Exotic method effect on the readability of Hercule Poirot`s dialogues in three Agatha Christie`s Indonesian translated novels - USD Repository
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EXOTIC METHOD EFFECT ON THE
READABILITY OF HERCULE POIROT’S DIALOGUES
IN THREE AGATHA CHRISTIE’S
INDONESIAN TRANSLATED NOVELS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YOHANES PASKALIS PAE DALE
Student Number: 104214057
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis
Yogyakarta, September 15, 2014
Yohanes Paskalis Pae Dale
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Yohanes Paskalis Pae Dale
: 104214057
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
EXOTIC METHOD EFFECT ON THE
READABILITY OF HERCULE POIROT’S DIALOGUES
IN THREE AGATHA CHRISTIE’S
INDONESIAN TRANSLATED NOVELS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Danata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan, dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet
atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 15 September 2014
Yang menyatakan,
Yohanes Paskalis Pae Dale
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“One dies only if he's not anymore in the
hearts and minds of those who know him.”
-Eichiro Oda vi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank my Jesus Christ for His blessing on me in
the whole process of my undergraduate thesis writing.
My grateful thanks are expressed to my great advisor, Harris Hermansyah
S., S.S., M.Hum., who spent his time to help me finish this undergraduate thesis
with his all bright suggestions. My grateful thanks are also expressed to Dr. B. Ria
Lestari, M.Sc. as my co-advisor and the First Examiner, Adventina Putranti, S.S.,
M.Hum., during the second process of this thesis writing and my thesis defense. I
also want to thank all lecturers of English Letters Department USD for
multifarious knowledge they have given to me during my study period in Sanata
Dharma University. This gratitude is also addressed to staff of Faculty of Letters
for helping me during this process.
Furthermore, I would like to give grateful thanks to my beloved parents
for such great supports, prayers, care, and love; to my mother who always keeps
me remember with this thesis, and to my father who patiently reminds me to pray
for my success. I also want to thank both of my sisters for their time and supports
to me, especially in teaching me how to deal with the MS. Word and other
technical matters. Lastly, my great gratitude is addressed for all my perky friends,
especially those from 2010 year for supporting me and becoming my discussions
field during my thesis writing. May God bless and gives grace to us all. I can say
we are the best in supporting each other.
Inspired by a singer named Jason Mraz, I want to invite you to do what he
says in one of his songs, to “live high, live mighty, live righteously.”
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................... iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ........ v
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. viii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... x
ABSTRAK........................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................
A. Background of the Study ..........................................................................
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ..................................................................................
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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 8
A. Review of Related Studies........................................................................ 8
1. The Accuracy and Readability of Domesticated and Foreignized
Translation of Specific Words in Stephenie Meyer‟s Twilght into
Indonesian Translation Twilight by Devita Sari ..................................... 8
2. “A Study on The Translation of The Christian-Related Term in The
Constitution of The Sisters of Notre Dame” ........................................... 9
3. “Translation Quality Assessment on the Accuracy, Naturleness, and
Acceptability of the Translation of Leo Tolstoy‟s „After the Dance‟ into
„Setelah Pesta Dansa‟ by Anton Kurnia .................................................. 10
B. Review of Related Theories ..................................................................... 11
1. Theories of Translation............................................................................. 11
2. Translation Readability ............................................................................ 14
3. Translation Methods ................................................................................. 17
C. Theoretical Frameworks ........................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................
A. Areas of Research .....................................................................................
B. Object of the Study ...................................................................................
C. Method of the Study .................................................................................
D. Research Procedure ..................................................................................
1. Types of Data ...........................................................................................
a. Objective Data .....................................................................................
b. Affective Data ......................................................................................
2. Data Collection .........................................................................................
a. TL Text Analysis .................................................................................
b. Questionnaires ......................................................................................
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3. Population and Sample ............................................................................. 33
4. Data Analysis............................................................................................ 35
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS .......................
A. The Readability of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan atas Roger
Ackroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa ...................
1. Exotic Method on Christie‟s TL Novels ............................................
2. The Readability Result of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Three Agatha
Christie‟s TL Novels .........................................................................
a. The Readability Result of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan
atas Roger Ackroyd ........................................................................
b. The Readability Result of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Tirai ..................
c. The Readability Result of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan
di Pondokan Mahasiswa ................................................................
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B. The Effect of Exotic Method on the Readability of Poirot‟s Dialogues
in Three Christie‟s TL Novels ................................................................
1. The Effect of Exotic Method in Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd ...
2. The Effect of Exotic Method in Tirai .................................................
3. The Effect of Exotic Method in Pembunuhan di Pondokan
Mahasiswa ..........................................................................................
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................
Appendix 1: Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd ........
Appendix 2: Poirot‟s Dialogues in Tirai ......................................................
Appendix 3: Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa
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ABSTRACT
DALE, YOHANES PASKALIS PAE. Exotic Method Effect on the Readability
of Hercule Poirot’s Dialogues in Three Agatha Christie’s Indonesian
Translated Novels. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of
Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
This undergraduate thesis focuses on the discussion of a translation
method named exotic method which affects the readability of three Indonesian
translated novels written by Agatha Christie, titled Pembunuhan atas Roger
Ackroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa. These three novels are
translated by three different translators, but it is indicated that exotic method of
translation coined by Hervey and Higgins is applied in translating these three
novels. By the application of that method, the French terms in the dialogues of a
main character in those novels named Hercule Poirot are not translated. This
exotic translation form brings effects on the readability of Poirot‟s dialogues part,
especially for the target language reader who are Indonesian who do not speak in
foreign language (in this case, the foreign language is French).
There are two problem formulations in this undergraduate thesis. The first
formulated problem is about the readability of Hercule Poirot‟s dialogues in three
Christie‟s Indonesian translated novels. The second problem evaluates the effect
of applying exotic method in translating three Christie‟s novels from English into
Indonesian that are seen on the readers. These two problem formulations are also
dealing with the examination of the selected data on target language readers to
find out the readability of Poirot‟s dialogues and to analyze the effect of applying
exotic method.
The method used in this research is the qualitative method that mostly
implicates empirical or field research, although the library research is also done in
selecting data for analysis. The empirical research is done to find out the
readability of Poirot‟s dialogues and to analyze the effect of applying exotic
method. This empirical research includes the process of compiling affective data
through questionnaires.
There are two analysis results in this research. The first result of this
research is the average scale 1.8 for the readability of Poirot‟s dialogues in three
Christie‟s Indonesian translated novels. Based on readability-rating instrument, it
means Poirot‟s dialogues are in level „quite readable‟. It is concluded in the field
research on the readers using twenty three selected data. The second result reveals
there are two effects seen on target language readers in reading Christie‟s
Indonesian translated novels caused by applying exotic method in translating
those novels. The first is the reader‟s misinterpretation in understanding Poirot‟s
purpose, and the second is that the readers skip French terms in reading Poirot‟s
dialogues. The result of data comparison in the analysis supports the form of
exotic translation suggested by the researcher, that additional translation in exotic
translation text can upgrade the readability of the target language text.
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ABSTRAK
DALE, YOHANES PASKALIS PAE. Exotic Method Effect on the Readability
of Hercule Poirot’s Dialogues in Three Agatha Christie’s Indonesian
Translated Novels. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi ini membahas pengaruh penerapan metode penerjemahan bernama
exotic method (metode eksotis) terhadap keterbacaan tiga novel karya Agatha
Christie yang diterjemahkan ke dalam versi Indonesia, berjudul Pembunuhan atas
Roger Ackroyd, Tirai, dan Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa. Ketiga novel
itu diterjemahkan oleh tiga penerjemah yang berbeda, namun telah diindikasi
bahwa metode penerjemahan eksotis yang dicetuskan Hervey dan Higgins telah
diterapkan dalam penerjemahan ketiga novel itu. Karena penerapan metode itu,
istilah Prancis dalam dialog tokoh bernama Hercule Poirot tidak diterjemahkan ke
dalam bahasa Indonesia. Terjemahan eksotis seperti itu mempengaruhi
keterbacaan dialog Poirot, khususnya bagi pembaca bahasa sasaran yang tidak
memahami istilah asing yang muncul dalam dialog Poirot (yang dalam objek
penelitian ini adalah istilah bahasa Prancis).
Ada dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Permasalahan
pertama adalah seberapa terbacanya dialog Hercule Poirot dalam ketiga novel
terjemahan karya Agatha Christie yang dibahas. Permasalah kedua membahas
pengaruh yang ditimbulkan penerapan metode eksotis dalam penerjemahan ketiga
novel karya Agatha Christie dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang
merupakan bahasa sasaran. Kedua permasalahan ini juga melibatkan pengujian
data utama kepada pembaca untuk menemukan tingkat keterbacaan dialog Poirot,
serta untuk menganalisa pengaruh penerapan metode terjemahan eksotis.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif yang
menitikberatkan studi lapangan, walau studi pustaka juga dilakukan untuk
menyaring data yang akan dianalisis. Studi lapangan ini juga dilakukan untuk
menentukan keterbacaan dialog Poirot dan untuk menganalisis pengaruh
penerapan metode eksotis. Studi lapangan ini meliputi pengumpulan data afektif
melalui kuesioner.
Terdapat dua hasil analisis dalam penelitian ini. Hasil pertama adalah
skala rata-rata 1.8 untuk keterbacaan dialog Poirot dalam tiga novel terjemahan
tersebut, yang berdasarkan tabel tingkat keterbacaan berada pada level „cukup
terbaca‟. Hal ini disimpulkan dari analisis lapangan terhadap dua puluh tiga data
yang diujikan pada para pembaca. Hasil kedua menunjukkan adanya dua
pengaruh utama yang ditemukan pada para pembaca teks sasaran yang disebabkan
penerapan metode eksotis dalam menerjemahkan ketiga novel tersebut. Pengaruh
pertama adalah kesalahan pembaca dalam menafsirkan maksud pembicaraan
Poirot. Pengaruh kedua adalah para pembaca melewatkan istilah-istilah Prancis
yang muncul saat membaca dialog Poirot. Hasil perbandingan data dalam analisis
mendukung bentuk terjemahan eksotis lain yang disarankan oleh penulis, yaitu
bentuk penerjemahan eksotis dengan terjemahan tambahan yang dapat
meningkatkan keterbacaan.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Translation has been used commonly as one kind of communication media
to bridge a gap between two different language and cultures. It means that one
language in a text can be replaced by another language as the target so it can be
understood by people who speak in the target language. Until now, translation has
been used in many fields which include writing delivery message. Many kinds of
text like journals, newspaper or magazines, bible, and literary works can be
translated so they can be read not only in one language. Translation, if it seen
from a translator‟s perspective, is not just noted as a result or product of a
language transfer, but more as a process. In terms of translation as a process, it
can cover the method, strategy, technique, procedure, ideology, and some other
aspect of translating a language. It will be explained that translation method is the
main point of this research, on how it relates with a kind of translation problem
found in translated text.
A text is explained as stretch or writing produced in a given language to
make a coherent whole (Hervey & Higgins, 1992; 14). Any kinds of text can be
translated into many languages. Usually it is done to help the particular texts go
abroad. Literary works are one kind of text that always popular among people.
Narrative literary works like novels are usually sold abroad to gain more
popularity, and for that the novels have to be published in many languages. It
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means they have to be translated first. But, literary works are one kind of text that
has own complexity in its translation process. In translating a literary work like
novels, the translator needs to deal not just with the grammatical aspects, but also
the cultural aspect and the essence contained in each language expression on the
source language text. This matter is also found in the process of translating bible,
but this study discusses about the novels as one kind of narrative literary text.
In some English-Indonesian translation novels written by a famous
English crime writer, Agatha Christie (1890-1976), we can find out that some
French terms in the dialogues of one main character named Hercule Poirot are not
translated into TL (target language) which is Indonesian. The French terms are
written as well as its original form in the SL (source language) version novels
which are written in English. It is found in most of Christie‟s novels which
involve Hercule Poirot as one of the characters in the related story of the novels.
In addition, the French terms appeared in Hercule Poirot‟sdialogues are caused by
the social background of this character. He is created as a former Belgian police
and has problem with his English, it seen in many of his dialogues and it becomes
his particularity that seen in each of his appearance. By how the French terms are
delivered in TL novels, the researcher defines that a translation method named by
Hervey and Higgins (1992) as exotic method is applied in translating the SL
version novels. The following Poirot‟s dialogue found in Agatha Christie‟s novels
can exemplify the exotic method applied in it:
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Source Language (English):
“Ah!” cried Poirot, “never will my English be quite perfect. A curious language. I should
then have said disarranged, n’est-ce pas? “
Target Language (Indonesian):
“Ah!” keluh Poirot, “bahasa Inggrisku tidak akan pernah beres. Bahasa yang ganjil.
Seharusnya aku mengatakan mengacau, n’est-ce pas?”
(from Agatha Christie‟s The Murder of Roger Ackroyd and Pembunuhan Atas
Roger Ackroyd-translated by Maria Regina).
By what are revealed above, the form of Poirot‟s dialogues in Christie‟s
TL novels have strong possibility to cause readability problem among readers
who do not speak French and it may be difficult for them to understand the
context and meaning of the dialogues. Like in the quotation above, the TL
(Indonesian) readers who do not speak French will not understand the meaning of
n‘est-ce pas, butit keeps written without any translation. In this research, that kind
of translation is done with purpose by the translators of related novels. Hervey and
Higgins, in Thinking French Translation, state that all texts are produced for a
purpose, and so it becomes a thoughtful consideration and rational reason to
choose the right methods and practices in translating the SL text (1992; 14). It is
considered that the terms are not translated in order to keep the style of the
character and also the story in the novel itself. The story essence is also main
point needed to be delivered clearly, and as the foreign terms exotically appear in
Poirot‟s dialogue, the TL readers will get the same nuance as what SL text
delivers.
The exotic translated Poirot‟s dialogues in Christie‟s TL novels certainly
can lead readability problem for TL readers, but instead of assuming that form as
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the lack of the TT (target text) which has been translated from the SL text, this
research considers it as a part of the translation process, furthermore as an effect
of a translation. It can be seen that Poirot‟s dialogues in Christie‟s TL novels are
translated using the exotic method. The readability problem for the readers in
reading the TL novels is caused by the application of this method, and it is the
basic concern of this study.
Based on the idea that the difficulty for TL readers in reading Christie‟s
TL novels is to understand the context of Poirot‟s dialogues containing French
terms (or what we can call Poirot‟s exotic translated dialogues), this study is
purposed to learn the impact of applying exotic method in translating text. In
which, it is revealed by studying the readability of the translated text. In readeroriented scope, this study gathers affective data which will be used to support this
thesis. Eventually, by this study, people can learn more about how observable the
problems of readability that are found in TT as the result of applying exotic
method in translating ST (source text). Translators can have more consideration
on deciding a translation method to translate text, such as novels.
The topic is not studied from all of Agatha Christie‟s novels. Hercule
Poirot appears in more than thirty of Christie‟s novels, but this study is narrowed
only on three of Christie‟s translated novels, which are; Pembunuhan atas Roger
Akcroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa. This study takes those
three novels as objects by the consideration that the French terms in Poirot‟s
dialogues in those three translated novels are appeared in various word forms like
pronouns, phrases, expressions, and proverb. Concerning to the topic, it highly
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leads readability problems among TL readers in understanding Poirot‟s dialogues.
Besides, the data taken from those three novels are enough in order to answer the
formulated problems and conclude this study.
B. Problem Formulation
From the background of the study, this study formulates the problems as
follows:
1. How is the readability of Hercule Poirot‘s dialogues in TL (Indonesian)
version of three Agatha Christie‟s novels?
2. What is the effect of applying exotic method in translating three Agatha
Christie‟s novels on TL readers?
C. Objectives of the Study
As shown above, this study has two objectives. First is to find out the
readability of Hercule Poirot‟s dialogues in three Agatha Christie‟s Indonesian
translated novels. The result of the first objective is used to identify and recognize
the readability problem on those novels, specifically for the TL readers in reading
Poirot‟s dialogues, and so to measure the application of exotic methods in
translating those three novels. The second objective is to evaluate what effect of
applying exotic method in translating those three Agatha Christie‟s novels that are
seen on the TL readers, relating to the application of the method of translation
identified in the first problem formulation.
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D. Definition of Terms
The following explanations are the definition of some particular terms that
used by the writer:
Translation Method: Molina and Albir (2002: 507) described a
translation method as the way of how a translation process can be done related to
the purpose of the translation itself. Translation method affects the whole text.
Exotic method: By Hervey and Higgins (1992), exotic method defined as
the signaling cultural foreignness, where TT marked by exoticism is consistent to
use grammatical and cultural features imported from ST with very minimal
adaptation (1992: 34). It is also called exoticism. The method itself related to the
way or system of how the defined exotic feature applied in a translation process
on a text.
Readability: By the definition stated by Richards (1985: 238) in Teori
Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris by Nababan (1999: 62), readability is how easily
written materials can be read and understood.
Target Language (TL): Hervey and Higgins describe target language
(TL) as the language into which the original text is to be translated (1992: 15). In
this research, the Christie‟s translated novels as the target text are written in
Indonesian, therefore the TL is Indonesian.
Source
Language
(SL):
In
Dictionary
of
Translation
Studies
(Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997: 157), source language (SL) is described as the
standard term describing the language in which the text being translated is written.
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The SL novels are the original version of TL novels used as the objects of this
research. The original novels are written in English.
Source text (ST): By Hervey & Higgins (1992: 15), it is described as the
text requiring translation. In this research, the source text is not used as object of
study because the readability problem is only found in non-foreigner readers, who
are Indonesian as the TL readers, with no further translation aspect, like accuracy.
The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, Curtain, and HickoryDickory Dock are the ST of
TL novels used for the objects. Those three of Christie‟s novels as ST are used for
supporting contents.
Target text (TT): TT is the text which is a translation of the ST (Hervey
& Higgins, 1992: 15). Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan
di Pondokan Mahasiswa are the TT taken to be studied in this research, which in
them the readability problem is found
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
Some studies below support the analysis and methodology of this
research, particularly in investigating translation methods applied in TT and
also about its readability.
1.
The
Accuracy
and
Readability
of
Domesticated
and
Foreignized Translation of Specific Words in Stephenie Meyer‟s
Twilight into Indonesian Translation Twilight by Devita Sari.
In that thesis, Maria Agatha Rina Widiastuti discusses about the
accuracy and readability of domesticated and foreignized translation of
specific words found in Stephenie Meyer‟sTwilight in its original version and
its Indonesian translation version (2011: xi). The related specific words are
chosen based on the balance of the number of domesticated and foreignized
words. Her thesis also reveals about two ideologies and strategies in
translating cultural words that studied from Venuti‟s Translator Invisibility
Theory (1995). The accuracy and readability of certain specific terms in the
translation of Meyer‟s Twilight are displayed as the problem formulations of
that thesis (2011: 3).
Widiastuti‟s thesis is circumstantially related with this research by
the point of the second problem formulation in her study discussing about how
she learns the level of readability of the domesticated and foreignized of the
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specific words in related novel and about the translation method that also
being discussed in this research. The different focus between the this study
and Widiastuti‟s is that this study focuses only on readability problem on TL
readers and the translation method identified in certain TL novels, while
Widiastuti‟s study focuses on accuracy and readability of translation
ideologies, which by Widiastuti are learned as translation strategies
(domestication and foreignization) on specific terms in her object of study
(2011: 9).
2.
A Study on The Translation of The Christian-Related Term in
The Constitution of The Sisters of Notre Dame
Fransisca Margareta Kuil, in her thesis, discusses about how the
Christian terms in the Constitution of the Sisters of Notre Dame are translated
into Indonesian according to the theory of SL-emphasis and TL-emphasis and
how the methods of translation in the translation of Christian related terms
according to Hervey and Higgins‟s theory. In her thesis, she uses the Christian
terms in the Constitution as the object of study and data source of her
qualitative research. She is also comparing the Christian terms with its
translation in the Indonesian version of the Constitution to find out more about
the types and how the translation methods are applied in the translation of
Christian terms (2010: x).
This research relates its theory with Kuil‟s thesis by the point of
how her study discusses about the translation methods and in what way they
are applied in a translation text (including the result of applied method on the
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translation product). The translation theory, in its common and concerning to
the method by Hervey and Higgins used in her study is also reviewed in this
research. But somehow this research is different with Kuil‟s by the main point
that this research focuses on the readability problem caused by the French
expressions found in Poirot‟s TL dialogues, in three Agatha Christie‟s
translated novels; Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan
di Pondokan Mahasiswa, while Kuil is studying the translation of Christian
Terms in the Constitution of the Sisters of Notre Dame (2010: x).
3. Translation Quality Assessment on the Accuracy, Naturalness, and
the Acceptability of the Translation of Leo Tolstoy‟s “After the Dance”
Into “Setelah Pesta Dansa” by Anton Kurnia.
Mostly in her study, Diah Puspitaratri reveals how her study
assesses the quality of an Indonesian translation comparing to its English text.
It is done to evaluate the accuracy, naturalness, and acceptability of
Indonesian translation in the perspective of target language. The point is to
find the quality assessment of Setelah Pesta Dansa by Anton Kurnia as the
Indonesian translation text studied as the main object.
What is adapted from Puspitaratri‟s study for this research is the
method of collecting data and how Puspitaratri analyzed that affective data to
assess the quality of the TL version of Tolystoy‟s After the Dance, which is
translated into Setelah Pesta Dansa. But after all, this research is mostly
focused for only the readability aspect of the TT, and it is not leaded to see the
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translation quality assessment, but more about the analysis of applying
translation method in translating ST and its effect on readers.
B. Review of Related Theories
The theories used to support the analysis of this study are divided
into theories on translation, translation readability, and translation methods.
This chapter is then also taking detail on exotic method of translation which
is the main topic of this research.
1.
Theories of Translation
Along its history, translation itself has been variously defined.
From all kinds of defined understanding on translation, one used to support
this research is Roger T. Bell‟s definition of translation(1991: 23), which is
related with the perspective on translation:
Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of
what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic
and stylistic equivalences.
As what is defined above, translation is purely defined by its
common appearance. Once a SL text is translated, the expression and other
semantic forms in it will have another form that is equivalent to the TL. This
research takes one point by Hervey and Higgins (1992) in seeing translation as
a process, which closely relates with the translation method discussed in this
study. They state that what involve in translating are not just two different
languages, but also a transfer of one whole culture into another (1992: 32).
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Beside those main ideas, a translation text can possibly bring
expressions in one language into another, with some impact on those
expressions. Mona Baker gives some points about expressions and foreign
words found in a TT which can be seen as a translation product. The points are
used to support the main idea in defining what translation is. As what taken
from In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, Baker is discussing
about cultural terms, state:
Once a word of expression is borrowed into a language, we cannot predict
or control its development or the additional meanings it might or might not
take on (1992).
It means some terms or expression in a text can possibly have
additional meaning if it translated, or otherwise, some meanings or values of
the terms probably are missed in the TT. It is about how an expression or
cultural term is used in target language. This study sees the consistent use of
French expressions on Poirot‟s dialogues in Christie‟s novel as one of the
translator‟s manner (in base of reader-oriented translation) to keep the essence
of the messages and nuance that delivered in the expressions. Even though the
idea is about translation strategies, we have more discussion on translation
method. The strategy is put as supporting idea to learn a translation method.
Strategy will refers to how the translator encounter the problems in translating
process, but method stands on how the process itself will be, as what
technically applied to translated ST (Molina & Albir: 2002: 507-508). By
different point of view, the form seen in Poirot‟s dialogues has some
similarities with what by Widiastuti in her thesis, called as foreignizing; a
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translation strategy in which the translators will keep the cultural terms be
untranslatable (2011: 4). This research agrees with one statement in
Widiastuti‟s work that the consistent use of the foreign semantic form in TT is
purposed to keep the sense of the literary style and bring the TL readers
abroad to understand the idea of the expression.
To understand more about the circumstances of foreign words in a
translated text, this study reviews Andre Lefevere‟s translating studies (1992),
which states:
To „regularize‟ foreign words, to translate them as if they were not
foreign words in the original, may therefore be to detract from the
complexity of the original (1992:29).
Some foreign words (and phrases) may no longer sound foreign for the
readers of the target-language, in which case they will have lost the
effect intended by the author (1992: 29).
If the French terms are translated to the closest equivalence in TL,
Poirot‟s dialogues in Pembunuhan atas Roger Akcroyd, Tirai, and
Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa, the word style and several effects of
characterization created by the author of the novels (Agatha Christie) will
somehow disappear. These three TL novels are translated by different persons,
but by the form studied on them, the method in translating the novels is
similar.
To find the possible reason of why the foreign expressions are not
translated is not the main focus of this research. That point is beyond the
scope of this research which only learns the aspect of method use relating to
the readability problem of TT by what seen on the TL readers. But indeed, the
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translators have reasonable decision to put the French terms delivered in TL
novels as well as its original form in the SL novels. By the theories above, the
researcher finds out that the translation language in TL novel is a result of
translator‟s consideration on the reader‟s understandings. If the foreign terms
are translated into TL, it is highly possible that the readers will not get the
effect intended by the novels author, the context, content, style, and nuance of
the terms and so the related character speech will not be appeared as well as
SL.
2. Translation Readability
This research involves readability as one of three important aspects
in assessing translation text, which is accuracy, readability, and acceptability.
It means the researcher learns how the TT as a translation product can be
readable for TL readers. Better translation product should be one which highly
readable and understandable, and so the sense of the TL text can be highly
similar with the original one (ST). To support the study of TL text readability
related to the TL readers, this research uses points discussed in the theory and
practice of translation by Nida and Taber, reviewed in the second chapter of
their book, about reproducing the message (1972: 12):
Translating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message”.
A meaningful equivalent is “tender compassion”, and it is precisely in this
manner that many translation attempts to reproduce the significance of this
source-language expression.
The nature of translating is what they discussed about. The text message is
essentially needed to be delivered well to the reader as the audience of a
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translation text. They stated that it is precisely that a meaningful equivalent is
described as „tender compassion‟, that many translations attempt to reproduce
the significance source-language expression.
Nida and Taber are also conducting that style is secondary to the
content of the text, but indeed, it is important (1972: 14). Novel is a written
literary form. It has content on its narration. The style and essence of its
characters‟ are seen from many points of views according how reader deal on
it, but the strongest are seen on the dialogues. In Christie‟s novels involving
Hercule Poirot as the character, the nuance of Poirot himself is alive by his
dialogues in the story. It is more than just simply described in the narration.
The dialogues identify the characterization of Hercule Poirot. That is one point
considered as how the method applied on the TL novels, but it definitely also
cause a lack in reading for the TL readers who are mostly familiar with local
language. It is defined as readability problem.
This research also uses this theory to support the study because it
has strong connection with the focus of the study which discusses the
understanding of the TL readers on Poirot‟s exotic translated dialogues. Based
on the theory used in this research, the primary aim of translation is
„reproducing the message‟, to get the most equivalent content of the text (or
specifically, of the conversations and dialogues in the text) in the translation
result in TL novel the foreign expressions should be delivered as its original
form. The understandings of the readers can be supported by the words that
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reflected the same concept and context so the expressions can be understood
well by the TL readers and TT (target text) can be readable.
The first formulated problem discussed in this research examines
the readability problem among TL readers of Christie‟s novels. We can
assume that the TL readers who do not speak French will surely not
understand about the French terms on Poirot‟s dialogues, but it is considered
that the idea of Poirot‟s dialogues itself can still be understood even after
exotic method is applied. This research reveals that there is weakness on using
exotic method in translating three Christie‟s SL novels into the TL version.
The application of this method affects the readability of TT, especially on
reading Poirot‟s dialogues part. As to examine the readability of TL readers,
this research uses „readability rating-instrument‟, one modification of
Nababan‘s „accuracy rating-instrument‟. The researcher adapts the table form
from one of this study‟s related studies, the one from Widiastuti‟s study
(2011), which also learns about accuracy and readability on translation with
modifications on it.
This research uses the „readability rating-instrument‟ only, with the
scale (1) up to (3), with indicator level; readable, quite readable, and not
readable. The specific scale that then accumulates the readability rank of each
data while studying the TL readers on the field will be displayed later in the
next chapter.
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The following table is the form of „readability-rating instrument
that is formed by Nababan. It is adapted by Widiastuti (2011: 13) and then
modified for this research.
Table 1. „Readability Rating Instrument‟
Scale
1
readable
2
quite readable
3
not readable
Indicator
The TT term is easy to read. The whole terms of
translation product can be understood by the TL
readers.
The TT term is somehow can be read. However, there
are at least two terms that cannot be understood by the
TL readers.
The TT term is hard to read. All of the terms of
translation cannot be understood by the TL readers.
The „readable‟ rating refers to the text which is easy to read in
terms of the meaning of the whole terms and also its context. The „quite
readable‟ rating refers to the text that is still can be read with such condition,
that there are at least two terms in the text that cannot be understood by the
readers. The context of quite readable text can still be understood. The „not
readable‟ rating refers to the text which is hard to read because all of terms in
the text cannot be understood by readers. The context involved in the text is
not understood
3. Translation Methods
This research relates the exotic method of translation with the readability
aspect on Christie‟s TL novels. While reviewing the methods of the
translation, this research also takes some points of translation strategies
because it has the closest relation with the method if we see it from the way it
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done on a process of translation, besides the translation technique and
procedures.
In their journal, Molina and Albir put some points about literal
translation, which occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, and
morphological equivalence between two languages. It is described that there
are kinds of lead strategy of translating a text, which are: borrowing, calque
and literal word- for-word translation (2002: 499). The „borrowing‟ is
mentioned as one of the translation strategy, when a word taken directly from
another language that is applied in translating ST. It somehow has same
appearance like Hervey & Higgins‟ exotic method. But while the „borrowing‟
is applied on a text as result of finding suitable solution for the translation
unit, the exotic method is more functioned as the technical manner to reach the
aim of the translation itself, it affects the whole text.
Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text.
For example, if the aim of a translation method is to produce a
foreignizing version, then borrowing will be one of the most frequently
used (Molina & Albir: 2002: 508).
Foreignizing version there means how the ST filled by the foreign
features in languages or illustration of the text is translated into the TT along
with those foreign features, with less adaptation. The term itself is also
reviewed in other studies with different name, like what called as
Foreignization by Venuti (1995) which reviewed by Munday in Introducing
Translation Studies (2001:146-148).
In the review, Venuti discusses about the idea that the strategies
concern both the choice of SL text and the method chosen in translating it.
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Foreignization, as the review of Venuti in Munday‟s Introducing Translation
Studies (2001: 147);
Foreignization, on the other hand, „entails choosing a foreign text and
developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by
dominant cultural values in the target language‟.
By what is seen on the text, the terms in TT brings the readers
abroad with SL terms, which the cultural terms in SL will be left as what it
formed in SL text without being translated.
Mainly in this research, theories of translation methods are taken
from Hervey and Higgins‘ Thinking Translation; A Course on Translation
Methods: French to English (1992), in its third chapter, about cultural issues
in translation. In that part, Hervey and Higgins mention some various type of
cultural transposition to analyze SL which the writer defines it as the way
chosen by the translator to transfer or to translate the SL text into TL text, the
methods are explained as follows:
a) Exoticism
This type is what the researcher defines as exotic method. It is also
simply one form of „borrowing‟, but specifically Hervey & Higgins (1992)
name it exoticism, or exotic method. This is a kind of cultural transposition
which has the extreme options in signaling cultural foreignness in a TT. An
ST marked by exoticism is consistent in using grammatical and cultural
features imported from ST with minimal adaptation. This method brings the
ST‟s features exotically on TT. It constantly signals the exotic source culture
and cultural strangeness found in ST.
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A TL text which exoticism applies has an impact on the TL public.
The ST could have had on an SL public, from whom the text has fewer
features of a different culture (1992: 34).
b) Cultural Transplantation
Cultural transplantation, whose extreme forms are hardly
translations at all, but it is more like adaptation, that the wholesale
transplanting of the ST setting, resulting in the entire text being rewritten in a
target culture setting (1992: 34).
c) Calque
A calque is an expression which consists of TL words and is
acceptable as TL syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it is modeled on
the structure of an SL expression. This lack of idiomaticity may be purely
lexical and relatively harmless, or it may be more generally grammatical
(1992: 34-35).
d) Cultural borrowing
Cultural borrowing is different with the other types because it does
not involve adaptation of the SL expression into TL forms. Translators often
turn to cultural borrowing when it is impossible to find a suitable indigenous
TL expression. Cultural borrowing only presents the translator with a true
choice in cases where previous translation practice has not already firmly
established the ST expressions in the TL (1992: 35)
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e) Communicative translation
Simply explained, communicative translation is usually adopted for
all cliches, idioms, proverbs, etc. which have readily identifiable
communicative equivalents in the TL. Communicative translation is somehow
appropriate in the context because it renders the situational impact with TL
expressions (1992: 32, 36)
C. Theoretical Framework
All theories that are previously explained help the analysis of this
research. They are also needed to answer the formulated problems before the
researcher can conclude this study.
Some theories in Hervey and Higgins‟ Thinking Translation; second
edition, in its third chapter about cultural issues, show a clear point of how we
see translation as a process, which then can be related with the methods and
strategies of translation used in translating a SL t
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EXOTIC METHOD EFFECT ON THE
READABILITY OF HERCULE POIROT’S DIALOGUES
IN THREE AGATHA CHRISTIE’S
INDONESIAN TRANSLATED NOVELS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YOHANES PASKALIS PAE DALE
Student Number: 104214057
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2014
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis
Yogyakarta, September 15, 2014
Yohanes Paskalis Pae Dale
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Yohanes Paskalis Pae Dale
: 104214057
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
EXOTIC METHOD EFFECT ON THE
READABILITY OF HERCULE POIROT’S DIALOGUES
IN THREE AGATHA CHRISTIE’S
INDONESIAN TRANSLATED NOVELS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Danata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan, dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet
atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 15 September 2014
Yang menyatakan,
Yohanes Paskalis Pae Dale
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“One dies only if he's not anymore in the
hearts and minds of those who know him.”
-Eichiro Oda vi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank my Jesus Christ for His blessing on me in
the whole process of my undergraduate thesis writing.
My grateful thanks are expressed to my great advisor, Harris Hermansyah
S., S.S., M.Hum., who spent his time to help me finish this undergraduate thesis
with his all bright suggestions. My grateful thanks are also expressed to Dr. B. Ria
Lestari, M.Sc. as my co-advisor and the First Examiner, Adventina Putranti, S.S.,
M.Hum., during the second process of this thesis writing and my thesis defense. I
also want to thank all lecturers of English Letters Department USD for
multifarious knowledge they have given to me during my study period in Sanata
Dharma University. This gratitude is also addressed to staff of Faculty of Letters
for helping me during this process.
Furthermore, I would like to give grateful thanks to my beloved parents
for such great supports, prayers, care, and love; to my mother who always keeps
me remember with this thesis, and to my father who patiently reminds me to pray
for my success. I also want to thank both of my sisters for their time and supports
to me, especially in teaching me how to deal with the MS. Word and other
technical matters. Lastly, my great gratitude is addressed for all my perky friends,
especially those from 2010 year for supporting me and becoming my discussions
field during my thesis writing. May God bless and gives grace to us all. I can say
we are the best in supporting each other.
Inspired by a singer named Jason Mraz, I want to invite you to do what he
says in one of his songs, to “live high, live mighty, live righteously.”
vii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................... iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ........ v
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. viii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... x
ABSTRAK........................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................
A. Background of the Study ..........................................................................
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ..................................................................................
1
1
5
5
6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 8
A. Review of Related Studies........................................................................ 8
1. The Accuracy and Readability of Domesticated and Foreignized
Translation of Specific Words in Stephenie Meyer‟s Twilght into
Indonesian Translation Twilight by Devita Sari ..................................... 8
2. “A Study on The Translation of The Christian-Related Term in The
Constitution of The Sisters of Notre Dame” ........................................... 9
3. “Translation Quality Assessment on the Accuracy, Naturleness, and
Acceptability of the Translation of Leo Tolstoy‟s „After the Dance‟ into
„Setelah Pesta Dansa‟ by Anton Kurnia .................................................. 10
B. Review of Related Theories ..................................................................... 11
1. Theories of Translation............................................................................. 11
2. Translation Readability ............................................................................ 14
3. Translation Methods ................................................................................. 17
C. Theoretical Frameworks ........................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................
A. Areas of Research .....................................................................................
B. Object of the Study ...................................................................................
C. Method of the Study .................................................................................
D. Research Procedure ..................................................................................
1. Types of Data ...........................................................................................
a. Objective Data .....................................................................................
b. Affective Data ......................................................................................
2. Data Collection .........................................................................................
a. TL Text Analysis .................................................................................
b. Questionnaires ......................................................................................
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3. Population and Sample ............................................................................. 33
4. Data Analysis............................................................................................ 35
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS .......................
A. The Readability of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan atas Roger
Ackroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa ...................
1. Exotic Method on Christie‟s TL Novels ............................................
2. The Readability Result of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Three Agatha
Christie‟s TL Novels .........................................................................
a. The Readability Result of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan
atas Roger Ackroyd ........................................................................
b. The Readability Result of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Tirai ..................
c. The Readability Result of Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan
di Pondokan Mahasiswa ................................................................
40
B. The Effect of Exotic Method on the Readability of Poirot‟s Dialogues
in Three Christie‟s TL Novels ................................................................
1. The Effect of Exotic Method in Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd ...
2. The Effect of Exotic Method in Tirai .................................................
3. The Effect of Exotic Method in Pembunuhan di Pondokan
Mahasiswa ..........................................................................................
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49
58
63
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................
Appendix 1: Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd ........
Appendix 2: Poirot‟s Dialogues in Tirai ......................................................
Appendix 3: Poirot‟s Dialogues in Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa
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ABSTRACT
DALE, YOHANES PASKALIS PAE. Exotic Method Effect on the Readability
of Hercule Poirot’s Dialogues in Three Agatha Christie’s Indonesian
Translated Novels. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of
Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
This undergraduate thesis focuses on the discussion of a translation
method named exotic method which affects the readability of three Indonesian
translated novels written by Agatha Christie, titled Pembunuhan atas Roger
Ackroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa. These three novels are
translated by three different translators, but it is indicated that exotic method of
translation coined by Hervey and Higgins is applied in translating these three
novels. By the application of that method, the French terms in the dialogues of a
main character in those novels named Hercule Poirot are not translated. This
exotic translation form brings effects on the readability of Poirot‟s dialogues part,
especially for the target language reader who are Indonesian who do not speak in
foreign language (in this case, the foreign language is French).
There are two problem formulations in this undergraduate thesis. The first
formulated problem is about the readability of Hercule Poirot‟s dialogues in three
Christie‟s Indonesian translated novels. The second problem evaluates the effect
of applying exotic method in translating three Christie‟s novels from English into
Indonesian that are seen on the readers. These two problem formulations are also
dealing with the examination of the selected data on target language readers to
find out the readability of Poirot‟s dialogues and to analyze the effect of applying
exotic method.
The method used in this research is the qualitative method that mostly
implicates empirical or field research, although the library research is also done in
selecting data for analysis. The empirical research is done to find out the
readability of Poirot‟s dialogues and to analyze the effect of applying exotic
method. This empirical research includes the process of compiling affective data
through questionnaires.
There are two analysis results in this research. The first result of this
research is the average scale 1.8 for the readability of Poirot‟s dialogues in three
Christie‟s Indonesian translated novels. Based on readability-rating instrument, it
means Poirot‟s dialogues are in level „quite readable‟. It is concluded in the field
research on the readers using twenty three selected data. The second result reveals
there are two effects seen on target language readers in reading Christie‟s
Indonesian translated novels caused by applying exotic method in translating
those novels. The first is the reader‟s misinterpretation in understanding Poirot‟s
purpose, and the second is that the readers skip French terms in reading Poirot‟s
dialogues. The result of data comparison in the analysis supports the form of
exotic translation suggested by the researcher, that additional translation in exotic
translation text can upgrade the readability of the target language text.
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ABSTRAK
DALE, YOHANES PASKALIS PAE. Exotic Method Effect on the Readability
of Hercule Poirot’s Dialogues in Three Agatha Christie’s Indonesian
Translated Novels. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Skripsi ini membahas pengaruh penerapan metode penerjemahan bernama
exotic method (metode eksotis) terhadap keterbacaan tiga novel karya Agatha
Christie yang diterjemahkan ke dalam versi Indonesia, berjudul Pembunuhan atas
Roger Ackroyd, Tirai, dan Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa. Ketiga novel
itu diterjemahkan oleh tiga penerjemah yang berbeda, namun telah diindikasi
bahwa metode penerjemahan eksotis yang dicetuskan Hervey dan Higgins telah
diterapkan dalam penerjemahan ketiga novel itu. Karena penerapan metode itu,
istilah Prancis dalam dialog tokoh bernama Hercule Poirot tidak diterjemahkan ke
dalam bahasa Indonesia. Terjemahan eksotis seperti itu mempengaruhi
keterbacaan dialog Poirot, khususnya bagi pembaca bahasa sasaran yang tidak
memahami istilah asing yang muncul dalam dialog Poirot (yang dalam objek
penelitian ini adalah istilah bahasa Prancis).
Ada dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Permasalahan
pertama adalah seberapa terbacanya dialog Hercule Poirot dalam ketiga novel
terjemahan karya Agatha Christie yang dibahas. Permasalah kedua membahas
pengaruh yang ditimbulkan penerapan metode eksotis dalam penerjemahan ketiga
novel karya Agatha Christie dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang
merupakan bahasa sasaran. Kedua permasalahan ini juga melibatkan pengujian
data utama kepada pembaca untuk menemukan tingkat keterbacaan dialog Poirot,
serta untuk menganalisa pengaruh penerapan metode terjemahan eksotis.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif yang
menitikberatkan studi lapangan, walau studi pustaka juga dilakukan untuk
menyaring data yang akan dianalisis. Studi lapangan ini juga dilakukan untuk
menentukan keterbacaan dialog Poirot dan untuk menganalisis pengaruh
penerapan metode eksotis. Studi lapangan ini meliputi pengumpulan data afektif
melalui kuesioner.
Terdapat dua hasil analisis dalam penelitian ini. Hasil pertama adalah
skala rata-rata 1.8 untuk keterbacaan dialog Poirot dalam tiga novel terjemahan
tersebut, yang berdasarkan tabel tingkat keterbacaan berada pada level „cukup
terbaca‟. Hal ini disimpulkan dari analisis lapangan terhadap dua puluh tiga data
yang diujikan pada para pembaca. Hasil kedua menunjukkan adanya dua
pengaruh utama yang ditemukan pada para pembaca teks sasaran yang disebabkan
penerapan metode eksotis dalam menerjemahkan ketiga novel tersebut. Pengaruh
pertama adalah kesalahan pembaca dalam menafsirkan maksud pembicaraan
Poirot. Pengaruh kedua adalah para pembaca melewatkan istilah-istilah Prancis
yang muncul saat membaca dialog Poirot. Hasil perbandingan data dalam analisis
mendukung bentuk terjemahan eksotis lain yang disarankan oleh penulis, yaitu
bentuk penerjemahan eksotis dengan terjemahan tambahan yang dapat
meningkatkan keterbacaan.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Translation has been used commonly as one kind of communication media
to bridge a gap between two different language and cultures. It means that one
language in a text can be replaced by another language as the target so it can be
understood by people who speak in the target language. Until now, translation has
been used in many fields which include writing delivery message. Many kinds of
text like journals, newspaper or magazines, bible, and literary works can be
translated so they can be read not only in one language. Translation, if it seen
from a translator‟s perspective, is not just noted as a result or product of a
language transfer, but more as a process. In terms of translation as a process, it
can cover the method, strategy, technique, procedure, ideology, and some other
aspect of translating a language. It will be explained that translation method is the
main point of this research, on how it relates with a kind of translation problem
found in translated text.
A text is explained as stretch or writing produced in a given language to
make a coherent whole (Hervey & Higgins, 1992; 14). Any kinds of text can be
translated into many languages. Usually it is done to help the particular texts go
abroad. Literary works are one kind of text that always popular among people.
Narrative literary works like novels are usually sold abroad to gain more
popularity, and for that the novels have to be published in many languages. It
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means they have to be translated first. But, literary works are one kind of text that
has own complexity in its translation process. In translating a literary work like
novels, the translator needs to deal not just with the grammatical aspects, but also
the cultural aspect and the essence contained in each language expression on the
source language text. This matter is also found in the process of translating bible,
but this study discusses about the novels as one kind of narrative literary text.
In some English-Indonesian translation novels written by a famous
English crime writer, Agatha Christie (1890-1976), we can find out that some
French terms in the dialogues of one main character named Hercule Poirot are not
translated into TL (target language) which is Indonesian. The French terms are
written as well as its original form in the SL (source language) version novels
which are written in English. It is found in most of Christie‟s novels which
involve Hercule Poirot as one of the characters in the related story of the novels.
In addition, the French terms appeared in Hercule Poirot‟sdialogues are caused by
the social background of this character. He is created as a former Belgian police
and has problem with his English, it seen in many of his dialogues and it becomes
his particularity that seen in each of his appearance. By how the French terms are
delivered in TL novels, the researcher defines that a translation method named by
Hervey and Higgins (1992) as exotic method is applied in translating the SL
version novels. The following Poirot‟s dialogue found in Agatha Christie‟s novels
can exemplify the exotic method applied in it:
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Source Language (English):
“Ah!” cried Poirot, “never will my English be quite perfect. A curious language. I should
then have said disarranged, n’est-ce pas? “
Target Language (Indonesian):
“Ah!” keluh Poirot, “bahasa Inggrisku tidak akan pernah beres. Bahasa yang ganjil.
Seharusnya aku mengatakan mengacau, n’est-ce pas?”
(from Agatha Christie‟s The Murder of Roger Ackroyd and Pembunuhan Atas
Roger Ackroyd-translated by Maria Regina).
By what are revealed above, the form of Poirot‟s dialogues in Christie‟s
TL novels have strong possibility to cause readability problem among readers
who do not speak French and it may be difficult for them to understand the
context and meaning of the dialogues. Like in the quotation above, the TL
(Indonesian) readers who do not speak French will not understand the meaning of
n‘est-ce pas, butit keeps written without any translation. In this research, that kind
of translation is done with purpose by the translators of related novels. Hervey and
Higgins, in Thinking French Translation, state that all texts are produced for a
purpose, and so it becomes a thoughtful consideration and rational reason to
choose the right methods and practices in translating the SL text (1992; 14). It is
considered that the terms are not translated in order to keep the style of the
character and also the story in the novel itself. The story essence is also main
point needed to be delivered clearly, and as the foreign terms exotically appear in
Poirot‟s dialogue, the TL readers will get the same nuance as what SL text
delivers.
The exotic translated Poirot‟s dialogues in Christie‟s TL novels certainly
can lead readability problem for TL readers, but instead of assuming that form as
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the lack of the TT (target text) which has been translated from the SL text, this
research considers it as a part of the translation process, furthermore as an effect
of a translation. It can be seen that Poirot‟s dialogues in Christie‟s TL novels are
translated using the exotic method. The readability problem for the readers in
reading the TL novels is caused by the application of this method, and it is the
basic concern of this study.
Based on the idea that the difficulty for TL readers in reading Christie‟s
TL novels is to understand the context of Poirot‟s dialogues containing French
terms (or what we can call Poirot‟s exotic translated dialogues), this study is
purposed to learn the impact of applying exotic method in translating text. In
which, it is revealed by studying the readability of the translated text. In readeroriented scope, this study gathers affective data which will be used to support this
thesis. Eventually, by this study, people can learn more about how observable the
problems of readability that are found in TT as the result of applying exotic
method in translating ST (source text). Translators can have more consideration
on deciding a translation method to translate text, such as novels.
The topic is not studied from all of Agatha Christie‟s novels. Hercule
Poirot appears in more than thirty of Christie‟s novels, but this study is narrowed
only on three of Christie‟s translated novels, which are; Pembunuhan atas Roger
Akcroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa. This study takes those
three novels as objects by the consideration that the French terms in Poirot‟s
dialogues in those three translated novels are appeared in various word forms like
pronouns, phrases, expressions, and proverb. Concerning to the topic, it highly
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leads readability problems among TL readers in understanding Poirot‟s dialogues.
Besides, the data taken from those three novels are enough in order to answer the
formulated problems and conclude this study.
B. Problem Formulation
From the background of the study, this study formulates the problems as
follows:
1. How is the readability of Hercule Poirot‘s dialogues in TL (Indonesian)
version of three Agatha Christie‟s novels?
2. What is the effect of applying exotic method in translating three Agatha
Christie‟s novels on TL readers?
C. Objectives of the Study
As shown above, this study has two objectives. First is to find out the
readability of Hercule Poirot‟s dialogues in three Agatha Christie‟s Indonesian
translated novels. The result of the first objective is used to identify and recognize
the readability problem on those novels, specifically for the TL readers in reading
Poirot‟s dialogues, and so to measure the application of exotic methods in
translating those three novels. The second objective is to evaluate what effect of
applying exotic method in translating those three Agatha Christie‟s novels that are
seen on the TL readers, relating to the application of the method of translation
identified in the first problem formulation.
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D. Definition of Terms
The following explanations are the definition of some particular terms that
used by the writer:
Translation Method: Molina and Albir (2002: 507) described a
translation method as the way of how a translation process can be done related to
the purpose of the translation itself. Translation method affects the whole text.
Exotic method: By Hervey and Higgins (1992), exotic method defined as
the signaling cultural foreignness, where TT marked by exoticism is consistent to
use grammatical and cultural features imported from ST with very minimal
adaptation (1992: 34). It is also called exoticism. The method itself related to the
way or system of how the defined exotic feature applied in a translation process
on a text.
Readability: By the definition stated by Richards (1985: 238) in Teori
Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris by Nababan (1999: 62), readability is how easily
written materials can be read and understood.
Target Language (TL): Hervey and Higgins describe target language
(TL) as the language into which the original text is to be translated (1992: 15). In
this research, the Christie‟s translated novels as the target text are written in
Indonesian, therefore the TL is Indonesian.
Source
Language
(SL):
In
Dictionary
of
Translation
Studies
(Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997: 157), source language (SL) is described as the
standard term describing the language in which the text being translated is written.
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The SL novels are the original version of TL novels used as the objects of this
research. The original novels are written in English.
Source text (ST): By Hervey & Higgins (1992: 15), it is described as the
text requiring translation. In this research, the source text is not used as object of
study because the readability problem is only found in non-foreigner readers, who
are Indonesian as the TL readers, with no further translation aspect, like accuracy.
The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, Curtain, and HickoryDickory Dock are the ST of
TL novels used for the objects. Those three of Christie‟s novels as ST are used for
supporting contents.
Target text (TT): TT is the text which is a translation of the ST (Hervey
& Higgins, 1992: 15). Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan
di Pondokan Mahasiswa are the TT taken to be studied in this research, which in
them the readability problem is found
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
Some studies below support the analysis and methodology of this
research, particularly in investigating translation methods applied in TT and
also about its readability.
1.
The
Accuracy
and
Readability
of
Domesticated
and
Foreignized Translation of Specific Words in Stephenie Meyer‟s
Twilight into Indonesian Translation Twilight by Devita Sari.
In that thesis, Maria Agatha Rina Widiastuti discusses about the
accuracy and readability of domesticated and foreignized translation of
specific words found in Stephenie Meyer‟sTwilight in its original version and
its Indonesian translation version (2011: xi). The related specific words are
chosen based on the balance of the number of domesticated and foreignized
words. Her thesis also reveals about two ideologies and strategies in
translating cultural words that studied from Venuti‟s Translator Invisibility
Theory (1995). The accuracy and readability of certain specific terms in the
translation of Meyer‟s Twilight are displayed as the problem formulations of
that thesis (2011: 3).
Widiastuti‟s thesis is circumstantially related with this research by
the point of the second problem formulation in her study discussing about how
she learns the level of readability of the domesticated and foreignized of the
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specific words in related novel and about the translation method that also
being discussed in this research. The different focus between the this study
and Widiastuti‟s is that this study focuses only on readability problem on TL
readers and the translation method identified in certain TL novels, while
Widiastuti‟s study focuses on accuracy and readability of translation
ideologies, which by Widiastuti are learned as translation strategies
(domestication and foreignization) on specific terms in her object of study
(2011: 9).
2.
A Study on The Translation of The Christian-Related Term in
The Constitution of The Sisters of Notre Dame
Fransisca Margareta Kuil, in her thesis, discusses about how the
Christian terms in the Constitution of the Sisters of Notre Dame are translated
into Indonesian according to the theory of SL-emphasis and TL-emphasis and
how the methods of translation in the translation of Christian related terms
according to Hervey and Higgins‟s theory. In her thesis, she uses the Christian
terms in the Constitution as the object of study and data source of her
qualitative research. She is also comparing the Christian terms with its
translation in the Indonesian version of the Constitution to find out more about
the types and how the translation methods are applied in the translation of
Christian terms (2010: x).
This research relates its theory with Kuil‟s thesis by the point of
how her study discusses about the translation methods and in what way they
are applied in a translation text (including the result of applied method on the
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translation product). The translation theory, in its common and concerning to
the method by Hervey and Higgins used in her study is also reviewed in this
research. But somehow this research is different with Kuil‟s by the main point
that this research focuses on the readability problem caused by the French
expressions found in Poirot‟s TL dialogues, in three Agatha Christie‟s
translated novels; Pembunuhan atas Roger Ackroyd, Tirai, and Pembunuhan
di Pondokan Mahasiswa, while Kuil is studying the translation of Christian
Terms in the Constitution of the Sisters of Notre Dame (2010: x).
3. Translation Quality Assessment on the Accuracy, Naturalness, and
the Acceptability of the Translation of Leo Tolstoy‟s “After the Dance”
Into “Setelah Pesta Dansa” by Anton Kurnia.
Mostly in her study, Diah Puspitaratri reveals how her study
assesses the quality of an Indonesian translation comparing to its English text.
It is done to evaluate the accuracy, naturalness, and acceptability of
Indonesian translation in the perspective of target language. The point is to
find the quality assessment of Setelah Pesta Dansa by Anton Kurnia as the
Indonesian translation text studied as the main object.
What is adapted from Puspitaratri‟s study for this research is the
method of collecting data and how Puspitaratri analyzed that affective data to
assess the quality of the TL version of Tolystoy‟s After the Dance, which is
translated into Setelah Pesta Dansa. But after all, this research is mostly
focused for only the readability aspect of the TT, and it is not leaded to see the
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translation quality assessment, but more about the analysis of applying
translation method in translating ST and its effect on readers.
B. Review of Related Theories
The theories used to support the analysis of this study are divided
into theories on translation, translation readability, and translation methods.
This chapter is then also taking detail on exotic method of translation which
is the main topic of this research.
1.
Theories of Translation
Along its history, translation itself has been variously defined.
From all kinds of defined understanding on translation, one used to support
this research is Roger T. Bell‟s definition of translation(1991: 23), which is
related with the perspective on translation:
Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of
what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic
and stylistic equivalences.
As what is defined above, translation is purely defined by its
common appearance. Once a SL text is translated, the expression and other
semantic forms in it will have another form that is equivalent to the TL. This
research takes one point by Hervey and Higgins (1992) in seeing translation as
a process, which closely relates with the translation method discussed in this
study. They state that what involve in translating are not just two different
languages, but also a transfer of one whole culture into another (1992: 32).
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Beside those main ideas, a translation text can possibly bring
expressions in one language into another, with some impact on those
expressions. Mona Baker gives some points about expressions and foreign
words found in a TT which can be seen as a translation product. The points are
used to support the main idea in defining what translation is. As what taken
from In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, Baker is discussing
about cultural terms, state:
Once a word of expression is borrowed into a language, we cannot predict
or control its development or the additional meanings it might or might not
take on (1992).
It means some terms or expression in a text can possibly have
additional meaning if it translated, or otherwise, some meanings or values of
the terms probably are missed in the TT. It is about how an expression or
cultural term is used in target language. This study sees the consistent use of
French expressions on Poirot‟s dialogues in Christie‟s novel as one of the
translator‟s manner (in base of reader-oriented translation) to keep the essence
of the messages and nuance that delivered in the expressions. Even though the
idea is about translation strategies, we have more discussion on translation
method. The strategy is put as supporting idea to learn a translation method.
Strategy will refers to how the translator encounter the problems in translating
process, but method stands on how the process itself will be, as what
technically applied to translated ST (Molina & Albir: 2002: 507-508). By
different point of view, the form seen in Poirot‟s dialogues has some
similarities with what by Widiastuti in her thesis, called as foreignizing; a
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translation strategy in which the translators will keep the cultural terms be
untranslatable (2011: 4). This research agrees with one statement in
Widiastuti‟s work that the consistent use of the foreign semantic form in TT is
purposed to keep the sense of the literary style and bring the TL readers
abroad to understand the idea of the expression.
To understand more about the circumstances of foreign words in a
translated text, this study reviews Andre Lefevere‟s translating studies (1992),
which states:
To „regularize‟ foreign words, to translate them as if they were not
foreign words in the original, may therefore be to detract from the
complexity of the original (1992:29).
Some foreign words (and phrases) may no longer sound foreign for the
readers of the target-language, in which case they will have lost the
effect intended by the author (1992: 29).
If the French terms are translated to the closest equivalence in TL,
Poirot‟s dialogues in Pembunuhan atas Roger Akcroyd, Tirai, and
Pembunuhan di Pondokan Mahasiswa, the word style and several effects of
characterization created by the author of the novels (Agatha Christie) will
somehow disappear. These three TL novels are translated by different persons,
but by the form studied on them, the method in translating the novels is
similar.
To find the possible reason of why the foreign expressions are not
translated is not the main focus of this research. That point is beyond the
scope of this research which only learns the aspect of method use relating to
the readability problem of TT by what seen on the TL readers. But indeed, the
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translators have reasonable decision to put the French terms delivered in TL
novels as well as its original form in the SL novels. By the theories above, the
researcher finds out that the translation language in TL novel is a result of
translator‟s consideration on the reader‟s understandings. If the foreign terms
are translated into TL, it is highly possible that the readers will not get the
effect intended by the novels author, the context, content, style, and nuance of
the terms and so the related character speech will not be appeared as well as
SL.
2. Translation Readability
This research involves readability as one of three important aspects
in assessing translation text, which is accuracy, readability, and acceptability.
It means the researcher learns how the TT as a translation product can be
readable for TL readers. Better translation product should be one which highly
readable and understandable, and so the sense of the TL text can be highly
similar with the original one (ST). To support the study of TL text readability
related to the TL readers, this research uses points discussed in the theory and
practice of translation by Nida and Taber, reviewed in the second chapter of
their book, about reproducing the message (1972: 12):
Translating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message”.
A meaningful equivalent is “tender compassion”, and it is precisely in this
manner that many translation attempts to reproduce the significance of this
source-language expression.
The nature of translating is what they discussed about. The text message is
essentially needed to be delivered well to the reader as the audience of a
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translation text. They stated that it is precisely that a meaningful equivalent is
described as „tender compassion‟, that many translations attempt to reproduce
the significance source-language expression.
Nida and Taber are also conducting that style is secondary to the
content of the text, but indeed, it is important (1972: 14). Novel is a written
literary form. It has content on its narration. The style and essence of its
characters‟ are seen from many points of views according how reader deal on
it, but the strongest are seen on the dialogues. In Christie‟s novels involving
Hercule Poirot as the character, the nuance of Poirot himself is alive by his
dialogues in the story. It is more than just simply described in the narration.
The dialogues identify the characterization of Hercule Poirot. That is one point
considered as how the method applied on the TL novels, but it definitely also
cause a lack in reading for the TL readers who are mostly familiar with local
language. It is defined as readability problem.
This research also uses this theory to support the study because it
has strong connection with the focus of the study which discusses the
understanding of the TL readers on Poirot‟s exotic translated dialogues. Based
on the theory used in this research, the primary aim of translation is
„reproducing the message‟, to get the most equivalent content of the text (or
specifically, of the conversations and dialogues in the text) in the translation
result in TL novel the foreign expressions should be delivered as its original
form. The understandings of the readers can be supported by the words that
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reflected the same concept and context so the expressions can be understood
well by the TL readers and TT (target text) can be readable.
The first formulated problem discussed in this research examines
the readability problem among TL readers of Christie‟s novels. We can
assume that the TL readers who do not speak French will surely not
understand about the French terms on Poirot‟s dialogues, but it is considered
that the idea of Poirot‟s dialogues itself can still be understood even after
exotic method is applied. This research reveals that there is weakness on using
exotic method in translating three Christie‟s SL novels into the TL version.
The application of this method affects the readability of TT, especially on
reading Poirot‟s dialogues part. As to examine the readability of TL readers,
this research uses „readability rating-instrument‟, one modification of
Nababan‘s „accuracy rating-instrument‟. The researcher adapts the table form
from one of this study‟s related studies, the one from Widiastuti‟s study
(2011), which also learns about accuracy and readability on translation with
modifications on it.
This research uses the „readability rating-instrument‟ only, with the
scale (1) up to (3), with indicator level; readable, quite readable, and not
readable. The specific scale that then accumulates the readability rank of each
data while studying the TL readers on the field will be displayed later in the
next chapter.
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The following table is the form of „readability-rating instrument
that is formed by Nababan. It is adapted by Widiastuti (2011: 13) and then
modified for this research.
Table 1. „Readability Rating Instrument‟
Scale
1
readable
2
quite readable
3
not readable
Indicator
The TT term is easy to read. The whole terms of
translation product can be understood by the TL
readers.
The TT term is somehow can be read. However, there
are at least two terms that cannot be understood by the
TL readers.
The TT term is hard to read. All of the terms of
translation cannot be understood by the TL readers.
The „readable‟ rating refers to the text which is easy to read in
terms of the meaning of the whole terms and also its context. The „quite
readable‟ rating refers to the text that is still can be read with such condition,
that there are at least two terms in the text that cannot be understood by the
readers. The context of quite readable text can still be understood. The „not
readable‟ rating refers to the text which is hard to read because all of terms in
the text cannot be understood by readers. The context involved in the text is
not understood
3. Translation Methods
This research relates the exotic method of translation with the readability
aspect on Christie‟s TL novels. While reviewing the methods of the
translation, this research also takes some points of translation strategies
because it has the closest relation with the method if we see it from the way it
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done on a process of translation, besides the translation technique and
procedures.
In their journal, Molina and Albir put some points about literal
translation, which occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, and
morphological equivalence between two languages. It is described that there
are kinds of lead strategy of translating a text, which are: borrowing, calque
and literal word- for-word translation (2002: 499). The „borrowing‟ is
mentioned as one of the translation strategy, when a word taken directly from
another language that is applied in translating ST. It somehow has same
appearance like Hervey & Higgins‟ exotic method. But while the „borrowing‟
is applied on a text as result of finding suitable solution for the translation
unit, the exotic method is more functioned as the technical manner to reach the
aim of the translation itself, it affects the whole text.
Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text.
For example, if the aim of a translation method is to produce a
foreignizing version, then borrowing will be one of the most frequently
used (Molina & Albir: 2002: 508).
Foreignizing version there means how the ST filled by the foreign
features in languages or illustration of the text is translated into the TT along
with those foreign features, with less adaptation. The term itself is also
reviewed in other studies with different name, like what called as
Foreignization by Venuti (1995) which reviewed by Munday in Introducing
Translation Studies (2001:146-148).
In the review, Venuti discusses about the idea that the strategies
concern both the choice of SL text and the method chosen in translating it.
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Foreignization, as the review of Venuti in Munday‟s Introducing Translation
Studies (2001: 147);
Foreignization, on the other hand, „entails choosing a foreign text and
developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by
dominant cultural values in the target language‟.
By what is seen on the text, the terms in TT brings the readers
abroad with SL terms, which the cultural terms in SL will be left as what it
formed in SL text without being translated.
Mainly in this research, theories of translation methods are taken
from Hervey and Higgins‘ Thinking Translation; A Course on Translation
Methods: French to English (1992), in its third chapter, about cultural issues
in translation. In that part, Hervey and Higgins mention some various type of
cultural transposition to analyze SL which the writer defines it as the way
chosen by the translator to transfer or to translate the SL text into TL text, the
methods are explained as follows:
a) Exoticism
This type is what the researcher defines as exotic method. It is also
simply one form of „borrowing‟, but specifically Hervey & Higgins (1992)
name it exoticism, or exotic method. This is a kind of cultural transposition
which has the extreme options in signaling cultural foreignness in a TT. An
ST marked by exoticism is consistent in using grammatical and cultural
features imported from ST with minimal adaptation. This method brings the
ST‟s features exotically on TT. It constantly signals the exotic source culture
and cultural strangeness found in ST.
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A TL text which exoticism applies has an impact on the TL public.
The ST could have had on an SL public, from whom the text has fewer
features of a different culture (1992: 34).
b) Cultural Transplantation
Cultural transplantation, whose extreme forms are hardly
translations at all, but it is more like adaptation, that the wholesale
transplanting of the ST setting, resulting in the entire text being rewritten in a
target culture setting (1992: 34).
c) Calque
A calque is an expression which consists of TL words and is
acceptable as TL syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it is modeled on
the structure of an SL expression. This lack of idiomaticity may be purely
lexical and relatively harmless, or it may be more generally grammatical
(1992: 34-35).
d) Cultural borrowing
Cultural borrowing is different with the other types because it does
not involve adaptation of the SL expression into TL forms. Translators often
turn to cultural borrowing when it is impossible to find a suitable indigenous
TL expression. Cultural borrowing only presents the translator with a true
choice in cases where previous translation practice has not already firmly
established the ST expressions in the TL (1992: 35)
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e) Communicative translation
Simply explained, communicative translation is usually adopted for
all cliches, idioms, proverbs, etc. which have readily identifiable
communicative equivalents in the TL. Communicative translation is somehow
appropriate in the context because it renders the situational impact with TL
expressions (1992: 32, 36)
C. Theoretical Framework
All theories that are previously explained help the analysis of this
research. They are also needed to answer the formulated problems before the
researcher can conclude this study.
Some theories in Hervey and Higgins‟ Thinking Translation; second
edition, in its third chapter about cultural issues, show a clear point of how we
see translation as a process, which then can be related with the methods and
strategies of translation used in translating a SL t