SUBSTITUTION OF FISH MEAL BY MEAT AND BO
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
Int. J. Ani. Fish. Sci. 5(5): 464-469, December 2012, website: www.gurpukur.com or www.gscience.net
SUBSTITUTION OF FISH MEAL BY MEAT AND BONE MEAL FOR THE PREPARATION
OF TILAPIA FRY FEED
M. T. HASAN1. S. M. I. KHALIL2, M. A. KASHEM3, S. HASHEM4 and S. K. MAZUMDER5
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Agro-3, Fish hatchery and Culture farm situated at Boilor under Trishal
upazila under Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during April to May 2012. The collected samples were
analyzed at the Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A 28 days feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the
substitution of fish meal by meat and bone meal in the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry feed. Four
experimental diets viz, diet-1 (Fish meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 61.51% : 19.75% : 19.75%), diet-2
(Fish meal: Meat and bone meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 30.255% : 36.62% : 16.57% : 16.57%), diet-3
(Fish meal: Meat and bone meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 15.12% : 54.94% : 14.97% : 14.97%) and diet-4
(Meat and bone meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 73.23% : 13.39% : 13.39%) respectively were used for the
experiment. The experimental diets were randomly distributed to twelve hapas and each with three
replicates. Three days aged fry (0.012g) were stocked at the rate of 105fry/m2 in hapa. Fish were fed
experimental diets up to their satiation level five times in a day. The results of the study showed that the
weight gain of the fish fed with diet-1(Control) was significantly (p>0.05) higher than fish fed with other
experimental diets. The FCR values of different diets ranged from 1.03 to 1.24 and the lowest FCR was
exhibited by the diet-2. Significantly higher apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) value was also
exhibited by the treatment feeding with diet-2. The feed cost varies from 36.34 to 48.26 Taka/kg but
according to different feeds diet-1 and diet -2 produce the more or less same result but diet-2 having less
cost about 6.33Taka∗/kg than the control diet. There was no significant difference among the final carcass
moisture, lipid, protein and ash content of fish fed with different experimental diets. The results of the
study indicated that fish meal containing diet-1 can be substituted by diet-2. With the 50% substitution of
fish meal by meat and bone meal exerted no adverse effects on growth and survival rate of tilapia (O.
niloticus) fry and it also makes cost effective for fry production.
Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, FCR, ANPU and Proximate composition.
INTRODUCTION
Tilapia fish has become one of the most commercially important groups of cultured freshwater fish and
have been dubbed as the “Aquatic chicken” (Maclean, 1984). Tilapia has also been described as the
important aquaculture species of the 21st century (Fitzsimmons, 2000) and Tilapia is an excellent fish
for growing in the shallow and seasonal ponds in a country like Bangladesh (Hussain et al., 1989;
Gupta et al., 1994). For good growth and survival rate of the tilapia seeds in nursery needs good quality
feeds of appropriate protein content. (Rukhsana, 2011) reported that tilapia (O. niloticus) fry grows well
at 36% protein. For the purpose of commercial production of good quality tilapia seeds must be
concerned about the main protein source of the feed as well as the cost of feed. In aquaculture, diet is
often the single largest operating cost item and can represent over 50% of the operating costs in
intensive aquaculture (El-Sayed, 1999). Protein is the most expensive macro-nutrient in fish feeds.
However, use of fishmeal as the only protein source for fish feed makes the feed expensive. One way of
reducing feed cost is to substitute the fish meal with other animal and plant protein sources of
indigenous origin (Hossain and Paul, 2007). The product rendered such as meat and bone meal which
generally contain 43 to 58% crude protein and good sources of indispensable amino acids. The price of
meat and bone meal are comparatively cheap than that of fish meal (Habib et al., 2001). If the high cost
protein source can be substituted by meat and bone meal the production cost will be lowered and the
hatchery owners and fish farmers will be benefited. The present experiment was planned to substitute
1
Department of Aquaculture, 2Department of Fish Health Management, 3Department of Fisheries Technology and Quality
Control, 5Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Syleht-3100 and 4Department of
Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensinh-2202, Bangladesh.
∗
US dollar ($) 1 = Taka (Tk) 82
464
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
fish meal by a graded levels of meat and bone meal to see how the fish meal is substituted for the
production of tilapia (O. niloticus) fry in the farm condition. The present study was undertaken with the
objectives are to recommend the maximum substitution level of fish meal by meat and bone meal and to
determine the economic viability of using meat and bone meal as substitute of fish meal for rearing of
tilapia (O. niloticus) fry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this experiment, Agro-3, Fish hatchery and Culture farm situated at Boilor under Trishal upazila
under Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during April to May 2012 to produce 3 days old larvae were
used. After yolk sac absorption feeding will be started with a fixed protein content (36%) diet (4
different feed prepared by using different ingredients) mixed with 17α-methyl testosterone. Then the fry
were stocked in the experimental hapa having average weight of 0.012g.
Construction and setting of synthetic hapa: Synthetic hapa was made with nylon net of 1 m3 size. The
study was conducted in 105 fry/ m2 nylon net hapa with a mesh size of 1mm. The hapas were arranged
on two columns (6 hapas per columns) and were tightly fixed to bamboo poles that were set
longitudinally as well as vertically. The water depth of experimental synthetic hapa was 0.62m.
Experimental design: The experiment was designed into four experimental groups (Diet 1, diet 2, diet 3
and diet 4) each having three replications. Three days old fry of initial average length 0.8 cm and
weight 0.012g were released at same stocking density (105fry/m²). Fries were acclimatized with the
experimental pond water in plastic bowl and then stocked in hapa on 21st April 2012.
Feed preparation and formulation: All the dietary ingredients were collected from local market. Then
the required amount of dietary ingredients were measured and mixed to form four experimental feeds
with the substitution of fish meal by the graded level (50, 75 and 100) of meat and bone meal.
Analytical method:
Moisture (%) =
Original sample weight – Dried sample weight
Original sample weight
% of Nitrogen =
Milliequiv alent of nitrogen (0.014) x titrant value (ml) x strength of HCL
Sample weight (g)
x 100
Crude protein = 6.25 x Nitrogen
Total lipid (%) =
Crude fibre (%) =
Ash content (%) =
Weight of lipid (g)
Weight of sample (g)
x 100
Wt. of sample after air drying (g) – Wt. of sample after ashing (g)
Sample weight (g)
Weight of ash (g)
Sample weight (g)
x 100
x 100
Nitrogen free extract (NFE) = 100 - % (Moisture + Crude protein + Crude lipid + Ash + Crude fibre)
Table 1. Proximate composition of the ingredients.
Name of item
Fish meal
Meat and bone meal
Rice bran
Wheat flour
%
Moisture
11.67
10.86
10.90
%
Lipid
10.00
7.38
23.48
% Crude
protein
51.08
44.45
15.28
%
Ash
26.68
25.59
9.12
%
Crude fiber
0.20
4.78
6.35
14.32
4.40
10.49
0.58
0.80
465
% NFE
(Carbohydrate)
0.37
6.94
34.87
69.41
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
Table 2. Formulation of experimental diets.
Protein content %
(Formulated value)
Diets
Description of diet
Diet-1
(Control)
Fish meal : Rice bran : Wheat flour = 61.51% : 19.75% :
19.75%
Fish meal: Meat and bone meal : Rice bran : Wheat flour
= 30.255% : 36.62% : 16.57% : 16.57%
Fish meal: Meat and bone meal : Rice bran : Wheat flour
= 15.12% : 54.94% : 14.97% : 14.97%
Meat and bone meal : Rice bran : Wheat flour = 73.23% :
13.39% : 13.39%
Diet-2
Diet-3
Diet-4
30.909+3.108+2.072=36
15.45+16.28+2.53+1.74=36
7.72+24.42+2.29+1.57=36
32.55+2.05+1.40=36
Table 3. Proximate composition of different artificial diets.
Name of item
Diet-1(Control)
Diet-2
Diet-3
Diet-4
% Moisture
% Lipid
% Crude protein
% Ash
% Crude fiber
% Carbohydrate
12.45
10.86
12.96
12.65
11.96
12.45
13.48
12.50
35.87
35.73
36.62
35.62
14.50
12.80
14.56
13.88
4.40
4.25
4.08
4.35
20.91
23.91
18.30
21.00
Method of feeding: The fry of treatments (diet 1, diet 2, diet 3 and diet 4) were fed five times in every 4
hours interval in a day and feeding is being off at 2 am. Feeds were supplied to fry at the satiation level
with 30, 25, 20 and 15% of body weight in the first to fourth week in experimental period.
Economic analysis: An economic analysis was performed to estimate the cost of experimental diet
(Tk/kg). The costs per kg diet are presented in the table 4.
Table 4. Cost of experimental diets (Taka/kg).
Ingredients
Fish meal
Meat and bone meal
Rice bran
Wheat flour
Total cost /kg diet
Diet-1
39.98
2.76
5.52
48.26
Diet-2
19.63
15.37
2.31
4.62
41.93
Diet-3
9.82
23.06
2.09
4.17
39.14
Diet-4
30.75
1.87
3.72
36.34
Statistical analysis of data: The feeding experiment was designed on the basis of Completely
randomized design (CRD).The collected data were statistically analyzed by one way Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) with the help of SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) to see whether the
influence of different treatments on these parameters were significant or not. The means of the different
parameters were compared by Duncan’s new multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% and 1% probability
level. Standard error (±SE) of treatment means was also calculated...
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth parameter
Growth of fry in length (cm) and weight (g) was measured every 7 days interval. The following
parameters were used to evaluate fry growth:
I. Length gain (cm) = Mean final length – Mean initial length
II. Weight gain (g) = Mean final weight - Mean initial weight
III. % of Length gain =
Mean final length – Mean initial length
Mean initial length
IV. % of Length gain =
Mean final weight – Mean initial weight
Mean initial weight
466
x 100
x 100
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
V. Specific growth rate (SGR% per day) =
LnW2-LnW1
T2-T1
x 100
Where, W2= Final live body weight (g) at time T2 and WI= Initial live body weight (g) at time T1
VI. Food conversion ratio (FCR) =
VII. Survival rate (%) =
Feed fed (dry weight)
Live weight gain
Total number of harvest
Total number of stock
x 100
Table 5. Mean (±SE) weight increment (g) of tilapia (O. niloticus) fry by feeding different experimental
diets during the experimental period.
Sampling date
Initial: 21-04-2012
1st: 28-04-2012
2nd: 04-05-2012
3rd: 11-05-2012
Final: 18-05-2012
Diet-1 (control)
0.012±0.000
Diet-2
0.012±0.000
0.077a±0.001
0.23a±0.012
0.41±0.012
0.80a±0.058
0.054b±0.001
0.25a±0.006
0.45±0.029
0.77a±0.012
Average weight (g)
Diet-3
Diet-4
0.012±0.000
0.012±0.000
0.057b±0.002
0.19b±0.006
0.43±0.006
0.72ab±0.012
0.046c±0.002
0.18b±0.017
0.45±0.012
0.66b±0.023
LSD Level of sig.
NS
0.000
**
0.011
**
0.015
NS
0.034
0.060
*
* = Significant at 5% level of probability, ** = Significant at 1% level of probability and NS = Not significant. In a row figures
with same letter or without letter do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per
DMRT).
Growth in weight
The initial average weight of fry was 0.012g in all different diets. In the study period, the mean final
weight of tilapia (O. niloticus) fry obtained were 0.80a±0.058g in diet-1, 0.77a±0.012g in diet-2,
0.72ab±0.012g in diet-3 and 0.66b±0.023g in diet-4 (Table 5) respectively. The maximum and
minimum final weights were 0.80a±0.058g and 0.66b±0.023g in the diet-1 and diet-4 respectively. The
weights of fry by the effect of different experimental diets were significant (p>0.05).
Table 6. Growth parameters and feed utilization of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry under different
treatments during the experimental period.
Diet-1
(control)
Mean initial weight (g) 0.012±0.000
Mean final weight (g) 0.80a±0.058
Weight gain (g)
0.78a±0.012
% Weight gain
6525b±1.155
SGR (% per day)
14.98a±0.012
FCR
1.05b±0.012
ANPU (%)
6.62a±0.012
Parameters
Survival rate (%)
76.50a±1.270
Level of
sig.
NS
0.000
*
0.060
**
0.034
**
3.169
**
0.165
Diet-2
Diet-3
0.012±0.000
0.77a±0.012
0.76a±0.006
6766a±0.577
15.10a±0.058
1.03b±0.006
0.012±0.000
0.72ab±0.012
0.70b±0.017
5866c±1.155
14.60b±0.115
1.16a±0.006
0.012±0.000
0.66b±0.023
0.64c±0.023
5375d±2.887
14.36b±0.115
1.24a±0.058
0.060
6.62a±0.006
76.19a±1.264
5.94b±0.023
70.16b±0.670
5.81c±0.012
73.00ab±1.155
0.034
2.104
Diet-4
LSD
**
**
*
* = Significant at 5% level of probability, ** = Significant at 1% level of probability, NS = Not significant and in a row figures
with same letter or without letter do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per
DMRT).
Specific growth rate (%/day)
The range of specific growth rate (%/day) of fry for different diets was 14.36 to 15.10% day (Table 6).
There was significant (p>0.01) variation of specific growth rate (%/day) among the diets. The highest
specific growth rate (15.10% day) was found in diet-2 and was significantly (p>0.01) higher when
compared to others (Table 6).
467
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
Food conversion ratio
The mean food conversion ratio (FCR) of different experimental treatments ranged from 1.03 to 1.24
(Table 6). The food conversion ratio of different diets differ significantly (p>0.01) and the lowest FCR
(1.03) was found in diet-2 while the highest (1.24) was obtained in diet-4.
Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU %)
The apparent net protein utilization (ANPU%) values in different diets ranged from 5.81% to 6.62%
(Table 6).The ANPU value of diet-1 and ditet-4 (6.62%) was significantly (p>0.01) highest than other
two diets and ANPU value in diet-4 was the lowest. Value of (ANPU %) for diet-1 (6.62%) and diet-3
(5.81%) differ significantly (p>0.01).
Survival rate (%)
After rearing a period of 28 days, the average survival rate of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry in the
diets- (1, 2, 3 and 4) were 76.50%, 76.19% 70.16% and 73.00% respectively (Table 6). The survival
rate of tilapia (O. niloticus) fry under diet-1 was significantly (p>0.05) higher when compared diet-2
and diet-3. However, the lower survival rate (%) was obtained in diet-3 (70.16%).
Proximate carcass composition of experimental fish
The proximate carcass composition (% fresh matter basis) of fish at the start and end of experiment
varied with the effect of different diets was presented in table 7. The final carcass composition for
moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of fry do not differ significantly.
Table 7. The initial and final carcass composition of the fish sample at the start and end of the
experiment (% fresh matter basis).
Components
Moisture
Protein
Lipid
Ash
Initial
(All fish)
84.82
8.77
2.97
1.14
Diet-1
82.37ab±1.270
11.51b±0.635
1.51b±0.058
4.20a±0.115
Final
Diet-3
Diet-2
81.40b±0.808 81.48b±0.854
11.70a±0.693 11.45b±0.837
1.45b±0.260 1.44b±0.254
4.21a±0.121 4.32a±0.185
Diet-4
81.95b±0.606
11.39b±0.803
1.40b±0.231
4.39a±0.225
LSD
1.551
1.218
0.353
0.282
Level of sig.
NS
*
**
**
* = Significant at 5% level of probability, ** = Significant at 1% level of probability, NS = Not significant and in a row figures
with same letter or without letter do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per
DMRT).
Economic analyses
The cost of experimental diets was based on price of ingredients in the Mymensingh market in 2012. The
cost (Tk./kg) of experimental diets were calculated Tk. 48.26, 41.93, 39.14 and 36.34 for diet-1 (Fish
meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 61.51% : 19.75% : 19.75%), diet-2 (Fish meal: Meat and bone meal: Rice
bran: Wheat flour = 30.255% : 36.62% : 16.57% : 16.57%), diet-3 (Fish meal: Meat and bone meal: Rice
bran: Wheat flour = 15.12% : 54.94% : 14.97% : 14.97%) and diet-4 (Meat and bone meal: Rice bran:
Wheat flour = 73.23% : 13.39% : 13.39%) respectively. Per kg cost of four experimental diets is shown in
(Table 4). In term of cost of the feed the control diet-1 was found to be the most expensive (Tk. 48.26) and
diet-4 (Tk. 36.34) is the cheapest one among the diets. Meat and bone meal based diets were found to be
cheaper than diet-1 (control) and also others those composed of fish meal.
After the experiment we can see the cost of feed as well as the growth of fish decreased with the
increasing the percentage of meat and bone meal. The growth rate, FCR, Survival rate and other growth
parameters for diet-1(Control) and diet-2 were more or less same in but differ with other diets (Diet-3
and Diet-4). It may happened because tilapia (O. niloticus) cannot get proper nutrition with the
increasing of meat and bone meal after 3rd week or meat and bone meal have adverse effect on the
growth rate of tilapia (O. niloticus) with the increasing percentage. But diet-2 in which 50 % fish meal
is substituted having less cost about 6.33taka/kg than diet-1 but having good result comparing with the
control diet. So the experiment can conclude 50% fish meal can be substituted by meat and bone meal
for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry feed in the climate condition of Bangladesh.
468
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
REFERENCES
El-Sayed, A. M. 1999. Alternative protein sources for farmed tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Aquacult, 179: 149-168
Fitzsimmons, K. 2000. Tilapia: the most important aquaculture species of the 21st century. In: K. Fitzsimmons and
J.C. Filho (Editors), Proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture,
Panorama de aquaculture, Rio de Janerio. pp. 3-8.
Gupta, M. V., M. Akteruzzaman, A. H. M. Kohinoor and M. S. Shah. 1994. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
culture under different feeding and fertilization regimes. In: R. S. V. Pullin, J. Lazar, M. Legendre and J.
B. Amon Kothias (eds.). The third International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, ICLARM Conf.
Proc. 41.pp. 417-428.
Habib, M. A. B., M. S. Ullah, M. R. Hasan and A. M. Akand. 2001. Use of silkworm pupae as partial replacement
of fish meal in the diets with rotifer as feed additive of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus fry. Bangladesh
J. Fish., 24(1-2): 133-141.
Hossain, M. A. and L. Paul. 2007. Low cost diet for Monoculture of Giant Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii de Man) in Bangaldesh. Aquacult Res., 38: 232-238.
Hussain, M. G., M. A. Rahman, M. Akhteruzzaman and A. H. M. Kohinoor. 1989. Study on the production of
Oreochromis niloticus under semi intensive system in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Fish., 12(1): 59-65.
Maclean, J. L. 1984. The aquatic chicken. ICLARM Newsletter, 7(1): 19-18.
Rukhsana, K. S. 2011. Effect of different protein levels of fry feed on production of quality tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) fry. MSc Thesis Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh.
p.46.
469
Int. J. Ani. Fish. Sci. 5(5): 464-469, December 2012, website: www.gurpukur.com or www.gscience.net
SUBSTITUTION OF FISH MEAL BY MEAT AND BONE MEAL FOR THE PREPARATION
OF TILAPIA FRY FEED
M. T. HASAN1. S. M. I. KHALIL2, M. A. KASHEM3, S. HASHEM4 and S. K. MAZUMDER5
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Agro-3, Fish hatchery and Culture farm situated at Boilor under Trishal
upazila under Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during April to May 2012. The collected samples were
analyzed at the Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh, Bangladesh. A 28 days feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the
substitution of fish meal by meat and bone meal in the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry feed. Four
experimental diets viz, diet-1 (Fish meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 61.51% : 19.75% : 19.75%), diet-2
(Fish meal: Meat and bone meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 30.255% : 36.62% : 16.57% : 16.57%), diet-3
(Fish meal: Meat and bone meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 15.12% : 54.94% : 14.97% : 14.97%) and diet-4
(Meat and bone meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 73.23% : 13.39% : 13.39%) respectively were used for the
experiment. The experimental diets were randomly distributed to twelve hapas and each with three
replicates. Three days aged fry (0.012g) were stocked at the rate of 105fry/m2 in hapa. Fish were fed
experimental diets up to their satiation level five times in a day. The results of the study showed that the
weight gain of the fish fed with diet-1(Control) was significantly (p>0.05) higher than fish fed with other
experimental diets. The FCR values of different diets ranged from 1.03 to 1.24 and the lowest FCR was
exhibited by the diet-2. Significantly higher apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) value was also
exhibited by the treatment feeding with diet-2. The feed cost varies from 36.34 to 48.26 Taka/kg but
according to different feeds diet-1 and diet -2 produce the more or less same result but diet-2 having less
cost about 6.33Taka∗/kg than the control diet. There was no significant difference among the final carcass
moisture, lipid, protein and ash content of fish fed with different experimental diets. The results of the
study indicated that fish meal containing diet-1 can be substituted by diet-2. With the 50% substitution of
fish meal by meat and bone meal exerted no adverse effects on growth and survival rate of tilapia (O.
niloticus) fry and it also makes cost effective for fry production.
Keywords: Oreochromis niloticus, FCR, ANPU and Proximate composition.
INTRODUCTION
Tilapia fish has become one of the most commercially important groups of cultured freshwater fish and
have been dubbed as the “Aquatic chicken” (Maclean, 1984). Tilapia has also been described as the
important aquaculture species of the 21st century (Fitzsimmons, 2000) and Tilapia is an excellent fish
for growing in the shallow and seasonal ponds in a country like Bangladesh (Hussain et al., 1989;
Gupta et al., 1994). For good growth and survival rate of the tilapia seeds in nursery needs good quality
feeds of appropriate protein content. (Rukhsana, 2011) reported that tilapia (O. niloticus) fry grows well
at 36% protein. For the purpose of commercial production of good quality tilapia seeds must be
concerned about the main protein source of the feed as well as the cost of feed. In aquaculture, diet is
often the single largest operating cost item and can represent over 50% of the operating costs in
intensive aquaculture (El-Sayed, 1999). Protein is the most expensive macro-nutrient in fish feeds.
However, use of fishmeal as the only protein source for fish feed makes the feed expensive. One way of
reducing feed cost is to substitute the fish meal with other animal and plant protein sources of
indigenous origin (Hossain and Paul, 2007). The product rendered such as meat and bone meal which
generally contain 43 to 58% crude protein and good sources of indispensable amino acids. The price of
meat and bone meal are comparatively cheap than that of fish meal (Habib et al., 2001). If the high cost
protein source can be substituted by meat and bone meal the production cost will be lowered and the
hatchery owners and fish farmers will be benefited. The present experiment was planned to substitute
1
Department of Aquaculture, 2Department of Fish Health Management, 3Department of Fisheries Technology and Quality
Control, 5Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Syleht-3100 and 4Department of
Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensinh-2202, Bangladesh.
∗
US dollar ($) 1 = Taka (Tk) 82
464
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
fish meal by a graded levels of meat and bone meal to see how the fish meal is substituted for the
production of tilapia (O. niloticus) fry in the farm condition. The present study was undertaken with the
objectives are to recommend the maximum substitution level of fish meal by meat and bone meal and to
determine the economic viability of using meat and bone meal as substitute of fish meal for rearing of
tilapia (O. niloticus) fry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this experiment, Agro-3, Fish hatchery and Culture farm situated at Boilor under Trishal upazila
under Mymensingh district of Bangladesh during April to May 2012 to produce 3 days old larvae were
used. After yolk sac absorption feeding will be started with a fixed protein content (36%) diet (4
different feed prepared by using different ingredients) mixed with 17α-methyl testosterone. Then the fry
were stocked in the experimental hapa having average weight of 0.012g.
Construction and setting of synthetic hapa: Synthetic hapa was made with nylon net of 1 m3 size. The
study was conducted in 105 fry/ m2 nylon net hapa with a mesh size of 1mm. The hapas were arranged
on two columns (6 hapas per columns) and were tightly fixed to bamboo poles that were set
longitudinally as well as vertically. The water depth of experimental synthetic hapa was 0.62m.
Experimental design: The experiment was designed into four experimental groups (Diet 1, diet 2, diet 3
and diet 4) each having three replications. Three days old fry of initial average length 0.8 cm and
weight 0.012g were released at same stocking density (105fry/m²). Fries were acclimatized with the
experimental pond water in plastic bowl and then stocked in hapa on 21st April 2012.
Feed preparation and formulation: All the dietary ingredients were collected from local market. Then
the required amount of dietary ingredients were measured and mixed to form four experimental feeds
with the substitution of fish meal by the graded level (50, 75 and 100) of meat and bone meal.
Analytical method:
Moisture (%) =
Original sample weight – Dried sample weight
Original sample weight
% of Nitrogen =
Milliequiv alent of nitrogen (0.014) x titrant value (ml) x strength of HCL
Sample weight (g)
x 100
Crude protein = 6.25 x Nitrogen
Total lipid (%) =
Crude fibre (%) =
Ash content (%) =
Weight of lipid (g)
Weight of sample (g)
x 100
Wt. of sample after air drying (g) – Wt. of sample after ashing (g)
Sample weight (g)
Weight of ash (g)
Sample weight (g)
x 100
x 100
Nitrogen free extract (NFE) = 100 - % (Moisture + Crude protein + Crude lipid + Ash + Crude fibre)
Table 1. Proximate composition of the ingredients.
Name of item
Fish meal
Meat and bone meal
Rice bran
Wheat flour
%
Moisture
11.67
10.86
10.90
%
Lipid
10.00
7.38
23.48
% Crude
protein
51.08
44.45
15.28
%
Ash
26.68
25.59
9.12
%
Crude fiber
0.20
4.78
6.35
14.32
4.40
10.49
0.58
0.80
465
% NFE
(Carbohydrate)
0.37
6.94
34.87
69.41
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
Table 2. Formulation of experimental diets.
Protein content %
(Formulated value)
Diets
Description of diet
Diet-1
(Control)
Fish meal : Rice bran : Wheat flour = 61.51% : 19.75% :
19.75%
Fish meal: Meat and bone meal : Rice bran : Wheat flour
= 30.255% : 36.62% : 16.57% : 16.57%
Fish meal: Meat and bone meal : Rice bran : Wheat flour
= 15.12% : 54.94% : 14.97% : 14.97%
Meat and bone meal : Rice bran : Wheat flour = 73.23% :
13.39% : 13.39%
Diet-2
Diet-3
Diet-4
30.909+3.108+2.072=36
15.45+16.28+2.53+1.74=36
7.72+24.42+2.29+1.57=36
32.55+2.05+1.40=36
Table 3. Proximate composition of different artificial diets.
Name of item
Diet-1(Control)
Diet-2
Diet-3
Diet-4
% Moisture
% Lipid
% Crude protein
% Ash
% Crude fiber
% Carbohydrate
12.45
10.86
12.96
12.65
11.96
12.45
13.48
12.50
35.87
35.73
36.62
35.62
14.50
12.80
14.56
13.88
4.40
4.25
4.08
4.35
20.91
23.91
18.30
21.00
Method of feeding: The fry of treatments (diet 1, diet 2, diet 3 and diet 4) were fed five times in every 4
hours interval in a day and feeding is being off at 2 am. Feeds were supplied to fry at the satiation level
with 30, 25, 20 and 15% of body weight in the first to fourth week in experimental period.
Economic analysis: An economic analysis was performed to estimate the cost of experimental diet
(Tk/kg). The costs per kg diet are presented in the table 4.
Table 4. Cost of experimental diets (Taka/kg).
Ingredients
Fish meal
Meat and bone meal
Rice bran
Wheat flour
Total cost /kg diet
Diet-1
39.98
2.76
5.52
48.26
Diet-2
19.63
15.37
2.31
4.62
41.93
Diet-3
9.82
23.06
2.09
4.17
39.14
Diet-4
30.75
1.87
3.72
36.34
Statistical analysis of data: The feeding experiment was designed on the basis of Completely
randomized design (CRD).The collected data were statistically analyzed by one way Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) with the help of SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) to see whether the
influence of different treatments on these parameters were significant or not. The means of the different
parameters were compared by Duncan’s new multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% and 1% probability
level. Standard error (±SE) of treatment means was also calculated...
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth parameter
Growth of fry in length (cm) and weight (g) was measured every 7 days interval. The following
parameters were used to evaluate fry growth:
I. Length gain (cm) = Mean final length – Mean initial length
II. Weight gain (g) = Mean final weight - Mean initial weight
III. % of Length gain =
Mean final length – Mean initial length
Mean initial length
IV. % of Length gain =
Mean final weight – Mean initial weight
Mean initial weight
466
x 100
x 100
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
V. Specific growth rate (SGR% per day) =
LnW2-LnW1
T2-T1
x 100
Where, W2= Final live body weight (g) at time T2 and WI= Initial live body weight (g) at time T1
VI. Food conversion ratio (FCR) =
VII. Survival rate (%) =
Feed fed (dry weight)
Live weight gain
Total number of harvest
Total number of stock
x 100
Table 5. Mean (±SE) weight increment (g) of tilapia (O. niloticus) fry by feeding different experimental
diets during the experimental period.
Sampling date
Initial: 21-04-2012
1st: 28-04-2012
2nd: 04-05-2012
3rd: 11-05-2012
Final: 18-05-2012
Diet-1 (control)
0.012±0.000
Diet-2
0.012±0.000
0.077a±0.001
0.23a±0.012
0.41±0.012
0.80a±0.058
0.054b±0.001
0.25a±0.006
0.45±0.029
0.77a±0.012
Average weight (g)
Diet-3
Diet-4
0.012±0.000
0.012±0.000
0.057b±0.002
0.19b±0.006
0.43±0.006
0.72ab±0.012
0.046c±0.002
0.18b±0.017
0.45±0.012
0.66b±0.023
LSD Level of sig.
NS
0.000
**
0.011
**
0.015
NS
0.034
0.060
*
* = Significant at 5% level of probability, ** = Significant at 1% level of probability and NS = Not significant. In a row figures
with same letter or without letter do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per
DMRT).
Growth in weight
The initial average weight of fry was 0.012g in all different diets. In the study period, the mean final
weight of tilapia (O. niloticus) fry obtained were 0.80a±0.058g in diet-1, 0.77a±0.012g in diet-2,
0.72ab±0.012g in diet-3 and 0.66b±0.023g in diet-4 (Table 5) respectively. The maximum and
minimum final weights were 0.80a±0.058g and 0.66b±0.023g in the diet-1 and diet-4 respectively. The
weights of fry by the effect of different experimental diets were significant (p>0.05).
Table 6. Growth parameters and feed utilization of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry under different
treatments during the experimental period.
Diet-1
(control)
Mean initial weight (g) 0.012±0.000
Mean final weight (g) 0.80a±0.058
Weight gain (g)
0.78a±0.012
% Weight gain
6525b±1.155
SGR (% per day)
14.98a±0.012
FCR
1.05b±0.012
ANPU (%)
6.62a±0.012
Parameters
Survival rate (%)
76.50a±1.270
Level of
sig.
NS
0.000
*
0.060
**
0.034
**
3.169
**
0.165
Diet-2
Diet-3
0.012±0.000
0.77a±0.012
0.76a±0.006
6766a±0.577
15.10a±0.058
1.03b±0.006
0.012±0.000
0.72ab±0.012
0.70b±0.017
5866c±1.155
14.60b±0.115
1.16a±0.006
0.012±0.000
0.66b±0.023
0.64c±0.023
5375d±2.887
14.36b±0.115
1.24a±0.058
0.060
6.62a±0.006
76.19a±1.264
5.94b±0.023
70.16b±0.670
5.81c±0.012
73.00ab±1.155
0.034
2.104
Diet-4
LSD
**
**
*
* = Significant at 5% level of probability, ** = Significant at 1% level of probability, NS = Not significant and in a row figures
with same letter or without letter do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per
DMRT).
Specific growth rate (%/day)
The range of specific growth rate (%/day) of fry for different diets was 14.36 to 15.10% day (Table 6).
There was significant (p>0.01) variation of specific growth rate (%/day) among the diets. The highest
specific growth rate (15.10% day) was found in diet-2 and was significantly (p>0.01) higher when
compared to others (Table 6).
467
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
Food conversion ratio
The mean food conversion ratio (FCR) of different experimental treatments ranged from 1.03 to 1.24
(Table 6). The food conversion ratio of different diets differ significantly (p>0.01) and the lowest FCR
(1.03) was found in diet-2 while the highest (1.24) was obtained in diet-4.
Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU %)
The apparent net protein utilization (ANPU%) values in different diets ranged from 5.81% to 6.62%
(Table 6).The ANPU value of diet-1 and ditet-4 (6.62%) was significantly (p>0.01) highest than other
two diets and ANPU value in diet-4 was the lowest. Value of (ANPU %) for diet-1 (6.62%) and diet-3
(5.81%) differ significantly (p>0.01).
Survival rate (%)
After rearing a period of 28 days, the average survival rate of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry in the
diets- (1, 2, 3 and 4) were 76.50%, 76.19% 70.16% and 73.00% respectively (Table 6). The survival
rate of tilapia (O. niloticus) fry under diet-1 was significantly (p>0.05) higher when compared diet-2
and diet-3. However, the lower survival rate (%) was obtained in diet-3 (70.16%).
Proximate carcass composition of experimental fish
The proximate carcass composition (% fresh matter basis) of fish at the start and end of experiment
varied with the effect of different diets was presented in table 7. The final carcass composition for
moisture, protein, lipid and ash content of fry do not differ significantly.
Table 7. The initial and final carcass composition of the fish sample at the start and end of the
experiment (% fresh matter basis).
Components
Moisture
Protein
Lipid
Ash
Initial
(All fish)
84.82
8.77
2.97
1.14
Diet-1
82.37ab±1.270
11.51b±0.635
1.51b±0.058
4.20a±0.115
Final
Diet-3
Diet-2
81.40b±0.808 81.48b±0.854
11.70a±0.693 11.45b±0.837
1.45b±0.260 1.44b±0.254
4.21a±0.121 4.32a±0.185
Diet-4
81.95b±0.606
11.39b±0.803
1.40b±0.231
4.39a±0.225
LSD
1.551
1.218
0.353
0.282
Level of sig.
NS
*
**
**
* = Significant at 5% level of probability, ** = Significant at 1% level of probability, NS = Not significant and in a row figures
with same letter or without letter do not differ significantly whereas figures with dissimilar letter differ significantly (as per
DMRT).
Economic analyses
The cost of experimental diets was based on price of ingredients in the Mymensingh market in 2012. The
cost (Tk./kg) of experimental diets were calculated Tk. 48.26, 41.93, 39.14 and 36.34 for diet-1 (Fish
meal: Rice bran: Wheat flour = 61.51% : 19.75% : 19.75%), diet-2 (Fish meal: Meat and bone meal: Rice
bran: Wheat flour = 30.255% : 36.62% : 16.57% : 16.57%), diet-3 (Fish meal: Meat and bone meal: Rice
bran: Wheat flour = 15.12% : 54.94% : 14.97% : 14.97%) and diet-4 (Meat and bone meal: Rice bran:
Wheat flour = 73.23% : 13.39% : 13.39%) respectively. Per kg cost of four experimental diets is shown in
(Table 4). In term of cost of the feed the control diet-1 was found to be the most expensive (Tk. 48.26) and
diet-4 (Tk. 36.34) is the cheapest one among the diets. Meat and bone meal based diets were found to be
cheaper than diet-1 (control) and also others those composed of fish meal.
After the experiment we can see the cost of feed as well as the growth of fish decreased with the
increasing the percentage of meat and bone meal. The growth rate, FCR, Survival rate and other growth
parameters for diet-1(Control) and diet-2 were more or less same in but differ with other diets (Diet-3
and Diet-4). It may happened because tilapia (O. niloticus) cannot get proper nutrition with the
increasing of meat and bone meal after 3rd week or meat and bone meal have adverse effect on the
growth rate of tilapia (O. niloticus) with the increasing percentage. But diet-2 in which 50 % fish meal
is substituted having less cost about 6.33taka/kg than diet-1 but having good result comparing with the
control diet. So the experiment can conclude 50% fish meal can be substituted by meat and bone meal
for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry feed in the climate condition of Bangladesh.
468
IJAFS: ISSN 1997-2598 Volume 5 Issue 5 December 2012
REFERENCES
El-Sayed, A. M. 1999. Alternative protein sources for farmed tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Aquacult, 179: 149-168
Fitzsimmons, K. 2000. Tilapia: the most important aquaculture species of the 21st century. In: K. Fitzsimmons and
J.C. Filho (Editors), Proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture,
Panorama de aquaculture, Rio de Janerio. pp. 3-8.
Gupta, M. V., M. Akteruzzaman, A. H. M. Kohinoor and M. S. Shah. 1994. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
culture under different feeding and fertilization regimes. In: R. S. V. Pullin, J. Lazar, M. Legendre and J.
B. Amon Kothias (eds.). The third International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, ICLARM Conf.
Proc. 41.pp. 417-428.
Habib, M. A. B., M. S. Ullah, M. R. Hasan and A. M. Akand. 2001. Use of silkworm pupae as partial replacement
of fish meal in the diets with rotifer as feed additive of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus fry. Bangladesh
J. Fish., 24(1-2): 133-141.
Hossain, M. A. and L. Paul. 2007. Low cost diet for Monoculture of Giant Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii de Man) in Bangaldesh. Aquacult Res., 38: 232-238.
Hussain, M. G., M. A. Rahman, M. Akhteruzzaman and A. H. M. Kohinoor. 1989. Study on the production of
Oreochromis niloticus under semi intensive system in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Fish., 12(1): 59-65.
Maclean, J. L. 1984. The aquatic chicken. ICLARM Newsletter, 7(1): 19-18.
Rukhsana, K. S. 2011. Effect of different protein levels of fry feed on production of quality tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) fry. MSc Thesis Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh.
p.46.
469