Racial discrimination towards the aborigines in Australia seen through the conflict in Alice Nannup’s when the pelican laughed.

ABSTRACT

REFRITA INDRASTARA. Racial Discrimination towards the Aborigines in Australia Seen Through the Conflict in Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

This thesis focuses on When The Pelican Laughed, a novel written by Alice Nannup with the help from Lauren Marsh and Stephen einnane. This novel addresses the issue of racism towards the Aborigines by the Thite people in Australia. When The Pelican Laughed tells the conflicts of the Aborigines that have to deal with racism.

There are two objectives of the study. First, the writer focuses on the conflicts that happen in the novel. Second, the writer focuses on how the conflicts in Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed reveal racial discrimination towards the Aborigines that is practiced by the Thites in Australia. In analyzing the novel, the writer applies socio-cultural historical approach. This approach helps the writer to understand the social condition and the history of Aborigines in Australia at the time in the novel.

The method that was applied in this thesis is library research since all the data that is needed are taken from written sources. This thesis uses Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed as the primary source. The secondary sources are taken from some books that contain history of Aborigines in Australia and other information about the novel. There are also some sources that are taken from the internet.

As the result of the study, the writer finds some conflicts that involve the Aborigines in the novel. The conflicts are between the Aborigines and the Thite people. All of the conflicts that are discussed in this study reveal racial discrimination towards the Aborigines by the Thite people in Australia.

ABSTRAK

REFRITA INDRASTARA. Racial discrimination toward the Aborigines in Australia Seen Through the Conflict in Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.

Skripsi ini fokus pada novel berjudul When The Pelican Laughed yang ditulis oles Alice Nannup dengan bantuan dari Lauren Marsh dan Stephen einnane. Novel ini mengangkat topik permasalahan mengenai rasisme terhadap masyarakat Aborigin yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang berkulit putih di Australia. When The Pelican Laughed membahas konflik-konflik masyarakat Aborigin yang menghadapi rasisme.

Ada dua pokok bahasan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama, penulis berfokus pada konflik yang terjadi di dalam novel. Yang kedua, penulis berfokus pada bagamaina konflik-konflik di When The Pelican Laughed mengungkap diskriminasi ras yang dipraktikkan oleh orang-orang kulit putih terhadap masyarakat Aborigin di Australia. Dalam menganalisis novel ini, penulis memakai pendekatan sosial, kebudayaan, dan sejarah. Pendekatan ini membantu penulis mengetahui kondisi sosial dan sejarah masyarakat Aborigin di Australia pada waktu yang sama dengan di dalam novel.

Metode yang dipakai skripsi ini adalah metode penelitian pustaka karena semua data yang dibutuhkan diperoleh dari sumber-sumber tertulis. Sebagai sumber utama, skripsi ini menggunakan novel karangan Alice Nannup yang berjudul When The Pelican Laughed. Sumber-sumber sekunder diperoleh dari beberapa buku yang berisikan sejarah masyarakat Aborigin di Australia serta informasi lainya yang terkait dengan novel ini. Terdapat pula beberapa sumber yang diambil dari internet.

Sebagai hasil dari penelitian ini, penulis menemukan beberapa konflik yang melibatkan masyarakat Aborigin di dalam novel. eonflik-konflik tersebut terjadi antara masyarakat Aborigin dengan orang kulit putih. Semua konflik yang dibahas di dalam penelitian ini mengungkapkan diskriminasi ras terhadap masyarakat Aborigin yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang kulit putih.

ii

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS THE ABORIGINES

IN AUSTRALIA SEEN THROUGH THE CONFLICT IN ALICE

NANNUP’S

WHEN THE PELICAN LAUGHED

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of

Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By :

REFRITA INDRASWARA

Student Number :094214020

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF

LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

vii

Wish you can forgive your yesterdays.

Wish you can love your tomorrows.

viii

For Myself

in the Present

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, my deepest gratitude goes to Allah Subhana wata’ala. I would like to thank you for the blesses, cares, and the guides that shown to me that I can finish my thesis.

I would like to thank to my advisor, P. Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D., for giving me advice, guidance and help in writing this thesis. I express my great gratitude to him for spending many times in reading and correcting my thesis. I also thank to my co-Advisor, Maria Ananta Tri S., S.S., M. Ed., for giving me suggestion and also helping me to improve and finish my thesis. I also thank my lecturers in the English Letters Department for the education and guidance given to me during my study in the English Letters Department. Without their understanding and their help, I would not be able to finish this thesis.

My greatest gratitude goes to my parents, Kosasih Apriyadi and Nona Indrawati, for the supports, encouragement, and prayers. You are the best and wonderful parents in the world. I thank my older sister, Recita Indraswary, for the supports and guidance to finish this thesis. I also thank Mahendra Rushermansyah, for his love, patience, supports, and encourages, so that I am finally able to finish my thesis.

Last but not least, I would like to thank Mbak Ninik and other secretariat staffs who help me a lot during my study in the English Letters Department. Also thank to everyone whose name are not mentioned here.

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ………... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ………...……….….. iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……… iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ……….………... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSTUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi

MOTTO PAGE ……… vii

DEDICATION PAGE ………... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. x

ABSTRACT ………. xii

ABSTARK………... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of he study ……… ….. 1

B. Problem formulation ……….… 5

C. Objectives of the Study ……… 5

CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW ………. 6

A. Review of Related Study ……… 6

B. Review of Related Theories ……… 9

C. Review of Racial Discrimination toward the Aborigines in Australia .. 15

D. Theoretical Framework ………... 17

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……….. 19

A. Object of the Study ……… 19

B. Approach of the Study ………... 20

C. Method of the Study ………... 21

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……….. 23

A. Conflict in Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed ……… 23

1. Conflict between Alice and her boss’ niece, Miss Ryan ……….. 24

2. Conflict between Alice and a lady police, Lady Dugdale ……… 25

3. Conflict between Alice and a white man worker ………. 26

4. Conflict between Alice and an MC of Canadian Barn Dance ….. 26

5. Conflict between the Aborigines and the Chief Protector of Aboriginal,Mr. Neville……….. 27

6. Conflict between Alice and the owner of a hotel ………. 28

7. Conflict between Alice and an Aboriginal affairs man, Mr. Hawke ……… 29

8. Conflict between Alice and some boys ………... 30

xi

B. Racial Discrimination Reflected through the Conflicts ……….. 31

1. Legal discrimination ………. 32

2. Institutional discrimination ………... 38

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……….. 46

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……… 49

xii ABSTRACT

REFRITA INDRASWARA. Racial Discrimination towards the Aborigines in Australia Seen Through the Conflict in Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

This thesis focuses on When The Pelican Laughed, a novel written by Alice Nannup with the help from Lauren Marsh and Stephen Kinnane. This novel addresses the issue of racism towards the Aborigines by the White people in Australia. When The Pelican Laughed tells the conflicts of the Aborigines that have to deal with racism.

There are two objectives of the study. First, the writer focuses on the conflicts that happen in the novel. Second, the writer focuses on how the conflicts

in Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed reveal racial discrimination towards the Aborigines that is practiced by the Whites in Australia. In analyzing the novel, the writer applies socio-cultural historical approach. This approach helps the writer to understand the social condition and the history of Aborigines in Australia at the time in the novel.

The method that was applied in this thesis is library research since all the

data that is needed are taken from written sources. This thesis uses Alice Nannup’s

When The Pelican Laughed as the primary source. The secondary sources are taken from some books that contain history of Aborigines in Australia and other information about the novel. There are also some sources that are taken from the internet.

As the result of the study, the writer finds some conflicts that involve the Aborigines in the novel. The conflicts are between the Aborigines and the White people. All of the conflicts that are discussed in this study reveal racial discrimination towards the Aborigines by the White people in Australia.

xiii ABSTRAK

REFRITA INDRASWARA. Racial discrimination toward the Aborigines in Australia Seen Through the Conflict in Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.

Skripsi ini fokus pada novel berjudul When The Pelican Laughed yang ditulis oles Alice Nannup dengan bantuan dari Lauren Marsh dan Stephen Kinnane. Novel ini mengangkat topik permasalahan mengenai rasisme terhadap masyarakat Aborigin yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang berkulit putih di Australia. When The Pelican Laughed membahas konflik-konflik masyarakat Aborigin yang menghadapi rasisme.

Ada dua pokok bahasan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama, penulis berfokus pada konflik-konflik yang terjadi di dalam novel. Yang kedua, penulis berfokus pada bagamaina konflik-konflik di When The Pelican Laughed mengungkap diskriminasi ras yang dipraktikkan oleh orang-orang kulit putih terhadap masyarakat Aborigin di Australia. Dalam menganalisis novel ini, penulis memakai pendekatan sosial, kebudayaan, dan sejarah. Pendekatan ini membantu penulis mengetahui kondisi sosial dan sejarah masyarakat Aborigin di Australia pada waktu yang sama dengan di dalam novel.

Metode yang dipakai skripsi ini adalah metode penelitian pustaka karena semua data yang dibutuhkan diperoleh dari sumber-sumber tertulis. Sebagai sumber utama, skripsi ini menggunakan novel karangan Alice Nannup yang berjudul When The Pelican Laughed. Sumber-sumber sekunder diperoleh dari beberapa buku yang berisikan sejarah masyarakat Aborigin di Australia serta informasi lainya yang terkait dengan novel ini. Terdapat pula beberapa sumber yang diambil dari internet.

Sebagai hasil dari penelitian ini, penulis menemukan beberapa konflik yang melibatkan masyarakat Aborigin di dalam novel. Konflik-konflik tersebut terjadi antara masyarakat Aborigin dengan orang kulit putih. Semua konflik yang dibahas di dalam penelitian ini mengungkapkan diskriminasi ras terhadap masyarakat Aborigin yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang kulit putih.

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains four points of the thesis. The first point is the background of the study which contains a description of the topic. The second point is problem formulation which contains some questions of the study that later will be answered in chapter IV. The third point is the objectives of this study which states clearly based on the order of the problem formulation.

A.Background of the Study

Discrimination involves an action of judging, predicting, and interpreting that decides who is superior and who is inferior. Ralph Cohen in The Art of Discrimination says that discrimination is involved in critical process, interpretation, judgment, and prediction, in making, transmitting, and supporting critical acts (Cohen:464).

Historically, racial discrimination toward the Aborigines in Australia started in the 18th century. The European people that come to Australia tried to

apply the white standard on the Aborigines and controlled Aborigines‟ life. The

whites also largely ignored the rights of the Aborigines as the native population in Australia:

Upon the arrival the British colonist declared Australia „terra nullius’- an un-owned wasteland which could be legitimately colonized. The British formally and informally stated that Aborigines were biologically inferior to white colonist and they were a dying race doomed to extinction (Haralambos,Michael and friends, 1996:652).

The British came to Australia as colonizer, and the Aborigines is the one being colonized. After the British came to Australia, the policy for the Aborigines started and the Aborigines live under the control of missionaries and other Europeans. The Aborigines became economically and culturally marginalized and were exposed to white people diseases. Many lands of the Aborigines were forcibly taken by the white people and also the Aborigines were treated unequally and considered uncivilized, bad, and inferior. A lot of histories proved that the act of white people toward the Aborigines in Australia showed the unequal treatment.

There were some rules in society for the Aborigines, about a separate section for white people and black people in the society, such as in clubs, pubs, restaurants, theaters, public swimming pool, public transport, and even separate wards in hospital. Aboriginal people were prohibited from particular jobs, including working in a post office and expected to work for much less money, and prohibited in some areas (Winch, Joan and Ken Hayward, 2007:6). Based

on this condition, the topic was chosen to see how Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican laughed, an autobiography novel of an Aborigine, reflects the treatment of the white towards the Aborigines.

Autobiography is one of the literary genres narrated by the author

itself based on the author‟s experience. According to S.H. Steinberg in Cassell‟s Encyclopedia of World Literature volume 1: History and General Articles, an autobiography is a literary work that “expresses the profound need

for asserting meaning in individual existence” (Steinberg, 1973:74).

In addition, Robert C. Pooley‟s Exploring Life Through Literature, an autobiography will interpret facts subjectively who then gives “an emotional or

biased version of the truth” (Pooley, 1951:263). In other words, it can be said

that an autobiography literature seeing the facts from the point of view, emotion, opinion, and perspective of the author.

In When The Pelican Laughed, Alice Nannup describes her life story, in which she experiences how the White people treat her unequally. When Alice is twelve, she is taken away from her family and enters the boarding house to learn how to become a slave of white people. In that boarding house, she grows up became a teenager that is sent to one white people‟s house to

other white people‟s house. In there, she is not treated as a child, but she is

treated as a servant, she works for the whites, and they treat her unequally. When finally she can survive from all of those bad treatments, she finally has a family. She has children, and the story repeated, her children are treated unequally.

The white people that the Aboriginal children can come to school, but the truth is they were taken to a camp and most of what they do in the camp is working:

Moore River did nothing for me by the way of schooling; I had to learn through experience and picking up little bits here and there on my own. Really, all I ever did there was work. I had chores to do before school and chores to do after. I tell you, they never allowed me to be idle (1992:69).

Moore River is the name of the camp where the main character in When The Pelican Laughed was sent. In the camp, the Aborigines were working, and then one by one they were sent to working as a servant in white

people‟s house.

To see how literary work reveals racial discrimination towards the

Aborigines in Australia, Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed is the

good one. The main issues of Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed is

how the white people tried to enforce European‟s behaviors to the Aborigines

by controlling Aborigines people. The topic of this research is how racial discrimination towards the Aborigines is revealed through the conflict that involves the main character. This research analyzes the racial discrimination that was experienced by the Aborigines towards the main character, Alice Nannup.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What are the conflicts in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed?

2. How is racial discrimination in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed revealed through the conflicts?

C. Objectives of the Research

The research‟s aim is to find out how the novel reveals racial discrimination toward the Aborigines in Australia. Specifically, this research has two main objectives.

The first objective is to see the conflict in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed. After knowing the conflict of this novel, the last objective of this research is to analyze how racial discrimination is revealed in the novel.

6

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter contains some reviews on related study of this thesis and some reviews on related theory that used in this undergraduate thesis. This chapter contains some reviews about the topic that being analyzed by the writer too.

A. Review of Related Study

Opinion, analysis, and comment are the examples of reviews for

literary work. This chapter contains related studies of Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed. There is an undergraduate thesis that also discusses Alice

Nannup‟s, entitled The Indigenous Struggle of Aborigines in Western Australia

in the 19th Century as Reflected in Alice Nannup’s life in When The Pelican Laughed written by Risang Baskara. Baskara‟s thesis deals with the struggles of the Aborigines because of the unequal treatment by the white people:

Alice has to struggle with the white people that she works for. This part also presents how the Aborigines struggle against all forms of white‟s oppression. The struggle is represented by their view and attitude toward the unequal treatment by the white. Alice‟s awareness to rebel and fight back to the colonizer is indigenous struggle that done by Alice (Baskara, 2010:74).

Baskara‟s thesis discusses the struggle of the Aborigines which is faced by Alice when she works for the white people. The struggle is described

by the Aborigines‟ attitude toward the discrimination. The thesis focuses in the

struggles and the attitudes of Alice toward the discrimination that is done by the white people.

Another review is stated by Anna Brewster in her book, Literary Formations Post-colonialism, Nationalism, Globalism:

Coercive attempts at resocialising and individualizing Aboriginal people encounter strong resistance in the affirmation of home,

Nannup‟s family–specially her mother-and the Aboriginal way of life. She talks with pride about her mother‟s and her own bush cooking (traditional and white). She also talks about the effectiveness of traditional health cures, and power of spirituality (1995:45).

The review discusses Nannup‟s attachment to her family‟s way of life and her resistance to white culture. The resistance is shown when she talks about how the effectiveness of traditional cures made by Alice mother when she was sick. Anna Brewster describes how proud is Alice for being an Aboriginal people which has the different way of cooking from the white

people‟s way of cooking.

There is a review about Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed by Catherine Maughan (www.goodreads.com, 2012), mentioning how the reader of When The Pelican Laughed will know more about Western Australian history and how the law totally control the Aboriginal lives.

Maughan mentions too that the reader will surely know the injustices and prejudices toward Aborigines through Alice‟s life story that:

Through Alice's life we learn a lot about Western Australian history and the laws that were used to totally control Aboriginal lives. The compelling part of this book is that Alice talks about her life, and the reader is left in no doubt about how her life has been impacted by the injustices and prejudices towards Aboriginal people (Maughan, Catherine, 2012).

This review will support the writer in collecting the information about the topic and the conflict that appears in the novel. The support provide because Maughan mentioning that the reader will totally know about the Western Australian history and the injustices and prejudice towards Aborigines.

There is another study about Alice Nannup‟s, entitled Aboriginal Women’s Narratives: Reclaiming Identities by Nadja Zierott (2005:101). Zierott states that the motive of Alice as Aborigine woman to write her biography is not only to tell the injustices but to reclaim the stolen terrain, such as land, field, and freedom:

For woman like Nannup, it is a basic concern to narrated their lives and revive the past, not only to let others know about injustices, but to reclaim stolen terrain (2005:101).

These reviews discuss the unequal treatment toward the Aborigines by

the white people in Australia that reflected in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed, but there are some differences too. In Baskara‟s review, he deals with the struggles of the Aborigines in the 19th Century that is revealed trough the main character, meanwhile this thesis focuses on how the conflict in

the work reveal racial discrimination toward the Aborigines by the white people.

The other review, by Anna Brewster, discusses about Aboriginal

women who attach to their family‟s way and about their resistance to white

culture. Meanwhile, this thesis discusses on racial discrimination toward the Aborigines in Australia. In the review by Nadja Zierott, the focus is on the identity of Aboriginal woman that slowly but surely fades away, meanwhile this undergraduate thesis focus is in racial discrimination toward Aborigines by the white people.

These reviews will be developed and will help and support the writer to analyze racial discrimination in When The Pelican Laughed. This thesis

analyzes Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed, which focuses on racial discrimination toward Aboriginal people in Australia. Racial discrimination will be analyzed through the conflict.

B.Review of Related Theories

To make the analysis more powerful, some theories are needed. Those theories are the theory about conflict, theories of racial discrimination, and theory of social-cultural historical.

1. Theories of Conflict

In William Harmon‟s book, A Handbook to Literature (1986:114), he states that conflict is “the struggle that grows out of the interplay of two opposing forces. Conflict provides interest, suspense, and tension”. The quote explains that conflict is the situation that rises when two opposite opinions crash or face the disagreement and create tension between the two opposites.

In the same book, Harmon says that conflict rises between a person with another person, nature, and against society (1986:114). In Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed, the conflict is between Alice and the White people society, where the White people treat her unequally. Therefore, the writer can see the conflict in Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed through the act of White people towards the Aborigines.

According to Bill Preston‟s A Sense of Wonder (2003:178), conflict is a struggle between two opposing people or forces and can be divided into two, internal and external conflict. An internal conflict takes place in the mind of a character, it is a struggle between him/herself. An external conflict can be between characters or between a character and nature (2003:178).

In addition, in Robert Stanton book, An Introduction to Fiction, there are two kinds of conflict (1965:16):

1. Internal conflict

This kind of conflict occurs in the character himself or herself without outside force. The conflict is between two desires within a character, meaning that he or she arguing with him/herself about what he or she should do or should not do. It takes place in a character mind (1965:16).

2. External conflict

This kind of conflict happens when a character argues or has some problems with other character. It can be between a character and nature or others characters (1965:16).

In the same book, Stanton states that conflict is important element of plot in literary work. In conflict, there will be a central conflict, which is

the core of the story‟s structure, the generating center out of which the plot

grows (1965:16).

In other book, Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson‟s book, state that

conflict happens where there is a clash of opinion, ideas, or desire between one person and other person or group of people, nature, society, or environment (2006:104).

2. Theories of Racial Discrimination

Historically, violence and unequal treatment already happened in 19th century when European comes to the Australian:

By the middle of the 19th century, violence againts the aborigines, the introduction of European diseases, and spiritual demoralized challenged the whole structure of Aboriginalsociety (Read,Peter, 2012).

Theory of racial discrimination is found in The New Encyclopedia Britannica:

Racial in the sense relevant to racism, refers to a human group that defines itself or is defined by others as culturally different by virtue of innate and immutable physical characteristics. Thus, under racism a race is defined socially but on the basis physical characteristics. Such physical characteristics have no inherent significance, but only such significance as is socially attributed to them in a given society. Furthermore, the term racial discrimination denotes all forms of differential behavior based on race. The most notable form of racial discrimination is, of course, physical segregation by race, but there are many others, such as rules of etiquette defining forms of address between

racial “superiors” and “inferiors”. (1983:360).

From the quote above, racial is related to racism which people defines themselves or is defined by others because the differential of physical characteristic. The physical characteristic is just socially attributed given by the society. Furthermore, racial discrimination is all forms of differential behavior based on race. That treatment has no significance characteristic, which is just socially attributed given by the society.

Based on Sociology by Donald Light, Suzanne Keller, and Craig Calhoun, discrimination is actual behavior. Discrimination refers to the act of disqualifying or mistreating people on the basis of their society (1989:352).

Another book, Sociology by Richard T. Schaefer, states that

“Discrimination is the process of denying opportunities and equal right to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons”

(1986:230). The quotation explain that discrimination is refusal of opportunities and right to some people, or some groups because the judgment of society.

According to Ellis Cashmore‟s Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, racial discrimination is known as racialism. Racialism is “the active behavioral expression of racism and is aimed at denying members of certain

groups equal access to scarce and valued resources” (2004:345).

In the same page of the book, Ellis Cashmore states that racism contains negative beliefs about groups. As it is stated, “It operates on a group basis: it works on the perceived attributes and deficiencies of groups,

not individualized characteristics” (2004:345).

Cashmore states too that racial discrimination is addressed to a group in the society where their voices are denied because of the differences in physical or social condition:

Members of groups are denied opportunities or reward for reasons unrelated to their capabilities, industry, and general merit: they are judged solely on their membership of an identifiable group, which is erroneously thought to have racial basis (2004:345).

John K. Roth in International Encyclopedia of Ethics states that there are two types of discrimination, legal discrimination and institutional discrimination. He explains the definition of legal discrimination that is an

“unequal treatment that sustained by law” (1995:231-232). The quotation explains that legal discrimination is unequal treatment based on the law.

According to Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton‟s Black Power (1967) in International Encyclopedia of Ethics:

Institutional discrimination is a subtle form of unequal treatment based on race that is trenched in social custom (that is, social institutions). Institutional discrimination may include segregated housing patterns, redlining by financial institutions, and the practice of minority group members being forced continually into low-paying jobs (1995:232).

The quotation above explains that institutional discrimination is unequal treatment based on race that happens in the society. The examples of institutional discrimination are the separation of chair, bathroom, church, school, room, cinemas, and many others between Aborigines and white people, and the wage for Aborigines is lower than the white people in the same kind of job.

In addition, according to Richard T. Schaefer and Robert P. Lamm in their book, Sociology, second edition, Institutional discrimination refers to unequal treatment to person or groups which comes from society:

Discrimination is practiced not only by individuals in one-to-one encounters but also by institutions in their daily operations. Institutional discrimination refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups which results from the normal operation of a society (1986:230).

C.Review of Racial Discrimination toward the Aborigines in Australia

The story of Aborigines dealing with racism is a well-known story. It is a real life event that Aborigines have to deal for many years. Many of Aborigines struggle in their condition to oppose racial discrimination.

Michael Haralambos and friend, in their book, Sociology themes and perspective Australian edition, states that Aborigines in Australian have been subjected to racism for many years since the British came and declared Australia as and inhabitants land as their subject (1996:652). From the same source as above, it states:

A policy of protectionism arose which sought to shelter Aboriginal people from outside influences by establishing Aboriginal reserves under the control of missionaries and other Europeans. Many Aborigines were forcibly taken there, ostensibly for their own protection. In these institutions Aborigines were denied many basic rights and freedoms (1996:652).

The quotation above explains a policy of protection is made by the white people who already take control Australia and make some shelter for the Aborigines, pretending for the goodness of Aborigines. The real reason is the white people want Aboriginal people lose their own culture and become much like white Australian as possible.

According to Bamber Gascoigne in his website, http://www.historyworld.net, one of the shelters is Moore River Native Settlement. The settlement was opened by the Government of Western Australian in 1918.Socially, Moore River Settlement practiced strict dormitory system. The Aborigines cannot leave the settlement without permission from missionaries.

The Aboriginal children were often removed from their families and brought up by foster parents or in orphanages. In 1905, “Aborigines Act” was enacted. The act legalised the removal of Aboriginal children from their families (Winch, Joan and Ken Hayward, 2007:6). In the same year with Moore River Native Settlement was opened, in 1918, the new policy that forbids the Aborigines consume alcohol arose:

In 1918, the Northern Territory Aboriginal Ordinance Act "ensured that Aboriginal people could not drink or possess or supply alcohol or methylated spirits (Korff, Jens, 2000).

Michael Haralambos and friend‟s Sociology themes and perspective Australian edition (1996:652) writes that there is a segregation policy in the society. Aborigines have separate hospital wards, or they cannot use swimming pools, nor have separate areas in cinema and bars if they were allowed in at all (1996:652).

From the same source, it is known that many Aboriginal employees

are often paid only a fraction of the white people‟s wage for the equivalent job in the same place (1996:652). In addition, Craig McGregor‟s Profile of Australia states that the Aboriginal employees are often paid in flour, tobacco, and clothing, and not much money (1966:307-308).

Society and laws has treated the Aborigines as inferior beings. They are stereotyped as lazy, stupid, irrational, dirty, and drunken. They are not allowed to take vote. They are not allowed to move freely, all their actions are monitored by the white people. A little mistake will make a hard and cruel punishment.

D.Theoretical Framework

The aim of this study is to find the racial discrimination among the Aborigines in Australia through the conflict in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed. In this analysis thesis, the writer provides some theories in order to answer the problem formulation. There are theory of conflict and theory of racial discrimination.

On answering the first problem formulation, the theories of conflict are applied. The theories provide any understanding about how to analyze the

conflicts and also how the conflicts are presented in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed. The author of When The Pelican Laughed, Alice Nannup with Lauren Marsh and Stephen Kinnane use conflict to reveal the idea of racial discrimination.

In order to reveal the idea of discrimination, the understanding of conflict that is presented in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed are needed. Each conflict that is presented in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed, showing discrimination by the White European.

19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A.Object of the study

When The Pelican Laughed is a novel that was written by Alice Nannup. This book was written by Alice Nannup in conjunction with Lauren Marsh and Stephen Kinnane. Lauren is studying English and Comparative Literature and Stephen is studying for a degree in Communication studies. Both are at Murdoch University. The novel was published by Fremantle Arts Centre Press in 1992. The story of When The Pelican Laughed is divided into four parts.

The first part is about the childhood stories of Alice Nannup. In this part, the story line is when Alice is still a girl and when she is taken away from her family. After Alice is taken away, she lives with a white couple, Mr. and Mrs. Campbell. They make Alice work as their servant. After that, Alice is put in Moore River Native Settlement, where Alice loses her right and freedom.

In the second parts, it does not only tell about Alice Nannup in teenage time but also tells about the Aborigines under the colonialism. In this part, the story line is when Alice lives in Moore River Native Settlement, a compound. In Moore River Alice does not really get an education. What Alice does the whole time in the compound is working like a servant, and then Alice is sent to

The third part tells about the marriage life of Alice Nannup. This part tells the hard life of Nannup who raises 10 children. The last part of the novel tells about the life of old Nannup after a full and eventful life, including many battles with authority and raising ten children. Alice Nannup finally returned home after sixty four years later and found out that her family had died long ago.

When The Pelican Laughed is the result of researching material on Stephen Kinnane‟s grandmother, Jessie Argyle, who had met and formed a friendship with Alice in the 1920s. The Aboriginal women, at that time, were under the care of the Chief Protector of the Aborigines. Stephen Kinnane and Lauren Marsh transcribed and edited the life-story of Alice Nannup in conjunction with Alice. Editorial intrusion in the text is however sanctioned by Alice Nannup.

B.Approach of the study

This research uses socio-cultural historical approach in the analysis because the writer wants to analyze the novel that is related to the history of racial discrimination of Aborigines in Australia. Socio-cultural historical approach is used in answering the second problem formulation. According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods:

Critics who major interest is the socio-cultural historical approach insist that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it. They define civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as its subject matter (1971:9).

The quotation above explains that the approach concerns about the history of the story and the reflection of the society inside the literature.

Socio-cultural historical approach explains that to understand literary work more, the reader needs to know about what happens in the time of the literary work take place and also the biography of the author.

This approach helps the writer in doing research of the historical background of the story happens. It is applied to understand the social and

historical context of the novel. The Aborigines‟ experience in racial

discrimination is a part of the social condition and history at that time. C.Method of the study

The research is library research. It means that all the data are taken away from any written source such as books and also Encyclopedia to collect the information in order to analyze and answer the problems.

The research used two kinds of source, the primary and the secondary source. The primary source is When The Pelican Laughed that is written by Alice Nannup. Meanwhile the secondary source takes from some books, such as The New Encyclopædia Britannica volume III in order to understand the definition of conflict more deeply.

The other books are The New Encyclopædia Britannica volume 15

and Cohen‟s book, The Art of Discrimination to understand more about racial discrimination, Sociology themes and perspectives Australian edition by Michael Haralambos and friends, and also from website such as www.central.wa.edu.au, www.goodreads.com, www.historyworld.net, and www.daa.nsw.gov.au.

The first step was reading the primary source, When The Pelican Laughed deeply. The second step was deciding the topic that will be analyzed. The third step was making problem formulations to the writer analyze the topic. The problems lead to scope-limitation of the topic.

The next step was finding references about theory, approach, and critic that relevant to the topic to support this thesis from library and internet. Thenthe theory and approach were applied to analyze the topic. The third step was writing analysis. The analysis answers the problems formulation by applying theory on conflict, theory of racial discrimination. After completing all the steps, the writers wrote a conclusion to finish this thesis.

23

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two parts. Each part answers each question that is stated in problem formulation in Chapter I. The first part will discus the conflict in the novel and this part will be the base to answer the second problem, that is how conflicts in Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed reveal racial discrimination.

A.Conflict in Alice Nannup’s When The Pelican Laughed.

This part will discuss the conflict in the novel. The discussion focuses on the conflict between Alice, an Aborigine, and the white people.

In Alice Nannup‟s When The Pelican Laughed, Alice is the main character of the novel. Alice is an Aboriginal girl who is born from Aboriginal mother and a white father, and Alice‟s grandfather is an Indian. Alice mentions that she is an Aboriginal, English, and Indian, a real international person (p.20). When Alice is young, she is taken away from her family. Then she

lives from one white„s house to another, working as a servant. After that, Alice

faces many problems in her life. Alice faces some conflicts with Miss Ryan, Lady Dugdale, a worker man, a white MC, a man who owns a hotel, Mr. Hawke, and with an unnamed man. There is also a conflict between the Aborigines and the Chief Protector of Aboriginal. All of them are white people.

All the conflict that are analyzed in this thesis are external conflict. As what has been stated in Robert Stanton book, An Introduction to Fiction,

“External conflict is a kind of conflict happens when a character argues or

has some problems with other character, between a character and nature or

others characters” (1965:16).

1. Conflict between Alice and her boss’ niece, Miss Ryan.

The first conflict between Aboriginal and a white person is seen in the conversation of Alice and Miss Ryan, a white lady:

Miss Ryan wanted to wash her hair. She carted this water through the house and spilt it on the floor. Just right after I had finished polishing it mind you. I heard her sing out to me,

„Alice, bring a cloth and wipe up this water.‟ „What water?‟ I asked.

„In the passage.‟

„But,‟ I said, „I‟ve just finished polishing in there.‟ „Look, there‟s water there –wipe it up!‟

„Well, how did it get there?‟

„Oh,‟ she said, „It just spilt. I want to Wash my hair.‟ „You wipe it up,‟ I said to her.

„No, that‟s your job. You wipe it up.‟(p.102).

The conflict happens when Alice just finished polishing the floor, Miss Ryan spills some water to the floor. Then Miss Ryan tells Alice to take some cloth and wipe the water, but Alice refuses because Alice thinks that Miss Ryan is the one who spills the water, so she is the one who should wipe the water. Miss Ryan insists that Alice is the one who should wipe the water. The conflict continues when Miss Ryan hits Alice with hair brush and

2. Conflict between Alice and a lady police, Lady Dugdale.

After Alice throws the hair brush to Miss Ryan, Miss Ryan goes to a lady police and reports about Alice. The lady police, Lady Dugdale, comes later:

Lady Dugdale told me, „You mustn‟t ever do this to your mistress.‟

I was really upset. I said to her, „What about me, look at me. She

broke Mrs. Larsen‟s brush on me.‟

„You know, you people, you let your temper run away with you,‟ she said.

„Yeah, well I work hard here. I‟ve got more jobs to do than one. I‟ve got right to get cross,‟ I told her.

„Yes, well, look, I‟ll take Alice out there and I‟ll give her a good trashing,‟ she said.

I was really frightened then, and angry too. I said to her, „Lady,

you better not, you better not Miss, because if I get that whip off

of you, you‟ll get it too. You touch me and I‟ll get Mr. Larsen.

You better talk to Mr. larsen first.‟

„Will you apologise to Miss Ryan?‟ she said.

„You make her apologise first. I didn‟t start the trouble.‟

(p.103).

The conflict is between Alice and lady police, Lady Dugdale. Lady Dugdale insists that Alice is the one who is wrong and will get the punishment. Alice does not agree with it because Alice works hard in there and works lot of work and Alice speaks for herself that after working hard, she has the right to refuse it. Alice says that if the lady police wants to punish her, lady police has to report first to Mr. Larsen, the boss. In the end, the lady police asks Alice to apologize to Miss Ryan, but then again Alice refuses it and tells that the one who should apologize first is Miss Ryan because Miss Ryan is the one who starts the trouble. Miss Ryan agrees and apologizes to Alice.

3. Conflict between Alice and a white male worker.

The conflict happens when Alice just arrives in Wyalkatchem at night. Alice waits for her boss, Mr. Cashmore, to pick her up in the waiting room. Then the white worker men approach her:

…one of the blokes saw me there in the waiting room. He

was a new Australian, and he said to me in broken English,

„What you doing here?‟

I was a bit scared of him and said, „I‟ve just come back from Perth. My boss was supposed to meet me but he went without

me.‟

„Who your boss?‟ he said. „Mr. Cashmore.‟

„Well,‟ he said. „You no stop here. You get from here, cos if you don‟t…I‟ll kill you!‟

When this bloke threatened me I got the shakes, I was really

frightened. I just looked up at him and said, „But where am I going to go?‟ He got a bit closer to me and he said, „That your problem, just get, go on, get out of here!‟ (p.125-126).

The quotation explains the conflict between Alice and a man who insults her. It happens when Alice comes to the town at night by train. When she arrives, her boss does not arrive yet to pick her up, but then she sees that her boss just pass the station and leave her behind. Alice then waits in the waiting room till some worker men come to her and one of the man tells her to leave. Alice does not want it. She tells that there is no place she can go, but then the man tells that he does not care and threatens to kill Alice if she is not leaves. Alice is afraid and takes off from the station.

4. Conflict between Alice and an MC of Canadian Barn Dance.

Another conflict happens when Alice, her husband and her children move from Wiluna to Mullewa in 1934. The conflict is between Alice and a white MC of Canadian Barn Dance:

Because this was a dance for white people only I wasn‟t allowed into the hall, so I just stayed out on the ramp and looked in. After this particular dance was over the MC came out to me

and said, „Can I help you?‟

„Oh no, I‟m just watching the dancing,‟ I said.

„Well, now that it‟s finished,‟ he said, „I want you to leave, because you‟re not allowed to be here you know.‟

I felt very hurt – I‟d been quiet so as not to disturb anyone.

„But I‟m only just watching, I‟m not doing any harm,‟ I said. „Yes I know that, butstill, you‟re not allowed.‟ (p.160).

The MC forbids Alice to come to the dance and tells her to leave, but Alice refuses it because she actually does not enter the dance room and she is just watching from outside. Alice tells the MC too that she will be quiet and not disturb anyone so no one can know her. Still the MC forbids her to stay and ask Alice to leave.

5. Conflict between the Aborigines and the Chief Protector of Aboriginal, Mr. Neville.

Another external conflict is between Aboriginal people and Mr. Neville, the Chief Protector of the Aborigines, in Geraldton town. Mr. Neville builds some reserve that has housing on it, so the Aborigines who live in Geraldton have to move out and live in the reserve. It is because the city council wants to build a new suburb for white people. When Mr. Neville is in town and tells about the reserve for the Aborigines, lots of the Aborigines resist the forced exile. They do not take any notice of Mr. Neville. Although lots of Aborigines against it and do not want to leave, nearly everyone is moved to another place (p.167). In the end, Alice is moved to the reserve that is provided by Mr. Neville.

6. Conflict between Alice and the owner of a hotel.

The conflict happens in the middle of hot day when Alice and her two children go to town. Because her children do not wear any sandals, they have to cool their feet in the shadow of trees or building. They decide to shelter under the verandah of the hotel, and then the owner of the hotel approaches them:

Suddenly he turned to me and said, „Excuse me, madam, but

you know you‟re not allowed under these premises.‟

I looked at him to see if he was serious, „Who said?‟ I really couldn‟t believe what I was hearing.

„I‟m asking you to move because you‟re not allowed under

these premises.‟

„Who said?‟ I asked him again.

„Look, if you don‟t move I‟ll get somebody to move you.‟ „You get whoever you like to move me. I want to know the

reason why. And if you think I want any of your rotten beer,

well, you know what you can do with that.‟ I was that mad with him.

„I‟ll stay until you push me off here,‟ I said. „You wouldn‟t

deprive your kids of shade when their feet were burning on a hot

bitumen road like this.‟

„That‟s none of my business,‟ he said.

„No,‟ I said, „But it‟s mine,‟ and I went on standing there (p.181).

The proprietor of the hotel tells Alice to leave because in his opinion, Alice is not allowed in the hotel. There is a law that forbid Aborigines drink alcohol (Korff, Jens, 2000). The society, including the owner of the hotel, thinks that the Aborigines like Alice cannot enter a hotel because the hotel provides alcohol. Alice refuses to leave because what she

wants is to cool down her children‟s feet under the verandah and she does

not want the beer that is available in the hotel. Alice states there is no law that forbids her to stay under the verandah to cool down for a moment.

The proprietor insists Alice to leave or he will get someone to make her move from where she stands. Alice tells the proprietor that he can get anyone, but she will not move because her children‟s feet are burning on the hot road. In the end the proprietor goes away and observes Alice from a distance.

7. Conflict between Alice and an Aboriginal Affairs man, Mr. Hawke. When Alice moves to Wells Street, one day, she gets a conflict with Mr. Hawke. Mr. Hawke is an Aboriginal Affairs man in town:

One day I‟d just picked up my parcel and I was going along

past the Town Hall when this Aboriginal Affairs man came up to

me and said, „Excuse me, Mrs. Nannup, I‟d just like to speak to

you.‟

„Alright,‟ I said. „What‟s the matter?‟

„I‟ve had a report about you not spending your money properly,‟ he said.

Well, I just stopped dead in my tracks. „Where‟d you get that from!‟ I said.

„We just got it, and if you don‟t spend you money properly, we‟ll have to take your endowment away from you.‟

„Who said that, I‟ll skin that person,‟ I said. „They should mind their own business. You want to see something?‟ and I put

my hand down under the pram and pulled this COD parcel out.

„This is where my money goes. I don‟t know whoever told you I was squandering my money, but in here are articles I‟ve got for

my kids. This money belongs to the kids, and I spend it on the

kids.‟(p.188).

Mr. Hawke, an Aboriginal Affairs man tries to find Alice‟s fault. He stops Alice when she passes the Town Hall from picking up her parcel. He accuses Alice for not properly spending the money. Alice disagrees and denies by showing the COD (Cash on Delivery: an Australian Post service for buyers and seller) parcel and tells that the money goes to the parcel that

is addressed to her children. Because of that Alice explains to Mr. Hawke that her money belongs to her children and goes for her children too. 8. Conflict between Alice and some boys.

The last conflict happens in the street. There are three little brothers sitting in the car waiting for their parent which go shopping. The oldest white boy tells his little brothers to take a look at the „niggers‟. At this point,

the „niggers‟ that are being pointed are Alice and her two children who just walk across the street. Alice approaches the car and tells the children that she does not feel ashamed of herself as Aborigines. (p.192).

The two opposing force are Alice and the boys. The boys called

Alice and her children „nigger‟, an appropriate name for the Aborigines. Meanwhile Alice tells to the boys that being and Aborigines is not something to be ashamed.

9. Conflict between Aboriginal girls and white boys.

The conflict happens when they are walking together. They are Carrie and Bertha, who are very touchy, and there is Jessie who is very strict:

One time we were walking back from government gardens and there was a bunch of louts coming up the street on the opposite side. These fellas were walking down the street, and they always slung off at our color you see.

This one bloke, he looked over and said, „Pfoo, look at all the dark clouds. It sure is going to rain.‟

Bertha and Carrie were across the street and into those fellas, and I tell you what – they bolted, off they fled. Then Jessie

shouted, „Look you girls, pull yourselves together. You know if the police come we‟ll be in big trouble. They‟ll get away with it, and we‟ll be the one in hot water –all for the likes of them.‟

„But ohh, they‟re not going to call me names, not going to

insult me,‟ said Carrie and Bertha (p.117-118).

The quotation above explains about friends of Alice, Carrie and Bertha, who are angry because a man mocks them as a cloud rain. They are called that because of the color of their skins, black. Carrie and Bertha try to approach the man but then Jessie forbids them. Then the conflict arises between Jessie who wants Carrie and Bertha to be patient and Carrie and Bertha who do not agree and they do not like being treated like what the man do. Jessie insists not to approach the man so they will not get into trouble and just accept the situation, meanwhile Carrie and Bertha want to teach the man some manner. In the end, the man runs away from them.Here is one of the racial discrimination toward the Aborigines, which the police or the law will directly blame the Aborigines for what happen if there is a problem between Aborigines and white people.

B.Racial discrimination Reflected through the Conflicts.

As what has stated in first chapter of the study, this study aims to reveal racial discrimination toward the Aborigines by the white people. In addition, in the previous subchapter of this analysis, the conflicts of the novel have been discussed. The conflicts of the novel have a significant role in revealing racial discrimination.

In the novel, Alice deals with some problems. Most of them are the problems of racial discrimination toward the Aborigines by white people.

In this study, the writer tries to examine the essence of the conflict and then relates them to racial discrimination. To achieve the goal of the study, the writer uses socio-cultural historical approach. According to William Harmon and Hugh Holman, in their book, A Handbook to Literature, “Historical criticism is criticism that approaches work in terms of social, cultural, and

historical context in which it was produced” (2009:245).

Based on John K. Roth in International Encyclopedia of Ethics, the following discussion is divided into two subchapter, legal discrimination and

institutional discrimination. Legal discrimination is an “unequal treatment that sustained by law”, whereas institutional discrimination is unequal treatment to

a person or some groups that is noted in social custom (1995:231-231). 1. Legal discrimination.

There are some conflicts that reveal racial discrimination toward the Aborigines. This subchapter discusses legal discrimination that happens to the Aborigines. The conflicts that reveal racial discrimination especially legal discrimination are between Alice with a worker man, Mr. Neville, anda man who own a hotel.

a. Conflict between Alice and a white male worker.

The racial discrimination that is revealed through the conflict is legal discrimination. That is because the discrimination is based on the law on 19th century which prohibits the Aborigines‟ movement.

The conflict is between Alice and a man in the train station at night. The conflict is caused by the existence of Alice in the station at night. The man extrudes Alice from the station, and at first Alice tries to defend herself by telling that she has no place to go. The man finally threatens Alice that he will kill her, so Alice get out. In the morning, Alice is told that in that area, at night, no Aborigines are allowed to go out (p.125-126).

The racial discrimination towards the Aborigines that is described on above is sustained by the law. The law makes restrictions for the Aborigines in owning land, where they can live, where they can go, and even to whom they can marry. The law controls Aborigines‟ life and makes the Aborigines lose their right and freedom.

In that time, the Aborigines were prohibited too from particular jobs, including working in a post office and were expected to work for much less money, and prohibited in some areas. The Aborigines require permits to obtain a job (Winch, Joan and Ken Hayward, 2007:7). The result from the law is unequal treatment toward the Aborigines.

b. Conflict between the Aborigines and the Chief Protector of Aboriginal, Mr. Neville.

The conflict happens when Alice lives at Gerald town. The Chief Protector of Aborigines is told by the town police to build

reservation that have housing on it, so the Aborigines who lives in Geraldton can move out and live in the reservation.

The decision is made because the city council wants to build a new suburb for white people in Geraldton. When Mr. Neville is in town and tells about the reserve for the Aborigines, lots of the Aborigines are against it (p.167).

The conflict above reveals racial discrimination toward the Aborigines which the Chief Protector of Aborigines decides to move the Aborigines to the reservation just like that because the white people wants to build a new housing for white people in the town.

The conflict describes the condition that happens to the Aborigines:

A policy of protectionism arose which sought to shelter Aboriginal people from outside influences by establishing Aboriginal reserves under the control of missionaries and other Europeans. Many Aborigines were forcibly taken there, ostensible for their own protection. In these institutions Aborigines were denied many basic rights and freedoms (Haralambos, Michael and friends, 1996:652).

The Aborigines have no right and freedom, their life is controlled by the chief. In the end, although lots of people refuse to move, nearly all the people are moved to other place. This racial discrimination is legal discrimination because there is a law which restriction for the Aborigines on owning land, where they could live, and even to whom they could marry (Korff, Jens, 2000).

c. Conflict between Alice and the owner of a hotel.

Alice has to face racial discrimination towards her again when she and her two children go to town. Because her children do not wear any sandals, they have to cool their feet in the shadow of trees or building. They decide to shelter under the verandah of the hotel, and then the owner of the hotel approaches them:

Suddenly he turned to me and said, „Excuse me, madam, but you know you‟re not allowed under these premises.‟

I looked at him to see if he was serious, „Who said?‟ I really couldn‟t believe what I was hearing.

„I‟m asking you to move because you‟re not allowed under these premises.‟

„Who said?‟ I asked him again.

„Look, if you don‟t move I‟ll get somebody to move you.‟ „You get whoever you like to move me. I want to know the

reason why. And if you think I want any of your rotten beer,

well, you know what you can do with that.‟ I was that mad with him. „I‟ll stay until you push me off here,‟ I said (p.181).

The conflict above reveals racial discrimination toward the Aborigines. Alice and her children just want to stand under the premises to cool down her children feet but the owner of the hotel tells her to leave. Alice does not enter the hotel, she is just standing outside under the premises, but then the owner of the hotel approaches her asking Alice and her children to leave because they are not allowed to come to the hotel. Here the white people treat the Aborigines unequally. Alice wants to cool

down her children‟s feet under the premises outside the hotel, but she is

asked to leave. The owner asks because from the owner opinion, Alice as an Aboriginal can not enter the hotel, whereas Alice and her two children

do not even enter the hotel. What the owner says is based on a law that forbids Aborigines to drink alcohol. In 1918, The Northern Territory Aboriginal Ordinance Act "ensured that Aboriginal people could not drink or possess or supply alcohol or methylated spirits, could not come within two chains of licensed premises.” (Korff, Jens, 2000). The owner of the hotel concludes that Alice cannot come to the hotel because his hotel provided alcohol.

Alice mentions that she does not want the beer in the hotel and

she just want to cool down her children‟s feet for a moment. The racial discrimination above is legal discrimination because there is a law that the Aborigines cannot drink any alcohol and cannot come near to the place where provides any alcohol.

d. Conflict between Alice and an MC of Canadian Barn Dance

Alice always faces discrimination for her whole life. There is a conflict between Alice and an MC of dance party. The MC forbids Alice to come to the dance and tell her to leave, but Alice refuses because she actually does not enter the dance room, she just watches from the outside.

Because this was a dance for white people only I wasn‟t

allowed into the hall, so I just stayed out on the ramp and looked in. After this particular dance was over the MC came

out to me and said, „Can I help you?‟

„Oh no, I‟m just watching the dancing,‟ I said.

„Well, now that it‟s finished,‟ he said, „I want you to leave, because you‟re not allowed tobe here you know.‟

I felt very hurt –I‟d been quiet so as not to disturb anyone.

„But I‟m only just watching, I‟m not doing any harm,‟ I said. „Yes I know that, but still, you‟re not allowed.‟ (p.160).

The conflict above reveals how the white treats Alice unequally just because she is an Aborigine. Alice is not allowed to enter the dance room because the dance party just for the white people. Even though she actually does not enter the room and just watch from the outside, still she is not allowed to come near.

The conflict above shows too that there is a separation for the

Aborigines. The Aborigines is not allowed to come to the white‟s event.

The situation that Alice faces happens to other Aborigines. The Aborigines often have separated hospital wards, or they could not use swimming pools, or have separated areas in cinemas and bars if they are allowed in at all (1996:652).

This racial discrimination is called as legal discrimination because Alice says that the dance is just for the white people so she is not allowed into the hall (1992:160). There is a statement to support the analysis:

In 1905, Australia government had the power to declared prohibited areas for Aboriginal people. And in 1936, the commissioner of Native Affairs had total control over the lives of all Aboriginal people. All Aboriginal people still required permission to marry, permits to obtain a job, and permission to travel (Winch, Joan and Ken Hayward, 2007:6-7).

The statement above explains that there is a law about the prohibition areas for the Aborigines. The Australian government has total

to do something, such as wants to marry, obtain a job, and go to somewhere. The law makes restriction on the Aborigines‟ life.

2. Institutional discrimination

The conflicts that reveal racial discrimination especially institutional discrimination are between Alice with miss Ryan, Lady Dugdale, a white male worker, Mr. Hawke, and unnamed man.

a. Conflict between Alice and her boss’ niece, Miss Ryan.

Alice has to face discrimination when she is put in the white‟s

house to work as their servant. It is not just in one house but many other

white‟s house. Alice moves to many white‟s house and moves to many

different countries. What Alice faces happens to other Aboriginal girls and women.

There is a time when Alice gets an argument with the owner‟

niece of the house, a white woman. The conflict happens because Miss

Ryan, the boss‟ niece, and Alice are arguing about who should wipe water in the floor. Miss Ryan insists that Alice is the one who should wipe the water in the floor because it is her work as a servant. Alice who just wipes the floor and still has many work to do refuses it and asks Miss Ryan to wipe it by herself because she is the one who spilt it. Here the conflict shows how the white people treat the Aborigines:

Miss Ryan sing out to me, „Look, there‟s water there – wipe it

up!‟

„Well, how did it get there?‟

„Oh,‟ she said, „It just spilt. I want to Wash my hair.‟ „You wipe it up,‟ I said to her.

„No, that‟s your job. You wipe it up.‟(p.102).

The racial discrimination is revealed by looking at the external

conflict which the white people insist that cleaning is the Aborigines‟ job.

Even though that is just a simple thing, like wiping the water on the floor. The white people think that it is an Aborigines job to do cleaning job, or any other job as a servant.

In addition, in the novel Alice states that there are some white women working as servant like her in the same place, but they earn money a lot more than Alice (p.138). Here, Alice who is an Aboriginal worker is treated unequally. The wage for the white people is lot higher than her even though they work the same work in the same place for the same boss.

The racial discrimination that is faced by Alice above can be named as institutional discrimination. The theory of institutional discrimination says:

Institutional discrimination is a subtle form of unequal treatment based on race that is trenched in social custom (that is, social institutions). Institutional discrimination may include segregated housing patterns, redlining by financial institutions, and the practice of minority group members being forced continually into low-paying jobs (Carmichael, Stokely. 1995:232).

The quotation above explains that institutional discrimination is unequal treatment that is practiced by the society because of custom. The examples for institutional discrimination are segregated housing patterns, denying or limiting by financial service, and low-paying job. From the statement before, it supports the analysis that is Alice gets lower wage than the white worker is institutional discrimination and the conflict between Alice and Miss Ryan is the examples for a practice of minority person being forced continually into low paying jobs.

In addition, Michael Haralambos and friends in Sociology themes and perspective Australian edition state that“some of the continuing inequality suffered by the Aborigines in areas like employment, housing, education, health, and policy may be attributable

to racism in the form of individual prejudice” (1996:652). In addition, Michael Haralambos and friends say:

Many Aboriginal people took up paid employment. Men often worked on the cattle stations and woman as domestic labourers. These Aboriginal employees were often paid only

a fraction of the white person‟s wage for the equivalent job,

despite being, in many case, more skilled than their European bosses and co-workers (1996:652).

The quotation above explains that the Aborigines suffer from the unequal treatment in areas like employment, housing pattern, education, health, and policy. Many Aboriginal people in Australia take up paid employment but they are treated unequally. The Aborigines work the same work as the white, but the Aborigines get lower payment than the white people. The Aborigines tend to be lower-paid.

b. Conflict between Alice and a lady police, Lady Dugdale.

The conflict between Alice and Miss Ryan is the continuation of the conflict between Alice and a lady police. It happens because Miss

Ryan hits Alice with hair brush, but Alice took it off from Miss Ryan‟

hand and throw it to her. Miss Ryan calls a lady police to come:

„You know, you people, you let your temper run away with

you,‟ she said.

„Yeah, well I work hard here. I‟ve got more jobs to do than one. I‟ve got right to get cross,‟ I told her.

„Yes, well, look, I‟ll take Alice out there and I‟ll give her a good trashing,‟ she said (p.103).

Lady Dugdale points to Alice that the Aborigines are temperamental and easy to get angry. The lady police tells too that she will punish Alice after what Alice did.

The conflict from the novel above shows how the police officer just directly accuses that Alice is the one who is guilty without looking at the problem closely. The white lady police thinks that the one who is guilty is Alice and she has to be punished.

The analysis above is based on the theory of racial discrimination according to Richard T. Schaefer and Robert P. Lamm that

“discrimination is practiced not only by individuals in one-to-one

encounters but also institutions in their daily operations” (1986:230).

Here the acts of the Lady Dugdale represent the police institution in daily operations.

In the novel, Alice tells how the police officer handles a crime

that is done by a white man. Alice‟s daughter, Joan, gets an accident, she is hit by a car. Although the car stop and the driver takes a look, the driver just takes off after he knows that the one he hit is an Aboriginal girl. Daph, the other Alice‟s daughter, sees and knows the man who hit her sister. Alice reports about the accident to the police. Later Alice finds out that driver indeed comes to the police and report about the accident, but he bribed the police. Alice family have no luck at the station, no charges are ever bring against the driver (p.198-199).

The racial discrimination above is not only faced by Alice, but also faced by other Aborigines. That is the criminal justice system that put Aborigines in disadvantage. Michael Haralambos and friends in Sociology themes and Perspective Australian edition state that there are lot of complaints that suggests there are serious problems with police attitudes and methods in dealing with Aboriginal (1996:658).

The racial discrimination that is faced by Alice above is institutional discrimination. Richard T. Schaefer in collaboration with Robert P. Lamm in Sociology state that institutional discrimination refers to denial of equal rights to individuals and groups which result from the normal operation of a society (1986:230). That quotation support the analysis of the racial discrimination that is faced by Alice is institutional discrimination. Alice is treated unequally because the lady police denies

c. Conflict between Alice and an Aboriginal Affairs man, Mr. Hawke.

The police mostly treat the Aborigines unequally, the same as the Aboriginal affairs people. The Aboriginal affairs people try to search some mistake that the Aborigines do:

One day I‟d just picked up my parcel and I was going

along past the Town Hall when this Aboriginal Affairs man

came up to me and said, „Excuse me, Mrs. Nannup, I‟d just

like to speak to you.‟

„Alright,‟ I said. „What‟s the matter?‟

„I‟ve had a report about you not spending your money properly,‟ he said.

Well, I just stopped dead in my tracks. „Where‟d you get that from!‟ I said.

„We just got it, and if you don‟t spend you money properly, we‟ll have to take your endowment away from you‟

(p.188).

Alice is stopped by an Aboriginal affairs man and then suddenly he accuses Alice for not using her money properly but Alice defends herself by showing the evidence that her money is used to buy some stuff for her children. The conflict above reveals racial discrimination which Alice is treated unequally by an Aboriginal affairs man.

The conflict reveals institutional discrimination because the conflict represents one the example of institutional discrimination based on the theory by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton. They state

“institutional discrimination may include segregated housing patterns, redlining by financial institutions, and the practice of minority groups members being forced continually into low paying jobs (1995:232).

49

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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51 APPENDIX

Summary of Alice Nannup’sWhen The Pelican Laughed.

When The Pelican Laughed is an autobiography work. The story of the

novel is based on the author‟s Life, Alice Nannup. Alice is born from an

Aborigines woman with a white man. She is born at Abydos station, out from Port

Hedland, Australia. Later, her mother takes her to Kangan Station, just out of

Roebourne, Australia. Kangan station is owned by an Englishman, Tom Bassett.

He is Alice‟s father. When she is 12 years old, she is taken away from her family

by the white people. The white people tell Alice and her family that she will go to

school. Later, Alice is put in a camp, Moore River Native Settlement. In Moore

River, Alice does not get an education like any other schools in general. Alice

learns how to do the jobs of a servant by doing it in there. Not only Alice, the

other Aborigines face what Alice faces.

When Alice sixteen, the Aboriginal Affairs people starts to send her to

work as a servant from one white‟s house to others. After that, there are several

conflicts that Alice has to deal with and it is related to racial discrimination. Alice

gets discrimination practice from the white people where she works for. Alice gets

discrimination practice from her boss‟ niece, Miss Ryan. Miss Ryan insists that the one who should wipe the water that is spilt by her is Alice because it is Alice‟s job

as a servant. Alice disagrees with Miss Ryan. Alice‟s reaction makes Miss Ryan call a lady Police, Lady Dugdale. The lady police just jump to a conclusion that

through it. Alice and Miss Ryan end up apologies to each other. Later,

Alice‟s boss is dead. The Aboriginal affairs people decide to move Alice to another white‟s house right away. Alice does not get a chance to take a break.

On the other day, the new Alice‟s boss is supposed to pick her up in the station at night, but her boss does not come. Alice stays in the station until a male

worker comes and tells her to leave. At the first time Alice refuse it, but then the

man tells that he will kill Alice if she not leaves because the Aborigines are not

allowed in that area. On the next day, when Alice and her friends, Carrie and

Bertha, walks on the street, some white boys mock them by saying that there are a

dark cloud pass by. Carrie is angry and tries to approach the boys. Bertha forbids

her and explains to her that if they get trouble with the white and if the police

come, the one who will get trouble is them, the Aborigines. Alice and the girls

stand still and watch the boys goes by.

A couple of years later, Alice has grown up and marry an Aborigines

man, Will Nannup. The discrimination practice toward her never ends. Alice gets

discrimination practice from an MC of Canadian Barn Dance. Alice watches the

dance by the window because the dance is just for the white people so she cannot

comes to the dance party. Then, the MC asks Alice to leave. Alice answers it that

she will not disturb and does not come to room, just quietly watches by the

A couple of days later, the Chief Protector of Aboriginal comes to the

town to tell that the Aborigines have to leave the town and will be put in a reserve.

The government wants to build a new suburb for white people only in the town.

Alice and other Aborigines refuse it, but in the end the Aborigines are moved to

the reserve.

After Alice moves to the reserve, another discrimination practice happens

to Alice. On a hot day, Alice and her children choose to cool the children‟s feet

under the verandah of hotel. The owner of the hotel asks them to leave because

they are not allowed to be in there. Alice answers that she and her children will

not move until her children‟s feet cool down. Couple days later, an Aboriginal

Affairs man, Mr. Hawke, stops Alice on the way. Mr. Hawke accuses Alice for not

properly spending her money. Alice explain to Mr. Hawke that the money goes to

her children, because she just goes to post office to get COD (Cash on Delivery)

parcel, a supply for her children.

The discrimination towards Alice is continuous. When Alice walks on the

street, a young boy talks to the other boys that there is a nigger passes by. Alice

approaches the boys and said that she proud to be an Aboriginal woman. The

father of the boys comes and talks to Alice. Alice and the father talk. In the end,

Alice says to the father that he should teach his children to respect other people

Finally, after forty two years away from her family and her hometown, in

1965 Alice gets back. Everything has changed. Alice‟s mother, father and even her sister have died a long time ago. Alice never knows it until she gets back. The old

station has gone and the people she knows have moved out. Alice lives her old

days in Geraldton. On the morning of Tuesday, Noveber 7, 1995, Alice Nannup