Performance Evaluation of Tuntang Watershed based on Quantity and Quality of Water

ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945

  , 30 2 20 6: 6- 83 20 6 -N -N 4 0

Performance Evaluation of Tuntang Watershed based on Quantity

and Quality of Water

• ^*

  Ugro Hari Murtiono and Paimin

  

Research Institute for Forestry Technology on Watershed Management (BPTKP DAS Solo)

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  Corresponding author (e-mail: uh_murtiono@yahoo.com)

  Abstract.

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1. Introduction

  :DWHU LV D EDVLF UHTXLUHPHQW IRU WKH

  fact, especially in urban areas and development

  survival of living beings, including human,

  centers around them (Pawitan, 2002). Regions

  animal, and vegetation. However, the water are allegedly susceptible to water resources are

  Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, and

  resource availability is increasingly limited

  Maluku. The performance of catchment can be

  within time and space. In Indonesia, the

  evaluated from its quality (Duan, et al., 2016;

  diversity of water resources availability is

  McMillan, 2016; Kageyama, et al., 2016;

  high based on the area. Java, for instance,

  Supangat and Paimin, 2007), quantity (Pal, et

  is monsoon region with obvious di erence

  al., 2016; Wang, et al., 2016), and continuity/

  between rainy and dry season, the region sustainability (Brotosusilo, et al., 2016). adjacent to the equator has indistinct

  The discharge of a watershed in the dry di erences, and while in Nusa Tenggara is

  VHDVRQ FDQ EH DQ LQGLFDWRU RI WKH TXDQWLW\ semi arid regions with low rainfall. Although and continuity level of a watershed’s water

  Indonesia has abundant water resources, yet the

  VXSSO\ 0HDQZKLOH WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQ scarcity of water and water resources become a

  :

  08 E

  the rainy and dry season can be an indicator RI ZDWHU TXDOLW\ RI D ZDWHUVKHG RU D FDWFKPHQW area.

  In fact, watershed is a crucial reserve and water supply for many usages such as irrigation, agricultural, industrial, and household consumption. Additionally, watershed captures rainwater to control GDPDJLQJ ÁRRGV GURXJKW VRLO HURVLRQ DQG

  VHGLPHQWDWLRQ $UWLÀFLDO VXUIDFH ZDWHU VWRUDJH such as dams and natural storage such as lakes will be able to provide a continuous water supply in the dry season. One of the lakes in the watershed is Lake Rawa Pening in Tuntang watershed. This lake is absolutely a natural means for further various uses of watershed. Rawa Pening Lake is located in the upstream of Tuntang watershed and has a primary role. This study aimed to evaluate the performance RI 7XQWDQJ ZDWHUVKHG EDVHG RQ WKH TXDQWLW\ DQG TXDOLW\ RI ZDWHU DQG SRWHQWLDO LPSOLFDWLRQ to Rawa Pening Lake sustainability.

  a. Materials and Tools

  Materials and tools used in this study were basic maps (topography, soil, geology, and land-cover/use), Rupa Bumi Indonesia (RBI) maps, Current meter, suspended load sampler USDH 48, sample bottles, measurement blank forms, sediment, stationeries and computer

  VRIWZDUH DQG ÀHOG VWXG\ HTXLSPHQWV

  b. Location

  Research was carried out in Tuntang watershed, Central Java, which was divided into three sub-watersheds, namely, Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed, Tuntang Tengah sub- watershed, Tuntang Hilir sub-watershed (Figure 1). Lake Rawa Pening is a part of the downstream of Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed. With total area of 2,300 hectares, Lake Rawa Pening which is located in the upstream of Tuntang sub-watershed, Semarang Regency, is vital with its central function as the water source for household and industrial (local government-owned water companies), irrigation

  IRU KD RI SDGG\ ÀHOGV ÀVKHU\ ZLWK production of 1,535.9 ton/year, tourism, livestock, peat mining, and hydropower in Jelok and Timo which generate 222.504 million Kwh ( %DSSHGD Provensi Jawa Tengah, 2005).

  Catchment area of Tuntang Hulu is affected by the volcanic characteristics of Mount Merbabu (East and Southeast), Mount Telomoyo (South), and Mount Ungaran (West). The west part of Tuntang Tengah sub- watershed is affected by Volcano Ungaran while the east part is affected by mixed limestone sedimentary rocks. In addition, Tuntang Hilir

2. Research Method

  VXE ZDWHUVKHG LV D VXVFHSWLEOH PXGÁDW DUHD

  Figure 1. Distribution of Points Discharge Measurement at Tuntang Watershed

c. Measurement of Water Discharge

  2EVHUYDWLRQ RQ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ WKH ULYHUV LQÁRZV RI /DNH Rawa Pening, Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed, and measurement point in the downstream (Buyaran River), Tuntang Hilir sub-watershed.

  Quantitative measurement of water discharge in Tuntang watershed was carried out in the dry season, while sampling for ZDWHU TXDOLW\ TXDOLWDWLYHO\ ZDV GRQH LQ WKH rainy and dry season. Measurements were performed in several points as illustrated LQ )LJXUH LQ -XQH 7KH TXDOLWDWLYH discharge measurement in Tuntang Hulu sub- ZDWHUVKHG ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ HDFK LQÁRZ WR Lake Rawa Pening including 9 (nine) rivers: (1) Kedungwringin River, (2) Ringis River, (3) Sraten River, (4) Parat River, (5) Legi River,

  E

  6DPSOH ZDV REWDLQHG IRU ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQDO\VLV was withdrawn in the rainy season (January 2011) and the dry season (June 2011).

  Total discharge of all sections was the observed water discharge. The value of water discharge (m ³

  /sec

  ) was converted into a unit of speci c water discharge (m ³

  /s/

  km ² ).

• DOHK 5LYHU 7RURQJ 5LYHU 3DQMDQJ River, and (9) Rengas River. In addition, in Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed, measurement was conducted at the downstream of Lake Rawa Pening namely, Tuntang Main River (Tuntang 1), Sanjoyo River, Watu River, and Bercak River. In Tuntang Tengah sub-watershed, measurement was carried out in Tuntang Main River (Tuntang 2 and Tuntang 3) and Glapan Dam (West and East outlet). In Tuntang Hilir sub-watershed, measurement was carried out in Tuntang 4 (adjacent to Grobogan district and Demak district) and Buyaran River.

  60 100 cm water depth; and in a depth of 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8 for the discharge of >100 cm water depth. The produce of discharge rate and cross section area was the discharge of the section.

  d. Data Analysis

  Discharge measurement involved the measurement of discharge rate and the cross- section area. The cross-section area is divided into six sections. Discharge rate or velocity was measured by current meter on each section (in the middle of the section) and the dimension (depth and width) of each section was measured to obtain the discharge cross-section area. In examining the discharge velocity, current meter was planted in a depth of 0.6 from the surface of the water for the discharge of < cm water depth; in a depth of 0.2 and 0.8 for the discharge of

  VSHFLÀF GLVFKDUJH P ³ /sec/km ² LV FODVVLÀHG as: 1). <0.015 = poor; 2). 0.015 – 0.21 = good; 3). >0.21 = very good. From the measurement of the GLVFKDUJH WKH TXDQWLWDWLYH hydrological condition of an area could be determined based on the classi cation.

  :DWHU TXDOLW\ LV WKH quality of water that meets the standards for a particular purpose. Terms are de ned as a variety of quality standards in accordance to the intended purpose. Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and ocial Forestry, Ministry of Forestry, 2009, published the category and value for the assessment on the indicators of pollutant content level including the physical, chemical, and biological pollutant as presented in Table 1. These indicators were used as the analytical basis.

  Table 1. No Parameter of Water Quality Value Category

  A. Physical

  1. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/lt) < 1000 1001 – 2000 >2000

  Good Moderate Poor

  2. Turbidity (NTU) < 5 5 - 25 >25

  Good Moderate Poor

  B. Chemical 1.

  Electrical Conductivity (mhos/cm) < 500 500 – 2000 >2000 Good

  Moderate Poor

  The value of water discharge is stated LQ VSHFLÀF GLVFKDUJH XQLW P ³ /sec/km ² ) by dividing the water discharge with its catchment area (km ² %DVHG RQ .RUL E No Parameter of Water Quality Value Category

  2. Acidity (pH) ² ² RU ² <5.5 or >8.5

4. Nitrate (NO

C. Biology

  The acidity or alkalinity level of water discharge was measured by pH which is a scale with similar proportion to the concentration of hydrogen ions contained in the water. The pH scale is valued from 0 to 14 (pH of 7: neutral, pH <7: acid, and pH >7: alkaline). The pH value of 6.5–8.2 is optimum conditions for living beings, on the contrary, too acidic or too alkaline pH level will be dangerous for them. The acidity level of water environment is a ected by several factors, among others, the photosynthesis and biological processes and various types of cations and anions. The increased pH is in uenced by free mineral acid and carbonic acid, while an increased pH is a ected by the amount of carbonates, hydroxides and bicarbonates.

  An increase of the temperature of 1 C will enhance approximately 10% oxygen consumption (Brown, 1987). Decomposition of organic materials and oxidation of inorganic materials can reduce the level of dissolved oxygen to zero (anaerobic). Dissolved oxygen is essential for the aquatic animals and plants. The oxygen content in water is less than in air, the oxygen content of owing water is higher than the pooled water, and the depletion of oxygen may cause WKH DTXDWLF plants or animals to thrive di culty.

  Dissolved Oxygen is the amount of oxygen in the water derived from the oxygen in the air and the photosynthesis of aquatic plants. The Earth’s atmosphere contains approximately 210 ml/lt of oxygen. Levels of dissolved oxygen in natural waters are varied depending on the temperature and altitude. In addition, the smaller is the atmospheric pressure, the lower is the level of dissolved oxygen.

  Nitrate (NO ₃ ) is a form of nitrogen contained in the water derived from soluble fertilizers and animal waste that serves as a QXWULHQW RU IHUWLOL]HU IRU DTXDWLF SODQWV +LJK level of nitrate in the water will increase WKH JURZWK DQG DFWLYLW\ RI DTXDWLF SODQWV LQ FRQVHTXHQFH WKHUH ZLOO EH WKH GHSOHWLRQ RI oxygen in the water, which may cause death to

  Phosphate is the phosphorus element in the water which can be utilized by plants (Dugan, 1972). Phosphate is derived from the residue of laundry detergent, animal waste, dissolved fertilizer, and other materials. It also functions DV QXWULHQWV IRU DTXDWLF SODQWV DQG LW FDQ OHDG to eutrophication processes. The characteristics of phosphorus can be distinguished from other major chemical elements of the biosphere’s constituent elements because it is not contained in the atmosphere. In the earth’s crust, the amount of phosphorus is relatively small and easily precipitated. Phosphorus is also an essential element for higher plants and algae as well as for the marine productivity level.

  Electrical conductivity is the measure of water’s ability to accommodate the transport of an electric charge whose value is based on the amount of salt dissolved in water, the type of dissolved ions, and water temperature. Conductivity can be used as an instant indicator to determine the levels of ions in the water. The higher is the value, the higher is the ion levels of the water.

  Good Moderate Poor

  Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are the solids content in a given volume of water as the result of inorganic compound in the form of suspension or solution. Dissolved solids are total amount of dissolved materials. Turbidity is expressed in a unit of turbidity, also referred to 1 mg/ lt SiO _2. Turbidity is measured by a method of Nephelometric and is expressed in a unit of Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) (Sawyer and McCarty, 1978).

  Moderate Poor S : Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and ocial Forestry, Ministry of Forestry 2009)

  1. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lt) > < 3 Good

  Good Moderate Poor

  ₃ ) < 10 11 - 20 >20

  Good Moderate Poor

  3. Phosphate (mg/lt) < 1 1 - 5 >5

DTXDWLF DQLPDOV ,W LV FDOOHG WKH HXWURSKLFDWLRQ

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  Glapan Dam:

  48.93 Poor

  9. Rengas River

  17.51 Good

  B. Sanjoyo River 2.524 51.277 0.049 Good

  C. Tuntang River 1 5.348 Good

  D. Watu River 0.009 12.947 0.001 Poor

  E. Bercak River 135.31 0.003 Poor

  II. Tuntang Tengah Sub-watershed

  A. Tuntang River 2 7.122 34.088 0.209 Good B.

  a. East outlet

  7. Torong River 1.3248 0.0493 Good

  b. West outlet 1.000 3.034 91.488 0.011

  0.077 Poor Poor

  C. Tuntang River 3 0.011 Poor

  III. Tuntang Hilir Sub-watershed

  A. Tuntang River 4 173.78 0,038 Good

  B. Buyaran River 5.281 130.13 0,041 Good

  7KH LQÁRZV LQWR 7XQWDQJ +XOX VXE watershed consisted of Tuntang River (5.348 m ³ /sec), Sanjaya River (2.524 m ³ /sec), Watu

  River (0.009 m ³ VHF DQG %HUFDN 5LYHU P ³ /

  VHF 'HVSLWH RI WKH ´SRRUµ VSHFLÀF PLQLPXP discharge of Watu River and Bercak River, the overall discharge of Tuntang River could be considered as “good” as demonstrated in observation result of Tuntang River 2. Sanjaya River which could be categorized as “good” had relatively high water supply to Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed.

  8. Panjang River 0.2730

  5. Legi River 9.32 0.0284 Good Galeh River 1.5450 0.0252 Good

  3. Result and Discussion

  Table 2.

  a. Water Quantity

  Result of observations on water discharge (m ³ /sec) in Tuntang watershed in the dry

  VHDVRQ ZDV FRQYHUWHG LQWR D XQLW RI VSHFLÀF discharge (m ³ /sec/km ² ) as presented in Table 2.

  %DVHG RQ WKH FODVVLÀFDWLRQ RI VSHFLÀF PLQLPXP GLVFKDUJH WKH LQÁRZ RI /DNH 5DZD

  3HQLQJ LQ WKH GU\ VHDVRQ ZDV FODVVLÀHG DV ´JRRGµ DQG ´YHU\ JRRGµ .RUL H[FHSW IRU

  5HQJDV 5LYHU 7KH KLJKHVW VSHFLÀF PLQLPXP discharge was derived from, respectively,

  6UDWHQ FDWFKPHQW DUHD P ³ /sec/km ² )

  DQG .HGXQJULQJLQ 5LYHU P ³ /sec/ km ² ). Water is temporary stored in the lake as water surplus in the surcharge storage before being released outside the dam. Total water discharge of 8.0309 m3/sec, in the downstream furthermore was utilized for hydropower, drinking water and irrigation. Although it KDV EHHQ XVHG DORQJ LWV ÁRZ WKH GLVFKDUJH RI Tuntang River (observation of Tuntang River 1) was still in the category of “good” with a

  VSHFLÀF PLQLPXP GLVFKDUJH RI P VHF km ² .

  20 No Points of Measurement Discharge (m ³ / sec)

  37.44 Good

  Area (km2)

  6SHFLÀF GLVFKDUJH (m ³ /sec/km ² ) Vulnerability level

  I. Tuntang Hulu Sub-watershed

  A. Lake Rawa Pening Catchment Area

  1. Kedungwringin River 1.8384

  9.18 Very good

  2. Ringis River 0.1110 3.47 0.0320 Good

  3. Sraten River 1.5240

  2.35 Very good

  4. Parat River 0.0711

  $GHTXDWH ZDWHU GLVFKDUJH LV XWLOL]HG mainly for irrigation through Glapan Dam adjacent to Tuntang River. Regarding with this utilization, the discharge in the downstream E

  as demonstrated in the observation result of

b. Water Quality

  Kali Tuntang 3, becomes very small and in

  7KH SDUDPHWHUV RI ZDWHU TXDOLW\ REVHUYHG “poor” condition. Nevertheless, the discharge in this study included 7 (seven) parameters of: of Tuntang River into Tuntang Hilir sub-

  1). Turbidity, 2). Total Dissolved Solids TDS); watershed could be categorized as “good”, as 3). Conductivity (Electrical conductivity); 4). shown in the observation result of Tuntang

  (NO ); $FLGLW\ S+ 3KRVSKDWH 1LWUDWH ₃ River 4 and Buyaran River. It indicated the and 7). Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Results on water supply from the streams of Tuntang

ZDWHU TXDOLW\ H[DPLQDWLRQ LQ WKH UDLQ\ DQG GU\

  River was relatively high. In accordance to the season in each observation point are presented analysis of water discharge in the dry season, in Table 3. Generally, the condition of waster the potential of Tuntang River supplied by

  TXDOLW\ RI 7XQWDQJ ZDWHUVKHG ZDV ´JRRGµ Rawa Pening Lake to the downstream was except for the parameters of turbidity and fairly stable. dissolved oxygen (DO).

  S Table 3.

  Parat Sraten Legi Panjang Buyaran Parameter/ No Season Galeh River Unit River River River River River Turbidity 54 324 207

  30

  1. Rainy (mg/lt) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P)

  29

  3

  12

  15

  24 Dry (P) (G) (M) (M) (P) (M) TDS

  88

  59

  2. Rainy (mg/.lt) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) 105 115 83 137 115 135 Dry

  (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) DHL 147 112 93 107 98 210

  3. Rainy (mhos/cm) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) 222 225 175 290 241 288 Dry

  (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

  7.0

  7.0

  7.1

  7.2 Rainy pH (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) 4. (-)

  7.1

  7.1

  7.3

  7.5

  7.7

  7.5 Dry (G) (G) (G) (G) (M) (G)

  1.24

  0.84

  0.71

  1.38

  0.75 Rainy Phosphate (M) (G) (G) (M) (G) (G) 5. (mg/lt)

  0.125 0.100 0.154

  0.18 Dry (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

  2.89

  0.99

  0.40

  1.97

  0.83

  0.24 Rainy Nitrate (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (mg/lt)

  0.005

  0.13

  0.80

  0.10

  0.11 Dry (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)

  3.7

  4.0

  13.8

  3.8 Rainy DO (M) (M) (M) (M) (G) (M) 7. (mg/lt)

  1.4

  1.0

  4.0

  5.8

  5.2

  2.2 Dry (P) (P) (M) (M) (M) (P) :

  %DVHG RQ REVHUYDWLRQ RI ZDWHU TXDOLW\ was obtained by Sraten River of 3 NTU (good), in Tuntang River as presented in Table 3 Legi River of 12 NTU (moderate), and Panjang indicated that the value of water turbidity River of 15 NTU (moderate), and the highest along the Tuntang River in the rainy season was obtained by Buyaran River of 30 NTU was categorized as “poor”. The lowest value (poor). Turbidity depicted optical properties was obtained by Buyaran River of 30 NTU and of water determined based on the amount of lights which was absorbed and transmitted by

  WKH KLJKHVW ZDV 3DQMDQJ 5LYHU RI 178 Meanwhile in the dry season, the lowest value the elements of water. Turbidity was caused

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  by organic and inorganic matters that were suspended and dissolved such as mud and silt, as well as inorganic and organic matters such as plankton and other microorganisms (APHA, 'DYLV DQG &RUQZHOO

FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDOXH DERYH — PKRV FP

  IURP VXIÀFLHQW FDWFKPHQW DUHD 0DWHULDOV RI erosion from the catchment area of Lake Rawa Pening consisted of soil particles, in addition to organic matters due to its extensive Andosol characteristic. Although some of the material deposited in the inundation area, yet the turbidity level at the downstream (Buyaran River) was FODVVLÀHG DV ´SRRUµ despite its low nominal value. According to Lloyd (1985) in Hefni Effendi, 2003, the increased value of turbidity at the clear and shallow waters of 25 NTU could reduce 1 50 % of primary productivity. The increased turbidity of

5 NTU in the lake and rivers could reduce primary productivity, respectively by 75% and 1 %.

  4. Conclusions

  ZDWHUVKHG ZDV FODVVLÀHG DV ´JRRGµ H[FHSW for the parameters of turbidity and dissolved R[\JHQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DVVHVVHG from Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, pH, Phosphate (P), and Nitrate (NO ₃ LQGLFDWHG LWV ´JRRGµ TXDOLW\

  XWLOL]HG WKURXJKRXW LWV ÁRZ ,Q JHQHUDO WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ RI 7XQWDQJ

  The potential of Tuntang River in the dry season provided by Rawa Pening Lake to the GRZQVWUHDP ZDV VXIÀFLHQWO\ VWDELOH GHVSLWH WKH discharge of Tuntang River had been widely

  (0.009 m ³ VHF DQG .DOL %HUFDN P ³ /sec).

  VHDVRQ FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG DV ´JRRGµ DQG ´YHU\ JRRGµ H[FHSW IRU WKH LQÁRZ IURP .DOL 5HQJDV ZKLFK ZDV FODVVLÀHG DV ´SRRUµ (YHQ WKRXJK WKH RXWÁRZV RI /DNH 5DZD 3HQLQJ KDYH EHHQ utilized for a variety of uses, yet the water discharge of Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG DV ´JRRGµ VLQFH LW LV VXSSOLHG from Kali Tuntang (5.348 m ³ /sec) in addition to from Kali Sanjaya (2.524 m ³ /sec), Kali Watu

  In the upstream of Tuntang sub-watershed, WKH LQÁRZV LQWR 5DZD 3HQLQJ /DNH LQ WKH GU\

  ² DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH LGHQWLÀHG DV good, except for Parat River and Panjang River FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG DV PRGHUDWH $GGLWLRQDOO\ in the dry season the values ranged between ² DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH LGHQWLÀHG DV good.

  Meanwhile, in the dry season the water turbidity values decreased, except in Parat River and Galeh

  5LYHU ZKLFK ZHUH FODVVLÀHG DV ´PRGHUDWHµ ,Q addition, in the dry season, the value ranged EHWZHHQ ² DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG DV ´JRRGµ %DVHG RQ WKRVH UHVXOW WKH value of NO ₃ in the dry season ranged between

  On the contrary to the principle, it is expected that the high turbidity value in the rainy season was due to soil erosion resulted

  Based on the result, the value of electrical conductivity in the rainy season ranged EHWZHHQ — PKRV FP DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH LGHQWLÀHG DV µJRRGµ PHDQZKLOH in the dry season the value ranged between 175–288 — PKRV FP and all rivers could be FODVVLÀHG DV JRRG 7KH YDOXH RI S+ LQ WKH UDLQ\

  ´JRRGµ TXDOLW\ ,Q DFFRUGDQFH WR WKH DQDO\VLV 7'6 LQ WKH UDLQ\ VHDVRQ UDQJHG EHWZHHQ PJ OW DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG as “good”, while in the dry season ranged between 83–135 mg/lt, therefore all river could EH LGHQWLÀHG DV ´JRRGµ 7KH YDOXH RI HOHFWULFDO conductivity in Tuntang Catchment Area was —PKRV FP LQ ZKLFK WKH ORZHVW YDOXH was obtained from Legi River of 175 mg/lt and the highest was obtained from Watu River of — mhos/cm. Based on those distribution, most TDS of Tuntang River had electrical

  :DWHU TXDOLW\ DVVHVVHG IURP WKH YDOXH RI total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, phosphate (P), and nitrate (NO ₃ ) showed

  While in the dry season, the value of dissolved oxygen was “poor” for Parat River and Sraten River, as well as Tuntang Hilir River (Buyaran River). The condition in the rainy season was better compared to the condition in the dry season. In the rainy season, the discharge velocity is greater than in the dry season, thus the content of dissolved oxygen is greater too.

  Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Based on the analysis, WKH YDOXH RI '2 LQ WKH UDLQ\ VHDVRQ ZDV ² DQG FODVVLÀHG DV ´PRGHUDWHµ H[FHSW LQ Galeh River which was considered as “good”.

  5LYHU ZKLFK ZHUH FODVVLÀHG DV ´SRRUµ ,W ZDV possible that this condition was caused by stream bank erosion since the ow of the river was sourced mainly from the fountains. $QRWKHU ORZ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQGLFDWRU ZDV

  VHDVRQ UDQJHG EHWZHHQ ² DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG DV JRRG ,Q WKH GU\ VHDVRQ the value ranged between 7.1–7.7 (good), H[FHSW IRU *DOHK 5LYHU ZKLFK ZDV FODVVLÀHG DV “moderate”. N accordance to those results, the value of P in the rainy season ranged between ² DQG DOO ULYHU FRXOG EH LGHQWLÀHG DV “good”, except for Parat River and Panjang

  E

5. References

  $PHULFDQ 3XEOLF +HDOWK $VVRFLDWLRQ $3+$ 6WDQGDUG 0HWKRGV IRU WKH ([DPLQDWLRQ RI :DWHU DQG :DVWHZDWHU 4th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington DC. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Provensi Jawa Tengah (Bappeda Jateng). 2005.Rencana Strategis Pemerintah Provensi Jawa Tengah. Bappeda Provinsi Jawa Tengah. %URWRVXVLOR $ 8WDUL ' 6DWULD $ $ 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ RI :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV LQ WKH 8SVWUHDP

  Watershed-Based Community Engagement and Multistakeholder Cooperation, in: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, p. 012018. %URZQ $ / )UHVKZDWHU (FRORJ\ +HLQHPDQQ (GXYDWLRQDO %RRNV /RQGRQ S Davis, M.L. and Cornwell, D.A., 1991.

  ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR (QYLURQPHQWDO (QJLQHHULQJ Second edition.

  McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Ministry of Forestry, 2009.

  3HGRPDQ 0RQLWRULQJ GDQ (YDOXDVL 'DHUDK $OLUDQ 6XQJDL.

  'XDQ : +H % 1RYHU ' <DQJ * &KHQ : 0HQJ + =RX 6 /LX & :DWHU 4XDOLW\ $VVHVVPHQW DQG 3ROOXWLRQ 6RXUFH ,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ RI WKH (DVWHUQ 3R\DQJ /DNH %DVLQ 8VLQJ Multivariate Statistical Methods. Sustainability 8, 133.

  Dugan, P.R.1972.

  

%LRFKHPLFDO (FRORJ\ RI :DWHU 3ROOXWLRQ. Plenum Press. New York.

  Hefni Effendi, 2003.

  7HODDK NXDOLWDV $LU %DJL 3HQJHORODDQ 6XPEHU 'D\D GDQ /LQJNXQJDQ 3HUDLUDQ.

  Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta. .DJH\DPD < ,]XPL $ 1LVKLGD 0 <RNR\DPD + $SSOLFDWLRQ RI IX]]\ & PHDQV IRU

  The value of water discharge turbidity along the Tuntang River in the rainy season FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG DV ´SRRUµ 7KH YDOXH indicated the erosion rate of the catchment area was relatively high. In the dry season, the turbidity level declined except in Kali Parat and Kali Galeh which were in “poor” state. It was possible due to the occurrence of stream bank erosion the discharge was merely derived from the water resources. It can be potentially contribute to the degradation of Rawa Pening Lake.

XQGHUVWDQGLQJ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQ /DNH +DFKLURNR -DSDQ ,((- 7UDQV (OHF (OHFWURQ (QJ

  7HFKQLTXHV IRU 8SVWUHDP &RQVHUYDWLRQ )$2 &RQVHUYDWLRQ *XLGH )$281 5RPH

  0F0LOODQ 0 6 6SDWLDO DQG WHPSRUDO DQDO\VLV RI ODQG FRYHU FOLPDWH DQG ODNH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ in the Matanuska-Susitna, Valley, Alaska. ALASKA PACIFIC UNIVERSITY.

  3DO - 3DO 0 5R\ 3 . 0D]XPGDU $ 4XDQWLWDWLYH $VVHVVPHQW RI :DWHU RI 5XGUDVDJDU Lake, Tripura, India. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 3, 45– 48.

  Pawitan, H. 2002.

  0HQJDQWLVLSDVL .ULVLV $LU GL ,QGRQHVLD 0HPDVXNL $EDG In Nugroho, S.P., S.Adi, B.Setadi.ed.

  3HOXDQJ GDQ 7DQWDQJDQ 3HQJHORODDQ 6XPEHU 'D\D $LU GL ,QGRQHVLD. P3-TPSLK BPPT. Jakarta.

  Sawyer, C.N. and McCarty, P.L. 1978.

  &KHPLVWU\ IRU (QYLURQPHQWDO (QJLQHHULQJ. Third edition.

  McGraw-Hill Book Company, Tokyo. Supangat, A.B., Paimin, P., 2007. Kajian Peran Waduk Sebagai Pengendali Kualitas Air Secara

  $ODPL )RUXP *HRJUDÀ :DQJ + <DR - /L < $Q $QDO\VLV RI :DWHU (QYLURQPHQW )DFWRUV DQG DQ (YDOXDWLRQ RI Water Quantity of Liangzi Lake. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 4, 44.

  Division. Forest Agency. Tokyo. Japan. In. Kunkle, S.H., and J.L Thames. Hydrological

  835–837. doi:10.1002/tee.22312 .RUL . 0DQDJLQJ )RUHVW IRU :DWHU 6XSSOLHV DQG 5HVRXUFH &RQVHUYDWLRQ &RQVHUYDWLRQ