydroxyl radical(OH*) as the primary oxidant. The O3–UV process makes use of UV photons to activate

ozone molecules, thereby facilitating the formation of hydroxyl radicals [9]. Because the maximum absorption of ozone molecules is at 253.7 nm, the light source commonly used is a medium-pressure mercury lamp wrapped in a quartz sleeve. It can generate the UV light at a wavelength of 200–280 nm. The reaction mechanism starts with activating the ozone molecule by UV to form oxygen radicals, which then combine with water to form OH*radicals as follow[10]:

O3 + hv → O2 + O(1D) (1)

O(1D) + H2O → HO* + HO* (2)

O(1D) + H2O → HO* + HO*→H2O2 (3)

Thus, the O3–UV process resembles the O3–H2O2process in

terms of reaction mechanisms, and the increased rate of organic destruction can be explained by H2O2 catalyzed

decomposition of ozone. In normal cases, ozone itself will absorb UV light, competing with organic compounds for UV energy. The O3–UV process was initially developed by

Prengle etal. (1980) and patented by Garrison et al. (1975) for the destruction of wastewaters containing cyanide [11, 12]. Since then, it has been tested to oxidize aliphatic and aromatic chlorinated organic contaminants [7], natural organic matter (NOM) [10], and pesticides [13]. The results often showed that the O3–UV process was more effective

than ozone alone in terms of reaction rate and removal efficiency. Its use for the treatment of clear groundwater containing trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) had been commercialized by the early 1980s. However, the O3–UV–H2O2process is now considered less

economical compared with theO3–H2O2 and H2O2–UV

processes in most cases. The scheme system of the developed peat water treatment technology are shown in Fig. 1, with AC indicate an active carbon works as a filter unit and COD indicate chemical oxygen demand. COD is a measure of water pollution by organic substances that can naturally oxidized through microbiological processes and result in reduced dissolved oxygen in the water. The AOP system with 100 liter/hours works utilizing the hydroxyl radical generated from the reaction between the combination of O3-UV-H2O2 in water. The capacity of Ozone generator,

oxygen tube, and H2O2 with 50% concentrations are 10

gr/hours, 7 m3, and 1 liter, respectively. Activated carbon with capacity 1 liter works in helping the absorption process

of oxidation result (i.e., micro pollutants). The developed prototype technology is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1 Scheme of peat water treatment technology.

Fig.2 Prototype technology of peat water treatment using AOP with O3 -UV-H2O2.

Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by individual particles (total suspended or dissolved solids) that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality. In this works, the turbidity is measured using spectrofotometry meter. Governments have set standards on the allowable turbidity in drinking water. Systems that use conventional or direct filtration methods turbidity cannot be higher than 5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) at the plant outlet and all samples for turbidity must be less than or equal to 3 NTU for at least 95 percent of the samples. Color in water is most often due to dissolved organic matter. It too makes the water unpleasant to drink, often contributes tastes and odors, and causes staining of surfaces and materials touched by the water. Surface water usually has some color, but in contrast to turbidity, color is sometimes found in well waters. In this works, colors and odors are still tested using the smell and sight sense, respectively. Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula KMnO4. It is a salt

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179

consisting of K+ and ions. Formerly known as permanganate of potash or Condy's crystals, it is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple solutions, the evaporation of which leaves prismatic purplish-black glistening crystals [14]. Organic matter in the sample is oxidized by KMnO4 in acidic and heat conditions.

The rest of KMnO4 is reduced with an oxalic acid solution.

The rest of the oxalic acid is titrated back with KMnO4.

III. PRACTICAL APPLICATION AND LABORATORY RESEARCH

The advanced instrumentation technology of water and waste water treatment based AOP by combining O3

-UV-H2O2 with active carbon filter have been developed. Both

laboratory research and practical applications have demonstrated that these processes can reduce a broad spectrum of chemical and biological contaminants which are otherwise difficult to remove with conventional treatment processes. In this this research, three sample of water (three different colors: very brown, brown, and slightly brown) which taken from three different locations ((a) Rimbo Panjang Kecamatan Tambang Kampar, (b) Kampar Kiri Hilir Kampar, (c) Kecamatan Tapung Hilir Kampar in Riau province of Indonesia) as shown in Fig. 3 is used. Each sample is passed through developed system in Fig. 2 and the results are given in Fig. 4.

Fig. 3 Sampling location in Riau province of Indonesia: (a) Rimbo Panjang Kecamatan Tambang (very brown), (b) Kampar Kiri Hilir (brown), (c)

Kecamatan Tapung Hilir (sightly brown).

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4 Treated water using developed instrument technology.

For turbidity test of the treated water, the absorbance calibration curve are shown in Fig. 5 and the results are given in Table 1.

Fig. 5 Absorbance calibration curve for turbidity test.

TABLE 1. Concentration of the turbidity in the treated water

Code Absorbance Consentration (NTU)

a ∞ ∞ ( to thick)

b 0,109 21,78

c 0,05 10.84

From the measurement of turbidity in Table 1 shows that the three peat water samples have not fulfilling the requirements of drinking water by the Government. It is seen that all three samples had concentrations higher than 5 NTU (The Government requirements: turbidity should be less than 5 NTU).

The pH scale is a logarithmic scale that usually runs from 1 to 14. Each whole pH value below 7 (the pH of pure water) is ten times more acidic than the higher value and each whole pH value above 7 is ten times less acidic than the one below it. So, a strong acid may have a pH of 1-2, while a strong base may have a pH of 13-14. A pH near 7 is considered to be neutral. Using the pH meter, the value of the absorbance are shown in Table 2.

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TABLE 2. The pH of ware sample using pH meter code Absorbance

a 3,69

b 5,92

c 5,37

The obtained results in Table 2 shows that the pH values of the three water samples are less than 7. While the drinking water requirements by the Government should be between 6.5 to 8.5. It can be conclude that there is no water samples that meet the pH requirements. However, the treated water is achieve the clean water. Therefore, the proposed method using only AOP should be followed by a filtration which will increase the pH around 7.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

Laboratory test to the treated of peat water using AOP with O3-UV-H2O2 technology shows a significant

improvement water quality especially for the odor and color. It is indicates that the treated results can be used as a source of clean water. The improvement of the pH values were also achieved but still less than seven (3,69, 5, 96, and 5,37, respectively for each samples). It can be concluded that the peat water still require special processing before it can be used as a source of water for domestic purposes. Therefore, the modified of the developed system is needed such as since enlarge to increase the capacity, and its integration with others technology to increase the pH values around seven.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research was supported by the competitive program (No. 079.01.06.3404) through the Research Center for Economic, supporting facilities by Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology, and the Bandung Technical Management Unit for Instrumentation Development (Deputy for Scientific Services), funded by Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia.

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[4] M. Montaña, A. Camacho, I. Serrano, R. Devesa, L. Matia, I. Vallés,

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