Antara Penegakan Hukum dan Penegakan Keamanan Nasional.

EPUTAR INDONESIA
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o Rabu o

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22

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OApr

Kamis

23

OJun

Me;

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Jumat

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0 Ags

OJu/

oo«

OSep

AntaraPenegakanH .~
. danPenegakan
KeamananNasionaf
s ifa tte rtu tu p

b u k a n la h p e n e g a k a n

h u k u m s e rid a k n y a d a la m s u a tu n e -

Guru Besarilmu
Hokum UniVersitas
Padjadjaran
"' B~{ld~!Jg

see

""

g a ra d e m o k ra s i, m e la in k a n

d e n g a n p e m e rin ta h a n
'"

ta ria n .

K eam anan

b e rs ifa t

D

beda

u a v a ria b e l

d a la m

ju d u l

se c a ra

s ig n ifik a n .

am anan

y a n g o to ri-

n a s io n a l

te rb u k a

yang

b u k a n la h

ke-

d a la m a rti s e s u n g g u h n y a

s e tid a k n y a

tu lis a n in im e m ilik im a k n a
dan pem aham an

s e rin g

te rja d i d i d a la m n e g a ra d e m o k ra s i

d a la m

y a n g b e r-

o to rita ria n y a n g

V a ria b e l

d e m o k ra s i.

s u a tu

n e g a ra

b e rtra n s is ik e a ra h

p e rta m a b e rtu m p u p a d a U U D 1 9 4 5

d e n g a n titik b e ra t p a d a p rin s ip k e p a s tia n h u k u m
b e rm u a ra

d a n k e a d ila n

pada

(prosperity).

k e s e ja h te ra a n

Sedangkan

k e d u a b e rtu m p u

v a ria b e l

pada U U D 1945

y a n g b e rm u a ra

am anan

(security)

pada

ke-

d a la m k e h id u p -

b e rg e ra k

penegakan

hukum

d a ri h u lu p e n y e lid ik a n ,

p e n y id ik a n ,

p e n u n tu ta n )

p o litik

sam pai

a n N a s io n a l

K e a m a n a n N a s io n a l(2 0 1 0 )
pada

d a u la ta n

n e g a ra

kedan

m e m p e rta h a n k a n
s e rta

m e m e lih a ra
bangs a

dan

In d o n e -

s io n a l b e rg e ra k

d a ri p e n c e g a h a n

te rm a s u k

p e rin g a ta n

p e n d e te k s ia n ,

d in i, d a n p e n in d a k a n

n e g a ra

s ia . U n tu k
tu ju a n

m encapai

te rs e b u t

k a n s ta b ilita s

d ip e rlu -

keam anan

na-

d in i s a m p a i k e p a d a p e n g e n d a lia n

s io n a ly a n g h a n y a d a p a td ic a p a i

y a n g b e rs ifa t p ro -ju s tis ia

m e la lu i

a ta u n o n -

p ro - ju s tis ia .
penegakan

hu-

k u m d a la m n e g a ra d e m o k ra s i b e r-

'due process of

tu m p u p a d a p rin s ip

law', s e d a n g k a n
am anan

p e ra tu ra n

undangan

K e b e rh a s ila n

k e b e rh a s ila n

n a s io n a l

b e rtu m p u

ke- .
pada

" e fe k tiv ita s "

te rc a p a in y a

tu ju a n .

B e rd a sa rk a n

k a ra k te ris tik

kedua

Y a n g m a s ih d ip e rs o a lk a n
b e rb a g a i

n e g a ra a d a la h

keam anan

n a s io n a l d e n g a n tu ju a n

y a n g te n tu

b e ra g a m

pur adukkan.
Penegakan
s a la h

s a tu fa k to r

am anan
kan

pendukung

n a s io n a l,

m e ru p a k a n

d a ri k e a m a n a n

b a g ia n

in te g ra l

n a s io n a l. S e b a lik -

n y a ju g a k e a m a n a n

n a s io n a l tid a k

id e n rik d e n g a n p e n e g a k a n
k a re n a p e n e g a k a n
te rb u k a

hukum

h u k u m b e rs ifa t

(tra n s p a ra n ),

keam anan

ke-

a k a n te ta p i b u -

n a s io n a l

sedangkan
b e rs ifa t

te r-

------------tu tu p (in k lu s if).

te rn o to rita ria n

ngat

hukum

y a n g b e r-

s is te m

kedua

s is te m

m e m p e n g a ru h i

c a ra

m an a keam anan
ta h a n k a n

pem es is - .

a ta u s is te m d e m o -

n a s io n a l

d a ri a n c a m a n

d a la m te rh a d a p

in i s a b a g a id ip e r-

lu a r d a n

k e d a u la ta n

s u a tu

n e g a ra .
D a la m
te ro ris m e

m enghadapi

ancam an

m is a ln y a , c o n to h n y a ta ,

p e m e rin ta h a n

B u s h k e tik a

la h m e n g g u n a k a n

penangkapan

itu te -

U U P a trio t A c t,

d a n b e b e ra p a a ra h a n
B u s h , s e h in g g a

Penegakan

s a tu

y a n g d ia n u t a p a k a h

k ra si k a re n a
h u k u m m e ru p a k a n

a n ta ra

n e g a ra d e n g a n n e g a ra la in . H a l in i
s a n g a t b e rg a n tu n g

s a tu

di

c a ra a ta u

m e to d e u n tu k m e n c a p a i s ta b ilita s

rin ta h a n

d ip is a h k a n

ke-

a m a n a n n a s io n a l.

keduanya

h a ru s

p e ru n d a n g -

y a n g m e n g a tu r

v a ria b e l d i a ta s , s a n g a t je la s b a h w a

s a m a la in d a n tid a k d a p a t d ic a m -

~2

K eam an-

Sedangkan

p ro a k tif

d a ri

(2 0 1 0 )? R U U

e k s is te n s i

na-

ne-

R ancangan

k e h ilir (p e n g a d ila n , te rm a s u k M A ).
w ila y a h k e a m a n a n

d a la m

d u a v a ria b e l te rs e b u t ta m p a k
penyusunan

b e rtu m p u

a n b a n g sa d a n n e g a ra .
W ila y a h

B a g a im a n a

g e ri In d o n e s ia d a la m m e n g h a d a p i

U n d a n g -U n d a n g

d e n g a n titik b e ra tp a d a k e d a u la ta n
n e g a ra

Otoriter?

yang

d a riP re s id e n

te r ja d i p e ris tiw a

dan penahanan

te r-

s a n g k a te ro ris d i G u a n ta n a m o

de-

s e c a ra im p lis it m e n e m p a tk a n

n g a n c a ra -c a ra y a n g m e n g a b a ik a n

te g i k e b ija k a n

prinsipdueprocessoflaw,

d a la m

d u g a k u a t te la h

b a h k a n d i-

m e la n g g a r

v e n s i P B B A n tip e n y ik s a a n .
n a ra n p e m e rin ta h

K on-

Pem be-

B u s h te rh a d a p

keam anan

ru a n g

" te rb a ta s "

d e ru n g "k a k u "

s tra -

dan

k o n d is i

K am nas

a b a d 2 1 . M e s k i d e rn ik ia n ,

dan cen-

k e ta ta n e g a ra a n

s e rta s u lit d ig u n a -

k a n d i d a la m m e n g a n tis ip a s i
m enegakkan

s itu a s i

n a s io n a l

k e d a u la ta n

dan

n e g a ra

b e rd a sa rk a n

UUD

1 9 4 5 te la h m e m b e rik a n rn a n d a tk e p a d a P re s id e n

sebagai kep

g a ra u n tu k m e n g a m b il

a ne-

tin

akan-

p e la n g g a ra n - p e la n g g a ra n

p rin s ip -

s e c a ra b e n a r d a n te p a tg u n a . H a lin i

tin d a k a n

p rin s ip

dengan

d is e b a b k a n m o b ilita s a n c a m a n d a n

bahaya

gangguan

n y im p a n g d a ri p rin s ip -p rin s ip

H A M d ila k u k a n

m e n g k a ji

K o n v e n s i P B B te r-

s e b u t d a ri p e rs p e k tif

K on-

s e riu s b a ik d a ri d a la m

d a n te ru ta m a

d a ri lu a r te rh a d a p

k e a m a n a n n a s io n a l s a n g a t v a ria tif,

s titu s iA S .

m o b ilita s tin g g i d e n g a n d u k u n g a n
te k n o lo g i

c a n g g ih ,

dam pak

s e rta

yang

dengan

b e rs ifa t

lu a r

D a la m
adaan

k o n te k s

ke-

te rte n tu

sep-

e rti itu , P re s id e n s e -

Y a n g te rp e n tin g

tin d a k a n lu a r

b ia s a

p a n g d a ri k e te n tu a n
h u k u m o b je k tif y a n g
b e rla k u .
P re s id e n

T in d a k a n
te rs e b u t h a -

n y a d a p a t d ia tu r d i d a la m U U K e a d a a n B a h a y a

due

d i d a la m

se-

p a d a k e te n ru a n

d i d a la m

U U te rs e -

b u t. P e n y im p a n g a n

te rh a d a p

s ip -p rin s ip

o b je k tif

ju g a

UUD

1945

tid a k

hukum

k e liru

te rs e b u t

y a n g b o le h m e n y im -

m e-

s e b u ts e tia p la n g k a h a ta u tin d a k a n
h a m s d ila n d a s k a n

P a s a l2 9

tin d a k a n -

s e k a lip u n

tia p tin g k a ta n k e a d a a n b a h a y a te r-

b e rw e n a n g

m eng-

d a la m k e a d a a n

process of law.

la k u k e p a la n e g a ra

a m b il

te rte n tu
(d a ru ra t)

y a n g b e rla k u

b ia s a d a n b e rs ifa tm a s if.

e ra

s is te m

k a re n a

J m e m b o le h k a n
s e p a n ja n g

p rin -

tin d a k a n

u n tu k

m e lin -

d u n g i h a k -h a k d a sa r w a rg a n e g a ra
d a n d ia tu r d a la m s u a tu U U .
U n s u r p e n e n tu
n e n tu k a n

k e b ija k a n

k e b ija k a n

m e-

u n tu k tig a k e -

a d a a n b a h a y a (d a ru ra t) y a n g tid a k
b e rte n ta n g a n

dengan

U U D 1945

a d a la h h a n y a p a d a P re s id e n s e la k u
k e p a la

n e g a ra .

p e la k s a n a

Sedangkan

k e b ija k a n

unsur

P re s id e n

d i-

a ta u " E m e rg e n c y A c t" a ta u

s e s u a ik a n d e n g a n tin g k a ta n k e a d a -

" M a r t i a l L a w " .U U K e a d a a n

a n b a h a y a n y a ( d a r u r a t s i p i l ,r n i l i t e r ,

B ahaya

N om or

23 T ahun

1 9 5 9 te la h m e n e ta p k a n

k la s i-

a t a u p e r a n g ) .P e i n b e d a a n
keadaan

tin g k a ta n

b a h a y a b e rd a sa rk a n

UU

b a h a y a d a la m tig a

N o m o r 2 3 T a h u n 1 9 5 9 s a n g a t je la s

h a l, y a itu k e a d a a n d a ru ra t s ip il, d a -

d a n p a s ti m e n g e n a i d a la m k e a d a a n

fik a s i k e a d a a n
S IN D O IT A H Y U D IN

In ti d a ri fa k ta te rs e b u t a d a la h
k e tik a k e a m a n a n n a s io n a l
o le h

k e k u a ta n

s ip il

d a la m p e m e rin ta h a n

d ia n c a m

b e rs e n ja ta ,
y a n g b e rb a s is

b a g a im a n a d a n s ia p a

ru ra t m ilite r d a n d a ru ra t p e ra n g .
T ig a je n is k e a d a a n
sebut

m a s ih

re le v a n

b a h a y a te rdengan

ke-

a d a a n s itu a s i p o litik , e k o n o m i, s o -

p e la k s a n a d a n

p e n a n g g u n g ja w a b n y a .
S a la h s a tu c o n to h y a itu d a la m
R U U K a m n a s (2 0 1 0 ) b e lu m ta m p

s ia l, d a n b u d a y a s e rta k o n d is i p e n e -

k e p a s tia n h u k u m y a n g d ila n d a s k a n

d a n p e rila k u y a n g b e rs ifa t o to rita ri-

g a k a n h u k u m s a a t i n i .E k s i s t e n s i

pada asas

The Institutionalization of Torture of Bush Administration: IsAnyone Responsible?

T a h u n 1 9 5 9 te rs e b u t k in i d ip e rk u a t

d e fin is ik a n d a n m e m b e d a k a n

dengan U U N om or 15 T ahun 2003

ra p e n g e rtia n

te n ta n g P e m b e ra n ta s a n

d a n " d a r u r a t s i p i l " ,a n t a r a " k e a m a n -

(2 0 1 0 ), m e n y e b u tn y a

d a n a T e ro ris m e y a n g b e rtu m p u

d e m o k ra si

b is a ju g a te rja d i

s ik a p

a n . B a s s io u n i d a la m b u k u ,

te rn p e m e rin ta h a n

d e n g a n " s is -

d e m o k ra si b e r-

b a s is o to rita ria n is m e " .

Tindakan

Luar Biasa

jik a lin g k u p k e a m a n a n

n a s io -

a m a n a n n a s io n a l

pa-

k e b e rh a s ila n

yang

m a s a la h

ke-

d i d a la m s u a tu U U

lex certa,

d a la m h a l m e

is tila h " te rtib

s ip i "

a n in s a n i" d a n " k e a m a n a n p u b lik " .
B e g itu p u la p e rb e d a a n

m o r8 T a h u n 2 0 1 0 te n ta n g P e n c e g a h -

i s t i l a h ," 'u n s u r u t a m a '· p e n y e l e n g -

a n d a n P e m b e ra n ta s a n

g a r a K a m n a s d a n 'K o o r d i n a t o r

T in d a k P i-

a n d e n g a n p e n d a n a a n te ro ris m e .

-

ant a-

d a k e a m a n a n n a s io n a l, d a n U U N o -

Ik tik a d b a ik p e m e rin ta h m e n g -

p a s ti, te ru k u r, d a n te p e rc a y a . K a re n a itu , p e n g a tu ra n

T in d a k P i-

d a n a P e n c u c ia n U a n g y a n g b e rk a it-

n a l s a n g a t l u a s ,a k a n s u l i t m e n e t a p k a n in d ik a to r

UU

n y e le n g g a ra

K a m n a s '.

tid a k p a s tia n

hukum

p e n g e rtia n

pe-

M u a ra k e d a la m

RUU

K A M N A S a d a la h re n ta n n y a ja m in -

a ju k a n R U U K a m n a s (2 0 1 0 ) k e d a -

a n p e rlin d u n g a n

la m P ro le g n a s

h a k d a s a r w a rg a n e g a ra s e ja la n d e -

d ia p re s ia s i

T a h u n 2 0 1 0 p a tu t

u n tu k

m e n y e s u a ik a n

U U N o m o r 2 3 T a h u n 1 9 5 9 k e d a la m

hukum

a ta s h a k -

n g a n b u n y ik e te n tu a n B A B X A
1 9 4 5 t e n t a n g H A M .( * )