Revitalisation of a Traditional Genre Sekar Alit and The Three Times of Text in Bali.
Revitalisation of a Traditional Genre:
Sekar Alit a d the three ti es of text in Bali
I Ketut Wandia
BA. (Hons.) (Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali)
M.S. (Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang, Indonesia)
M.A. (Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia)
This thesis is presented for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Linguistics
Faculty of Human Sciences
Macquarie University
Sydney, Australia
February 2013
i
Table of Contents
Thesis Title … ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii
List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. x
Statement of Candidate …………………………………………………………………………………….. xi
A k o ledge e ts……………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
Dedication Page ……………………………………………………………………………………………... i
Chapter
Sekar Alit a d the Three Ti es of Text ……………………………… 1
. Defi i g Sekar Alit ………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.2 The central claims of the thesis ………………………………………………………. 2
1.3 Functional Perspective and the three times of text…………………………. 4
. D adi Nature of Sekar Alit ……………………………………………………………. . 7
1.5 Types and Characteristics of Balinese Traditional So g ……………………. 16
Chapter
. .
Sekar Agu g / Keka i / Wira a ……………………………………….. 17
. .
Sekar Mad a / Kidu g …………………………………………………………. 17
1.5.
Sekar Alit / Ma apat ……………………………………………………………..
. .
Sekar ‘are / Gege di ga …………………………………………………….
Sekar Alit a d Paradoxical Genre…………………………………. 7
. Te
a g
a apat/ Sekar Alit …………………………………………………………..27
2.1.1 Sekar Agung ……………………………………………………………………………..31
2.1.2 Sekar Madya…………………………………………………………………………….31
2.1.2.1 Kidung Based on Metre………………………………………………..34
ii
2.1.2.2 Kidung Based on the Language Used…………………………36
2.1.2.3 Kidung Based on the Themes…………………………………….37
2.1.2.4 Kidung Based on Functions………………………………………..39
2.1.3 Sekar Alit………………………………………………………………………………….41
2.1.4 Sekar Rare……………………………………………………………………………….45
. Varieties of Pupuh /Te
a g i Co te t …………………………………………..46
2.3 Makidung in the Life of Balinese Community…………………………………….. .51
. Parado es of Sekar Alit fro
I sider s Perspe ti es…………………………. 53
2.4.1 Sekar Alit: A Paradoxical Genre……………………………………………….. 56
2.4.2 The Roles of Customary Village in Preserving Ajeg Bali ………….58
. . The Life of Ma e asa i Bali…………………………………………………64
2.4.4 Sekar Alit as Cultural Activity of the Balinese…………………………...67
2.4.5 Concept of Desa Kala Patra……………………………………………………… 67
2.4.6 Shift of the Participation in the Tradition…………………………………75
Chapter 3 Theoretical Background………………………………………………….77
3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………77
3.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)………………………………………………….79
3.3 Context of Culture and of Situation……………………………………………………82
3.4 Semogenesis……………………………………………………………………………………...90
. The Co ept of Nga ah a d Parti ipator in
the Balinese arts life…………………………………………………………………………..92
3.5 Instantiation………………………………………………………………………………………
3.6 Metafunctions……………………………………………………………………………………
iii
Chapter
Co text Network of Sekar Alit ……………………………………
4.1 Context…………………………………………………………………………………………..103
4.2 The Changing in Context ……………………………………………………………….108
4.2.1 Field Network……………………………………………………………………...109
4.2.1.1 Sphere of Action……………………………………………………..113
4.2.2 Tenor Network…………………………………………………………………….115
4.2.2.1 Social Hierarchy……………………………………………………...119
4.2.2.2 Social Distance……………………………………………………….122
4.2.2.3 Sharing Local History……………………………………………….123
4.2.2.4 Sharing Cultural Capital…………………………………………..125
4.2.3 Mode Network……………………………………………………………………..125
4.2.3.1 Role of Language……………………………………………………..129
4.2.3.2 Channel…………………………………………………………………..130
4.3 Mode and its relation to field and interpersonal tenor…………………..134
Chapter 5 Context of Culture and Phylogenesis: The Vector of
an Artistic Evolution…………………………………………………….
9
5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………139
. Ph loge esis os Sekar Alit …………………………………………………………….140
5.2.1 Hindu Culture……………………………………………………………………….141
5.2.2 Agrarian Life………………………………………………………………………...143
5.2.3 Court/Royal………………………………………………………………………….146
5.2.4 Revolution Era……………………………………………………………………...148
5.2.5 New Order Era…………………………………………………………………… . 153
5.2.6 Reformation Era up to the 2000s………………………………………….157
. Histori al Co te t o the Mag et of Bali……………………………………….161
5.4 Sustainability of Sekar Alit………………………………………………………………166
iv
Chapter 6 Ontogenetic Perspectives: The socialization of
Individuals in an Environment of Tale t ………………… 7
6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… ..175
6.2 Taksu and Arts Life of the Balinese………………………………………………176
6.3 Living in an Agrarian Village…………………………………………………………181
6.4 Formal Schooling …………………………………………………………………………185
6.5 Impacts of Tourism……………………………………………………………………..190
6.6 Electronic Media in My Life…………………………………………………………191
6.7 Ritual and Performance …………………………………………………………….193
6.8 Exposure to the Tradition……………………………………………………………194
. The ‘ole of I terpreter/ Pe gartos ……………………………………………195
.
The ‘ole of the Si ger/ Pe ga a e ………………………………………..196
6.11 Sekaa Pesantian: Urban Life……………………………………………………….198
6.12 Cross Modal Meaning s and the Patterns of Living…………………….199
6.13 Views on Balinese Aesthetic Sensibilities…………………………………..200
6.14 Intricate and Formal Delights…………………………………………………….201
Chapter 7 The Material Situational Setting, Generic Structure
Pote tial, a d Logoge esis of Sekar Alit ………………….
7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….
. The Ge eri stru ture Pote tial of Sekar alit
…………………………
7.3 Register and Generic Structure Potential…………………………………..
7.4 Analysis of Semantic Structure: by Moves and Arguments…………
7.5 General Remarks ……………………………………………………………………….
Chapter 8 Findings and Recommendation …………………………………
9
8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………... .249
8.2 Research Findings………………………………………………………………………. 49
v
8.3 Recommendation …………………………………………………………………………. 51
References…………………………………………………………………………………..253
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………………269
Appendix A Sekar Alit Song Texts for Tagxedo – Word Cloud Analysis …….271
Appendix B Sekar Alit So g Te ts of Differe t Fu tio s ( ith
Balinese and English Translation)…………………………………...323
vi
Sekar Alit a d the three ti es of text in Bali
I Ketut Wandia
BA. (Hons.) (Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali)
M.S. (Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang, Indonesia)
M.A. (Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia)
This thesis is presented for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Linguistics
Faculty of Human Sciences
Macquarie University
Sydney, Australia
February 2013
i
Table of Contents
Thesis Title … ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii
List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. x
Statement of Candidate …………………………………………………………………………………….. xi
A k o ledge e ts……………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
Dedication Page ……………………………………………………………………………………………... i
Chapter
Sekar Alit a d the Three Ti es of Text ……………………………… 1
. Defi i g Sekar Alit ………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.2 The central claims of the thesis ………………………………………………………. 2
1.3 Functional Perspective and the three times of text…………………………. 4
. D adi Nature of Sekar Alit ……………………………………………………………. . 7
1.5 Types and Characteristics of Balinese Traditional So g ……………………. 16
Chapter
. .
Sekar Agu g / Keka i / Wira a ……………………………………….. 17
. .
Sekar Mad a / Kidu g …………………………………………………………. 17
1.5.
Sekar Alit / Ma apat ……………………………………………………………..
. .
Sekar ‘are / Gege di ga …………………………………………………….
Sekar Alit a d Paradoxical Genre…………………………………. 7
. Te
a g
a apat/ Sekar Alit …………………………………………………………..27
2.1.1 Sekar Agung ……………………………………………………………………………..31
2.1.2 Sekar Madya…………………………………………………………………………….31
2.1.2.1 Kidung Based on Metre………………………………………………..34
ii
2.1.2.2 Kidung Based on the Language Used…………………………36
2.1.2.3 Kidung Based on the Themes…………………………………….37
2.1.2.4 Kidung Based on Functions………………………………………..39
2.1.3 Sekar Alit………………………………………………………………………………….41
2.1.4 Sekar Rare……………………………………………………………………………….45
. Varieties of Pupuh /Te
a g i Co te t …………………………………………..46
2.3 Makidung in the Life of Balinese Community…………………………………….. .51
. Parado es of Sekar Alit fro
I sider s Perspe ti es…………………………. 53
2.4.1 Sekar Alit: A Paradoxical Genre……………………………………………….. 56
2.4.2 The Roles of Customary Village in Preserving Ajeg Bali ………….58
. . The Life of Ma e asa i Bali…………………………………………………64
2.4.4 Sekar Alit as Cultural Activity of the Balinese…………………………...67
2.4.5 Concept of Desa Kala Patra……………………………………………………… 67
2.4.6 Shift of the Participation in the Tradition…………………………………75
Chapter 3 Theoretical Background………………………………………………….77
3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………77
3.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)………………………………………………….79
3.3 Context of Culture and of Situation……………………………………………………82
3.4 Semogenesis……………………………………………………………………………………...90
. The Co ept of Nga ah a d Parti ipator in
the Balinese arts life…………………………………………………………………………..92
3.5 Instantiation………………………………………………………………………………………
3.6 Metafunctions……………………………………………………………………………………
iii
Chapter
Co text Network of Sekar Alit ……………………………………
4.1 Context…………………………………………………………………………………………..103
4.2 The Changing in Context ……………………………………………………………….108
4.2.1 Field Network……………………………………………………………………...109
4.2.1.1 Sphere of Action……………………………………………………..113
4.2.2 Tenor Network…………………………………………………………………….115
4.2.2.1 Social Hierarchy……………………………………………………...119
4.2.2.2 Social Distance……………………………………………………….122
4.2.2.3 Sharing Local History……………………………………………….123
4.2.2.4 Sharing Cultural Capital…………………………………………..125
4.2.3 Mode Network……………………………………………………………………..125
4.2.3.1 Role of Language……………………………………………………..129
4.2.3.2 Channel…………………………………………………………………..130
4.3 Mode and its relation to field and interpersonal tenor…………………..134
Chapter 5 Context of Culture and Phylogenesis: The Vector of
an Artistic Evolution…………………………………………………….
9
5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………139
. Ph loge esis os Sekar Alit …………………………………………………………….140
5.2.1 Hindu Culture……………………………………………………………………….141
5.2.2 Agrarian Life………………………………………………………………………...143
5.2.3 Court/Royal………………………………………………………………………….146
5.2.4 Revolution Era……………………………………………………………………...148
5.2.5 New Order Era…………………………………………………………………… . 153
5.2.6 Reformation Era up to the 2000s………………………………………….157
. Histori al Co te t o the Mag et of Bali……………………………………….161
5.4 Sustainability of Sekar Alit………………………………………………………………166
iv
Chapter 6 Ontogenetic Perspectives: The socialization of
Individuals in an Environment of Tale t ………………… 7
6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… ..175
6.2 Taksu and Arts Life of the Balinese………………………………………………176
6.3 Living in an Agrarian Village…………………………………………………………181
6.4 Formal Schooling …………………………………………………………………………185
6.5 Impacts of Tourism……………………………………………………………………..190
6.6 Electronic Media in My Life…………………………………………………………191
6.7 Ritual and Performance …………………………………………………………….193
6.8 Exposure to the Tradition……………………………………………………………194
. The ‘ole of I terpreter/ Pe gartos ……………………………………………195
.
The ‘ole of the Si ger/ Pe ga a e ………………………………………..196
6.11 Sekaa Pesantian: Urban Life……………………………………………………….198
6.12 Cross Modal Meaning s and the Patterns of Living…………………….199
6.13 Views on Balinese Aesthetic Sensibilities…………………………………..200
6.14 Intricate and Formal Delights…………………………………………………….201
Chapter 7 The Material Situational Setting, Generic Structure
Pote tial, a d Logoge esis of Sekar Alit ………………….
7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….
. The Ge eri stru ture Pote tial of Sekar alit
…………………………
7.3 Register and Generic Structure Potential…………………………………..
7.4 Analysis of Semantic Structure: by Moves and Arguments…………
7.5 General Remarks ……………………………………………………………………….
Chapter 8 Findings and Recommendation …………………………………
9
8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………... .249
8.2 Research Findings………………………………………………………………………. 49
v
8.3 Recommendation …………………………………………………………………………. 51
References…………………………………………………………………………………..253
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………………269
Appendix A Sekar Alit Song Texts for Tagxedo – Word Cloud Analysis …….271
Appendix B Sekar Alit So g Te ts of Differe t Fu tio s ( ith
Balinese and English Translation)…………………………………...323
vi