ICRAMET 2013 Proceedings

Proceedings of the 7th National Radar Seminar And International Conference On

Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics And Telecommunications (ICRAMET) 2013

“Developing Regional and International Scientific Cooperations”

Editor

Mashury Wahab

Yadi Radiansah

Technical Editor

Arief Nur Rahman

Octa Heriana

Hana Arisesa

Taufiqqurrachman

Arief Budi santiko

Layout and Cover

Dicky Desmunandar

ISSN : 1979-2921

Published by :

Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication

Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Kampus LIPI Jl. Sangkuriang Bandung 40135

Phone : +62 22 2504660

Fax : +62 22 2504659

COMMITTEE

Advisory Chair

Prof. Dr. Lukman Hakim, LIPI Chairman Prof. Dr. Akhmaloka, ITB Rector

Prof. Dr. Leo P. Ligthart, IRCTR-I

Steering Committee

Syahrul Aiman, LIPI Hiskia Sirait, LIPI

Josaphat Tetuko S.S., Chiba Univ. Raja Syamsul Azmir A., UPM Malaysia Eko Tjipto Raharjo, UI

Fitri Yuli, UI

Mashury Wahab, LIPI Yuyu Wahyu, LIPI Goib Wiranto, LIPI Purwoko Adhi, LIPI Syamsu Ismail, LIPI Rr. Widhya Yusi S, LIPI

Arwin D.W. Sumari, MABES AU Eko Setijadi, ITS

Achmad Mauludiyanto, ITS Suwadi, ITS

Andriyan B. Suksmono, ITB Nana Rachmana, ITB Adit Kurniawan, ITB Sholeh Hadi P, UNIBRAW A. Andaya Lestari, IRCTR-I Endon Bharata, IRCTR-I Edy Siradj, Balitbang Kemhan Hammam Riza, BPPT

Technical Program Committee Chairman

Yadi Radiansah

Vice Chairman

Zaenul Arifin

Secretariat

Lisdiani Poppy Sumarni Noorfiya Umniyati

Finance Division

Wawat Karwati Zaenul Arifin

Program Division

I Dewa Putu Hermida Dadin Mahmudin Emil Kristanti Novita Dwi Susanti

Publication Division

Arief Nur Rahman Dicky Desmunandar Hana Arisesa Octa Heriana Fajri Darwis Taufiqqurrachman Arief Budi Santiko

Documentation & Exhibition Division

Endang Ridwan Nani Haryati Eko Joni P Patricius Sriyono

Equipment & Transportation Division

Anna Kristina T Aseni

Sugiantoro Isman Sugiharto Luay Lugina

PREFACE

Dear colleagues,

On behalf of the Chairman Organizing Committee of The 7th National Radar Seminar and the 2nd International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics and Telecommunications (ICRAMET) 2013, I would like to thank to all the participants for their participation during the Seminar and Conference that was hold in Surabaya on March 27th & 28th, 2013.

I would like to specifically express my gratitude to the Chairman of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Prof Dr. Lukman Hakim, who was officially opened the Seminar and Conference. To the distinguished speakers : Mr. Hari Purwanto, he is the advisor to the Defense and Security of The State Ministry of Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia; to Mr. Asif Q Moosa (Director Business Development and Strategy), Northrop Grumman Corporation Electronic System, ISR Systems Division, USA; to Prof. Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo Ph.D, he is from Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Japan; to Dr. Andaya Lestari, from International Research Centre for Telecommunications and Radar-Indonesia and to Dr. Wolfgang-Martin Boerner, he is the director UIC-ECE Communications, Sensing & Navigation Laboratory, Chicago, USA.

This proceeding consists of 32 scientific papers. Some of these papers were presented as oral presentations and the rests were presented as poster presentations. This Seminar and Conference would not be hold successfully without contribution of the Speakers, the Authors, the Advisory Committees and the members of the Organizing Committees. Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to all of them for their active participation in The 7th National Radar Seminar and the 2nd International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics and Telecommunications (ICRAMET) 2013.

Bandung, 23 April, 2013

Chairman of the Organizing Committee

List of Papers

1. Tracking System for Monitoring Transjakarta Bus using RFID (Samudra, Yaya Suryana, Rona Regen and Hendy Nurjaya) ... 1 2. Design and Realization of Microstrip Band Pass Filter with Interdigital Structure At 3400-3600 Mhz

for LTE Application (Nori Afrianto, Saleh Dwi Mardiyanto and Yuyu Wahyu) ... 7 3. Collinear Array Antenna Operates At A Frequency 900 MHz With Ldf (Low Density Foam) Coaxial

Cable (Topik Teguh Estu, Sulistyaningsih and Sri Hardiati)... 10 4. Co-Channel Interference in Broadband Satellite Communication Systems (Syahfrizal Tahcfulloh)... 14 5. Meteor Wind Radar Application for the study the dynamics of the behavior of neutral winds

(Mesosfer) above Kototabang and Biak station (Effendy) ... 17 6. Performance Analyzes of Video on Demand Over IP Multimedia Subsystem On Wired and Wireless

Access Network (Indrarini Dyah Irawati and Ratna Mayasari) ... 25 7. Array Planar Antenna Using Thick Film on Alumina Substrate for X band Radar (Yuyu Wahyu, Yussi

Perdana Saputera and I Dewa Putu Hermida) ... 30 8. Spiral Antenna for Electronic Support Measures (ESM) Applications 2-18 GHz (Yussi Perdana

Saputera,Yuyu Wahyu, Mashury Wahab and Folin Oktafiani)... 35 9. Double Bow-Tie Antenna Tringular Slot For TV Broadcasting Applications (Sulistyaningsih, Topik

Teguh Estu and Sri Hardiati)... 40 10. Irrawaddy Dolphin Monitoring Using SSBL System in Mahakam River (Donny Fahrochi, Idris

Mandang, Harumi Sugimatsu, Bohari Yusuf, Arya Misbahul, Ashadi Arifin Nur, Ansorullah Jamal, Tamaki Ura, Junichi Kojima and Tomohiro Kawabata) ... 44 11. Design and Development of polarimetric SAR System for Light Surveillance Aircraft - LAPAN

(Musyarofah, Rahmat Arief and Ayom Widipaminto) ... 47 12. Softswitch Network Elements to Support Next Generation Networks (Subekti Ari Santoso,

Pramuditoruni Gitomojati and Suci Rahmatia) ... 52 13. Extraction Methods for EEG-P300 Signals Performance Improvement and Its Application for BCI

(Arjon Turnip, Demi Soetraprawata and Hanif Fakhrurroja) ... 56 14. SAR Raw Data Compression based on Compressive Sensing (Rahmat Arief, Musyarofah and

Kalamullah Ramli) ... 61 15. Miniaturization Design of Horn Antenna Metal Rods Addition Technique for S-Band Applications

(Fitri Yuli Zulkifli, Muhammad Ichsan, Basari, Eko Tjipto Rahardjo) ... 67 16. Solar Panel Assembly For Power Source CCTV-IP Camera Control System (Pamungkas Daud, Eko

17. RF Power amplifier Using LDMOS Transistors Technology Components for Digital TV Broadcasting Application (Pamungkas Daud, Suhana Hermana and Dadin Mahmudin) ... 73 18. Design of Comb-Line Band-Pass-Filters Using Rod Rectangular Shaped Resonators for Surveillance

Radar (Folin oktafiani, Pamungkas Daud and Dadin Mahmudin) ... 76 19. Characterization Of Dyes Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) which used TiO2 Scattering Layer (Lilis

Retnaningsih, Lia Muliani and Goib Wiranto) ... 80 20. Photonic Beam-Former Based on Micro-Ring Resonators for Phased Array Antennas in Radar

Applications (Dadin Mahmudin, Yudi Yuliyus, Folin O, Pamungkas Daud and Yusuf NW) ... 84 21. Simulation and Design of compact X-Band Bandpass Filter using Microstrip Stub Resonator with

Band Notch Structures (Hana Arisesa, Taufiqqurrachman and Novita Dwi Susanti) ... 86 22. Research and Development on RF Head and Baseband Processing of Electronic Support Measures

(ESM) (Mashury Wahab, Daday Rudiyat, Arief Budi Santiko and Novita Dwi Susanti) ... 90 23. Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement Of Proximity Coupled Microstrip Antenna Using Side Parasitic

Patch (Taufal Hidayat, Fitri Yuli Zulkifli, Basari and Eko Tjipto Rahardjo) ... 95 24. Nonlinear Indepencent Component Analysis for P300 Component (Arjon Turnip, Aris munandar and

Hilman Syaeful Alam) ... 99 25. Design and Implementation of 2-Way Wilkinson Power Divider at 4.928GHz Frequency for Radar

System (Taufiqqurrachman and Arief Nur Rahman) ... 104 26. Process Design of Interconnected Grid Z-type Dye Solar Cell Sub-Modules (Lia Muliani and Jojo

Hidayat) ... 109 27. Design of Web Based Radars Data Integration System (Octa Heriana and Arief Nur Rahman) ... 113 28. Security System for Surveillance Radar Network Communication (Nova Hadi Lestriandoko and

Tutun Juhana) ... 116 29. Comparison of Radar Data Compression Tools for Indonesian Surveillance Radar (ISRA) (Nuryani

and Hendrawan) ... 122 30. Design and Fabrication of Compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter for C-Band Application

(Taufiqqurrachman and Fajri Darwis) ... 127 31. Design of Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna with Rugby Ball Slot for Ultra Wideband Applications

(Rudy Yuwono and Prilla Wendaria) ... 130

Tracking System for Monitoring Transjakarta Bus

using RFID

Samudra1 Yaya Suryana1,2 Rona Regen1 Hendy Nurjaya1

1 _{Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology}

University Al Azhar Indonesia

2 _BPPT

Email :

samsamudra91@yahoo.com, yaya.suryana@gmail.com, ronaregen@gmail.com, elektro_uai_hendy@yahoo.com

Abstract— RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is an identification system using radio waves. In this research, RFID was built to detect the presence of transjakarta bus in each bus station. This RFID was designed using an AVR ATMega 16 as a microcontroller, YS1020UA as a reader and YS-CS20S RF as a data transceiver. ATMega 16 microcontroller is a chip where ID data tag is stored. ID data from microcontroller is transmitted by YS-C20S RF data transceiver and received by YS1020UA. The data then sent to local computer at the bus station through RS232 serial communication. Data from local computer will be saved in the database at the server computer. The database can be accessed by another computer in each bus station. The performance evaluation of wireless serial communication between YS-C20S and YS1020UA can be obtained by changing the range of transmission from 5 meter, 15 meter, 20 meter, 30 meter, and 35 meter. The user interface application is designed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6. The experimental result showed that the optimal transmission range is for the distace less than 30 meter. The optimal baud rate for speed and less bit error in serial communication between tag, reader and pc is 9600 bps.

Keywords : RFID, bus way, bus station, data base, ATMEga16, YS1020UA, YS-C20S RF data transceiver.

I. INTRODUCTION

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a matured technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person [1]. RFID chips contain a radio transmitter that emits a coded identification number when queried by a reader device. Some RFID tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. The application of bulk reading enables an almost-parallel reading of tags. This small type is incorporated in consumer products, and even implanted in pets, for identification. RFID has come

into increasing use in industry as an alternative to the bar code. The advantage of RFID is that it does not require direct contact or line-of-sight scanning. An RFID system consists of three components: an antenna and transceiver (often combined into one reader) and a transponder (the tag). The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder. When being activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna. The data is used to notify a programmable logic controller that an action should be done. The action could be as simple as raising an access gate or as complicated as interfacing with a database to carry out a monetary transaction. Low-frequency RFID systems (30 KHz to 500 KHz) have short transmission ranges (generally less than six feet). High-frequency RFID systems (850 MHz to 950 MHz and 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz) offer longer transmission ranges (more than 90 feet). In general, the higher the frequency the more expensive the system.

RFID application that will be discussed on this research is transjakarta bus tracking system using RFID. The use RFID as tracking system on transjakarta busway will facilitate the transjakarta information center to find out the position of each bus transjakarta. Besides that, there are some complaints in the

field suara anda [9] on the web http://www.transjakarta.co.id/

discussing about late arrival of transjakarta bus at the bus stop and length of waiting time for passenger on bus stop for arrival the bus.

Facility for transjakarta busway manager in regulating bus pass in a corridor will have an effect comfortable enhancement for the passenger, this is because the easily setting the active bus in a corridor will impact the timeliness and less waiting time for the passenger at bus stop.

RFID tag will be installed in each transjakarta bus, and RFID reader will be installed at every bus stop. Every time the bus crossed the bus stop, RFID reader at bus stop will read the unique number from RFID tag at bus as bus identity number.

RFID reader will forward the data from the bus to host computer through serial communication RS232, host computer

will store every movement of the bus to database in server computer. Interface between reader, computer, and database is done by the application that created by using visual basic software.

Figure 1. Description of Tracking System

This research is limited on the developing of RFID system design and the interface between the RFID to a computer using Microsoft Visual Basic software and creates a database system to store data that can be accessed from another computer in a network.

1.1 Objectives

Based on the existing background, the author aims to design an RFID system for transjakarta bus and bus stop, and interface between RFID systems, computer, and database by using Microsoft Visual Basic software. The author hopes the results of this research can be used to facilitate the transjakarta busway manager on improving the service for the passenger when they wait for the bus at bus stop.

II. BASIC THEORY

In this chapter the basic theory of the final project will be discussed. The explain of microcontroller, RFID, Interface System, and Database System.

2.1 Radio Communication

Radio communication is wireless communication that use radio frequency as carrier frequency. Working principle of radio communication is described by figure 2 below

Figure 2. Radio Communication System

Information or data transmission in radio communication is done using modulation method, which is sending data by using a carrier frequency. Figure 3 below is represent Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM).

Figure 3. AM and FM Signal Modulation

2.2 RFID

RFID or Radio frequency identification represents a way of identifying object or people using radio waves. Identification is possible by means of unique numbers that identify object, people, and information stored on microchip [2].

The history of RFID is beginning at 1945 when Leon Theremin invented a spy tools for Uni Soviet that can be

retransmitted voice information with radio frequency [7].Even

though this device was a covert listening device, not an identification tag, it is considered to be a predecessor of RFID technology.

RFID is mostly used in security application, for example a smartcard that used as a key to access entrance a room. Only certain people who have a smartcard that is allowed to enter the room. RFID system is comprised of two main components, that is RFID Tag, and RFID reader.

2.2.1 Working principles of RFID

The basic principle of RFID system is to transfer stored data from a tag to a reader across a wireless air interface, and the media used is radio frequency. The data received by reader will be forwarded to computer to go to next process. Working principle of RFID system in this research is describe by figure 4 below

Figure 4. RFID System

2.3 Serial Communication.

Digital data transmission methods are generally divided into two ways, there are parallel and serial data transmission. In serial data transmission, data is sent one by one. While the parallel data transmission, data is sent at the same time together. Because the process of serial data transmission data is sent one by one so one advantage in serial data transmission is more saving data paths than parallel data transmission. The different of sending data principle between serial

communications with parallel communication is shown as figure 5 below.

Figure 5. Serial and parallel communication principle

Serial port on computer is DB9. Serial data communication is done by using DB9 serial port. By using this port information can be sent from or to computer. DB9 serial port has 9 pins that have a different function on each pin. Pin configuration of DB9 port serial as shown by figure 2.17 below:

Figure 6. Pin configuration of DB9 serial port [3]

2.4 RF Data Transceiver

To be able sending data serial over the air, needed a device that can make the process of laying a digital data to the carrier frequency with high frequency, and then transmitted to the air.

The devices that can do it are YS 1020 UA and YS-C20S.

2.5 Database System

Database system is one of the most important in this project, because each event will be stored to database. Database system to be used in this project is server application database that allows the database can accessed from another computer with same network.

Database application that used in this project is XAMPP software that already integrated with MySQL database server.

2.6 Visual Basic Application

In this project, visual basic application handles two things at once, there are serial interface and database connection [6].

2.6.1 Visual Basic for serial interface

The main purpose of interfacing a device with computer is as means of exchanging data between device and computer [8]. A serial communication between device and computer requires hardware connection and software connection.

Hardware connection is made by connecting the computer with YS1020UA, but to process the data received is required software connection. Software connection is made by visual basic application.

Component of visual basic that used to handle software connection is Microsoft Communication Control or called MSComm Control. Some property that can be set from this

component are CommPort, DTREnable, EOFEnable,

HandShaking, InBuferSize, InputMode, OutBufferSize,

RThreshold, SHreshold, Settings, Input, Output.

2.6.2 Visual Basic for database connection

Visual basic has component that used to setting database connection, which is Microsoft Active Data Object Data Control or called MS ADO data control. MS ADO data control need some object to can connect to a database, there are as followings.

 Connection, that is an objek which can open connection

with database

 ConnectionString, that is string that contain information

about database to be accessed. ConectionString containing, server address, database name, user name, password user, and provider of database.

 Recordset. That is a variable whivh used to store data in

column and row. This object is similar with array/matriks but is devoted to database.

 Query String, which is a string which containing access

transaction commands. Language program that used in database programming is Structured Query Language (SQL).

Table, that is an object contained in database which the function is save data in column and row.

III. METHOD

Literature review aims to collect data which related with RFID system for bus tracking system such as collecting basic theory of the component used, electronics and software, minimum system of AVR ATMega16 microcontroller, YS1020UA and YS-C20S RF data transceiver, and LM7805 voltage regulator, serial communication, database application, and visual basic application.

IV. DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND ANALYSIS

Working principle of transjakarta bus tracking system using RFID can be described in the figure 7 below:

Figure 7. System Overview

Each bus will be installed a tag that have a unique number as ID [4]. Every time a bus passes a bus stop, tag on bus will send data ID information to the reader that has been installed at every bus stop. Data read by the reader will be forwarded to computer via serial communication RS232.

Figure 8. Block Diagram System

Block diagram of RFID system is shown in figure 8 above. Data entered into computer through serial port will be processed by visual application using MSComm component, one of visual basic components which has function to handle serial communication.

Input property from MSComm will gather data from tag as bus ID, by using visual basic data can be displayed on display at bus stop. Data from MSComm will be saved to database at server computer through MS ADO data control.

Data on the server computer will be reference for display at all bus stops to shows bus position. The system network topology is illustrated by figure 9 below :

Figure 9. System Network Topology

All of bus stop will save each data arrival bus in one database at server computer. The database at server computer can be accessed by another computer by using XAMPP software.

4.1 MYSQL as Database Server

MySQL is software that used to handle database service. database used by the system is created and managed using MySQL.

Database is collection of information stored in computer, database is usually used for record reality life data, for example the availability rooms in hotels, or other. In database there are several tables, tables is collection of data in row and columns.

Based on accessibility, database can be divided in two kinds, local database and remote database.

Local database is database in a computer and being accessed from the same computer. Different from local database, remote database is a database in a computer but being accessed from another computer.

4.2 Visual Basic Application Design

Visual basic application is used at bus stop to display preference of bus and delay time the bus to arrive at next stop.

Figure 11. Flowchart of Visual Basic Program

4.3 Testing and Analysis

The test includes hardware and software testing. Hardware testing is including minimum system of microcontroller test, serial communication test, and RF communication test. Software testing is including database connection test, interface display test, and database system. After testing of each component is done, the next step is analyzing the suitability result with expectation.

The testing process is aimed to show us whether the microcontroller, RF data transceiver, and the whole system are work properly as we expected or not.

Following are the components that will be tested:

1. AVR atmega16 [5]

2. Serial communication

3. RF data transceiver

4. MySQL database

5. Database connection with VB

6. Display bus position with VB

V. RESULTS

Target to be achieved from this test is to determine reliability from this RF data transceiver for this system. Testing is done by finding farthest distance from the RF transceiver to communicate data. Testing is conducted in two places, line of sight and non-line of sight.

Devices required on this test are:

1. DC Power supply

2. RF data transceiver

3. Minimum system microcontroller AtMega16

4. Computer

5. Visual basic or HyperTerminal software

Table 4.2. Distance testing result

Distance (meter) LOS N-Los Moved

5 √ √ √

10 √ √ √

15 √ x x

20 √ x x

25 √ x x

30 √ x x

35 x x x

Based on the result, it can be concluded that the specification of RF data transceiver is qualified for used in this project. RF data transceiver required in this project is RF data transceiver with less range area to keep the accuracy of estimated bus arrival time.

5.1 Database connection using VB

Visual basic is an application that compatible to make database connection, database that be created using MySql. Visual basic needs some object to connect the database. The components are described in chapter 2. Target of this test is to determine the reliability of visual basic to access database from another computer using IP address.

Devices required in this test are:

1. Server computer

2. Computer client

3. AppServ or XAMPP software

4. Visual basic software

5. ODBC driver

ODBC is MySQL internal driver which is a connector that run in windows operating system. With the ODBC MySQL can interact with applications on windows, one of which is visual basic.

Figure 12. Block diagram VB to database connection

5.2 Display bus position with VB

Presence of the bus will displayed at each bus stop display, the display shows the positions of the bus and predicted arrival time to next stop. Target of this test is the display system can work properly according to the presence of bus on database.

Figure 13. Display Arrival Bus

Figure 14. Display Departure Bus

Based on figure 13 and figure 14 above, it is shown that the display system can work properly. Arrival and departure of the bus will be recorded to database, and the display system will displayed preference and time prediction based on database.

VI. CONCLUSIONSANDFUTUREWORK

6.1 Conclusions

The experimental result showed that the optimal transmission range is for the distance less than 30 meter. The optimal baud rate for speed and less bit error in serial communication between tag, reader and pc is 9600 bps. Also it was found that the optimal transmission and reception of 8

byte data asynchronously is 0,045 second. Finally, the user interface application designed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6 is effectively connected the database between server and client.

6.2 Future Work

For further development of transjakarta bus tracking system using RFID, it is needed to test this system on the field directly. This project need to be improved, especially in some features as follow : this system can be combined with GPS system, so that the system can read the movement of the bus in more detail (countdown a minutes or second for each station); driver on the bus can send the information to the data center about what happening on the way.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thank you for my mother, father, and sister. University Al Azhar Indonesia, Electrical Engineering Department, Mr. Yaya Suryana, Ph.D, Rona Regen, Hendy Nurjaya and other friends.

REFERENCES

[1] Chiagozie, G. Ononiwa, Nwaji, G. Okorafor. 2012. “Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Attendance System with Automatic Door Unit”. Nigeria: Academic Research International.

[2] Lehpamer, Harvey. 2008. “RFID Design Principles”. Norwood: Artech House.

[3] Munawar, Aris. 2007. “Pengembangan Sistem Layanan Informasi dan Sistem Pengingat Jadwal otomatis Menggunakan Modul GSM”. Jakarta: Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia.

[4] Anugrah, Rofanaharto. 2008. “Sistem Pelacak Bus Kampus dengan Menggunakan Modul DT-51 LCMS dan Wireless YS 1020 RF Data Transceiver”. Depok: Universitas Indonesia

[5] Mulyana, Reza. 2010. “Early Warning System For Monitoring DLC Using SIM300 GSM Modules and ATMega8535 Microcontroller For PT. Telkom Tbk Kandatel NAD”. Jakarta: Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia.

[6] http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh127540.

“Visual Basic Property”, 23th August 2012.

[7] http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1338. “The

History of RFID Technology”. 29th June 2012.

[8] http://technologination.blogspot.com/2011/06/tutorial-menampilkan-data-dari-port.html. “Interface

Microcontroller and Computer with Visual Basic”. 30th

June 2012.

[9] http://www.transjakarta.co.id/suara.php. “Suara Anda”.

29th _{August 2012.}

DISSCUSSION

Hana Arisesa : The problem of RFID application is about the distance, how could you solve that? Why the most effective range is 10 meter?

Samudra : In a future work it needs any improvement, 10 meter is the most effective range because there are much noise disturbance, consist of tree and vehicles around the shelter.

Design and Realization of Microstrip Band Pass Filter

with Interdigital Structure At 3400-3600 Mhz

for LTE Application

Nori Afrianto1, Saleh Dwi Mardiyanto1, and Yuyu Wahyu2

1 _{Faculty of Electrical and Communication, Telkom Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia}

noeyanto@gmail.com, salehdm@gmail.com

2_{Electronics and Telecommunication Research Centre (PPET), LIPI, Bandung, Indonesia}

yuyuwahyusr@yahoo.com

Abstract—Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an advanced standard of wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals. In this paper, a design and realization of a Band Passs Filter (BPF) at one of LTE frequency band, namely band 42 at 3.400 MHz-3.600 MHz will be presented.

The BPF was designed as a Chebyshev response filter based on microstrip with interdigital structure. Measurement results of this BPF are as follows; insertion loss at centre frequency 13.763 dB, VSWR > 1.196 at frequency range, return loss 14.292 dB, terminal impedance 59.242 + j30.387 (input) 52.386 – j21.372 (output). Hence, the results of VSWR, bandwidth, and return loss had fulfilled the specifitation required, while insertion loss and terminal impedance had not.

Keywords — Band Pass Filter; Microstrip; Interdigital structure; LTE frequency band

I. INTRODUCTION

As an advanced standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals with data rate of 100 Mbit/s for downlink and 50 Mbit/s uplink, Long Term Evolution (LTE) requires a wideband filter and has many proposed frequency bands. This paper designed and realized a Band Passs Filter (BPF) at one of LTE frequency band, namely band 42 at 3.400 MHz-3.600 MHz used in United Kingdom.

Filter design was done firstly with dimension calculations, and then AWR 2008 software was used for optimization. Filter fabrication was done by photoetching process. After realization, filter was tested using a Network Analyzer.

II. MICROSTRIPFILTERWITHINTERDIGITAL

STRUCTURE

A. Band Pass Filter[1]

A BPF is a filter that passes signals in between two cut-off

frequencies and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that

range. The Chevyshev polynomial is expressed as:

                   1 ) cosh cosh( 1 ) cos cos( 2 1 1 2 1 x for x n x for x n x T x xT x

T_{n n n}

(1)

A mathematical approach in designing a Chebyshev response for insertion loss is defined in the following equation.

 IL1a_m2T_n2

 

'  

where a_m is ripple factor, n is filter order.

B. Microstrip with Interdigital Structure [2]

Figure 1. A Microstrip

A microstrip line consists of a single dielectric substrat with a ground plane and a strip with width W. The dielectric substrat

defines the relative dielectric contstant (r) and tan .

A microstrip band pass filter has many resonator structures, namely combline, interdigital, end-coupled, parallel-coupled, hairpin, and etc. In this paper interdigital structure was used.

Figure 2. A Wideband Interdigital Structure

The microstrip transmission characteristic parameters are

effective dielectric constant εeff and characteristic impedance

Zo.

2 1 12 1 2 1 2 1             W h r r eff  

 (3)

2 3 4 5

n-1 1

            _    444 . 1 ln 667 . 0 4 . 1 120 0 h W h W Z eff  

(4) (2.6)

Ratio W_h can be defined as:

 For high impedance region

2

8

2 _

 _AA e

e h

W _{; for}

2  h W (5) where             r r r r Z A   

 0.11

23 . 0 1 1 2 1 60 0

(6) (2.8)

 For low impedance region





 

                       r r r _B B B h W     61 . 0 39 . 0 1 ln 2 1 1 2 ln 1 2

; (7)

for W_h2, where (2.9)

Z r B   0 2 377  (8) Resonator length (L) and physical length (Lt) were defined as:

L= =



r

(9) Lt = (10)

(2.10)

III. DESIGNANDREALIZATION

The band pass filter has a specification as follows:

 Band Frequency 3.400MHz – 3.600MHz

 Filter type : Chebyshev, ripple 0.1 dB

 Insertion Loss : 0.5 dB,

 Return Loss ≥ 12 dB,

 VSWR ≤ 1.5, Terminal impedance 50Ω

A. Filter Dimension

1) Dielectric Material

For dielectric material, substrat Roger4003C was chosen

for it has a small loss in high frequency. The substrat has the following specifications :

 Dielectric thickness : h = 1.65 mm

 Relative permittivity : r = 4.4

 Copper thickness : t = 0.035 mm

2) Filter Order and Parameters

From (1) and (2) with ωx’> 1, the order of the filter in is

4.7021 ≈ 5. With ripple 0,1 dB, for n=5, the LPF prototype

parameters are: g1 = g5 = 1,1468; g2 = g4= 1,3712; and g3 =

1,975

3) Line Width (W) and Tap Width (Wo)

Line width was calculated from (5) and (6). With PCB

FR4 Epoxy, = 0.894999≤ 2, so theoritically the line width

was 1.4767mm.

From (7) and (8), tap width (Wo) was calculated. equals 1.913350, or Wo = 3.157mm.

4) Resonator Length (L) and Physical Length (Lt)

Resonator length was defined in (9), where r was

calculated from(3). So the resonator length was 12,07 mm.

From (10) physical length was 9,13 mm.

B. PCB Layout

After calculations, filter design was optimized in AWR software and then drawn in PCB layout.

Figure 3. PCB Layout

C. Realization

Figure 4. Filter Realization

IV. MEASUREMENTRESULTSANDANALYSIS

A. Insertion Loss

Figure 5. Insertion Loss

From the figure insertion loss was measured 13.763 dB,

which means it did not fulfilled the required specification. This could be caused by bad port soldering and impedance

matching between ports. While the pass band was already 200 Mhz at 3500 – 3600 MHz.

B. Return Loss

Figure 6. Return Loss

Return loss was measured 14.292 dB. This already fulfilled the required specification.

C. VSWR

Figure 7. VSWR

The VSWR measured was 1.196 at centre frequency, and 1.106 at cutoff frequency. This already fulfilled the required specification.

D. Terminal Impedance

Figure 8. Input Impedance

Figure 9. Output Impedance

Input impedance was measured 59.242 + j30.387 Ohm and output impedance 52.386 – j21.372 Ohm. This measurement was not so close to the required impedance 50 Ohm. This could be caused by bad soldering of connectors.

CONCLUSION

The Band Pass Filter realized was not perfect yet and needs improvement. Some of the parameters fulfilled the requirements and some did not. The measurement results of VSWR, bandwidth, and return loss had fulfilled the specifitation required, while insertion loss and terminal impedance had not.

REFERENCES

[1] Bowick, Christ, “RF Circuit Design,” Newnes Elsevier Science, UK, 1982

[2] Hong, Jia-Sheng, M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications,” New York: A Wiley Interscience Publication, 2001 [3] Seviana, Rahma Pratami, “Perancangan dan Realisasi Bandpass Filter

Pada Frekuensi 5925MHz - 6425MHz Berbasis Mikrostrip,” Laporan Proyek Akhir, Program Studi D3 Teknik Telekomunikasi, IT Telkom Bandung, 2011.

[4] Sulaiman, Enceng, “Diktat kuliah : Filter,” Bandung. 2009

[5] http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-frequency-spectrum.php (4 January 2012)

[6] http://www.dailywireless.org/2012/03/05/uk-broadband-td-lte-at-3-5ghz/, 2 July 2012

[7] http://www.ukbroadband.com/about-us/press-releases/press-release-1, 3 July 2012

[8] http://arhyblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/filter-gelombang-mikro.html, 4 July 2012

DISSCUSSION

Collinear Array Antenna Operates at a Frequency 900

MHz With LDF (Low Density Foam) Coaxial Cable

Topik Teguh Estu, Sulistyaningsih, and Sri Hardiati

Research Centre For Electronics And Telecommunication – Indonesian Institute Of Sciences Kampus LIPI Gd. 20 Lt. 4 Jl. Sangkuriang Bandung 40135, Indonesia

E-mail: topikteg@ppet.lipi.go.id

Abstract— This paper discusses the design and realization of Collinear Array Antenna made from LDF coaxial cable that will be applied for GSM (Global System Mobile). This collinier antenna operates at a frequency of 870 MHz - 960 MHz, which is a type of λ / 2 dipole antenna and made of LDF coaxial cable and the cable containing a corugated cooper. Collinier antenna contains an array of a λ/2 dipole antenna by the number of 21 pieces. The measurement results obtained from the realization of the antenna is follow 11 dB gain ,1.3 dB VSWR and omnidirectional radiation pattern. From these results estimated collinier antenna can be applied to GSM mounted on the BTS (Base T ransceiver Station)

Keywords: Omnidirectional antenna, collinear array, GSM antenna.

I. INTRODUCTION

Antenna is a very important part in the communication system, coupling energy between the transmitter or receiver and propagation media. In recent years , the field of mobile communication technologies is develop with rapidly, thus mobile communication networks, such as the Global System for mobile communications is increasing, this growth is apparent in developing countries. BTS (Base Transceiver Systems) is a transceiver radio link to handle relations with the Mobile Station (MS) requires an antenna with a requirement that can be used on the developing network systems. Therefore, this paper discusses the research of collinear array antenna, where the antenna is planned to have an omni-directional radiation pattern is expected to meet and follow of the network development for the purpose of GSM Base Stations.

Collinear array antenna designed for GSM to operate in frequency range of 870 MHz to 960 MHz with an omni-directional radiation pattern, where the antenna consists of an

array of λ / 2 dipole antenna with the same length, and these made are parallel so as to form a long line and each the λ / 2

dipole antenna that one another properly connected. A collinear array antenna is usually mounted vertically and the

λ/2 dipole antenna elements are added by means stacked one

on top of another antenna, so that the gain and directivity are increased in the horizontal plane.

This antenna is designed with more of one λ /2 dipole

antenna with number of 21 elements reaches a value of gain > 10 dB and those collinear antenna was placed in radome. The measuring results of collinear array antennas are estimated to be applicable on the BTS.

II. METHODOLOGY

A. Dipole antenna

Dipole antenna consists of two terminals or poles where the antenna is the most widely used as a base antenna. The basic

form of a dipole antenna in the form of the single-wire or λ/2

conductor pipe and it is fed on the symmetrically center point where the maximum current value Distribution along the dipole is sinusoidal roughly , eventually to zero. This current causes the related voltage and the electromagnetic signals or the radio signal to be emitted.

Single dipole antenna is a resonant antenna having a total length of the carrier frequency. Single dipole antenna also called half-wave dipole antenna. Single dipole antenna is a dipole antenna type that is often used, because it is more

efficient. The λ / 2 dipole antenna [1] is shown in Figure 1:

Figure 1 : λ / 2 dipole antenna

The shape of the radiation pattern of a dipole antenna is bi-directional or 2 direction are perpendicular to the plane of the antenna (broadside direction).

Dipole antenna may comprise only one wire called single wire dipole, it also could be a two wire, where wire ends are

connected is called two-wire folded dipole. And dipole antenna consists 3 wires that spliced ends called three wire folded dipole. In this the dipole antenna design using a single wire dipole antenna with a LDF coaxial cable, which is the dipole antenna length theoretically can not yet directly used because of environmental factors at each location is different.

B. Radiation Pattern and Gain of Antenna

The antenna emits radio signals progressively, where farther the antenna from the receiver, become weaker the signal received by the receiver. The weakening of the radio signal emission of antenna is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Another characteristic of the antenna is that the power is emitted in different directions tend to be the same. Radio emission by a vertical antenna has the same strength in all directions of the wind, the emission of this kind is called omni-directional. So, the omni-directional antenna is an antenna that has a uniform radiation pattern

Gain (directive gain) of an antenna is an antenna characteristic related with the ability of the antenna to the direct radiation signal or signal received. Gain is a form of comparison with the units used are decibels (dB), which can then be seen [1,2]

C. Collinear Antenna

collinear antenna consists of two metal conductors or cables, and collinear oriented parallel to each other, with little gap in the center of that two conductor. Collinear antenna contains a row dipole antenna, theoretically the antenna length [4] can be calculated using equation 1:

0

2 xV

f c

L_ c _[1]

Where :

L is the length of a dipole antenna. c is the speed of light.

f is the frequency of operation Vo is the velocity factor.

D. Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable [5] is a kind of copper wires covered with some shield. This shield consists of the outer shield, where it is form of metal and plastic insulators, where each shield has its own function. Coaxial cable has two conductors, the first conductor is a cable core that made of hard copper coated with insulators, a second conductor coats the outside of the first insulator and enclosed by outer insulator. Coaxial cable as shown in Figure 2, which consists of a center core, a layer of plastic (dielectric insulator) surrounding the copper as function separation between the copper and metal, which this metal as barrier from outside interference.

The most outer layer is a layer of plastic called plastic Jacket that function as a protective of outer part.

Figure 2. Coaxial cable

Coaxial cables types known there are 2 types of thick and thin coaxial cable. Electrically properties of a coaxial cable has a very small attenuation factor with a very thick protective. This type of cable has advantages compared other cable types, especially in terms of function as a transmitter. This cable has a great ability in delivering a wide frequency field. Additionally coaxial cable has a smaller flow resistance at higher frequencies. Propagation of electromagnetic energy confined in the pipes, and insulated from the effects of interference. The coaxial cables types such as RG, LDF, which in this experiment, the collinear antenna is made with using the LDF coaxial cable types.

III. ANTENNA DESIGN

Requirements for an antenna needed in the development of the progressive network, especially when used as part of a communication system, the antenna should ideally defining the radiation pattern characteristics is strictly for network planning, because the radiation inter-modulation level and also polarization are coming from the various operators. Collinear array antenna are based of the dipole antenna that is design and made from corrugated coaxial cable, where the specifications of the antenna is intended to be applied in accordance with BTS standard which is described in [3]

Illustration of the collinear antenna is made from a train of sections coaxial cable are it consists of the outer and inner conductors , and transposition at each intersection, as shown in Figure 3.

The antenna is planned for the GSM system has the following specifications :

Working frequency : 870 – 960 MHz

Gain : > 10 dB

VSWR : ≤ 1,5

Polarization : linier vertikal

Impedance : 50 Ω

Antenna dimension : 5 cm

Length : 3 m

Cabel : LDF4

Figure 3. Illustration of collinear array antenna

The material are used in this research are the LDF (Low Density Foam) Coaxial Cable. Outer conductor of the cable is made of a copper type, while inner conductor is a copper-coated aluminum wire. Dielectric materials are Polyethylene foam. This cable has an impedance of 50 Ohm and can operate at a frequency of 1-8800 MHz. Average power at a frequency of 890MHz - 960 MHz is 1 K watt.

Figure 4. Electrical schematic of the collinear array antenna.

Figure 4 shows the schematic of a half-wave of the dipole antenna, which is connected to an unbalanced coaxial cable .In order to make easier for a balance that in manner connecting the antenna to the balun.

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The realization of a Collinear array antenna design is shown in Figure 5. As a protector of antenna, the antenna equipped with Radome is made of PVC with a diameter of 1.5 inch and thick of 5mm.

Figure 5. Collinear array antenna

To determine the antenna performance, then the antenna measurements is performed by means, the antenna included in a radome and the measurement results can be shown in A, B, C and D.

A. Impedance Measurement

Figure 6 shows the results of impedance measurements of a collinear array antenna, that at frequency of 900 MHz , the impedance value of 43.088 Ohm is obtained

Figure 6. Impedance Measurement Results

B. VSWR Measurements

VSWR is one of the antenna has performance that is measured by using a Network Analyzer, which is at frequency of 900 MHz the VSWR value of 1.28 is obtained Thus, the results of the collinear antenna measurements in accordance with the initial antenna design specifications.

Figure 7. VSWR measurement results

C. Radiation Pattern

Figure 8. Antenna radiation pattern

Figure 8 shows the radiation pattern of the antenna, where the measurement results shows omni directional radiation pattern.

D. Antenna Gain

Measuring gain of the antenna is performed using a Vector Signal Generator (VSG) and Spectrum Analyzer (SA). In this measurement, we have to use the cable as a feeder in good condition, so that the measurement results can be more precise and accurate. Table 1 shows the parameters of a reference antenna with the antenna being measured

TABLE I. GAIN MEASUREMENT Antenna Type Frequency

(MHz)

Measurement Level (dBm)

Gain (dB)

Antenna reference 900 -48.1 11

Antenna Under Test 900 -48.6 10.5

The Impedance measurements results of the Collinear

Array antenna that consists of a array of λ/2 dipole are

estimated to be used with good, although the results are not 50

Ω , this causes that the VSWR have been meet the desired

specifications. In this the measurement, the position of the antenna is mounted vertically accordance with actual installation, thus increasing the gain, while having a wide band width. The radiation pattern results of that the antenna is omni-directional, so that antenna is compliance for used at the base station of the mobile network, which that the antenna for base station should has be omni-directional radiation pattern , in order to provide equal opportunities for the users in large area

V. CONCLUSION

From these the measurement results, then the value of the gain, VSWR, impedance and radiation pattern of the antenna is obtained according to initial antenna design that applied to the BTS. And to know the direction of the electric field radiated by the collinear array antenna, then will be performed in future research about polarization of this the collinear antenna

REFERENCES

[1] Constantine A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory Analysis and Design”, John Wiley &Sons, INC, 1997.

[2] Dipl.Ing. Peter Scholz, “ Basic Antenna Principles for Mobile Communications”, Kathrein- Werke KG ROsenheim.

[3] Joel N. Holyoak, Ph.D, Geza Dienes, and Michael R. Wolfe Andrew C, “ Base Transceiver station Antenna “ ,Broadband Wireless Access Working Group, IEEE 802.16 ,1999-10-14.

[4] Brian Oblivion and Capt.Kaboom, “ A 2.4 GHz Vertical Collinier Antenna for 802.11 Applications”, http://www.nodomainname.co.uk/omnicolinear/2-4 collinear.htm. [5] Mamilus Aginwa Ahaneku,Obinna Okonor, Peter Ogbuna Offor, “

Power Capacity of Transmision Lines (Case Study of Coaxial Cable) “Journal of Information Engineering and Applications, ISSN 2224-5782, Vol 2, No.7, 2012.

[6] M. Polivka and A. Holub, “ Collinear and Coparallel Principles in Antenna Design”, Departement of Electromagnetic Field, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 2007, Prague, Czech Republic, August 27-30.

DISSCUSSION

Co-Channel Interference in Broadband Satellite

Communication Systems

Syahfrizal Tahcfulloh

Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Borneo Tarakan Jl. Amal Lama No.1 Tarakan, 77123, Indonesia

E-mail : rizalubt@gmail.com

Abstract—This paper presents the simulation results that can be used to calculate co-channel interferences, both in the downlink and in the uplink of a single satellite/space-based mobile communications system, due to the reuse of frequencies in spot beams or coverage cells. The analysis of simulation results can be applied to any type of satellite or platform elevated at any height above earth. The cells or beams are defined in the angular domain, as measured from the satellite or the elevated platform, and cell centers are arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The calculation is only for a given instant of time for which the system parameters are input into the simulation. The results obtained in one program run are for the overall carrier to interference ratio (CIR) along with CIR for both the uplink and downlink paths. An overall carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CNIR) is also calculated, which exemplifies the degradation in the carrier to noise ratio (CNR) of the system. In conclusion, as expected, it is observed that the co-channel interference generally increases as we decrease the reuse number employed for the frequency reuse in the cells. It is also o b s e r v e d t h a t c o -channel interference can cause substantial degradation to the overall CNR of a system.

Keywords-co-channel interference; broadband satellite

communication system; carrier to noise ratio; carrier to interference plus noise ratio

I. INTRODUCTION

Interference is inherently detrimental to a

communications system. The type of interference that a system designer should be aware of depends on the system in reference. Interference could be classified as intra-system or inter-system interference. Out of band emissions of one system that interfere with another system in an adjacent band is an example of inter-system interference, whereas, co-channel interference within a system is an example of system interference. The focus of this paper is intra-system interference, mainly co-channel interference.

In the case of a broadband satellite communications system, intra-system interferences that are of primary importance are intermodulation and co-channel interferences [1]. Intermodulation occurs due to the non-linear mixing of two or more different frequencies that fall within the pass band of a receiver. On the other hand, co-channel interference occurs when there are two or more simultaneous transmissions on the same channel [2]. This type of interference is inherent in any system that employs a frequency reuse methodology.

Similar to terrestrial cellular systems employing frequency reuse at two base stations that are separated by some distance, a satellite or platform based communications system can also reuse frequencies in spot beams that form coverage cells separated by some distance on earth. A system designer must be aware of such reuse and the potential for co-channel interference. If designers can calculate the co-co-channel interference, they will be equipped with one more tool to manage their link budget calculations and to optimize their designs. The software tool developed to arrive at results presented in this paper calculates the co-channel interference

for a satellite or an elevated platform based

telecommunications system employing frequency reuse in different spot beams. Figure 1 shows a simplistic diagram of the co-channel interferers in both the uplink and the downlink.

II. THE MODEL

A. Assumptions

Some noteworthy assumptions that are made in the development of the software tool are listed as follows: (1) A single satellite or elevated platform based spot beams provide the frequency reuse scenarios assumed; (2) Spot beams have a user-specified pattern illumination or beamwidth and provide overlapping coverage at X-dB level below the beam peak. The overlap, at least at the center of coverage, provides continuous coverage; (3) Beamwidths for all spot beams of a link are the same; (4) The relative antenna patterns for all the spot beams of a link are the same; (5) Centers of spot beams follow an overall hexagonal pattern in the angular domain; (6) For satellite signals the transmit power is the same for all spot beams; (7) The source-signal transmit-power and antenna gain are same for the user and the interferers of a link. In other words, if the uplink user is a mobile, then the uplink interferers are mobiles with the same transmit power and antenna gain as the user mobile; (8) Separate antennas are used on the satellite for the uplink and the downlink; (9) In the uplink, exactly one co-channel interferer is actively transmitting in each co- channel cell; (10) The location of a co-channel interferer is random, but worst-case and best-case locations are also investigated; (11) No power control is used by any receiver or transmitter; (12) Antenna scan loss is taken into account, but it does not change the spot beam antenna patterns; (13) All interference signals including the system noise are statistically

independent wide-sense stationary random processes of zero means.

Figure 1. Depiction of the Satellite Uplink and Downlink Co-channel Interferers

B. Calculations

The calculation of the co-channel interference power in a receiver is crucial for a system designer. This leads to a more relevant performance measure: the overall

carrier-to-noise plus interference ratio (CNIR), which includes the

interference components as follows [3]:

      _{ }  o D U o (CIR) 1 (CNR) 1 (CNR) 1 1 (CNIR) (1)

Here, the overall carrier to interference ratio (CIR) is calculated as follows [3]:

      _  IM CC o (CIR) 1 (CIR) 1 1 (CIR) (2)

The subscripts CC and IM indicate co-channel and

intermodulation interferences, respectively. The (CIR)O

may include all types of interferences that need to be calculated. The subject of our discussion in this paper is

only co-channel interference. Therefore, the (CIR)O here

includes only co-channel interference as follows:

      _  D -CC U -CC o (CIR) 1 (CIR) 1 1 (CIR) (3)

The downlink co-channel carrier-to-interference ratio

(CIR)CC-DL is primarily a function of the reuse number and of

the aggregate power due to the power in the sidelobes of interfering co-channel spot beams that is received in an earth station receiver. On the other hand, the uplink

co-channel carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR)CC-UL is dependent

upon reuse number and the number of co-channel users transmitting simultaneously and received at the sidelobes of the interfered beam. In this case, we’ll assume that one user

in each co-channel cell is transmitting. The placement of these co-channel users is random.

TABLE I. PARAMETERS AND VALUES USED FOR A GEO

SCENARIO

Satellite Parameters

Satellite/Platform Orbit and Altitude GEO, Altitude = 35786 km Satellite Transmit Power including Output 10.9 dBW per carrier per beam Number of Spot Beams 127

Overlapping Coverage is at ─ 4 dB below the beam center Uplink Frequency / Downlink Frequency 1640 MHz / 1550 MHz Antenna Gain for both Uplink and Downlink 47 dBi

Receiver Noise Temperature 398 K

Atmospheric Loss 0.5 dB

Miscellaneous Losses for Uplink/Downlink 2.2 dB / 7 dB Carrier Noise Bandwidth for 50 kHz / 200 kHz

Mobile Terminal Parameters

Transmitter Output Power 0 dBW Antenna Gain (transmit and receive) ─ 4 dBi Receiver Noise Temperature 501 K User Location in the Coverage Cell ─ 3 dB contour

Calculations are made for a hypothetical and simplistic scenario. System parameters and their values that are input into the program are shown in Table I. Some values for these parameters and the equations used in the program are taken from [3-5].

TABLE II. SIDELOBE LEVELS OBTAINED FOR DIFFERENT

TAPER-ILLUMINATED ANTENNA PATTERNS IN RANDOM CASE

CNIRVALUES

Reuse Number

Sidelobe Level

(dB)

Downlink Uplink Overall

Tiers Number CIR (dB) Number of Tiers CIRRDM (dB) CNIRRDM (dB) 3 -17.6

4 9.2 4 7.6 4.0

7 3 16.4 3 14.4 8.0

13 2 21.2 2 19.7 9.3

3

-24.6

4 17.5 4 16.7 8.6

7 3 27.2 3 27.4 9.8

13 2 32.3 2 33.5 9.9

3

-30.6

4 20.6 4 23.7 9.5

7 3 36.0 3 36.6 10.0

13 2 43.2 2 42.8 10.0

3

-24.6

1 18.2 1 17.1 8.7

7 1 27.8 1 27.7 9.8

13 1 32.5 1 33.6 9.9

III. RESULTS

The program was run for different reuse values and for different pattern taper values of the satellite antenna communicating with the mobile terminals. The results of the program runs are shown in Table II. It should be noted that the satellite antenna gain and its pattern-taper are the same for all beams that communicate with a mobile, irrespective of the link direction. In addition, as indicated in the parameters listed

Few Downlink Interferers Few Uplink Interferers θs θk

Uplink Co-Channel Cells Downlink Co-Channel Cells Uplink /Downlink User Cells

in Table I, the overall link is between two L-band mobile terminals via the satellite.

For the runs above the uplink and downlink carrier to noise ratios, excluding co-channel interference, are:

(CNR)DL = 13.8 dB, (CNR)UL = 18.0 dB. As can be seen from

the first three rows of Table II, for the same sidelobe level, as the reuse number increases, the overall co-channel

interference power decreases since CIR increases. It is also

evident that, for the same reuse number, as sidelobe level of the spot beam antenna pattern decreases, the co-channel interference also decreases. The last two rows illustrate the fact that the overall interference power is very closely approximated by interference contributions from the co-channel cells in the first co-co-channel tier

IV. CONCLUSION

As evidenced from the results obtained above, the overall Carrier to Co-Channel Interference Ratio depends mainly on the system parameters such as the frequency reuse number, the spot beam’s sidelobe level, and the number of active users and their separation from the main user. Unless the system uses antennas with very low sidelobe levels, employs less frequent frequency reuse or uses a combination of both, it will suffer from overall co-channel interference, which may become the limiting factor in the link budget analysis.

REFERENCES

[1] A.I. Zaghloul and O. Kilic, “Transmission Impairment Parameters in Multiple-Beam Satellite Communications Systems,” URSI General Assembly, Maastricht, the Netherlands, August 2002.

[2] United States. National Communications System Technology & Standards Division, “Telecommunications: Glossary of

Telecommunication Terms,” Federal Standard 1037C, < http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/>, August 1996.

[3] T. Pratt, C. Bostian and J. Allnutt, “Satellite Communications,” 2nd ed., pp. 128, 137-144, 2003.

[4] W. L. Stutzman and G.A. Thiele, “Antenna Theory and Design,” 2nd ed., p 320, 1998.

[5] Saurbh Chhabra, Amir I. Zaghloul, and Ozlem Kilic, “Co-Channel Interference in Satellite-Based Cellular Communication Systems”, URSI General Assembly, New Delhi, October 2005.

DISSCUSSION

Q : How to overcome effect of atmospheric attenuator so SNR ration can be useful and the satellite communication can still exist?

A : My paper is use reuse frequency with different result for different scheme.

Design and Fabrication of Compact Ultra-Wideband

(UWB) Bandpass Filter for C-Band Application

Taufiqqurrachman and Fajri Darwis

Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication – Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Kampus LIPI Jl. Sangkuriang Building 20 4th floor Bandung, 40135 – Indonesia

Phone. +62-22-2504661, Fax. +62-22-2504659 email : fajri@ppet.lipi.go.id

Abstract—This paper present the Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

bandpass filter for c-band application. A bandpass filter was designed using microstrip stub-loaded dual-mode resonator doublets. The design was simulated using ADS 2011. The 3 dB bandwidth of the filter was about 4 GHz, less than 2 of VSWR, 3 dB insertion loss and 50 ohm impedance in both of ports. The bandpass filter was fabricated on duroid 5880. The results of the measurement were approximately similar to the required specifications.

Keywords-bpf; ultra- wideband; c-band

I. INTRODUCTION

A bandpass filter is used to select desired signals at certain center frequency. The regions of frequency which can carry the desired signals depend on the bandwidth of filter. For ultra-wideband communication system is needed the UWB filter. Ultra-wideband bandpass filter have been developed by researchers [1-4] with various structure of filter. One of the structures of bandpass filter is stub-loaded resonator. The stub-loaded resonator has been proposed by researchers [1, 5-9]. The characteristic of stub-loaded resonator has been discussed in [1, 7, 9]. In [1], a microstrip stub-loaded dual-mode resonator doublets has been suggested to develop the UWB bandpass filter. In [1], the passband covers approximately 3.3-10.4 GHz and have close agreement with FCC’s indoor limit.

In this research, we designed and fabricated the ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter for c-band application. The filter was designed using microstip stub-loaded dual-mode resonator doublets with the various position of transmission line. The various position of transmission line is suggested to obtain the good return loss of bandpass filter. The center frequency of bandpass filter is 6 GHz and the passband is from 4 GHz (f1) until 8 GHz (f2). The bandpass filter has fractional bandwidth 66.67%. With the fractional bandwidth greater than 25%, the bandpass filter is categorized as ultra-wideband [10]. For the simulation and optimization of bandpass filter, we used ADS 2011 software.

II. FILTER DESIGN AND SIMULATION

The stub loaded resonator structure is shown in Figure 1.

The length of L is about λ/2. The stub position at center of

L, and the stub dimensions are width is denoted by w, and length by h.

Figure 1. A microstrip stub loaded resonator.

As was discussed in [1] the resonant frequencies of the odd- modes are given by

= ( ) (1)

And the resonant frequencies of the even-modes are given by

=

( ) (2)

Where n = 1, 2, 3, ..., c is the speed of light in the free space and denotes the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip line.

The proposed design of bandpass filter for c-band application is shown in Figure 2. The structure of the design consist of two parallel microstrip stub-loaded dual-mode resonator doublet but oppositely placed stub-loaded resonators, as in [1].

Figure 2. The proposed design of bandpass filter.

By using ADS 2011, we investigated the s-parameter of the design and found the results close to the design. The values of parameters in the bandpass filter which were designed are L = 23.4 mm, L1 = 9.5 mm, h1 = 2.2 mm, h2 =

2.05 mm, W1 = 1.6 mm, W2 = 3.3 mm, W3 = 0.4 mm, S =

0.3 mm. Some value of parameters must be considered for ease fabrication.

The results of simulation which have been done using ADS 2011 are shown below.

Figure 3. S-Parameter result of bandpass filter from ADS 2011.

Figure 3 shows the simulation result of insertion loss and return loss. From the figure above, the insertion loss and return loss are depicted by S21 and S11 characteristics, respectively. The insertion loss at center frequency is greater than -1 dB and the return loss is less than -18 dB. From the value of return loss, the value of VSWR is less than 1.29.

Using the software simulation, we optimization the return loss by change the position of the Transmission loss. The position of transmission line is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4. The 50 ohm transmission line.

The position of transmission line is varied by changing the length of l. The changing of transmission line position does not affect to S21 characteristic.

Figure 5. The responses of return loss when the lengths of l are 1.8 mm, 0 mm, 1.1 mm.

Figure 5 shows the influence of the length l. When the length of l is 1.8 mm and 0 mm, the return loss response has approximately similar performance. When l = 1.1 mm, the response of return loss shows the better performance than the other. So, for the design we use the length of l is 1.1 mm.

III. FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT

For the fabrication we use duroid 5880 and using the sma connector. The values of εr and tan δ are 2.20 and

0.0009, respectively. The thickness of the substrate is 0.787 mm and the thickness of copper is 35 µm. The photograph of the fabricated bandpass filter is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. The photograph of the fabricated bandpass filter.

The measurement of the fabricated bandpass filter is using VNA Advantest. The measurement results of the fabricated bandpass filter are shown in Figure 7 until 9. Figure 7 depict the S21 characteristic. The insertion loss at the center frequency is about -0.070 dB. In frequency of 4 GHz and 8 GHz the insertion loss are -1.355 dB and -2.884 dB, respectively. The passband cover approximately 3.835 GHz – 8 GHz. It shows the 3 dB bandwidth of the bandpass filter.

Figure 7. The S21 characteristic of the bandpass filter.

Figure 8 shows the S11 characteristic. The VSWR at the center frequency is about 1.544 and at the 3.835 GHz and 8 GHz the VSWR are 4.673 and 4.773, respectively.

Figure 8. The S11 characteristic of the bandpass filter.

The phase characteristic of the bandpass filter is depicted in Figure 9. At the center frequency, the phase is -80.34 deg. We can optimize the phase by changing the length of transmission line if we want the phase have a certain value.

Figure 9. The phase characteristic.

From the simulation and fabrication we obtain that the characteristic of S21 are approximately similar. But, the value of VSWR in simulation is about 0.26 better than fabricated filter. It is caused by the losses of connectors and bad connection between connector and transmission line. On the whole, the specifications of fabricated filter are approach with the required specifications.

IV. CONCLUSION

The results of the measurement and simulation show good filter performance. The insertion loss in simulation and fabricated filter are greater than -1 dB. The VSWR in simulation and fabricated filter are less than 2. On the other hand, the poor connection between transmission line and connector should be considered. It was caused the simulation could not calculate it. The results of the measurement filter were close to with the values in required specifications.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to thank to my colleagues who assist in the design and discussion about the filter in this paper.

REFERENCES

[1] Ma. Zhewang, He. Wenqing, Chen. Chun-Ping, Kobayashi.Y and

Anada. T, ”A Novel Compact Ultra –Wideband Bandpass Filter Using Microstrip Stub-Loaded Dual-Mode Resonator Doublets”, Microwave Symposium Digest, IEEE MTT-S International, pp. 435-438, 2008.

[2] Tang. I-Tseng, Lin. Ding-Bing, Li. Chi-Min and Chiu.Min-Yuan, ”A

Novel Ultra-wideband Bandpass Filter”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Cambridge, pp. 91-94, Juli 2008.

[3] S. Abdel-Fattah and E.Ibrahim, “Microstrip Ultra-Wide-Band Filter”,

PIERS Proceedings, Marrakesh, pp. 198-200, March 2011.

[4] Shobeyri. M and Vadjed Samiei. M.H, “Compact Ultra-wideband

Bandpass Filter With Defected Ground Structure”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 4, pp. 25-31, 2008.

[5] Guan. X, Wang. B, Wang. X.-Y, Wang. S and Liu. H, “A Novel

Dual-Mode Bandpass Filter Using Stub-Loaded Defected Ground Open-Loop Resonator”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 26, pp. 31-37, 2011.

[6] Deng, H.-W, Zhao. Y. –Z, Zhang. X. –S and Zhao. W, “Compact

Dual-Mode Open Stub-Loaded Resonator and BPF”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 14, pp. 119-125, 2010.

[7] Wang. L, Zhao. C, Li. C and Lin. X, “Dual-Band Bandpass Filter

Using Stub Loaded Resonators With Multiple Transmission Zeros”,

Antennas Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE), 9th _{International}

Symposium on, 2010, pp. 1208-1211.

[8] Koh. W. T and Lum. K. M, “Dual-band Bandpass Filter Design Using

Stub-loaded Resonators”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposiun Proceedings, Moscow, pp. 1491-1494, August 2012.

[9] Zhang. X. Y, Chen. J –X, Xue. Q and Li. S –M, “Dual-Band

Bandpass Filters Using Stub-Loaded Resonators”, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 583-585, August 2007.

[10] Lembrikov. B. 2010. “Ultra Wideband”. Croatia: Sciyo.

DISSCUSSION

Q : How to determine the value of the phase?

Design of Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna with

Rugby Ball Slot for Ultra Wideband Applications

Rudy Yuwono and Prilla Wendaria

EE Dept . University of Brawijaya, Jl MTHaryono 167, phone/fax:62-341554166,

Malang ,East Java, Indonesia Email: rudy_yuwono@ub.ac.id

Abstract—This paper discusses regarding the design of circular patch microstrip antenna with Rugby Ball Slot for Ultra Wideband (UWB) application. Circular microstrip patch antenna is designed with Rugby Ball Slot and feed line to use for electric current feed. The dimensions of microstrip antenna is obtained through computation, and simulations. The design of microstrip antenna using Arlon Diclad 522 substrate which has dielectric constant (εr) = 2,5. Based on simulation results, the antenna has bandwidth range at 2,8 – 10 GHz with return loss <-10dB and VSWR <2.; the gain value is 1,8717 dBi and 7200 MHz of bandwidth and the radiation pattern of the antenna is directional.

Keywords-UWB, Antenna, Microstrip, Rectangular patch, Rugby Ball Antenna, Slot, Microwave Band, Bandwith

I INTRODUCTION

Ultra Wideband Radio (UWB) is a potentially revolutionary approach to wireless communication in that it transmits and receives pulse based waveforms compressed in time rather than sinusoidal waveforms compressed in frequency. This enables transmission over a wide frequencies such that a very low power spectral density can be successfully received.[1]

UWB antenna has to fulfill some criteria, because the antenna performance will affects the quality of the received and transmitted signal. The antenna should be flexible, practical, have a good quality and have light dimension so it can easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs). This criteria can be found on Microstrip antenna. Unfortunattely, Microstrip antenna known for having narrow bandwidth. This problem can be solved by adding a Rugby Ball Slot in the antenna ground plane. Rugby ball shaped is used because Rugby Ball antenna already proved can work at Ultra Wideband (0.9-20 GHz) but also have a good radiation efficiency [2]. Microstrip antennas designed in this paper is a single microstrip patch antenna with a rectangular shaped as radiating element with the addition of a Rugby Ball slot in the circle ground plane. The design and manufacture of circular microstrip patch antenna using the Arlon Diclad 522 substrate with range frequency at 2.8 – 10 GHz and 6400 MHz as center of frequency.

II LITERATUREREVIEW

2.1 Microstrip Antenna

Microstrip antenna is an antenna consisting of radiating elements (conductors) which is very thin and the conductor is placed in the ground plane [3], in which between the radiation field and the elements (conductors) separated by a dielectric substrate. Microstrip antenna works on several frequency allocation which is Ultra High Frequency (UHF) (300 MHz - 3 GHz) to X band (5,2 GHz – 10,9 GHz)[4].

2.2 Antenna Dimension

In this research the patch form is rectangle, where the length (L) and width (W) of the radiating elements can be obtained through the equation [5]:

L f

vo L

reff r

 

 2

2 

(1)

1 2

2 

 r f vo W

r  Where:

W = The width of radiating element (m)

L = The length of radiating element (m)

h = Thick of substrate (m)

r



= Relative dielectric permittivity of substrate (F/m)

Vo = Free space velocity of light

While the Efective dielectric constant (ε reff) and the extended incremental length (



L

) of radiating element is determined by the equation [5]:

W h

r r

reff 1 12

2 1 2

1_  _



 

) 8 . 0 )( 258 . 0 (

) 264 . 0 )( 3 . 0 ( 412 . 0

 

 

 

h W h W h

L

reff reff 

 ₍₂₎

Where:

ε reff = Efective dielectric constant

L

 = Extended incremental length of radiating element(F/m)

The calculation of Rugby Ball slot, is based on the principle of the design of Rugby Ball antenna [2]. The Rugby Ball antenna has height of 115 mm and width of 135 mm as seen in the picture below:

Figure 1. Basic Structure of Rugby Ball Antenna [2]

Rugby Ball antena consist of 2 half circles which each of them has a different diameter. The diameter of the smallest circle is 135 mm (radius = 67.5 mm) and the diameter of the biggest circle is 144 mm ( r = 72 mm) . So, the comparison of Rugby Ball structure is 47.5 : 24.5 : 43 [2].

To obtain the best result, this antenna is design with the slot diameter of 60 mm. Based on the comparison above, the proportion of Rugby Ball antenna : Rugby Ball Slot is 1: 0,44. After the calculation, The diameter of the smallest circle is 60 mm (radius = 30 mm) and the diameter of the biggest circle is 64 mm ( r = 32 mm) as shown in Figureure 2.

Figure 2 . The Structure Of Slot Rugby Ball [2]

The design that complements microstrip antenna structure are in the form of the transmission line, impedance adjustment channels, the distance between radiating elements, wavelength in the microstrip transmission line refers to [5][7].

III DESIGNOFMICROSTRIPANTENNA

Specifications of Substrate and Conductor Materials used in the design of microstrip antennas are as follows:

Dielectric material : Arlon Diclad 522

Dielectric Constant (εr) = 2,5

Dielectric Thick (h) = 0.8 mm

Loss tangent(tan δ) = 0,001

Substrate coating material (conductor) copper: The thickness of the conductor material (t) = 0,005 m

Copper conductivity (σ) = 5,80x107 _{mho m}-1

The characteristic impedance of line = 50 Ω

3.1 Design of Radiating Element

To determine the dimensions of the elements, first of all the center frequency of the antenna must be chosen. For Ultra Wideband antenna design, the center frequency that is chosen for this antenna (fr) is 6400 MHz, and then we calculated the amount of width and length of the radiating elements of microstrip antenna with equations (1) and (2) with the specification microstrip of the material was obtained; for fr = 6400 MHz; Efective dielectric constant (ε reff) = 2,68, the extended incremental length (



L

) = 0.396 mm, width of the patch = 17,71 mm and length of the patch = 14,031 mm. To improve the performance of the antennas, a Rugby Ball slot was added to this design. Slot size on the radiating element is obtained by using the comparison [2], where the diameter of the smallest circle is 60 mm (radius = 30 mm) and the diameter of the biggest circle is 64 mm ( r = 32 mm)

3.2 Microstrip Antenna Dimension

The dimension of microstrip antenna is shown in Figureure 3.

a.Front view b. Back view Figure 3 Circular patch microstrip antenna

h = 0,8mm ; L = 14,031 mm ; W = 17,71 mm ; Wt= 0.4 mm ; Ls = 13.5 mm ;

R1 = 40 mm ; Rs = 30 mm

IV SIMULATIONRESULT&ANALYSIS

Based on Figureure 4 and Figureure 5, the antenna after optimized is able to work on the desired range frequency at 2,8 – 10 GHz with the center frequency of 6400 MHz and has qualified the extent permitted VSWR <2 [8] and RL <-10 dB [9]. This antenna has 7200 MHz bandwidth .

Figure 4 VSWR vs Frequency

Figure 5 Return Loss vs Frequency

While the results of the gain simulation of circular patch microstrip antenna at 2400 MHz is 1,8717 dBi Figureure 5 shows the radiation pattern of the antenna at 6400 MHz in 3D images. Based on the images obtained antenna has a directional radiation pattern with red to blue as the indicator.

Figure 6 3D Radiation Pattern

V CONCLUSION

Rectangular patch microstrip antenna through simulation to fulfill the desired performance. The Rugby Ball slot on the Circular Groundplane can improve the bandwidth of Microstrip antenna so it can work at Ultra Wideband. Rectangular patch microstrip antenna with Rugby Ball Slot designed is able to work at range 2,8 – 10 GHz with VSWR <2 and RL <-10 dB, 7200 MHz of bandwidth and antenna gain of 1,8717 dBi. This antenna has a Directional radiation pattern

REFERENCES

[1] Powell, Johnna : Antenna Design for Ultra Wideband Radio. Electrical Engineering New Mexico State University (2001)

[2] Yuwono, Rudy: A Novel Rugby Ball Antenna for Ultra Wide Band

Communication. Jurnal Teknik FT Unibraw.ed.( 2005)

[3] Leung, Martin.: Microstrip Antenna Using Mstrip40. Division of Management and Technology University of Canberra Act 2601(2002) [4] Wong, Kin-Lu.: Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas. John Wiley

& Sons, Inc, New York (2002)

[5] Balanis, Constantine A.: Antena Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York (1982)

[6] Pushpanjali, G. M., et al.: Design of Wideband Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Antennas. Indian Jurnal of Radio & Space Physics. Vol. 35 (2006)

[7] Kraus, John Daniel.: Antennas. McGraw-Hill International, New York (1988).

[8] Stutzman, Warren L. and G. A. Thiele.: Antenna Theory and Design. John Willey and Son, Inc. New York (1981)

[9] Nakar, Punit S.: Design of a Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for use in

Wireless/Cellular Devices. The Florida State University. Thesis (2004).

DISSCUSSION

Subekti Ari Santoso : The path value showed from calculation was not equal with reality, how to solve it?

Rudy Yuwono : The using of extended area is under tolerance to have good performance. This experiment calculate by using Matlab, and simulate by Ansoft to get the best result.

Arief (BAKORKAMLA): The antenna designed with the rugby ball slot, is it used for surface target or others? And is there any radiation effect?

Rudy Yuwono : UWB was used for short distance radar (near distance) to detect the broken pipe under ground, etc. The power used in this equipment was small power, so it could not interference the environment and other communication facilities.