THE VALUE OF HEROISM AS REFLECTED THROUGH CAIN HAMMETT AS THE MAIN CHARACTER IN FREDERICK MANFRED’S RIDERS OF JUDGMENT AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters

  THE VALUE OF HEROISM AS REFLECTED THROUGH CAIN HAMMETT AS THE MAIN CHARACTER IN FREDERICK MANFRED’S RIDERS OF JUDGMENT AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters

  By

MEI RATRI SRI HANDAYANI

  Student Number : 034214127

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009

  

THE VALUE OF HEROISM AS REFLECTED THROUGH CAIN HAMMETT

AS THE MAIN CHARACTER IN FREDERICK MANFRED’S

RIDERS OF JUDGMENT

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

  

By

MEI RATRI SRI HANDAYANI

  

Student Number : 034214127

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

2009

  

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE VALUE OF HEROISM AS REFLECTED THROUGH CAIN HAMMETT

AS THE MAIN CHARACTER IN FREDERICK MANFRED’S

RIDERS OF JUDGMENT

  

By

MEI RATRI SRI HANDAYANI

  

Student Number: 034214127

Approved by

Dra. Theresia Enny Anggraini, M.A. August 15, 2009

Advisor

Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.Ed. August 15, 2009

Co- Advisor

  

A Sarja na Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE VALUE OF HEROISM AS REFLECTED THROUGH CAIN HAMMETT

AS THE MAIN CHARACTER IN FREDERICK MANFRED’S

  

RIDERS OF JUDGMENT

By

  

MEI RATRI SRI HANDAYANI

Student Number: 034214127

Defended before the Board of Examiners

on August 21, 2009

and Declared Acceptable

  

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Signature

  

Chairman : Dr. Fr. B Alip, M. Pd., M.A. _________

Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. _________

Member : Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum _________

Member : Dra. Theresia Enny Anggraini, M.A. _________

Member : Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.Ed. _________

Yogyakarta, August 31, 2009

  Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University Dean Dr. I. Praptomo Baryadi, M.Hum.

  

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Mei Ratri Sri Handayani

  Nomor Mahasiswa : 034214127 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: THE VALUE OF HEROISM AS REFLECTED THROUGH CAIN HAMMETT AS THE MAIN CHARACTER IN FREDERICK MANFRED’S

  RIDERS OF JUDGMENT

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada

Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam

bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara

terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan

akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya

selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 28 Agustus 2009 Yang menyatakan Mei Ratri Sri Handayani

  

..

  

Writing is like farming.

You cultivate manuscript

And like a farmer you need discipline.

  

A farmer farms soil, writers farm brain cells.

  

[Frederick Manfred]

Be careful for nothing; in everything by prayer and supplication

With thanksgiving let your request be known unto God

  

[Philippians 4:6]

When there is a will there is a way

  

[Anonymous]

…

  This is dedicated to: My father Ignatius Soenardi My mother Veronica Suyatmi

Th. Mayrina Susanti Puspitasari & Ant.Thomas Tri Wibowo

Fx. Prasetyo Andi Susanto

  Ans. Mei Ratri Sri Lestari, and You

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank the Almighty and merciful Lord. Jesus Christ, my Super friend, for every

perfect time and every wonderful answer to my prayers. His answer always comes

instantly or sometimes He likes to take His time, but I believe there is always an answer.

Thanks to His guidance and protection, I have found myself. I also thank Him because

there is something magnificent about my life. He is the best.

  I would also like to thank all the lecturers and staffs in English Letters

Department of Sanata Dharma University for the education during the semesters.

  

My biggest and special gratitude goes to Dra. Theresia Enny Anggraini, M.A

for the patience and guidance for me to solve the difficulties in the process of writing this

undergraduate thesis also to help me make it from nothing to something. I would also

like to express my gratefulness to Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.Ed as my

co-advisor for the discussion, correction and suggestion to make this thesis better.

  My deep gratitude absolutely goes to my family. Bapak and Ibu thanks for the

great opportunity given to me to study and especially for the patience to support me in

finishing this very long journey, also for the love and advices. Your prayers absolutely

mean a lot for me. My lovely oldest sister Mbak Rina and my brother in law

Mas Thomas thanks for always hearing my weeping, I learn much from you. Deeply

thanks also for kindly providing me the notebook, the printer and many more they are all

so meaningful. Not forget to mention for the coming nephew, I can’t wait to see him on

this earth. For my best brother ever, Mas Andi, thanks for all you have done and given,

now I know what struggle is. For my twin sister, Dik Ayi, thank you for being with me

every time I need and everywhere I go. You are all truly worthy family sent by God.

  I also thank to the students of 2003 for the warm friendship and for all the

togetherness. ‘Sastra Mungil’ community, Dewi Freya, Cita_cute, Sondang, Intan,

Ketut, Leni, Nani, Agnes, Yuni, Maya, Cicil, Inop, Ike, Afril, Yaco, Muji, Tio, Ginting,

Abit, Yusak, Mando, Demus, Dean, Daud, Al, Bigar, Oni and Glory, I wish I could

spend more time with you all. For ‘Paguyuban Rinonce’ (Rina wengi Cedhak) Dik Ari,

Ganes, Dion, Adi, Dedy, Ni Putu Oki, Hari, Didit, Klaten seems empty without you

guys, viva friends forever! Thanks to Mrs. Ni Luh Putu and ‘Komunitas Tari Bali Sekar

Jepun’ for cheering my heart up. Thanks to all sisters of Ex Gatotkaca-1a boarding house

for sharing our tears of happiness and even sadness during the years of miracles in

Yogyakarta.

  Many thanks to Mbak Nina, Lina, Lolin, Meta, Mbak Ayu s.a.d, Amelia, Minu,

Mas Wibisono, ‘Miss Tiara’, Mas Yele for many things we have shared. Hope the

fortune will always be forever yours. Special thanks for the supports and prayers from

everyone, friends and acquaintances who have completed my life but I cannot mention

one by one. Salute for everyone who has passed this phase of study. For those who are

starting to struggle, who are still struggling, and who quit struggling. Keep spirit!!! You

are the hero of yourself. Last but not least, thank you for everyone who wants to read this

study. God be with you.

  Mei Ratri Sri Handayani

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………... i

APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………. ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………… iii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN…………………………………………………. iv

MOTTO PAGE……………………………………………………………… v

DEDICATION PAGE………………………………………………………. vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………. ix

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………… x

ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………... xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………….

  1 A. Background of the Study………………………………………

  1 B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………..

  6 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………...

  6 D. Definition of Terms..……………………………………………

  7 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW..................................................

  8 A. Review of Related Studies……………………………………...

  8 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………

  11 1. Theories of Character and Characterization………………..

  11 2. Theories of Action………………………………………….

  14 3. Theories of Heroism………………………………………..

  17 C. Theoretical Framework………………………………………...

  19 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY………………………………………..

  21 A. Object of the Study……………………………………………..

  21 B. Approach of the Study………………………………………….

  22 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………….

  24 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS…………………………………………………

  26 A. The Characterization of the Main Character……………………

  26 B. The Heroic Actions of Cain Hammett………………………….

  41 C. The Value of Heroism…………………………………………..

  49 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………………….

  57 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………

  60 APPENDIX: Summary of Riders of Judgment………………………………

  62

  

ABSTRACT

MEI RATRI SRI HANDAYANI (2009). The Value of Heroism as Reflected Through

Cain Hammett as the Main Character in Frederick Manfred’s Riders of Judgment.

  

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma

University.

  Riders of Judgment is one of Frederick Manfred’s novels. The novel tells us about

a struggle life of the main character. Cain Hammett as the main character in the story is

described as a tough man who struggles to defeat his land and the people. He has his own

purpose and value to gain. Through his attitudes, speeches and other’s point of view

about him, it is obvious that Cain characteristics confirm some qualities of heroism. In

this sense, the story delivers values of heroism through the main character.

  There are three problem formulations formulated in this study; (1) How the main

character, Cain Hammett, is characterized in Riders of Judgment (2) How heroic actions

of the main character are portrayed in the story (3) What values of heroism are reflected

through Cain Hammett’s characteristics and heroic actions as the main character in this

novel. The objectives of this undergraduate thesis are; first is to find out how

characteristics of the main character are characterized in this novel. Second is to figure

out how heroic actions of the main character are portrayed and third is to find out what

values of heroism are reflected through the main character characteristics and heroic

actions in this novel.

  This study is focused on literary work and the writer used literary and Internet

research. The writer took all references from the library and Internet to support the

analysis. To strengthen the analysis a moral- philosophical approach is employed.

  Through the analysis, it is found that the main character’s characteristics and

heroic actions have a significant role in revealing the value of heroism. The way the main

character, Cain Hammett, assist other people, confront difficulties and dangers, and

struggle to gain his purpose becomes the evidences that the story of the novel reflects

value of heroism through the main character.

  By paying a great attention on Cain Hammett’s characteristics and heroic actions,

the writer finds values of heroism reflected through Cain Hammett. In this sense, heroism

is described as a good quality of man who takes reasonable and intentional action to

confront difficulties and dangers for the sake of other’s well-being. Heroism can be

gained when a person willing to do some action of assisting other people even willing to

put aside his own well being. Furthermore, every action done by Cain Hammett contains

of risks, all the risks are considered as consequences. In other word, the kindness,

courage and self-sacrifice become the essential values of heroism in this novel.

  

ABSTRAK

MEI RATRI SRI HANDAYANI (2009). The Value of Heroism as Reflected Through

Cain Hammett as the Main Character in Frederick Manfred’s Riders of Judgment.

  Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Riders of Judgment adalah salah satu novel karangan Frederick Manfred. Novel

ini bercerita tentang perjuangan hidup tokoh utamanya. Cain Hammett sebagai tokoh

utama di dalam cerita ini digambarkan sebagai seseorang laki-laki gigih yang berjuang

untuk membela tanah dan penduduknya. Dia mempunyai tujuan dan nilai untuk didapat.

  

Melalui tingkah laku, perkataan, dan penilaian tokoh lain terhadapnya, jelas terlihat

bahwa penokohan Cain mengusung beberapa sifat heroisme. Dalam hal ini, cerita dalam

novel ini menyampaikan nilai-nilai heroisme melalui tokoh utamanya.

  Ada tiga pokok permasalahan yang dirumuskan dalam study ini: (1) Bagaimana

tokoh utama, Cain Hammett, digambarkan dalam Riders of Judgment (2) Bagaimana

aksi-aksi kepahlawanan dari tokoh utama digambarkan dalam cerita ini (3) Nilai-nilai

heroisme apa saja yang terefleksikan melalui sifat-sifat dan aksi kepahlawanan Cain

Hammett sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel ini. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah; pertama,

untuk menemukan bagaimana tokoh utama digambarkan. Kedua, untuk menemukan

bagaimana aksi-aksi kepahlawanan tokoh utama digambarkan dan ketiga, menemukan

nilai-nilai heroisme yang direfleksikan melalui sifat-sifat dan aksi-aksi kepahlawanan

tokoh utama dalam novel ini.

  Karena studi ini menitikberatkan pada karya sastra, penulis menggunakan studi

pustaka and internet. Penulis menggunakan sumber pustaka dan Internet untuk analisis.

Untuk memperkuat analisis, pendekatan filsafat moral digunakan.

  Melalui bagian analisis, ditemukan bahwa penokohan dan aksi kepahlawanan dari

tokoh utama mempunyai peran penting dalam mengungkapkan nilai-nilai heroisme.

Melalui cara tokoh utama, Cain Hammett, dalam menolong orang lain, menghadapi

kesulitan dan bahaya dan berjuang untuk memperoleh tujuannya menjadi bukti bahwa

cerita dalam novel ini merefleksikan nilai-nilai heroisme melalui tokoh utamanya.

  Dengan memberikan perhatian penuh pada penokohan dan aksi-aksi dari Cain

Hammett, penulis menemukan nilai-nilai heroisme yang terefleksikan melalui Cain

Hammett. Dalam hal ini, heroisme digambarkan sebagai seseorang dengan sifat baik

yang melakukan aksi berdasarkan alasan dan tujuan, untuk menghadapi kesulitan dan

bahaya demi kesejahteraan orang lain. Heroisme dapat diperoleh ketika seseorang

bersedia melakukan aksi-aksi menolong orang lain dan bahkan bersedia

mengesampingkan kesejahteraannya sendiri. Selanjutnya, setiap aksi yang dilakukan oleh

Cain Hammett mengandung resiko-resiko, semua resiko dianggap sebagai konsekuensi.

Dengan kata lain, kebaikan, keberanian dan pengorbanan diri menjadi nilai-nilai penting

dari heroisme pada novel ini.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of The Study Literature is one of the great creative and extensive ways of communicating the emotional, spiritual or intellectual anxiety of humankind. Literature able to help readers to grow their personalities and intellectualities. Literature also provides an object base for the reader’s knowledge

  and understanding. It helps to connect their reader to the cultural context and helps to recognize and learn about human dreams and struggle in different societies and condition. By studying literature, reader can see worthiness in the aim of all people, and it therefore exercises our emotions through the arousal of interest, concern, tension, excitement, hope, fear, regret, laughter and sympathy

  (Encyclopedia Americana, 1974:559)

  Frederick Manfred is a well-known writer from Minnesota, he has written 18 novels. One of his works is Riders of Judgment. Riders of Judgment is a novel which is analyzed in this study. In this novel, the author’s ideas and thoughts are expressed in the way he writes the story. In this undergraduate thesis, the writer will focus on the value of heroism proposed in the story. Based on an online source entitled Frederick Manfred, it is stated that Manfred’s works are mostly associated with the hardship way of life of that time. He is not writing about political novels, but he often presents a human manuscript. It can be seen from analysis of rebellion and freedom toward family and society. There is no apparent division between good and bad on his vision of humanity. The clearest values that can be seen are tolerance, compassion, and other values that can be found in all aspects of life.

  The novel Riders of Judgment was written in interesting ways, here Manfred presents the main character, Cain Hammett as a character which has a big effect on the story. The character mainly engages the writer’s interest because he is described to have some good characteristics of a person who may bring some positive values. It is primary through the main character in this novel that the writer will draw the topic.

  In Riders of Judgment, Frederick Manfred tells about Cain Hammett as the main character who is an independent Wyoming cattleman. He has two brothers, Harry Hammett and Dale Hammett. They are little stockmen who have ever worked for Jesse Jacklin in Peter Caudle’s Cattle Empire, but after he knows that Jesse cheats Lord Peter (the owner of Peter Caudle’s Cattle Empire) Cain and his brothers decide to quit. Cain is described as a lonesome cowboy who only has a horse named Lonesome and a mule named Animal as his companions to ride. He is a bachelor who faithfully keeps his love only for his cousin Rosemary (Rory) though she marries Dale Hammett, his youngest brother. Cain tries to keep his allegiance with his Grand father, Gramp Hammett who is very much against next of family mating, whether for human or even animal. In spite of in fact, Rory also loves Cain very much.

  This story also tells about how Cain struggles to revenge his Grand father, his father, his uncle, Dale and two other little stockmen’s murderer.

  It is also about his devotion to defend his land from the attack of cruel cattle barons. He is a man in the county who has willingness to devote times of efforts and to risk his life. In the end of the story, he courageously and forcefully has to stand struggling alone against a number of armed-men to fight.

  As stated above Riders of Judgment is a story about man who lives as a little stockman whose land is being invaded by the dominant stockmen in the country. He has to fight for his right and for the people on the county. In the novel, Manfred brought heroism as the main atmosphere that can be felt through the main character that is heroic.

  This novel carries different view on the way people of life. The different way is seen in the main character’s way of struggle to achieve certain aims. His struggle creates some heroic acts on how he faces every obstacle in his life. His action towards every difficulties and risky things that happen in his life is different from other people. His indifference is the result of the value he brings into his life. Since the struggle of Cain Hammett is dedicated for all, not only for himself, but for others as well, for family and also for his county, his characteristics and heroic actions will be used to reveal the values of heroism in this story.

  Cain Hammett’s characteristics and heroic actions reflect his bravery and courage. Courage, according to Roth (1995:375) is actually an essential part of heroism, and it is always related to heroism. Courage which positively affects the general welfare has the same meaning as heroism. He mentions courage as a morality of ‘self-regarding’ because the main purpose to be served is the courageous of an individual. However, heroism also represents an ‘other-regarding’ morality because the central regard is the wellbeing and the common good of others.

  In Webster New Twentieth Century Dictionary heroism means the qualities and actions of a hero. Heroism means courageous an fearless action, which indicates the characteristics of a hero, not only to face physical battle/fight, but also to take responsibilities and solve difficulties for the sake of the welfare of others (1983:853). It can be said that a person with certain characteristics and actions of bravery to do something worthy for other people and strongly motivated to help others, is a hero. A hero is often represented of an actual person who is a good person; a brave person; a self-sacrificing person. A person who has an eagerness and bravery to face any circumstances, not only to fight but also to face any responsibilities and difficulties.

  As we usually know, the hero may exhibit characteristics such as superhuman strength and endurance that sometimes makes him nearly invincible.

  Cain, the main character is fictitious but he symbolizes a real person without any great strength or super power ability. It means that he is not a man who has a supernatural power like Spiderman, he can not fly like Superman, he is not immortal like Highlander, also not a man who is invisible like The Invisible Man, or even having Godlike strength like Hercules, but here Hammett is described as a person in a real life with no super human strength. A man who is more or less an ordinary person who thinks and acts with his willingness to get into trouble to actualize his natural ability. He has an ordinary thought and ability to do action with bravery and good intention to help other people. The writer will figure out Cain Hammett’s characteristics and heroic actions whether they can reflect values of heroism.

  Hero’s struggle usually requires achievement of some values, for example to leave behind her/his self-importance to help others is something valuable.

  Through the main character’s characteristics and actions, the value of heroism can be achieved. The writer will pay a big attention on the main character, Cain Hammett, because he might be the character who has a significant role as a hero in the story. Since this novel is one of literary work which points out about heroism, the writer is also interested in digging and finding out the value of heroism reflected through the main character.

  According to Bernstein, to achieve heroism a man has to reach the top of human morality about the enduring commitment to rational values, in action, in facing the opposition that may depress a man’s wellbeing for other’s well being (http://www.mikementzer.com/heroism.html)

  It is obvious that heroism focuses on human beings. As human beings we have the ability and sensibility to manage ourselves, to do what we want to do.

  It is related to the moral concept of human, whether to have a good morality or not. It is also a choice for us as human beings to create good or bad values in the place we are living.

  The discussion of revealing heroism of Frederick Manfred’s

  

Riders of Judgment through the characteristics and heroic actions of Cain

  Hammett as the main character, directs the writer to draw a topic: The Value of

  

Heroism as Reflected Through Cain Hammett as the Main Character in Frederick

Manfred’s Riders of Judgment . Hopefully, this study can help us to give

  something worthwhile rather than only to understand the story.

  B. Problems Formulation

  In order to get deeper understanding about the topic of the study, these three questions have been formulated as the problems in the analysis:

  1. How is the main character, Cain Hammett, characterized in the novel?

  2. How are heroic actions of the main character portrayed in the story?

  3. What are values of heroism reflected through Cain Hammett’s characteristics and heroic actions?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  This study analyzes Frederick Manfred’s novel entitled

Riders of Judgment . The writer formulates the question into three parts.

  Firstly, the writer has the aim to find out how the character Cain Hammett as the main character is characterized. Secondly is to find out how the heroic actions of the main character portrayed in this novel. Thirdly, to find out what values of heroism reflected through the main character. In brief, this study is to know further and understand about heroism as described through the main character in the novel Riders of Judgment.

D. Definition of Terms

  1. Value International Encyclopedia of Ethics defines value is what makes actions, characters traits and objects to be considered as something good or bad.

  (1995: 897)

  2. Heroism

  The complete definition taken from Encyclopedia of Ethics, thus heroism is defined as the human virtue that make able one to face fear evoking danger or difficulty for the general welfare as the reason and intention to act.(1995: 375)

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies The author of the work which is being analyzed by the writer is Frederick Manfred. Manfred is the Iowa-born author of 18 novels including the

  two volumes of short stories and one book of poem. Some of his works of fiction are: The Golden Bowl, his first novel which was published in 1944, Boy Almighty (1945), This is the Year (1947), The Chokecherry (1948), The Primitive (1949),

  

The Brother (1950), The Giant (1951), Lord Grizzly (1954), Morning Red

th

  (1956)and Riders of Judgment is his 10 work which is published in 1957, and many.

  In 1944 and in 1945 he was awarded by The American Academy of Art and Letters. It can be seen above that almost in every years of his time of writing he consistently published at least one work and also took a good part in American literature. Manfred was born on January 6, 1912 then he decided to start writing in the year of 1943 and he died in 1994.

  Manfred is known as a writer, a man who made his living with his pen. Writing is his life and his career is stated by Wylder that: “Writing has been his life and his livelihood and his tending to write from his native area, Siouxland.

  He has devoted his life to writing and he has made such outstanding contribution to literature in his country, America”. (Wylder, 1979)

  Manfred creates realistic or imperfect character which is real and believable. Milton said: Approaching a Manfred novel, the reader should first note that here is a distinct sensitivity at work. First, Manfred is unashamedly male, and he sees the male principle as the major creative force. He does not espouse the macho image for its own sake, however. Like the American Indian, or the American farmer, or like any people oriented to basics, he sees the regenerative force as both a blessing and a threat. (Milton, 1957) There is different understanding about Manfred‘s work that has to be considered by the reader. Manfred reflects on the conversion power of good thing and risky thing. Manfred judges men fundamental truth as the most important resourceful power. It is by creating the characters which are not symbolized figures of masculinity, but just describing them as the common American Indian, American farmer or people determined to basics.

  Cain is described as a good man who let himself to be a bachelor at his 30 age, just to keep his faithfulness for the woman he really loves. As it is quoted that Cain is the only character in the whole story who might be called a hero. He draws near the ideal, a man of reason and good will but expresses over desire to love someone who in fact marries his brother, Dale Hammett. Significantly, he has named his horse Lonesome and his mule Animal. Lonesome represents his loneliness and Animal is a sterile mule. Cain is the only brother of the three who really respects his grand father’s forbidden rule of marrying cousin. Dale Hammett is the husband of Rory Hammett, his own cousin. Harry Hammett is the father of Rory’s first son, but then she names her second baby for Cain Hammett because she wants the baby grows like a man he actually really loves. (http://www.dancingbadger.com/sonjacobx.htm#n12).

  In a 1957 review of the novel of Riders of Judgment, the correspondent for the New York Times, Steward, considers the setting in the novel has horrible and grisly setting of places but consist the message of trustworthiness and pleasure things. Cain rides his horse from down to the timberline in the Big Stonies then far down the east wide throws of endless rock away, Cain deals with the enormous curving valley of the great Crimson Wall. Beyond Crimson Wall the further valley stretches out before him like a giant relief map. He also rides through the Bitterness River, then down to the land where Red fork Canyon runs south. The country is open and big enough for Cain to reach the deep green hills of Shaken Grass, in the Bighorn County where he has his own cattle.

  Steward wrote: The story in the novel as a striking addition to the topflight fiction where in places the story is brutal, even gruesome, but it has the ring of fidelity to act and is a thriller all the way. Cain Hammett riding his black horse, Lonesome, is one of the most characters to hit the wide prairies of print in many of day. (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html) By seeing those related studies about Riders of Judgment, the writer finds that some of exciting comments seem to discuss the contribution of the author toward his work: how some elements in Manfred’s life occur in the novel and focus more on the setting and the characters in general. In this thesis, the writer tries to give more specific study on heroism and focus on the main character’s characteristics as the central discussion. Meanwhile, the writer intends to reveal the value of heroism in the novel also through the heroic action done by the main character.

B. Review of Related Theories

  To support this study, that would deal with the topic of The Value of

  

Heroism as Reflected Through Cain Hammett as The Main Character in

Frederick Manfred’s Rider of Judgment. The writer uses some theories to be the

  basic guidance in answering the question as clearly as possible.

1. Theory of Character and characterization

  In understanding the characters, Perrine mentions that character in a story can be presented through direct presentation and indirect presentation (1974: 68-69). In direct presentation, the author simply tells the reader about the characters of the story. He tells the qualities of the characters in exposition and analysis, or he has someone else in the story who tells us what they like are. In indirect presentation, the personality of the character can be convincing, as it is shown by speaking and action he or she teaches.

  Discussing more about character is as important as discussing the characterization. Holman and Harmon in A Handbook to Literature stated that characterization is the creation of playwright’s imagination about character as real human being, so they exist for the audience or reader as lifelike (1986:81).

  The reader often imagine the character as well as they think about the real human, so in creating a character, the author usually uses real human, completed with his

  M.J. Murphy in Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry

  

and the English Novel for Overseas Students (1972:161-173) explains nine ways

  that an author can apply to present the characterization of characters in a literary work:

  a. Personal description

  The author describes from the details of physical appearance and outfit of the character, like strong or weak, fat or thin, beautiful or bad, tall or short, big or small, with curly hair or blonde, white or black skin, etc.

  b. Character as seen by another An author describes the character through another’s point of view.

  The other characters in the story give her or his opinions, by giving explanation a character is like. In these details, the readers also can use their own point of view to analyze a certain character.

  c. Speech

  The author gives the readers an insight into the character in the work through what a person says. It can be seen whenever a person speaks in conversation with other character. We also can see his character from his opinion that he gives.

  d. Past life

  The author can provide a clue to events that help to shape a person’s characteristics by giving the character’s past life. This is quite helpful to analyze the present life of the character.

  e. Conversation of others

  The readers have to pay attention through the conversation of other people and the things they say about the character, because an author sometimes gives a clue to understand the character’s personality from other’s conversation and their opinion about him. By searching it, it will help the readers to get more information about the characteristic of the character

  f. Reaction

  The author gives the readers a clue to what characteristics a character has, by describing how the person reacts and responds to various situation or event.

  g. Direct comment

  The author gives the reader direct comment and description on the character. In this way there is a medium for the author to use to characterize the character.

h. Thoughts The author gives us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.

  Whenever the author gives a direct description of the character’s mind, what he is thinking about, we are led to a deep analysis through the thought inside the character’s mind.

i. Mannerism A person’s character can be described through his habit and mannerism.

  It can tell us something more about the character. Furthermore, the meaning of characterization in the literary work as an individual is the process of presenting and developing a character by an author.

  Another theory of characterization is depicted by Barnet and Berman (1988: 71-72) in their Literature for Composition. They stated that in writing about character we have to focus on personality, traits, and characters.

  After reading a story, we may briefly summarize the author’s description of the character’s physical appearance and clothing, and then try to get the personality.

  Some points to be considered for determining the analysis of a character are; the words that the character expresses through dialogue or speech; the actions done by the character; the comments and opinions of other character about the character analyzed; the actions or reaction of other characters toward the character.

2. Theories of Action

  Action according to Hornby A.S is a process of doing things; show body movement. (1987:9). In this thesis, the writer tries to analyze what the main character will do through his bravery and persistency to dedicate himself for his land and other people.

  According to Alvin I Goldman in his book A Theory of Human Action (1970: 71-80) action is a central feature of human nature in which that people do things intentionally or on purpose.

  He mentions some notions of intentional action:

a. Wants:

  The most important notions of intentional action is wanting, wanting is limited to mental states that limit on strong emotions, probably accompanied by emotional strain or other body tones. It is different with other attitude terms such as ‘favor’, ‘like’, ‘be attracted by’. All action-wants or want to do certain acts have various strengths or intensities.

  b. A necessary condition of intentional action:

  Intentional action acts are often acts that a person wanted to do, indeed

  

wanted to do for his/her own sake. An act is often done intentionally even though

  the person did not thin the prospect of performing that act attractive. The person may averse to it, at least considered for its own sake. When an intentional act of something is not itself desired, there must be some other related act that a person wants to do.

  c. The pattern of intentional action:

  Intentional act is often an action that a person wanted to do. If a person wants to perform an act, he/she must perform at least one basic act that will generate the act. In the other words, the pattern consist of a desire to do some act and a set of beliefs to the effect that, if he/she is to perform basic act this would generate various other acts.

  d.

  Basic act: The ability to perform basic act-type at will does not depend on any causes and effect knowledge. A person may be able to do action at will although he/she has no idea about what causes the action he/she does.

  e. Wants and beliefs act as causes of act:

  A person can often be sure that a certain very strong desire and strong belief will cause a person to perform certain act.

f. Reason and causes: Purposive behavior is closely connected with the concept of reasons.

  A person might indeed define an intentional act as one does something for a reason. Intentional action is connected to the concept of reason. The performance of certain act implies that a person is acting out of specific desire or purpose.