THE GENDER ROLES IN THE EARLY MORMON SOCIETY AS SEEN IN ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S
THE GENDER ROLES IN THE EARLY MORMON SOCIETY
AS SEEN IN ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S A STUDY IN SCARLET AN UNDERGRADUATE THESISPresented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
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Student Number: 074214003
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA2011
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YOSEVA YONA MULIYATI
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THE GENDER ROLES IN THE EARLY MORMON SOCIETY
AS SEEN IN ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE’S A STUDY IN SCARLET AN UNDERGRADUATE THESISPresented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
Student Number: 074214003
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA2011
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
YOSEVA YONA MULIYATI
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Life is what happens to us while
we are busy making plans
[John Lennon]
If you never give up You will always have a chanceHey! Say! JUMP – Your Seed Falling and rising again, over and over Step by step, we'll keep getting stronger [NYC ]
v vi This thesis is dedicated to
My Lovely Father, My Caring Mother, My Genius Brother, Sanata Dharma University, and Jesus Christ
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank my beloved father and talkative mother for their supports through prayers, and phone calls every morning asking about my progress on my undergraduate thesis writing. Without their supports and phone calls, I know this undergraduate thesis will take a long time to finish.
I thank my advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the guidance and help during my thesis writing. I would like to thank her for her willingness to read my thesis and give suggestions to improve it every week. Then, I thank my co- advisor, Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum., and my main examiner, Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari, S.S., M.Ed. for their correction and suggestions to improve my thesis. I would thank all the lecturers and academic staff in the English Letters Department of Sanata Dharma University. Without their help, I would not be able to finish my study.
Then, I would thank my silly brother. Without his prayers and supports I could not make it on time. I thank Putu Rizki Saputra for his supports during my thesis writing and his willingness to listen to my anger towards everything. I thank my Ocean Family members: Mami Marita, Eyang Silvi, Tahaq Natasha, and Ompang Adi for being my best friends in the English Letters Department and always bring laughter to my life. I also thank Meme, Jopie, Milka, Putrek Putra, and Yudha for being my friends in Yogyakarta. I thank my friends in The Bounty, although I could not be in the performance (one of my biggest regrets). Then I thank to my friends in Panggung Boneka, String Movie Maniacs, Canna vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Community, my classmates in Lembaga Indonesia Perancis: Mbak Dyan, Fachry, Namira, Mbak Farida, Monsieur Arya, Mbak Dea, Rochmad and Mas Doris. I thank my friends in Sejong: Sonsaengnim Kyung, Ukhti, Uchi, Nana, Alyssa, and Gustin. To my sisters in Puri Agung Lestari: Ci Sansan, Ci Lusi, Ci Magda, Ci Think2, Ci Ayung, Sefia, Santi besar, Santi kecil, Sisca, Dyah, Sumi, my lil’ sister Chica, Mak e, Pak e, Fajar, and Huda, thank you for the unconditioned friendship we have. I thank my boys in Johnny’s: KAT-TUN and Hey! Say! JUMP, because the songs, concerts, and performances, I could refresh from my stress.
I thank Jesus Christ for His guidance and supports through people around me, not only during my thesis writing, but also in my whole life. Without Jesus, I am nothing.
Yoseva Yona Muliyati viii
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2. Lucy Ferrier ......................................................................................... 22
C. The Gender Roles in the Early Mormon Society ..................................... 37
B. The Description of the Early Mormon Society ........................................ 29
6. The Wives ........................................................................................... 28
5. Enoch J. Drebber ................................................................................. 27
4. Joseph Stangerson ............................................................................... 26
3. Brigham Young ................................................................................... 24
1. John Ferrier ......................................................................................... 20
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................................... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................. iii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .................. iv
MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................. v
DEDICATION PAGE ................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... xi
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................ 14
A. Object of the Study .................................................................................. 14 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................. 15 C. Method of the Study .................................................................................. 16CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 19
A. The Description of the Characters in the Early Mormon Society ............ 19D. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 13
C. Review on Mormonism ............................................................................ 10
2. Theory of Setting ................................................................................. 9
1. Theories of Character and Characterization ........................................ 7
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ......................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ............................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................ 3 D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................. 4CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ....................................................................... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ..................................................................... 7
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................... 45
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 48
APPENDIX: Summary of Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet ...... 50
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ABSTRACT
YOSEVA YONA MULIYATI. The Gender Roles in the Early Mormon
Society as seen in Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of English Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.
Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet is a detective fiction about a serial murder in London in 1880s. This novel also talks about the early Mormon society during the 1840s until 1860s. The Mormons helped two castaways in the desert and allowed them to be Mormons. However, these two people did not want to follow the rules about plural marriage and broke the gender roles in the Mormon society. The writer intends to find out the gender role in the early Mormon society during the 1840s until 1860s through the characters and the society in the story.
There are three problems formulated in this thesis. The first problem is how the characters characterized. The second is how the Mormon society is described. The third is how the characteristics of the characters and the society in the novel show the gender roles in the early Mormon society.
The approach in this thesis is gender studies. The method used in this thesis is library research method. The main data itself was taken from the novel, Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet. Meanwhile, the secondary data were taken from several books, journals, and reviews related to this research.
The result of the study shows that John Ferrier is kind, responsible, hard working, optimistic, and unyielding. Lucy is cheerful, optimistic, kind and has free will. Brigham Young is just, strict, and has leadership skill. Enoch J. Drebber is materialistic, disrespectful, arrogant, and optimistic. Joseph Stangerson is materialistic, disrespectful, opportunist, and sly. The Wives is obedient and perceptive. The Mormon society is religious, diligent, faithful, obedient, and strict. The demands of the society toward the Mormon men and women are divided into several parts. The first is the demands in the family life. Mormon men have to be the leader and the breadwinner, while Mormon women have to be the good mothers and wives. The second is demands in the social life and Church. Mormon men have to be the leader while the women have to be the follower. Related to marriage, Mormon men can have plural marriage or polygamy. Mormon men get more severe penalties than the women if they break the rules. The writer finds out that there are classifications based on the gender roles in the society. Men are considered the superior because they are the decision maker. Mormon men take all the high positions in the society. The roles of Mormon women are not significant. They are treated as the property of the men’s household. Therefore, Mormon women are considered as the inferior. xi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
YOSEVA YONA MULIYATI. The Gender Roles in the Early Mormon
Society as seen in Arthur Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet. Yogyakarta:
Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.A Study in Scarlet karya Arthur Conan Doyle adalah sebuah novel fiksi detektif tentang sebuah pembunuhan berantai di London pada sekitar tahun 1880.
Novel ini juga bercerita tentang masyarakat Mormon awal selama sekitar tahun 1840 sampai tahun 1860. Masyarakat Mormon menolong dua orang yang terdampar di gurun dan mengijinkan mereka untuk menjadi anggota Mormon. Walaupun begitu, kedua orang ini tidak ingin mengikuti peraturan tentang poligami dan melanggar peran gender di dalam masyarakat Mormon. Penulis ingin mengetahui peran gender di dalam masyarakat Mormon sekitar tahun 1840 sampai 1860 melalui para tokoh dan masyarakat di dalam kisah tersebut.
Ada tiga rumusan masalah dalam skripsi ini. Rumusan masalah pertama adalah bagaimana para tokoh dideskripsikan. Rumusan masalah kedua adalah bagaimana masyarakat Mormon dideskripsikan. Rumusan masalah ketiga adalah bagaimana karakteristik dari para tokoh tersebut dan masyarakat Mormon di dalam novel menunjukkan peran gender dalam masyarakat Mormon awal.
Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah studi gender. Metode yang digunakan di dalam skripsi ini adalah metode studi pustaka. Data utama sendiri diambil dari novel, A Study in Scarlet karya Arthur Conan Doyle. Sedangkan data-data tambahannya diambil dari beberapa buku, jurnal, dan review yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini.
Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan bahwa John Ferrier adalah pria yang baik, bertanggung jawab, pekerja keras, optimis, dan tidak mudah menyerah. Lucy adalah wanita yang ceria, optimis, baik, dan mempunyai keinginan yang bebas. Brigham Young adalah pria yang adil, tegas, dan mempunyai jiwa kepemimpinan. Enoch J. Drebber adalah pria materialistis, tidak hormat, arogan, dan optimis. Joseph Stangerson adalah pria yang materialis, tidak hormat, oportunis, dan licik. Para Istri adalah wanita yang patuh dan tanggap. Masyarakat Mormon adalah masyarakat yang religius, rajin, setia, patuh, dan tegas. Tuntutan masyarakat Mormon terhadap laki-laki dan wanita Mormon dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian. Pertama adalah tuntutan di dalam kehidupan berkeluarga. Pria Mormon harus menjadi pemimpin dan pencari nafkah sementara para wanita harus menjadi ibu dan istri yang baik. Kedua adalah tuntutan dalam kehidupan sosial dan Gereja. Pria Mormon harus menjadi pemimpin, sementara para wanita harus menjadi pengikut. Berhubungan dengan pernikahan, para pria Mormon dapat melakukan poligami. Para pria Mormon akan mendapat hukuman yang lebih berat daripada para wanita jika mereka melanggar peraturan. Penulis menemukan bahwa ada klasifikasi berdasarkan peran gender di dalam masyarakat. Pria Mormon dianggap superior karena mereka adalah pengambil keputusan. Pria Mormon juga memegang semua posisi tinggi dalam masyarakat. Peran wanita Mormon tidak signifikan. Mereka jugadiperlakukan sebagai properti dalam rumah tangga sang pria. Karena itulah para wanita Mormon dianggap inferior. xii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Society is the place where creatures live together to support their lives. Human and animal gather in their own group to make a community and live together. However, human is different from animal, or other creature in the world. In Sociology: Concepts and Characteristics, there are two characteristics that
differentiate between human to other creature. First, human tends to group together and cooperate rather than to remain apart and isolated. Second, human tends in similar situations to behave in the same ways time after time (Landis, 1971: 1). From these quotations, we can say that human cannot live without other human and they have to make a connection to other human so that they can stay in the same area. Besides that, even though human tends to be independent, they still need other human to help them. Based on the needs to be together with other human, human made communities to live.
There are so many communities in the world and one of them is Mormon society. From Chamber’s Encyclopedia: New Revised Edition Volume IX, Mormons are officially members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter – Day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith. This community came to the Great Salt Lake, Utah, on 24 July 1847 and made their society in Salt Lake City (Peel and Rusling, 1973: 529 – 530).
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The topic the writer discusses here is the gender issue in the early Mormon society. The aim of the writer is to analyze the gender roles in the early Mormon society. As a new religion, Mormon did several changes in their rules. Mormon men today only have one wife, where in the past they can have many wives. Plural marriage was allowed in the early Mormon society until 1890s. During that time, Mormon women had to deal with the rules against their wish. Conan Doyle wrote about the hardship of Mormon women in their society in the flash back part in his novel. The rules were very strict to women. Women have to marry the men chosen by the elder, or the man himself proposes to the father of the woman.
Women do not have any rights to accept or refuse the proposal, only fathers have the rights.
To discuss this topic, the writer uses Doyle’s work, A Study in Scarlet. The reason why the writer uses A Study in Scarlet is that in this novel, Doyle wrote the life of Mormons as they were firstly established in Salt Lake City. Besides, novel about early Mormon society is available very rare.
A Study in Scarlet is the name of the case in the novel. The novel is about
solving serial murder that happened in London. Moreover, this novel also talks about the early Mormon society. John and Lucy Ferrier were stranded in the desert. They were found by the Mormons and then became Mormons too. They live in peace with the Mormons until one day the Prophet came to Ferrier’s house and told John Ferrier that Lucy should marry with one of the two Mormon men who proposed her. Lucy did not want to marry any of them so that John and Lucy ran away from Salt Lake City. The Mormons could follow them and killed John
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However, after one month, Lucy died. Because of Lucy and John Ferrier’s death, Jefferson Hope killed Drebber and Stangerson, the men who proposed Lucy and killed John Ferrier.
B. Problem Formulation
Referring to the background of the study, there are three questions formulated as follows.
1. How are the characteristics of the characters in the Mormon society described?
2. How is the society described?
3. How do the characteristics of the characters and the society in the novel show the gender roles in the early Mormon society?
C. Objectives of the Study
By doing the study about gender roles in the early Mormon society, the writer wanted to know the characteristics of the Mormons in between the 1840s to the 1860s. Besides, the writer wanted to find out the characteristics of the Mormon society and their demands to the members. The last, the writer wanted to find out the effect of the classification and gender role to women’s role in the Mormon society. The writer hopes that by doing this the writer can get to know more about the life of the early Mormon society in America.
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D. Definition of Terms
In this part, the writer will define some words to guide the readers in understanding this thesis. The writer will clarify the meaning of some significant terms, which is used in this study to avoid misunderstanding on reading this thesis. The writer gets definition of the specific term mostly from library works, which are considered well qualified.
1. Gender
According to Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms, genders are largely, if not entirely, cultural constructs that were generated by the omnipresent patriarchal biases of our civilization (Abrams, 1993: 235). From this explanation, we can say that gender is the product of patriarchal culture in the society. As the result of patriarchal culture, women are put as the subordinate in the society where men dominate the life.
2. Gender Role
According to Bland in his journal About Gender: Definitions, gender role or sex role refers to the behaviors, attitudes, values, beliefs and so on that a particular cultural group considers appropriate for males and females on the basis of their biological sex <http://www.gender.org.uk/about/00_defin.htm> (19 July 2011). Therefore, based on this description, it can be said that gender role comes from the society to differentiate the behavior, values, and so on between men and women.
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Mormons
According to Peel and Rusling in Chamber Encyclopedia, Mormons are officially the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter – Day Saints, which was founded by Joseph Smith at Fayette, New York in 1830. Ten years earlier Smith claimed to have received a call to be a prophet of the Most High. He now declared that the millenium was at hand and that the Lord was coming to gather his saints in a New Jerusalem in the heart of America (Peel and Rusling, 1973: 529).
4. Character
The description about character and characterization that Abrams said in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms stated that character is divided into two kinds, flat and round character. A flat character is a character with “a single idea or quality” so we can define it with a single phrase or sentence. On the other hand, a round character is complex in temperament and motivation so that it is capable of surprising us (Abrams, 1993: 24).
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review on Related Studies In this part, the writer will give some review on studies related to the topic. Arthur Conan Doyle is a famous author in Britain and America. His famous
character, Sherlock Holmes, also has his fans all over the world. Ellen Harrington in Failed Detectives and Dangerous Females stated that: Despite the characteristics that make Holmes aberrant, his cocaine use, his ambiguous sexuality, his unemotional self – control, he is idealized as the perfect detective through the eyes of Watson, an unforgettable rendering of the late – nineteenth – century, rational man of science (Harrington, 2005: 14). Doyle created Sherlock Holmes as a genious detective with some unique habits and talents. Although Holmes is a detective, he likes to use cocaine. On the contrary he can play the violin well and also very good in boxer. Another character is Watson, a doctor who lives together with him and helps Holmes as a partner. From the first time they met, Holmes always made Watson surprised and astonished with the deduction he had.
About the novel itself, A Study in Scarlet uses the typical arrangement of detective stories, as mentioned by critic Tsvetan Todorov in his important essay
The Typology of Detective Fiction . It begins with a murder, which appears at first
to be the central problem facing the detective. However, the real mystery lies deep in the past, long before the central crime takes place <http://chrisroutledge.co.uk/writing/a-study-in-scarlet/> (27 March 2011).
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Being different from Routledge and Harrington, this thesis will analyze about gender roles in the early Mormon society. The study about gender role in A
Study in Scarlet has never been done yet as there is no any information shows that
it had been done before.B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Character and Characterization
The description about character and characterization that Abrams said in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms stated that character is divided into two kinds, flat and round character. A flat character is a character with “a single idea or quality” so that we can define it with a single phrase or sentence. On the other hand, a round character is complex in temperament and motivation so that it capable to surprising us (1993: 24).
Barnet, Burto, and Cain also stated the description of characterization in their book Literature for Comparison: Essays, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. They said that characterization is the representation of a character, whether by direct description, by showing the character in action, or by the presentation of other characters that help to define each other (2005: 1375).
In order to understand the characteristics of a character, M.J. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and English
Novel for Overseas Students stated nine important points that are needed to
understand a character:
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a. Personal Description The author describes the character by his/her physical appearance. The character can be thin, fat, handsome, or bad looking. The clothes can describe the character’s economical condition. The rich character can be shown by the good quality of his/her clothes.
b. Character as Seen by Another The author describes the character from the eyes and opinions of the other characters’ opinion.
c. Speech The author describes the character in the novel through what the character says in the novel. It includes how the character speaks, whenever the character is in the conversation with another, and how the character puts forward an opinion.
d. Past life The author can describe the character by letting the reader know something about the past life of the character. This way can be described through the direct comment from the author, the character’s thought, his/her conversation, or through the medium of the other characters.
e. Conversation of Others The author can describe the character through his/her conversation with other characters and the things they say about the character.
f. Reactions The author can describe the character by letting the reader know how he/she reacts to various situations or events.
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g. Direct Comment The author can describe the character directly.
h. Thought The author can describe the character by letting the reader know what the character is thinking about. i. Mannerism The author can describe the character’s manner and habits (1972: 161 – 171).
From these theories, the writer will use Murphy’s theory to the analysis of the characters because it has complete points to understand the character and then relate it to the gender roles in the early Mormon society.
2. Theory of Setting
According to Barnet, Burto, and Cain in their book Literature for
Composition , there are two points of view of setting. First, narrowly speaking, the
setting is the physical surroundings – the furniture, the architecture, the landscape, the climate – and these often are highly appropriate to the characters who are associated with them. Second, broadly speaking, setting includes not only the physical surroundings but also a point (or several points) in time (Barnet, Burto, and Cain, 2005: 230).
William Kenney, in his book How to Analyze Fiction, stated that the term of “setting” refers to the point in time and space at which the events of the plot occur (Kenney, 1966: 38). Later, Kenney wrote down several elements of setting. First, the actual geographical location, including topography, scenery, even the details
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of a room’s interior. Second, the occupations and modes of day – to – day exsistence of the characters. Third, the time in which the action takes place, e.g., historical period, season of the year. Fourth, the religious moral intellectual social, and emotional environment of the characters (Kenney, 1966: 40).
From these two theories, the writer can give conclusion that the setting is not only just about the things around the characters when an event occur, but also anything related to it, such as the historical period and emotional environment of the characters. By using these terms of setting, the writer can analyze the setting of the Mormon society and then relate it to the gender roles in the early Mormon society.
C. Review on Mormonism
According to The Columbia Encyclopedia, Mormons is the name of the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter – Day Saints. Joseph Smith founded the religion after the golden tablets containing the Book of Mormon had been revealed to him at Palmyra, New York. He rapidly gathered followers and in 1831 established his headquarters at Kirtland, Ohio. Stakes of Zion, as the Mormons called their settlements, were started in W. Missouri (Bridgewater and Sherwood, 1950: 1324).
Chamber’s Encyclopædia also wrote about the life of the Mormon society
after it was founded by Joseph Smith. Six years later, after the failure of a bank run by Smith, they moved to another temporary site at Independence, Missouri.
Throughout this period, they were gaining adherents, including many from Britain, by intensive propaganda. In 1844 Smith and his brother Hyrum were put
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The main body was now ordered to leave the state and under Brigham Young began a trek so remarkable that it is scarcely surprising the Mormons should liken it to the exodus of the Israelites. They arrived at the Great Salt Lake, Utah, on 24 July 1847 and with characteristic zeal began work on the new foundation the same day (Peel and Rusling, 1973: 530).
After 1890s, there are many rules that changed in the Latter-Day Saints Church. One rule that changed was the rule about mariage. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter – day Saints was known for its polygamy and until present time, the term of polygamy in USA sometimes is related to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter – day Saints.
Robinson stated that Joseph Smith founded the Church of Christ in 1830. Then after that, in the 1834, they moved to Kirtland and renamed their church into the Church of Latter – Day Saints. Later the mormons faced financial problems and opposition from the non – Mormons so they moved to Jackson county in 1837. The book they use is The Book of Mormon. They faced so many difficulties when they were in the public. Public thought that Mormon promoted a religious dictactorship. During that time many Mormons died because of a hostile winter. However the church increased in greatly numbers. <http://www.religioustolerance.org/lds_hist.htm> (8 April 2011).
In his website, Evans stated that the polygamy marriage in the Mormon society happened from 1840s to 1890s. The reason why they practiced plural marriage was that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter – day Saints founder
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Joseph Smith taught his members about plural marriage as a doctrine in the church. Many prophets in the Old Testament, such as Abraham, Jacob, and David, did had more than one wife and it was allowed by God, so that Joseph Smith continued to act the same as the prophets did. Plural marriage became an official doctrine in the church of Jesus Christ of Latter – day Saints in 1840s when the church was headquartered in Utah <http://www.suite101.com/content/a-history- of-mormon-polygamy-a184523> (8 April 2011).
Although plural marriage is an official doctrine in the church of Jesus Christ of Latter – day Saints, the founder himself did the plural marriage in 1835.
After the death of Joseph Smith, the succeeded, Brigham Young taught the doctrine of polygamy widely in the church in Utah <http://www.suite101.com/content/a-history-of-mormon-polygamy-a184523> (8 April 2011).
Even though plural marriage is a doctrine in LDS church, not all the members followed it. According to Larry Logue’s study, only 33% of the households in the Mormon society did polygamy. It is included the founder and local leaders in this community. This plural marriage also had side effect to the marriage itself. Because of so many sister wives in the household, there were jealousy and emotional neglect between them. They competed to be the first one to the husband. Because of that, the number of divorce in the Mormon society increased. Of the 72 general authorities who were polygamist, 39 had broken marriages, including 54 divorces, 26 separations, and 1 anullment. Another side effect of plural marriage in the Mormon society was many girls became wives to a
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man. Besides that, the practice of sharing their wives was also included as the side effect of the plural marriage in the Mormon society <http://www.i4m.com/think/polygamy/polygamy_summary.htm> (8 April 2011).
D. Theoretical Framework
As this thesis was focused on the gender roles in the early Mormon society, the writer uses the theories in order to get the information that leads to the answer of this study. The writer uses the theory of character and characterization to find out the characteristics of the Mormon characters in the story.
After the writer answers the first question using the theory of character and characterization, then the writer can move on to answer the second question. The theory of setting is used to help the writer to explore deeper about the setting, which is the Mormon society. Theory of setting is also used to find out the traits on the characters to the society. After the writer finds out the characteristics of the Mormons and knows more about Mormon society in the novel, the writer can answer the third question by relating the findings that are using the definition of gender role promoted by Bland.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The writer of this study uses the novel A Study in Scarlet from Penguin Books, published in 1996. This novel was firstly published in Beeton’s Christmas Annual in London in 1888. Since its first appearance, the novel and the series were very popular and made the author, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle famous. The novel itself is about the mystery in the serial murder happened in London. Sherlock Holmes was asked to help Scotland Yard to find the culprit and of course, because of Holmes’s deduction, Scotland Yard could arrest the murder. The novel itself is divided into three parts. The first part is for the time when Holmes and Watson lives, the second part is for the flashback story of the murderer, and the last part came back to the time where Holmes and Watson live. In this study, the writer focused on the second part, where the flashback story about Mormons happens. The interesting story about this novel is that Doyle was not a Mormon. Doyle showed the problems in the Mormon society and their understanding about
the rule, especially about plural marriage or polygamy, which was very usual between the Mormons.
Here, Doyle presented the life of two outcasts, a man named John Ferrier and his daughter, Lucy Ferrier. The Mormons found them in the desert and then they joined the convoy. They lived in Salt Lake City and had a peaceful life until
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the Prophet, Brigham Young, asked John Ferrier to accept one of two proposals of the Mormon men. John Ferrier who did not want his daughter marrying one of the Mormons tried to postpone the proposal and asked some time for his daughter to think. They give him one month as the time and after that, Lucy had to choose one between two proposals she had. John and Lucy Ferrier used the time to call Jefferson Hope, Lucy’s boyfriend. Finally, on the last day Hope came and could help them out of the city of Mormons. However, the Mormon men in the city tracked them down and found them. John Ferrier was killed and Lucy Ferrier was taken back to the city and married to Drebber.
The overall of the novel is about solving a serial murder case by Sherlock Holmes, but the writer is interested to analyze about the early Mormon society in the novel. The writer wanted to analyze the gender roles in the early Mormon society in the novel. The setting itself was in the 1840s until 1860s so it is relevant to the writer to analyze about the early Mormon society as the Mormons itself was formed in the 1840s.
B. Approach of the Study
Gender studies will be suitable in analyzing this novel as this study investigates gender issue in the society. Bressler stated in his book Literary
Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice that gender studies continues to
investigate how women and men view such terms as ethics, definitions of truth, personal identity, and society (Bressler, 1999: 270). Moreover, Bressler stated that the goal of gender studies is to analyze and challenge the established literary
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canon. By involving themselves in literary theory and its accompanying practices, gender specialists believe women and men alike can redefine who they are, what they want to be, and where they want to go (Bressler, 1999: 271).
In addition, Abrams stated in A Glossary of Literary Terms that genders are largely, if not entirely, cultural constructs that were generated by the omnipresent patriarchal biases of our civilization. Patriarchal society is the most common society in the world. In the patriarchal system, men rule the house and the life of the living in the house. Women are only as the subordinate of men (1993: 235).
Not only that, in Abrams also stated that gender criticism is criticism concerned especially with alleged differences in the ways that males and females read and write, and with the representations of gender (straight, bisexual, gay, lesbian) in literature (1993: 378)
By using gender studies in this thesis, the writer can find out the gender roles in the early Mormon society and then finally the writer can make the classification of the Mormon people based on their role in the society.
C. Method of the Study
In order to get the answer of the problem formulation, the writer used library research method. There were two kinds of data as the sources, the primary and secondary data. For the primary data, the writer read A Study in Scarlet by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
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For the secondary data, the writer of this study read some books related to the topic. The first book the writer used was A Glossary of Literary Terms (Abrams, 1993). Other books were Literature for Comparison: Essays, Fiction,
Poetry, and Drama (Seventh edition) (Barnet et al (ed.), 2005), Literary Criticism:
An Introduction to Theory and Practice (Bressler, 1999) and Sociology: Concepts
and Characteristics (Landis, 1971). To get the information about the character
and characterization, the writer of this study used Understanding Unseen: An
Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students
(Murphy, 1972). To get information about Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and his works, the writer read A Study in Scarlet (Doyle, 1996). Then, to get information about Mormons and Mormonism, the writer used Chamber’s Encyclopedia: New
Revised Edition Volume IX (Young et al (ed.), 1973) and The Columbia
Encyclopedia (Second Edition) (Bridgewater and Sherwood, 1950). Besides these
books, the writer of this study also read several references from online sources to complete the data of Mormons and their early life in Salt Lake City.
There were some steps to analyze this study. At the first step, the writer of this study read the novel, A Study in Scarlet, for several times, so that the novel was understood well. Second step, the writer of this study looked for certain theories and approaches for the topic. The theory that the writer of this study used were the theory of character and characterization and theory of setting. Gender studies were used in this study. At the third step, the writer of this study read the novel again by using and applying the theories and gender studies. The first question in the problem formulation was answered by using the theory of
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character and characterization. The second question in the problem formulation was answered using theory of setting. The answers that the writer of this study got in the first and second questions in the problem formulation helped the writer to find the answer of the third question in the problem formulation. The answers of the third question in the problem formulation were looked by combining the answers from the first which was dealing with the characters’ characteristics in the novel, and second question in the problem formulation which was dealing with the characteristics of the Mormon society, and findings in the library and internet research. Finally, the last thing the writer of this study did was making the conclusion of this study.
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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS This chapter is intended to answer the questions in the problem
formulation. Chapter IV consists of three parts. The first part is answering the question about the characteristics of characters in the early Mormon society as seen in the novel. Second part is answering the question about the description of the early Mormon society as seen in the novel, and the last part is answering the question about the relation between the characters and the early Mormon society in the novel that shows the gender roles in the early Mormon society based on the novel.
A. The Description of the Characters in the early Mormon Society
There are some characters in A Study in Scarlet, however the writer only took several characters from the flashback. There were six characters that the writer wanted to analyze. They were John Ferrier, Lucy Ferrier, Brigham Young, Joseph Stangerson, Enoch J. Drebber, and The Wives. The writer starts the discussion by giving the description of the characters in the early Mormon society in the novel. Second, the writer discusses about the analysis based on the data the writer found in the novel.
M. J. Murphy in his Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English
Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students stated that the characteristic
of a character can be seen by using nine important points (1972: 161 – 171). In A 19
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Study in Scarlet , there are several characters in Mormon society that are taken as