English code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines - USD Repository

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  IN INDONESIAN TRANSLATED TEENAGE GIRL MAGAZINES A THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya

  Student Number: 051214105

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

  I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

  Yogyakarta, 13 May 2011 The Writer

  Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya 051214105 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya Nomor Mahasiswa : 05 1214 105

  Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :

  

English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines

  beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 31 Mei 2011 Yang menyatakan Anastasia Permata Liska Prasetya PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

  Prasetya, Anastasia Permata Liska. 2011. English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

  Code-switching is a common phenomenon in multilingual environment. People who are bilingual or multilingual may switch from one code to another code for producing a good communication. This phenomenon also occurs in language learning process. This study was conducted to answer three questions: (1) Which types of code-switching exist in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines? (2) What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines? and (3) What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for English language education in Indonesia?

  In order to answer those research questions, the researcher used descriptive method as her research method. For the research instrument, the researcher used herself and the magazines. The researcher chose CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend and

  

Seventeen magazines. To answer the first research question, the researcher used

  content/ document analysis. To answer the second and the third research questions, the reseacher did a library study.

  After gaining all the data and going through in-depth analyses, the researcher found three findings. First, there were seven types of code-switching. They are tag switch, single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, clause code-switching, intersentetial switch, integrated loanwords and diglossia. The finding showed that the most frequent type in occurrence was single-word code- switching; conversely, diglossia was the least frequent type of code-switching. Second, code-switching is used because there were special terms that cannot be replaced due to certain topics under discussion such as beauty issue and fashion issue. The social distance is also the reason why the editors did code-switching. Third, code-switching that were grammatically correct in English could support the English learning process but code-switching that were grammatically incorrect in English could obstruct and help English learning process.

  Since English code-switching can facilitate as well as obstruct the English acquisition process, the researcher would like to suggest that teacher should encourage the students to be more aware of the code-switching usage phenomenon.

  Keywords: sociolinguistics, code-switching, Indonesian translated teenage girl

  magazines PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

  Prasetya, Anastasia Permata Liska. 2011. English Code-switching in Indonesian Translated Teenage Girl Magazines. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Alih kode adalah suatu fenomena yang sudah biasa terjadi dalam lingkungan multi bahasa. Orang-orang dwibahasa atau multi bahasa sering melakukan alih kode dari satu bahasa ke bahasa yang lain untuk menghasilkan komunikasi yang baik. Fenomena alih kode juga terjadi dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan. (1) Tipe alih kode apa saja yang ada di majalah remaja putri terjemahan? (2) Apakah alasan yang mungkin untuk melakukan alih kode di majalah remaja putri terjemahan Indonesia? (3) Apakah dampak yang mungkin dari melakukan alih kode di majalah remaja putri terjemahan terhadap pendidikan bahasa Inggris di Indonesia?

  Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas, peneliti menggunakan metode deskripsi sebagai metode penelitiannya. Untuk instrumen penelitian, peneliti menggunakan dirinya dan majalah-majalah. Peneliti memilih majalah

  

CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend dan Seventeen. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian

  yang pertama, peneliti menggunakan analisa dokumen/ isi. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua dan ketiga, peneliti melakukan studi pustaka.

  Setelah mendapatkan seluruh data dan melalui analisa yang mendalam, peneliti mendapatkan tiga temuan. Pertama, ada enam tipe alih kode yaitu tag

  

switch, alih kode yang berupa satu kata, alih kode yang berupa frasa, alih kode

  yang berupa klausa, alih kode yang berupa kalimat utuh, integrated loanwords dan diglossia. Penemuan menunjukkan bahwa tipe yang paling sering muncul adalah alih kode yang berupa satu kata, sebaliknya diglossia adalah tipe yang paling jarang muncul. Kedua, alih kode dilakukan karena terdapat istilah-istilah khusus yang tidak dapat digantikan terkait dengan topik bahasan. Jenjang sosial adalah alasan mengapa editor melakukan alih kode. Ketiga, alih kode yang secara tata bahasa tepat dalam bahasa Inggris dapat mendukung proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris tetapi alih kode yang secara tata bahasa kurang tepat dapat menghalangi atau bahkan dapat membantu proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris.

  Karena alih kode bahasa Inggris dapat menunjang bahkan menghalangi proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris, peneliti bermaksud menyarankan supaya guru sebaiknya mendorong siswa untuk lebih memahami fenomena penggunaan alih kode.

  Keywords: sosiolinguistik, alih kode, majalah remaja putri terjemahan PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  This thesis is meant to be a partial fulfilment of the requirements to obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education Study Program. First of all, I would like to give the highest thanks to God, for His blessings that this thesis can be completed. I thank Him for the learning that I got during my time in finishing this thesis.

  Secondly, I would like to thank Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. for her suggestions and explanation in guiding me. I really appreciate her time to correct my thesis and to give small learning no matter how busy she is.

  I would like to thank FX. Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd. for his advice in guiding my thesis. Finally after I worked really hard, this thesis was done. My gratitude also goes to all lecturers in Sanata Dharma University for all their knowledge and guidance during my study. My special thanks go to my parents, Heru Eko Prasetyo and Theresia

  Sulistyawati, for their great support so that I can complete my study and my thesis. Especially for my mother who never stopped encouraging me when I was stuck in finishing my thesis. I owe her my thanks very much.

  I would like to thank FX. Adityo Putrowidi Bramantyo for his care, support, and attention. He encouraged and asked me to never stop trying when I was falling.

  My thanks also go to all my friends especially for ELESP 05’s: Wuri, Septi, Vega, Vanie and Pandu. I would like to thank my family: Sasa, Delis, and my aunt for letting me use their computer and their printer., To my ViaVia’s friends and my PUSdEP’s friends: Monic, Bunga, and Romo Baskoro for giving the great experiences during my working time and taking me to Bali for the first time by airplane. It was priceless.

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  3 C. Problem Limitation .....................................................

  12 c. The Reasons for Code-switching .....................

  10 b. The Types of Code-switching ..........................

  10 a. Definition of Code-switching ...........................

  9 3. Code-switching .....................................................

  8 2. Sociolinguistics .....................................................

  8 1. Linguistics .............................................................

  5 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ...............................................

  5 F. Definition of Terms .....................................................

  4 E. Research Benefits .......................................................

  3 D. Research Objectives ....................................................

  1 B. Problem Formulation ..................................................

  Page

  CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ..................................................

  xiii

  

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................. xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................

  ix

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................

  ............................................................................................... vii

  

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... vi

ABSTRAK

  .................................. v

  ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGES ............................................................................. ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..................................... iv

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d. Code-switching and Language Learning ..........

  18 B. Theoretical Framework ..............................................

  20 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ........................................................

  22 B. Research Subjects .......................................................

  23 C. Research Instruments ..................................................

  25 D. Data Gathering Technique ...........................................

  26 E. Data Analysis Technique ............................................

  26 F. Research Procedure .....................................................

  28 CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Research Findings .......................................................

  31 1. Tag Switch ............................................................

  31 2. Single-word Code-switching ..................................

  34 3. Phrase ...................................................................

  38 4. Clause ....................................................................

  43 5. Integrated Loanwords ............................................

  48 6. Intersentential Switch ............................................

  51 7. Diglossia ...............................................................

  55 B. Reasons for Code-switching .......................................

  57 C. Implications of Code-switching for English Language Learners .....................................................................

  60 D. Other Findings ............................................................

  63 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ................................................................

  64 B. Suggestions ................................................................

  65 REFERENCES ......................................................................................

  67 APPENDICES ........................................................................................

  66

  

LIST OF TABLES

  36 Table 4.9 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in News Category .......................................................................

  43 Table 4.16 The Number of Clause Code-switching Cases..........................

  42 Table 4.15 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Opinion Category .................................................................................

  41 Table 4.14 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in News Category .................................................................................

  40 Table 4.13 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Feature Category ................................................................................

  39 Table 4.12 The Most Frequent Phrase Code-switching in Advertisement Category .........................................................

  38 Table 4.11 The Number of Phrase Code-switching Cases .........................

  37 Table 4.10 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Opinion Category ....................................................................

  35 Table 4.8 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Feature Category ...................................................................

  Page Table 3.1 Checklist Form of Types of Code-switching ...........................

  34 Table 4.7 The Most Frequent Single-word Code-switching in Advertisement Category .........................................................

  33 Table 4.6 The Number of Single-word Code-switching Cases ................

  33 Table 4.5 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Opinion Category .........

  32 Table 4.4 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in News Category ..............

  32 Table 4.3 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Feature Category ..........

  31 Table 4.2 The Example of Tag Switch Cases in Advertisement Category ................................................................................

  26 Table 4.1 The Number of Tag Switch Cases ...........................................

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Table 4.17 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Advertisement Category ........................................................

  44 Table 4.18 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Feature Category ................................................................................

  45 Table 4.19 The Example of Clause Code-switching in Opinion Category .................................................................................

  46 Table 4.20 The Example of Clause Code-switching in News Category..................................................................................

  47 Table 4.21 The Number of Integrated Loanwords Code-switching Cases .

  48 Table 4.22 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Advertisement ...

  49 Table 4.23 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Feature ..............

  49 Table 4.24 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in News .................

  50 Table 4.25 Examples of Integrated Loanwords Cases in Opinion .............

  51 Table 4.26 The Number of Intersetential Switch Cases..............................

  51 Table 4.27 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Advertisement Category ................................................................................

  52 Table 4.28 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Feature Category ................................................................................

  53 Table 4.29 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in Opinion Category .................................................................................

  54 Table 4.30 The Example of Intersetential Switch Cases in News Category..................................................................................

  55 Table 4.31 The Number of Diglossia Code-switching Cases .....................

  55 Table 4.32 Examples of Misspelled Words in the Target Magazines ........

  61 Table 4.33 Examples of Inconsistent Words in the Target Magazines .......

  61 Table 4.34 Examples of Plural Nouns which were Written Twice in the Target Magazines ...................................................................

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page Appendix 1 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching ...............

  69 Appendix 2 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Advertisement of CosmoGIRL! Magazines ..........................

  70 Appendix 3 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Advertisement of Girlfriend Magazines ...............................

  71 Appendix 4 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Advertisement of Seventeen Magazines ...............................

  72 Appendix 5 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature of CosmoGIRL! Magazines .................................................

  73 Appendix 6 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature of Girlfriend Magazines .......................................................

  74 Appendix 7 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Feature of Seventeen Magazines .......................................................

  75 Appendix 8 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News of CosmoGIRL! Magazines .................................................

  76 Appendix 9 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News of Girlfriend Magazines .......................................................

  77 Appendix 10 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in News of Seventeen Magazines .......................................................

  78 Appendix 11 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion of CosmoGIRL! Magazines .................................................

  79 Appendix 12 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion of Girlfriend Magazines .......................................................

  80 Appendix 13 Example of Checklist of Types of Code-switching in Opinion of Seventeen Magazines .......................................................

  81 Appendix 14 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in CosmoGIRL! Magazines ......................................................

  82 Appendix 15 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Girlfriend Magazines ............................................................

  83 Appendix 16 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in Seventeen Magazines............................................................

  84 Appendix 17 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Intersetential, and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in CosmoGIRL! Magazines.......

  85 Appendix 18 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Intersetential, and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in CosmoGIRL! Magazines ......................................................

  86 Appendix 19 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Intersetential, and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Girlfriend Magazines ............................................................................

  87 Appendix 20 Example of Single-word, Phrase, and Intersetential Code-switching in Girlfriend Magazines...............................

  88 Appendix 21 Example of Single-word, Phrase, and Clause Code-switching in Seventeen Magazines........................................................

  89 Appendix 22 Example of Single-word, Phrase, Clause, Whole-sentence, and Integrated Loanwords Code-switching in Seventeen Magazines ............................................................................

  90 Appendix 23 Example of Diglossia Code-switching in Seventeen Magazines 91 Appendix 24 Summarized Data of Total Code-switching Cases in CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend, and Seventeen Magazines.............

  92

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the researcher describes six underlying issues namely

  research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. It provides background and main rationale in conducting research.

A. Research Background

  Teenage girls across Indonesia are constantly confronted with new forms of media. Broadcast media launch new television and radio shows targeting teenage girls each season. Social media are spreading digitally throughout the nation via the internet; by December of 2009, Indonesia had a year-long growth rate of 1,536 percent, and Indonesians represent the fourth largest user group by

  1

  nation. With these innovations in media it might seem as though print media are obsolete. Yet, in contrast with these developments, teenage girls continue to support print media. This support was proved by the existence of more than five magazines targeting teenage female readers. It is a phenomenon that teenage girls continue to support print media, and it deserves the attention of researchers.

  An interesting linguistic feature found in teenage girl magazines is the creation of dynamic expressions by combining or alternating between English and ₁ Indonesian words and phrases. For example, the word lipstick in these magazines

Tampubolon, Hans David. “Indonesians Bank on Facebook”, The Jakarta Post. 8 January 2010.

  http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/08/indonesians-bank-facebook.html

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  is used frequently. In the Indonesian language, people can say gincu or pemulas

  

bibir refer to lipstick, yet, Indonesian women prefer to use the word lipstick rather

than the local options.

  The phenomenon of alternation between languages was defined by linguists as “code-switching.” Code-switching is used in daily conversation.

  Code-switching is used when the speaker has difficulty finding the appropriate terms or phrases in their primary language, requiring them to change into a secondary language. Code-switching is not only found within single sentences (intra-sentential), but can also be found between sentences (inter-sentential).

  Translated teenage girl magazines are example of the usage of code- switching. The usage of code-switching in magazines can indirectly influence a reader’s understanding and use of a language, especially for students who are learning a language (for example, English Language Learners – ELLs). The code- switching in magazines can influence the ELL’s perception of the language; unconsciously, the ELLs will use the language in daily conversation – even in learning activities. It would be acceptable if the code-switching that is used is correct, but what if the code-switching is inappropriate? This can be an obstacle in learning for the ELLs, because they are adopting something inappropriate.

  Based on the phenomenon above, the resarcher will focus her attention on code-switching that exists in translated teenage girl magazines in Indonesia.

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  B. Problem Formulation

  The research questions are formulated as:

  1. Which types of code-switching exist in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines?

  2. What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines?

  3. What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for English language education in Indonesia?

  C. Problem Limitation

  The data analyses in this thesis are limited to the code-switching that exists in teenage girl magazines. The researcher has selected teenage girl magazines because it is phenomenon in media. Print media seem obsolete, yet teenage girls continue to buy magazines. They are influenced by these magazines, and the researcher wants to see the impact of code-switching on the range of teenage girls: female senior high school and junior high school students.

  The researcher finds the education of teenagers to be interesting because at this age, teenagers will try new things to fulfill their curiosity, and education can be more effective during this period. They often imitate behaviours and styles that according to the people and media around them seem cool or great. Teenage girls are creative in trying new things.

  To be clearer, the researcher has selected three magazines for this study: “CosmoGirl!”, “Seventeen”, and “Girlfriend.” In informal interviews with

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  magazine kiosk employee, the researcher finds that these three are the most popular. For the subject of the research, the researcher selected three editions of each translated teenage girl magazine. The editions ran from February 2009 to April 2009. The three editions of each magazine provide significant data needed for the research.

  Within the text of the magazines, the researcher has identified ‘code- switching’ as a phenomenon, and the researcher considers that it has an important role in communication. Indonesia has many local languages which influence the national language, Bahasa Indonesia, and the study of the English language is a priority in the current education system. Even though code-switching is a transition between two languages, it creates dynamic, new patterns of language.

  The researcher hopes to understand how code-switching between Indonesian languages and English affects current teenagers.

D. Research Objectives

  This research has three objectives:

  1. To observe the types of code-switching which exist in translated teenage girl magazines, both in types of structures and types of words.

  2. To determine the possible reasons for code-switching in translated teenage girl magazines.

  3. To gain the possible implication of code-switching in translated teenage girl magazines for English education in Indonesia.

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  E. Research Benefits

  This research is conducted with the hope of contributing new information and educational ideas for readers and other linguistic and educational researchers.

  1. Readers The researcher hopes that this research will benefit the readers with the code-switching cases and the analysist. Further, the readers will be more understand about code-switching in magazines.

  2. Other researchers The researcher hopes that this research will benefit other researchers who analyze linguistic trends and problems in popular media. It is hoped that this research will give information that is needed for other researchers and assist with their project.

  F. Definition of Terms

  This part gives short definition about code-switching and translated teenage girl magazine that would be discussed further in the next chapter.

1. Code Switching

  Code-switching can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same conversation or utterance. Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski (1997: 361) state that “Code-switching can occur between sentences (inter-sentential) or within a single sentence (intra-sentential).” Code-switching is also called dialect switching; the action of moving from one language, dialect or variety to another, depending on the circumstances (Asher and Simpson, 1994: 5102).

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  There are six types or terms of code-switching that will be used to designate types of codes combination. Asher and Simpson (1994) wrote that there are: 1. Diglossia, 2. Situational code-switching, 3. Metaphoric code-switching, 4. Code-switching (consist of code-switching conversational, code-switching style shifting, and code mixing), 5. Single-word code-switching (borrowing) and 6.

  Integrated loanwords. The researcher will also used theory from Peter Stockwell that there are three code-switching: 1. Tag Switch, 2. Intersentential Switch, and Intrasentential Switch. Another theory is from Hoffman, that there are three code- switching: tag switching, intrasetential switch and intersetential switch. While in intrasetential switch there are single-word, phrase and clause.

  In this study, the researcher is going to analyze the code-switching from Indonesian to English. The researcher chose the phenomenon happening in written media. The written media are translated teenage girl magazines. The translated teenage girl magazines which are chosen are CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen and

  

Girlfriend. Those three magazines are published in Indonesia and read by students

between the age of 14 years old and 20 years old.

2. Teenage Girl Magazines

  Teenage girl magazines are magazines with the target readers from the ages of 14 - 20 years old. Teenage girl magazines provide information to teenage girls on the topics of fashion, celebrities, zodiac, gossip, beauty, hair style and more.

  Translated teenage girl magazines are published overseas. With a good cooperation, Indonesian publishers have the privilege to publish the magazine in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Indonesia. Indonesian publishers can use the name and adapt the same articles.

  Not only that, Indonesia publishers also can add some articles that address appropriate issues for Indonesian teenage girls.

  In Indonesia, the translated teenage girl magazines are quite various. There are Seventeen, CosmoGIRL!, Girlfriend, Teen Vogue, and Cleo. Related with the study, the translated teenage girl magazines that are used by the researcher are

  

CosmoGIRL!, Seventeen, and Girlfriend. Based on an informal interview with the

book-stall employee those magazines are the most popular between teenage girls.

  Those magazines provide all issues that are considered important for teenage girl. The issues, which can be found in the magazines, start from fashions, cosmetics, hangout places, accessories, gossip, and astrology.

  The researcher chose the translated teenage magazines because based on informal interview with the kiosk employee the translated teenage girl magazines are more popular than Indonesian teenage girl magazines. In the translated teenage girl magazines, the code-switching cases occur frequently. Mostly the readers are teenage girls between the ages of 14 years old and 20 years old.

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter is devoted to give the base of theoretical ground of the thesis. It comprises of two major parts, theoretical description and theoretical framework. A. Theoretical Description The discussion of the subheading includes the definitions of linguistics,

  the definitions of sociolinguistics and the nature of code-switching that presents: definitions of code-switching, the types of code-switching, in which from different linguists, and the reasons for code-switching as well as the relation of code-switching to English teaching and learning.

1. Linguistics

  Linguistics’ definitions are changing from narrow speech explanation which focuses on form in isolation context to a more social perspective of language uses. There are some definitions of linguistics provided in different linguistics books. Widdowson (1996: 27) states “linguistic is essentially the study of how languages mean, how they are functionally informed.” However, the researcher will like to apply a definition from Finegan (2004: 24),”linguistics can be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language – into its structure and the relationship between them, as well as into the development and acquisition of language.”

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  Recently, linguists put great emphasis on studying larger portions of language in context included functions and language influence on the language choice. According to Finegan (2004: 25),” language is often defined as an arbitrary vocal system used by human beings to communicate with one another.” However, there is important fact that language is more than communication. “It is social action, with work to perform. It is a system that speakers, writer, and signers exploit purposefully” (Finegan, 2004: 25).

  All aspects of language are directed to create meaning. Therefore, second- language teachers need to know that there are particular times to help their students in assisting the language learning process, for examples; in understanding the meaning of written texts and languages use in a certain text.

2. Sociolinguistics

  One part in linguistics study is sociolinguistics. It is “the study of the relationship between language use and the structure of society” (Radford, 1999: 16). It is not only about the structure of society but language is also about the relationship with the context in which it is used, such as that written by Holmes (2001: 1),“Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used. Many people use language to ask for and give people information. Many people also use it to express indignation and annoyance, as well as admiration and respect.”

  As Radford (1999: 16) states in his book Linguistics: An Introduction, sociolinguistics considers some factors which maintain that they are essential to an understanding of both structure and function of the language used in a

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  situation. Those factors are social backgrounds of both speaker and listener, the relationship between speaker and addressee and the context and manner of the interaction.

  Therefore, in order to build good communication with others, people have to modify their language used in communication. For example, a teacher may change his or her language to the students’ language proficiency to make the message conveyed properly. This is what is called teacher talk. In multilingual situations people often juxtaposed two or more codes in one utterance. This phenomenon is often referred to as code-switching.

3. Code-switching

  Code-switching is a part of linguistics. Code-switching is occuring in multilingual environment which the society have another language beside their native language. The society did a code-switching to create a good communication.

  a. Definition of Code-switching There have been many definitions of code-switching provided by different linguists. The researcher quotes three of them; it is written by Gardner (1997),

  Wardhaugh (1992), and Hoffmann (1991). The researcher adopts those definitions as the consideration of her own interpretation.

  The first definition is taken from Gardner’s (1997: 361). She states “code- switching can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same conversation or utterances.” Since most people speak more than one language in their daily lives, therefore, Gardner (1997) explains that such action is considered common in many parts of situations where people are native bilingual or

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  multilingual. This explanation is supported by Duran’s (1994). He states that in a multilingual context, code-switching is a common phenomenon. People, who are capable of speaking more than one language, are consciously or unconsciously substitute phrases or words of a language to another language. Code-switching may help a speaker of one language to support his thinking and communication (Duran, 1994). When he cannot find representative word to explain something or simply is not able to utter particular expression in a language, he may borrow phrases or words from another language to make his communication smooth.

  Code-switching can also be defined as “a conventional strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). In a circumstance where speakers of various languages are having the same necessity gather in one speech context, code-switching allows them to accomplish their purpose effectively and understand each other better.

  He also states that “it is unusual for a speaker to have command of, or use, only one such code or system” (Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). Since, bilingualism and multilingualism are the norm for many people throughout the world; Gardner’s (1997) idea above is supported by Wardhaugh (1992) that people have to select a particular language whenever they speak and they may also choose to switch from one language to another language or to mix the languages. In addition, Wardhaugh (1992) also states that people might not be aware that they switch or use certain code to discuss a particular topic.

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  Another perception about code-switching definiton is also written by Hoffmann (1991: 110). In her book, she says that code-switching “involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation.”

  Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski (1997: 361) also write about the definition of code-switching. They state that code-switching can occur between sentences (inter-sentential) or within a single sentence (intra-sentential).

  Based on the above definitions, the researcher defines “code-switching as a common behaviour of people using more than one language in the same conversation whether in bilingual or multilingual situations to facilitate the communication.”

b. The Types of Code-switching

  Every linguist has their own point of view in defining code-switching as well as in classifying the types of code-switching. Since the various points of view might be influenced by certain factors, the differences in classifying the types of code-switching are considered a common and acceptable phenomenon.

  According to Asher & Simpson (1994: 581), based on the code-switching terms, there are six types of code-switching. They are diglossia, situational code- switching, metaphoric code-switching, conversational code-switching, single- word code-switching and integrated loanwords.

  1) Diglossia Diglossia is a characteristic of speech communities rather than individuals

  (Holmes, 2001: 30). In a diglossic situation, two languages are used for different

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  functions in a speech community. In addition, one language is used for H or high function and the L is low function. As cited in Wardhaugh’s book (1992: 85) the H varieties may be used for delivering sermons and formal lectures, especially in a parliament or legislative body, for giving political speeches, for broadcasting the news on radio and televisin, and for writing poetry, fine literature, and editorials in newspapers.

  2) Situational Code-switching Situational code-switching is “the codes may be perceived as different but be equally valued, and similarity the situations may be differentiated on grounds other than prestige” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 582).

  3) Metaphoric Code-switching Metaphoric code-switching occurs in “whole conversation, each within one role relationship” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 581). Metaphoric code-switching happens where there are no clear illustrative reasons explaining the specific switches. There is no new person, no change in the context or the topic (Holmes, 2001: 41).

  4) Conversational Code-switching Conversational code-switching differs from situational code-switching “in that its occurrence is not dependant on a change of interlocutors’ topic or situation” (Asher & Simpson, 1994: 583). Gardner and Chloros also state conversational CS, which many authors would now regard as CS proper, does not necessarily coincide with any such changes but is motivated by factors within the conversation itself (1997: 361).

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  5) Single-words Code-switching Single-word code-switching is also known as lexical borrowing. It generally involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical need (Holmes, 2001: 42). People borrow words from another language to express a particular thing or term when there is no word available in the language that they use. For example, Indonesian often says ‘download’ instead of ‘mengunduh.’