T1__Full text Institutional Repository | Satya Wacana Christian University: An Analysis of Language Use on Facebook Posts Done by Dayaknese Students of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana T1 Full text
AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE USE ON FACEBOOK POSTS DONE BY
DAYAKNESE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana
112010112
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
SALATIGA
2017
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COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or
accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my
knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other
person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright@ 2017. Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana and Rindang Widiningrum, M.Hum.
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission
of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Language Education Program, Faculty of
Language and Arts, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga.
Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana:
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page ...........................................................................................................................................i
Approval Page .....................................................................................................................................ii
Copyright Statement ...........................................................................................................................iii
Publication Agreement Declaration ...................................................................................... .............iv
Table of Content ................................................................................................................................vii
A. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1
B. LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................4
Social Network....................................................................................................................... ..4
Characteristic of Code Mixing..................................................................................................5
Characteristic of Code Switching.............................................................................................6
Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching..........................................................................7
C. THE STUDY ..............................................................................................................................11
Context of the Study ..............................................................................................................11
Participants ............................................................................................................................11
Data Collection Instruments ..................................................................................................12
Data Collection Procedures ...................................................................................................12
Data Analysis Procedures ......................................................................................................12
D. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................14
D.1. Language Commonly Used..................................................................................................14
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D.2. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching......................................................................22
D.2.1. Talking about Particular Topic......................................................................................23
D.2.2. Repetition used for clarification....................................................................................24
D.2.3. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor............................................25
D.2.4. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience..... 26
E. CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................................27
F. REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................29
G. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................31
H. APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................32
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AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE USE ON FACEBOOK POSTS
DONE BY DAYAKNESE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS
KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana
112010112
Abstract
This research investigates the language use of on Facebook Post by Dayaknese
students. The study aims to describe 1) how many languages that are used and 2) the
reasons of using those languages on Facebook by Dayaknese students. This research
applies descriptive qualitative method. The data of this research are status updates or
post in form of screenshot from Facebook users posting and the reasons of using
code mixing and code switching. The data are taken from the Dayaknese Facebook
users posting. The data are analyzed by using sociodemographic information and the
reasons of code mixing and code switching analyzed by Hoffman‟s theory. The
results show that there are four types of language used by Dayaknese students which
are Dayaknese language (13), Bahasa Indonesia (18), English (23), and Ambonese
(1). There are four reasons of using code mixing; Talking about the particular topic
(13), Repetition used for clarification (1), Intention for clarifying the speech content
for interlocutor (15), and To exclude other people comment is intended for only a
limited audience (1)
Key words:Language use, Facebook Posts, Code Mixing and Code Switching
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Technology has grown rapidly when in fact gadget and networking can not be
separated. On the other word, Internet is a main viral for communication that connect
all people around the world. Immediately, Internet has become a tool for non-verbal
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communication for its users. In this study, non-verbal communication might be
happening and the users might adopt their local language or their mother language to
update status and information among other users. As a human being, people do
talking and people reveal something with words. They do all the action with
language (Issa, 2011). Takahashi, (2000) stated that people acquire new identities
and new language or language varieties throughout life; it is a dynamic process. It is
clearly to relate with nowadays phenomenon which people may speak more than one
languages for communicating each other and conciously, it leads to new identity they
will get.
In this era, social media can be affirmed as a great tool for connecting other
people around the world with different cultures and languages. Social media tools
allow users to communicate with each other through comments, posts and message
inbox. Moreover, accessible networking sites available for youth and adult for all
level take an account of growing up technology. Social media are defined as a group
of Internet-based applications built on the ideological and technological foundations
of Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content
(Kaplan and Heinlein, 2010). Weingart (2009) describes that today social media is
whatever the user wants it to be. Nowadays, we have known social media such as
Facebook and Twitter as a tool for connecting many people in this world. Another
popular sites among Twitter and Blog is Facebook which becomes common in the
21st century with many users around the world. Becomes one of largest social
network website, Facebook is used by many people and allows users connecting with
other users which is bilingual or monolingual people do exist in certain societies or
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community. One of function is Facebook can provides tools for updating status,
message inbox that simplifies users for communicating with others. Further,
(Prescott, 2007) stated that social networking spaces are web sites that allow
members to create their own personal web profile and to discover and connect to
other members through that profile.
Further, few studies have been conducted especially in analyzing user‟s status
updates on Facebook. A study by Chung; Kramer (2011), has shown the result that
Facebook provides an authentic source of self-expression through status updates.
This present study aims to answer the research questions:
1. How many language (s) that is (are) used in user‟s post?
2. What is the reason for using that language (s)?
The significance of the primary study is to affirm the Dayaknese students of
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana be inform if code mixing and code switching
possibility phenomenon may happen and appear in their posts unconciously.
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B. LITERATURE REVIEW
B.1 What is Facebook?
Facebook is the world‟s largest social network service which is created by
Mark Zuckerberg, as one of the founder and CEO of Facebook. Facebook is founded
on February, 4, 2004 in Cambridge, America. This platform provides many services
that can allow users create a personal profile, add other users as friends, exchange
messages, and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. It connects people
by share interests across political, economic and geographic borders. How is it
useful? With more than a billion active users on Facebook, it is safe to say that many
of users constituents use this social network. Having a presence on Facebook allows
users to bring its message to where audience already is. Facebook will not provide a
one-stop shop to fulfill all your communications needs, but it is another great tool to
have in your communications toolkit. Facebook was used at over 2,000 United States
colleges and was the seventh most popular site on the World Wide Web with respect
to total page views (Cassidy, 2006). According to (Hidayat, (2012) showed the result
that Facebook users tend to mainly use inter-sentential switching over intrasentential,
and report that 45% of the switching was instigated by real lexical needs, 40% was
used for talking about a particular topic, and 5% for content clarification. Social
media is about facilitating conversations.
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B.2. Characteristic of Code Mixing
Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same
utterance or in the same oral/ written text (Muysken, 2000). It is a common
phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages are used. Code-mixing
refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two or more language systems in the
same utterance at various levels: phonological, lexical, grammatical and
orthographical (Yee Ho, 2007). Looking at code-mixing in social media text is also
overall a new research strand. Gambäck, (2012) further explain that these textsare
characterised by having a high percentage of spelling errors and containing creative
spellings (gr8 for „great‟), phonetic typing, word play (goooood for „good‟), and
abbreviations (OMG for „Oh my God!‟). Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types of
code switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching
where languages take place. Each type will be described below;
B.3. Types of Code Mixing
According to Hoffman, (1991), there are three types of code mixing.
B.3.1. Intra-sentential switching / code mixing
This kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence
boundary, as when a French-English bilingual says: “I started going like this.
Y luego decla (and then he said), look at the smoke coming out my fingers.”
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B.3.2. Intra-lexical code mixing
This kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary, such as in
shoppã (English shop with the Panjabi plural ending).
B.3.3. Involving a change of pronunciation
This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when
Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian
phonological structure. For instance, the word „strawberry‟ is said to be
„stroberi‟ by Indonesian people. Another example the word „cartoon‟ is said
to be „kemos‟ by Dayaknese people.
B.4. Characterictic of Code Switching
Wardhaugh (1986:103) states that situational code switching occurs when the
languages used change according to the situation in which the conversant find
themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one.
No topic change is involved. Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types of code
switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where
languages take place. Each type will be describe below;
B.5. Types of Code Switching
According to Hoffman, (1991), there are three types of code switching.
B.5.1. Inter-sentential switching
This kind of code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary,
where each clause or sentence is in one language or other, as Dayaknese
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student post on their status update for example; “Akhir ah buli lewu kea,
welcome to my hometown, Batu Badinding” (Taken from Facebook
Timeline).
B.5.2. Emblematic switching
In this kind of code switching, tags, exclamation and certain set phrases in
one language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another, as like when
a Panjabi/English says: “It‟s a nice day, hana?” (hai n? isn‟t it) taken from
(Hoffman, 1991:112).
B.5.3. Establishing continuity with the previous speaker
This kind of code switching occured to continue the utterance of the previous
speaker, for example when one Dayaknese student speaker speaks in English
and other speaker tries to respond in English also yet the speaker can switch
to Dayak language so that the conversation will be like;
Speaker 1: I can‟t get leave him „coz I love him so much…
Speaker 2: I know your feeling but katawam kabuatlah kanampi kalunen ah
te...
B.6. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching
According to Hoffman (1991:116), there are several numbers of reasons for
bilingual or multilingual person to switch or mix their languages. Those are;
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B.6.1. Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about the particular topic
People nowadays prefer to talk in one language rather than in another
language. They will feel comfortable to express their emotion and feeling
with their local language or their everyday language.
B.6.2. Quoting somebody else
A speaker switches code to quote a famous expression, proverb, or saying of
some well-known figures. The switch involves just the words that the speaker
is claiming the quoted person said. The switch like a set of quotation marks.
B.6.3. Being emphatic about something (express solidarity)
As usual, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native
language suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he/she either
intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to
his/her first language.
B.6.4. Interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)
Interjection is words or expressions, which are inserted into a sentence to
convey surprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention. Interjection is a short
exclamation like: Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!, etc. Language switching and
language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark
an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally. The
following example below shows how interjection occurs on conversation;
Indonesian to English
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Dompetku ketinggalan di taksi! Shitt!
(My wallet was left in the taxi!)
B.6.5. Repetition used for clarification
When a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his/her speech so
that it will be understood better by listener, he/she can sometimes use both of
the languages (codes) that he/she masters to say the same message.
B.6.6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
When bilingual or multilingual person talks to another bilingual/multilingual,
there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make
the content of his/her speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the
listener.
B.6.7. Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity.
The way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary
groupings, are obviously different from the other groups.
B.6.8. To soften or strengthen request or command
For Indonesian people, mixing and switching Indonesian into English can
also function as a request because English is not their native tongue, so it
does not sound as direct as Indonesian.
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B.6.9. Because of real lexical need
The most common reason for bilingual/multilingual person to switch or mix
their languages is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages.
B.6.10. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited
audience
Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or community
they belong to. To avoid the other community or interference objected to their
communication by people, they may try to exclude those people by using the
language that no everybody knows.
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C. THE STUDY
C.1. Research Question
This present study used qualitative research approach to determine the
content of status updates of Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya
Wacana. To gather data from participants, the researcher observed participants‟ post
to gain more informations. The data taken from status updates on Facebook. The
research method will framed two research questions; a. How many language (s) do
the students use when posted status update on Facebook? b. What are the reasons of
using that language (s)?.
C.2. Context of The Study
The present study conducted on Facebook account from status updates done
by Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. The setting field is
decided because the researcher was interested in gaining more information about
language use on Dayaknese‟s status updates on Facebook related to their timeline
posts.
C.3. Participants
The participants were 3 Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya
Wacana who have Facebook account and as active users. They were 2 females and 1
male as the participants in this study. They were randomly observed and selected if
they were active users on Facebook. The participants were previously observed
through slight notice when they updated their status using the platforms. The
participants come from Central Borneo and they are aged around 21-23 years old.
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They actively update their status on Facebook three times a week whether they do
concern if code switching and code mixing phenomenon might appear in their posts.
C.4. Data Collection Instruments
The data collection of this present study was divided into two phases
consisting of two methods: observation and analysis data. In first phase,the
researcher observed the status updates for around three months and within included
the screenscaptures of the status updates that has been observed and has got
permission from the participants and the second phase, the researcher analyzed the
data to gain more information about this research.
C.5. Data Collection Procedures
The data collection were collected from status update analysis. The status
updates were collected for three months from three participants of Dayaknese
student. The data has been permitted by the participants to be used in this research
study. The participant‟s posts found by slight notice on their timeline.
C.6. Data Analysis Procedures
After gaining and collecting the data, the researcher moved to the next step
that is analyzing the data. The researcher gathered sociodemographic information
which refer to certain group of ethnic, age, gender through an online observation and
collected the language data of the entire range of social interactions, i.e. status
updates or posts. This method focused on sub unit of language (s) use that used in
participant‟s posts/ status updates. This method helped the researcher in categorizing
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language commonly used and the reason of code mixing and code switching used in
on Facebook posts regarding to data collection based on Hoffman‟s theory.
D. FINDINGS AND DISCCUSION
D.1 Analysis of Findings
The result obtained from the analysis of data for each item will be given in
qualitative descriptive research and a discussion about each items will follow in this
part of the study. The result of analysis data will be shown on form of table. Each
table show the highest number which English is the most common language used on
posts and the reasons that common appear for using those languages is talking about
particular topic as strong reasons on the data. In this table, there are several types of
status updates which included on code mixing and code switching characteristic.
Majority of the language forms utilized by facebook users were the use of vernacular
mostly is Dayaknese language. The participants who were as respondents in the
study also came from varied locality or places. Hence, the use of vernacular and
foreign language became their common ground in establishing their communication
through Facebook posts. Barely, language used might be mixed with another
language on certain posts which refers certain meaning on spesific context. See
figure 1 and figure 2 demonstrates the examples of Facebook post on user‟s timeline
post which used many languages to spesify certain meaning in certain context.
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FIGURE 1
Bahasa Indonesia and Dayaknese language
FIGURE 2
English, Bahasa Indonesia and Dayaknese language
D.2. Language Commonly Used
In this study, the researcher found out 4 languages which are Dayaknese
language, Bahasa Indonesia, English, and Ambonese on Facebook posts. This
findings demonstrated the percentage of the types of language used taken from three
participants which shows English as a language that has a big amount on posts
frequently used by Dayaknese users.
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Table 4.2. Language Commonly Used on Facebook Posts
Language Used
Ambonese Language
Frequency Used on Posts
Dayaknese Language
Bahasa Indonesia
English
1
13
18
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Table 4.2 provides a summary of language commonly used information from
three participants including the frequency of its used from rarely used to frequently
used which one posts might contains more than one languages. Table 4.1 showed that
Ambonese language is only used for 1 out 30 posts. This findings demonstrated that
the users used other languages in expressing her feeling toward a picture rather than
using her mothertongue.
Below is the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.1
Using Ambonese Language on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 2. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s feeling such as caring to her friend. It is shown by
the word “Jang maniso bajalang tarus seng inga pulang kos” which means she
reminds her friend to not come home late. On the other word, she tells her caring
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using Ambonese because in fact, her friend is Ambonese. She wanted to show that
she was able to use even spoke Ambonese language. Clearly, this post is addressed to
certain group of people or users especially for her friend who is Ambonese.
Table 4.2 showed that from the total of three participants, Dayaknese
language mostly used for 13 out of 30 posts. This finding showed that all participants
used their mothertongue language as a part of their identity and used it rarely to
limited audience.
Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
Figure 4.2.2
Using Dayaknese Language on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 1. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s financial condition at that time. It is shown by the
word “Dahang jaka je bagatel bewei, mamparuhut suang epuk kea hehh.. nambah
hindai ATM BCA ku tablokir haranan kalapean pin ah, jingrak-jingkak ih batakak
mambaka baung ku je lg ngane-ngane” which means he tells his condition of that
time, he had to pay more for his treatment and he forgot his ATM password so he
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could not get his money from his Bank account. He might felt confused about the
problem he has and directly shared it to his timeline post. Therefore, he used one
particular language only in his post which Dayaknese language. Only certain people
or users might understand the meaning of post.
FIGURE 4.2.3
Using Dayaknese Language on Post
Status updates on Facebook used Dayaknese language is taken from
participant 1. The context of this post is describing participant‟s action of doing
something. In this post, the participant showed a picture of the traditional food to
attract other users by using word “Karak bari je lasu lasut te puna moyyy ih, apalagi
mun tege kuas enyuh, wei puna tamam ih” which means the food that he told is
really tasty if he could added coconut oil as toping. The language used on this post
might be understood by certain users but not for all users. This posts might addressed
to certain users or group of people who understand Dayaknese language.
From the findings, Bahasa Indonesia can be categorized as the second biggest
number of language commonly used on Facebook posts. This finding showed that all
participants used Bahasa Indonesia for 18 times out of 30 on their posts. It can be
seen from participants post that mostly all of participants using Bahasa indonesia to
their posts.
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Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.4
Using Bahasa Indonesia on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 2. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s effort and desire to get what was she wanted at
that time. In this post, the participant wanted to cheer up her surroundings by giving
wise word like “Terus berjuang dan jangan pernah menyerah dengan penolakan
yang kamu alami” which means she gave support for others to stay strong and give
the best effort she could do but obviously, it was given to herself not to other users.
By using Bahasa Indonesia, the users might notice to certain friend or group of
poeple to give certain meaning as a form of persuasive word for whom reads it.
FIGURE 4.2.5
Using Bahasa Indonesia on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 2. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s personal trait. This post addressed to herself as
self-center by using word “Siap
berubah menjadi lebih baik, siap menjalani
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tantangan dan keluar dr zona aman, siap tampil beda di depan orang banyak dan
menghilangkan gengsi” which means she is ready to free herself from her comfort
zone and ready to face real world. In this post, the participant wanted to tell to other
users what she will going to do in near future. By using Bahasa Indonesia, she
wanted to inform other users about certain thing that can help her or other users to be
success by putting persuasive words and certain famous brand to attract others.
Ananiadou; McNaught; & Thompson, (2011) stated that “The English
language internet is the most used in the world and English has been increasingly
developing as the lingua franca of global communication”. Based on this theory, the
findings showed that English has the biggest number of language commonly used on
Facebook post which 23 out of 30. This number was much higher for participants
since English is not their mothertongue.
Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.6
Using English on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 3. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s feeling with her friend by using word “She is ma
friend, as idiot as me” which means she is proud to have a friend like her, both of
them have similar personal trait which could not be compared to another person. By
using English, she wanted to introduce her friend to other users by mentioning the
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word “ma friend” in slang word and putting “” smile emotion to gave strong
feeling into her post and shared it to her Facebook account.
FIGURE 4.2.7
Using English on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 3. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s feeling with her friend by using word “partner in
crime” which means she tells the other users that she has the best friend which
always stay with her. By using English, she shared her activities with her friend to
other users and posted through her account.
Beside that, obviously, the finding showed that mostly participants‟s post
conjointly used code mixing and code switching on their posts such as Dayaknese
language, Bahasa Indonesia, and English. The finding showed that the average of
code mixing and code switching post are in between.
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Below is the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.8
Example of Code Mixing and Code Switching on Post
This post is taken from participant 3. This post is using three languages which
are English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Dayaknese language. The context of post is she
gave birthday wishes to her friends and putted her feeling into that words such as “I
hope our friendship doesn‟t ends here, because too many unforgetable memories that
we spent together, even in the most worst moment we can walk through it together”
which means she really loves her friend even in good and bad condition they have
been through together. This post might be understood by other users which can
understand English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Dayaknese. The importance point in this
post is, the user still send the same meaning or message eventhough the languages
are different. She mixed the first English paragraph into Bahasa indonesia and
Dayaknese language by inserting “Selamat ulang tahun ya pusa, panjang umur sehat
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terus, tambah dewasa, jangan suka meraju sudah tua ikam”. This post is code
mixing and the type is insertion.
D.3. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching
After analyzed the data, the researcher found out some commonly reasons on
participant‟s post from participants post and clasify the data based on face to face in
depth- interview. The finding showed the biggest number of participant‟s post which
were 15 times out of 30 posts for using code mixing and code switching on Facebook
post.
Table 4.3. The Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching Used found
on Facebook Posts
Reason for Using certain Language (s)
Talking about the particular topic
Repetition used for clarification
Intention for clarifying the speech content
for interlocutor
To exclude other people comment is
intended for only a limited audience
Number of Posts
13
1
15
1
Table 4.3 provides a summary of reason code mixing and code switching used found
on participants posts. The finding divided into four group reasons which each
number of posts has different amount. The finding obtained from status updates
analysis and sum up all of the reason based on Hoffman‟s theory in form of table.
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Below are the list of four group reason found on participants‟ post and its analysis;
In each group of reason, there is only one example given. The complete posts will be
in attachment.
D.3.1. Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about Particular Topic
FIGURE 4.3.1
Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about Particular Topic
This post is taken from participant 1. The topic of this post is about finding
location for hunting animal. There are two languages that are used in this post which
are Dayaknese and Bahasa Indonesia. In participant 1‟ post, a word “survey lokasi”
is code mixing and the type is insertion. The participant insert that words to give
emphasizes of what he has doing at that time to find location. Based on Hoffman‟s
theory (1991:116), talking about particular topic means “People nowadays prefer to
talk in one language rather than in another language. They will feel comfortable to
express their emotion and feeling with their local language or their everyday
language”. (See Figure 4.3.1), it might be a reason for using certain or particular
languages on post since it became well known to express himself by giving caption
to his post with word “Esun Bue lg survey lokasi manggau eka masang pajarat”
which means he tells about other‟s activity or his activity because “Esun Bue” means
grandchildren in Dayaknese language. Grandchildren here can be the participant
himself or refer to other person. The finding showed the number of particular topic
mostly occur as the reason which has 13 out of 30.
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D.3.2. Repetition used for clarification
FIGURE 4.3.2
Repetition used for clarification
This post is taken from participant 1. There are three languages that is used in
this post which are Dayaknese, English, and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the
participant mixed and inserted three languages to inform other user the same
meaning of certain word in different languages which can be refer to type of code
mixing. Based on Hoffman‟s theory (1991:116), repetition used for clarification
means “When a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his speech so that it
will be understood better by listener, he can sometimes use both of the languages
(codes) that he masters to say the same message”. This theory might related to
important thing or idea which need to be clarified or he might gave necessary
information about language mixing. (See Figure 4.3.2), the post indicates repetition
for clarifying an idea from the user by using three languages which were Dayaknese
language, Bahasa Indonesia and English parallely like “Hanagoi bakunyung
berenang swim” which tells the other user his particular activity at that time. The
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interesting part is he uses four languages altogether to send the meaning to other user
who reads his post.
D.3.3. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
FIGURE 4.3.3
Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
This post is taken from participant 1. There are two languages that is used in
this post which are English and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the participant insert
the word “Touchdown” which a type of code mixing to start his post and give
emphasizes that he used that word for intention to other users. Based on Hoffman‟s
theory (1991:116), intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor means
“When bilingual or multilingual person talks to another bilingual or multilingual,
there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make the
content of his speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the listener”. In this
post, he wrote “Touchdown” immediately. (See Figure 4.3.3), The word
“Touchdown” means “Mendarat di” to give intention to where his position. He felt
25
comfort in using English at first instead of using Bahasa Indonesia to start his for
whole post.
D.3.4. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited
audience
FIGURE 4.2.4
To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a
limited audience
This post is taken from participant 2. There are two languages that is used in
this post which are Ambonese and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the participant
insert the word “Besok EKG menanti” using Bahasa Indonesia to her post as
reminder action for her friend. Based on Hoffman‟s theory (1991:116), to exclude
other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience means
“Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or community they
belong to. To avoid the other community or interference objected to their
communication by people, they may try to exclude those people by using the
language that no everybody knows”. By using other language which was not her
mothertongue, it may referred to topic which was only for certain group of people
even she still putting Bahasa Indonesia. In this situation, the participant was not
Ambonese, she is Dayaknese who spoke Ambonese fluently.
26
E. CONCLUSION
This chapter discusses about conclusion on the basis of the research finding
and discussion presented in the previous chapter. From the discussions mentioned in
the previous chapter, the researcher draws some conclusions as the result of the
analysis study of language use on Facebook Post done by Dayaknese students of
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. There are the conclusions of this study;
This study aims to find out how many language (s) that is (are) used in user‟s
post and the reason for using that language (s). From the observation and analysis
data on participants‟ post, the researcher found out that there are four languages used
in the posts, i.e Dayaknese, English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Ambonese. English is
one of language commonly used on Facebook post as stated that English is famous
internet language which already used by many countries in this world which has
bigger amount than the other languages such as Dayaknese and Bahasa Indonesia. In
addition, English is a trend as the effect of globalization so that everyone tries to use
it. From the data, it was also proven as shown in the findings that mostly Dayaknese
students as a user on Facebook use English as their language common posts. The
finding of reasons are clasifying to get spesific reasons for whole. The reasons are
talking about the particular topic, repetition used for clarification, intention for
clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, and to exclude other people comment
is intended for only a limited audience. Over all groups reason of code mixing and
code switching, the higher number of using code mixing and code switching on post
is 15 times used out of 30 posts.
27
The significance of the primary study is to affirm the Dayaknese students of
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana to be inform if code mixing and code switching
possibility phenomenon might happen and occur in their posts conciously. This study
is limited because there were only few participants. For further research, this
research can be developed to explore the code mixing and code switching for more
participants. The suggestion for further research is this study can be developed to
explore social media influences in English grammar and vocabularies that is used by
Dayaknese users or certain group in context English language teaching.
28
REFERENCES
Al-Saleem, D. B. (2011). Language and Identity in Social Net Working Sites . The
World Islamic Sciences and Education University Amman-Jordan.
Androutsopolous, J. (2013). Online Data Collection in Christine Mallinson, Becky
Childs, and General Van Herk, Editors,. Data Collection in Sociolinguistics:
Methods and Applications , 236-250.
Cassidy, J. (2006). Me Media , 50-59.
Das A, Gamback B. (2014). Identifying Languages at the Word Level in CodeMixed in indian Social Media Text. Proceeding of the11th International
Conference on Natural Language Processing , 169-178.
Gold, E. M. (1967). Language Identification in the limit. Information and Control .
447-474.
H., T. (2000). Dealing with dealing in English: Language skills for Japan's Global
Market (Report 7A). Japan Economic Institute.
Hidayat, T. (2012). An analysis of code switching used by facebookers: a case study
in a social network site. Student essay for the study programme.
Ho, Y. (2007). Code Mixing: Linguistics form and Socio-cultural meaning. The
International Journal of Language Society and Culture.
Hoffman. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. New York Longman.
Musyken P, L. Milroy. (1995). Code-switching and grammatical theory . Cambridge
University Press, 177-198.
P, M. (2000). Bilingual Speech: A typology of code mixing . Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, England.
R, W. (1986). Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford Blackwell. p. 103
29
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to say “Tara Pangkahai akam O Tuhan” for
bringing me to the next level. The writer realizes that without His blessing, love, and
guidance, it would be possible for her to finish this writing.
On this opportunity, the writer would like to express her profund gratitude, more than
she can express, to:
1. Rindang Widiningrum, M.Hum as her supervisor, who has spent her valuable
time to guide and give excellent suggestion for the writer.
2. Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali, M.Hum as her examiner, for the correction and
suggestion he has rendered for the writer in the completion of this paper.
3. My beloved mamah and babah, my sister, and my brother and all of families
member in Kalimantan who have prayed, motivated, encouraged, reminded,
the writer to finish the paper as soon as possible.
4. For all of my beloved friends who are not be mentioned personally here.
Thankyou guys, see you on top!
Finally, the writer surrenders everything to Tuhan Yesus and the writer hopes it
will be a useful research for the writer herself and for all to explore and improve
the scope of Linguistic.
Salatiga, 28 April 2017
The writer
30
Appendix A
Table 4.1. Language Commonly Used on Facebook Posts
Language Used
Frequency Used on Posts
Ambonese Language
1
Dayaknese Language
13
Bahasa Indonesia
18
English
23
Table 4.2. The Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching Used found
on Facebook Posts
Reason for Using certain Language (s)
Number of Posts
Talking about the particular topic
13
Repetition used for clarification
1
Intention for clarifying the speech content
15
for interlocutor
To exclude other people comment is
intended for only a limited audience
31
1
Appendix B
Status updates of Participant 1
32
33
Appendix C
Status updates of Participant 2
34
Appendix D
Status updates of Participant 3
35
DAYAKNESE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana
112010112
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
SALATIGA
2017
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or
accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my
knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other
person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright@ 2017. Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana and Rindang Widiningrum, M.Hum.
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission
of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Language Education Program, Faculty of
Language and Arts, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga.
Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana:
i
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page ...........................................................................................................................................i
Approval Page .....................................................................................................................................ii
Copyright Statement ...........................................................................................................................iii
Publication Agreement Declaration ...................................................................................... .............iv
Table of Content ................................................................................................................................vii
A. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................1
B. LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................4
Social Network....................................................................................................................... ..4
Characteristic of Code Mixing..................................................................................................5
Characteristic of Code Switching.............................................................................................6
Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching..........................................................................7
C. THE STUDY ..............................................................................................................................11
Context of the Study ..............................................................................................................11
Participants ............................................................................................................................11
Data Collection Instruments ..................................................................................................12
Data Collection Procedures ...................................................................................................12
Data Analysis Procedures ......................................................................................................12
D. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................14
D.1. Language Commonly Used..................................................................................................14
ii
D.2. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching......................................................................22
D.2.1. Talking about Particular Topic......................................................................................23
D.2.2. Repetition used for clarification....................................................................................24
D.2.3. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor............................................25
D.2.4. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience..... 26
E. CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................................27
F. REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................29
G. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................31
H. APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................32
iii
AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE USE ON FACEBOOK POSTS
DONE BY DAYAKNESE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS
KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana
112010112
Abstract
This research investigates the language use of on Facebook Post by Dayaknese
students. The study aims to describe 1) how many languages that are used and 2) the
reasons of using those languages on Facebook by Dayaknese students. This research
applies descriptive qualitative method. The data of this research are status updates or
post in form of screenshot from Facebook users posting and the reasons of using
code mixing and code switching. The data are taken from the Dayaknese Facebook
users posting. The data are analyzed by using sociodemographic information and the
reasons of code mixing and code switching analyzed by Hoffman‟s theory. The
results show that there are four types of language used by Dayaknese students which
are Dayaknese language (13), Bahasa Indonesia (18), English (23), and Ambonese
(1). There are four reasons of using code mixing; Talking about the particular topic
(13), Repetition used for clarification (1), Intention for clarifying the speech content
for interlocutor (15), and To exclude other people comment is intended for only a
limited audience (1)
Key words:Language use, Facebook Posts, Code Mixing and Code Switching
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Technology has grown rapidly when in fact gadget and networking can not be
separated. On the other word, Internet is a main viral for communication that connect
all people around the world. Immediately, Internet has become a tool for non-verbal
1
communication for its users. In this study, non-verbal communication might be
happening and the users might adopt their local language or their mother language to
update status and information among other users. As a human being, people do
talking and people reveal something with words. They do all the action with
language (Issa, 2011). Takahashi, (2000) stated that people acquire new identities
and new language or language varieties throughout life; it is a dynamic process. It is
clearly to relate with nowadays phenomenon which people may speak more than one
languages for communicating each other and conciously, it leads to new identity they
will get.
In this era, social media can be affirmed as a great tool for connecting other
people around the world with different cultures and languages. Social media tools
allow users to communicate with each other through comments, posts and message
inbox. Moreover, accessible networking sites available for youth and adult for all
level take an account of growing up technology. Social media are defined as a group
of Internet-based applications built on the ideological and technological foundations
of Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content
(Kaplan and Heinlein, 2010). Weingart (2009) describes that today social media is
whatever the user wants it to be. Nowadays, we have known social media such as
Facebook and Twitter as a tool for connecting many people in this world. Another
popular sites among Twitter and Blog is Facebook which becomes common in the
21st century with many users around the world. Becomes one of largest social
network website, Facebook is used by many people and allows users connecting with
other users which is bilingual or monolingual people do exist in certain societies or
2
community. One of function is Facebook can provides tools for updating status,
message inbox that simplifies users for communicating with others. Further,
(Prescott, 2007) stated that social networking spaces are web sites that allow
members to create their own personal web profile and to discover and connect to
other members through that profile.
Further, few studies have been conducted especially in analyzing user‟s status
updates on Facebook. A study by Chung; Kramer (2011), has shown the result that
Facebook provides an authentic source of self-expression through status updates.
This present study aims to answer the research questions:
1. How many language (s) that is (are) used in user‟s post?
2. What is the reason for using that language (s)?
The significance of the primary study is to affirm the Dayaknese students of
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana be inform if code mixing and code switching
possibility phenomenon may happen and appear in their posts unconciously.
3
B. LITERATURE REVIEW
B.1 What is Facebook?
Facebook is the world‟s largest social network service which is created by
Mark Zuckerberg, as one of the founder and CEO of Facebook. Facebook is founded
on February, 4, 2004 in Cambridge, America. This platform provides many services
that can allow users create a personal profile, add other users as friends, exchange
messages, and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. It connects people
by share interests across political, economic and geographic borders. How is it
useful? With more than a billion active users on Facebook, it is safe to say that many
of users constituents use this social network. Having a presence on Facebook allows
users to bring its message to where audience already is. Facebook will not provide a
one-stop shop to fulfill all your communications needs, but it is another great tool to
have in your communications toolkit. Facebook was used at over 2,000 United States
colleges and was the seventh most popular site on the World Wide Web with respect
to total page views (Cassidy, 2006). According to (Hidayat, (2012) showed the result
that Facebook users tend to mainly use inter-sentential switching over intrasentential,
and report that 45% of the switching was instigated by real lexical needs, 40% was
used for talking about a particular topic, and 5% for content clarification. Social
media is about facilitating conversations.
4
B.2. Characteristic of Code Mixing
Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same
utterance or in the same oral/ written text (Muysken, 2000). It is a common
phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages are used. Code-mixing
refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two or more language systems in the
same utterance at various levels: phonological, lexical, grammatical and
orthographical (Yee Ho, 2007). Looking at code-mixing in social media text is also
overall a new research strand. Gambäck, (2012) further explain that these textsare
characterised by having a high percentage of spelling errors and containing creative
spellings (gr8 for „great‟), phonetic typing, word play (goooood for „good‟), and
abbreviations (OMG for „Oh my God!‟). Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types of
code switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching
where languages take place. Each type will be described below;
B.3. Types of Code Mixing
According to Hoffman, (1991), there are three types of code mixing.
B.3.1. Intra-sentential switching / code mixing
This kind of code mixing occurs within a phrase, a clause or a sentence
boundary, as when a French-English bilingual says: “I started going like this.
Y luego decla (and then he said), look at the smoke coming out my fingers.”
5
B.3.2. Intra-lexical code mixing
This kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary, such as in
shoppã (English shop with the Panjabi plural ending).
B.3.3. Involving a change of pronunciation
This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when
Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian
phonological structure. For instance, the word „strawberry‟ is said to be
„stroberi‟ by Indonesian people. Another example the word „cartoon‟ is said
to be „kemos‟ by Dayaknese people.
B.4. Characterictic of Code Switching
Wardhaugh (1986:103) states that situational code switching occurs when the
languages used change according to the situation in which the conversant find
themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one.
No topic change is involved. Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types of code
switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where
languages take place. Each type will be describe below;
B.5. Types of Code Switching
According to Hoffman, (1991), there are three types of code switching.
B.5.1. Inter-sentential switching
This kind of code switching occurs between clause or sentence boundary,
where each clause or sentence is in one language or other, as Dayaknese
6
student post on their status update for example; “Akhir ah buli lewu kea,
welcome to my hometown, Batu Badinding” (Taken from Facebook
Timeline).
B.5.2. Emblematic switching
In this kind of code switching, tags, exclamation and certain set phrases in
one language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another, as like when
a Panjabi/English says: “It‟s a nice day, hana?” (hai n? isn‟t it) taken from
(Hoffman, 1991:112).
B.5.3. Establishing continuity with the previous speaker
This kind of code switching occured to continue the utterance of the previous
speaker, for example when one Dayaknese student speaker speaks in English
and other speaker tries to respond in English also yet the speaker can switch
to Dayak language so that the conversation will be like;
Speaker 1: I can‟t get leave him „coz I love him so much…
Speaker 2: I know your feeling but katawam kabuatlah kanampi kalunen ah
te...
B.6. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching
According to Hoffman (1991:116), there are several numbers of reasons for
bilingual or multilingual person to switch or mix their languages. Those are;
7
B.6.1. Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about the particular topic
People nowadays prefer to talk in one language rather than in another
language. They will feel comfortable to express their emotion and feeling
with their local language or their everyday language.
B.6.2. Quoting somebody else
A speaker switches code to quote a famous expression, proverb, or saying of
some well-known figures. The switch involves just the words that the speaker
is claiming the quoted person said. The switch like a set of quotation marks.
B.6.3. Being emphatic about something (express solidarity)
As usual, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native
language suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he/she either
intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to
his/her first language.
B.6.4. Interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)
Interjection is words or expressions, which are inserted into a sentence to
convey surprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention. Interjection is a short
exclamation like: Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!, etc. Language switching and
language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark
an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally. The
following example below shows how interjection occurs on conversation;
Indonesian to English
8
Dompetku ketinggalan di taksi! Shitt!
(My wallet was left in the taxi!)
B.6.5. Repetition used for clarification
When a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his/her speech so
that it will be understood better by listener, he/she can sometimes use both of
the languages (codes) that he/she masters to say the same message.
B.6.6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
When bilingual or multilingual person talks to another bilingual/multilingual,
there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make
the content of his/her speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the
listener.
B.6.7. Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity.
The way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary
groupings, are obviously different from the other groups.
B.6.8. To soften or strengthen request or command
For Indonesian people, mixing and switching Indonesian into English can
also function as a request because English is not their native tongue, so it
does not sound as direct as Indonesian.
9
B.6.9. Because of real lexical need
The most common reason for bilingual/multilingual person to switch or mix
their languages is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages.
B.6.10. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited
audience
Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or community
they belong to. To avoid the other community or interference objected to their
communication by people, they may try to exclude those people by using the
language that no everybody knows.
10
C. THE STUDY
C.1. Research Question
This present study used qualitative research approach to determine the
content of status updates of Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya
Wacana. To gather data from participants, the researcher observed participants‟ post
to gain more informations. The data taken from status updates on Facebook. The
research method will framed two research questions; a. How many language (s) do
the students use when posted status update on Facebook? b. What are the reasons of
using that language (s)?.
C.2. Context of The Study
The present study conducted on Facebook account from status updates done
by Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. The setting field is
decided because the researcher was interested in gaining more information about
language use on Dayaknese‟s status updates on Facebook related to their timeline
posts.
C.3. Participants
The participants were 3 Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya
Wacana who have Facebook account and as active users. They were 2 females and 1
male as the participants in this study. They were randomly observed and selected if
they were active users on Facebook. The participants were previously observed
through slight notice when they updated their status using the platforms. The
participants come from Central Borneo and they are aged around 21-23 years old.
11
They actively update their status on Facebook three times a week whether they do
concern if code switching and code mixing phenomenon might appear in their posts.
C.4. Data Collection Instruments
The data collection of this present study was divided into two phases
consisting of two methods: observation and analysis data. In first phase,the
researcher observed the status updates for around three months and within included
the screenscaptures of the status updates that has been observed and has got
permission from the participants and the second phase, the researcher analyzed the
data to gain more information about this research.
C.5. Data Collection Procedures
The data collection were collected from status update analysis. The status
updates were collected for three months from three participants of Dayaknese
student. The data has been permitted by the participants to be used in this research
study. The participant‟s posts found by slight notice on their timeline.
C.6. Data Analysis Procedures
After gaining and collecting the data, the researcher moved to the next step
that is analyzing the data. The researcher gathered sociodemographic information
which refer to certain group of ethnic, age, gender through an online observation and
collected the language data of the entire range of social interactions, i.e. status
updates or posts. This method focused on sub unit of language (s) use that used in
participant‟s posts/ status updates. This method helped the researcher in categorizing
12
language commonly used and the reason of code mixing and code switching used in
on Facebook posts regarding to data collection based on Hoffman‟s theory.
D. FINDINGS AND DISCCUSION
D.1 Analysis of Findings
The result obtained from the analysis of data for each item will be given in
qualitative descriptive research and a discussion about each items will follow in this
part of the study. The result of analysis data will be shown on form of table. Each
table show the highest number which English is the most common language used on
posts and the reasons that common appear for using those languages is talking about
particular topic as strong reasons on the data. In this table, there are several types of
status updates which included on code mixing and code switching characteristic.
Majority of the language forms utilized by facebook users were the use of vernacular
mostly is Dayaknese language. The participants who were as respondents in the
study also came from varied locality or places. Hence, the use of vernacular and
foreign language became their common ground in establishing their communication
through Facebook posts. Barely, language used might be mixed with another
language on certain posts which refers certain meaning on spesific context. See
figure 1 and figure 2 demonstrates the examples of Facebook post on user‟s timeline
post which used many languages to spesify certain meaning in certain context.
13
FIGURE 1
Bahasa Indonesia and Dayaknese language
FIGURE 2
English, Bahasa Indonesia and Dayaknese language
D.2. Language Commonly Used
In this study, the researcher found out 4 languages which are Dayaknese
language, Bahasa Indonesia, English, and Ambonese on Facebook posts. This
findings demonstrated the percentage of the types of language used taken from three
participants which shows English as a language that has a big amount on posts
frequently used by Dayaknese users.
14
Table 4.2. Language Commonly Used on Facebook Posts
Language Used
Ambonese Language
Frequency Used on Posts
Dayaknese Language
Bahasa Indonesia
English
1
13
18
23
Table 4.2 provides a summary of language commonly used information from
three participants including the frequency of its used from rarely used to frequently
used which one posts might contains more than one languages. Table 4.1 showed that
Ambonese language is only used for 1 out 30 posts. This findings demonstrated that
the users used other languages in expressing her feeling toward a picture rather than
using her mothertongue.
Below is the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.1
Using Ambonese Language on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 2. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s feeling such as caring to her friend. It is shown by
the word “Jang maniso bajalang tarus seng inga pulang kos” which means she
reminds her friend to not come home late. On the other word, she tells her caring
15
using Ambonese because in fact, her friend is Ambonese. She wanted to show that
she was able to use even spoke Ambonese language. Clearly, this post is addressed to
certain group of people or users especially for her friend who is Ambonese.
Table 4.2 showed that from the total of three participants, Dayaknese
language mostly used for 13 out of 30 posts. This finding showed that all participants
used their mothertongue language as a part of their identity and used it rarely to
limited audience.
Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
Figure 4.2.2
Using Dayaknese Language on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 1. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s financial condition at that time. It is shown by the
word “Dahang jaka je bagatel bewei, mamparuhut suang epuk kea hehh.. nambah
hindai ATM BCA ku tablokir haranan kalapean pin ah, jingrak-jingkak ih batakak
mambaka baung ku je lg ngane-ngane” which means he tells his condition of that
time, he had to pay more for his treatment and he forgot his ATM password so he
16
could not get his money from his Bank account. He might felt confused about the
problem he has and directly shared it to his timeline post. Therefore, he used one
particular language only in his post which Dayaknese language. Only certain people
or users might understand the meaning of post.
FIGURE 4.2.3
Using Dayaknese Language on Post
Status updates on Facebook used Dayaknese language is taken from
participant 1. The context of this post is describing participant‟s action of doing
something. In this post, the participant showed a picture of the traditional food to
attract other users by using word “Karak bari je lasu lasut te puna moyyy ih, apalagi
mun tege kuas enyuh, wei puna tamam ih” which means the food that he told is
really tasty if he could added coconut oil as toping. The language used on this post
might be understood by certain users but not for all users. This posts might addressed
to certain users or group of people who understand Dayaknese language.
From the findings, Bahasa Indonesia can be categorized as the second biggest
number of language commonly used on Facebook posts. This finding showed that all
participants used Bahasa Indonesia for 18 times out of 30 on their posts. It can be
seen from participants post that mostly all of participants using Bahasa indonesia to
their posts.
17
Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.4
Using Bahasa Indonesia on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 2. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s effort and desire to get what was she wanted at
that time. In this post, the participant wanted to cheer up her surroundings by giving
wise word like “Terus berjuang dan jangan pernah menyerah dengan penolakan
yang kamu alami” which means she gave support for others to stay strong and give
the best effort she could do but obviously, it was given to herself not to other users.
By using Bahasa Indonesia, the users might notice to certain friend or group of
poeple to give certain meaning as a form of persuasive word for whom reads it.
FIGURE 4.2.5
Using Bahasa Indonesia on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 2. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s personal trait. This post addressed to herself as
self-center by using word “Siap
berubah menjadi lebih baik, siap menjalani
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tantangan dan keluar dr zona aman, siap tampil beda di depan orang banyak dan
menghilangkan gengsi” which means she is ready to free herself from her comfort
zone and ready to face real world. In this post, the participant wanted to tell to other
users what she will going to do in near future. By using Bahasa Indonesia, she
wanted to inform other users about certain thing that can help her or other users to be
success by putting persuasive words and certain famous brand to attract others.
Ananiadou; McNaught; & Thompson, (2011) stated that “The English
language internet is the most used in the world and English has been increasingly
developing as the lingua franca of global communication”. Based on this theory, the
findings showed that English has the biggest number of language commonly used on
Facebook post which 23 out of 30. This number was much higher for participants
since English is not their mothertongue.
Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.6
Using English on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 3. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s feeling with her friend by using word “She is ma
friend, as idiot as me” which means she is proud to have a friend like her, both of
them have similar personal trait which could not be compared to another person. By
using English, she wanted to introduce her friend to other users by mentioning the
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word “ma friend” in slang word and putting “” smile emotion to gave strong
feeling into her post and shared it to her Facebook account.
FIGURE 4.2.7
Using English on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 3. The context of
this post is describing participant‟s feeling with her friend by using word “partner in
crime” which means she tells the other users that she has the best friend which
always stay with her. By using English, she shared her activities with her friend to
other users and posted through her account.
Beside that, obviously, the finding showed that mostly participants‟s post
conjointly used code mixing and code switching on their posts such as Dayaknese
language, Bahasa Indonesia, and English. The finding showed that the average of
code mixing and code switching post are in between.
20
Below is the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.8
Example of Code Mixing and Code Switching on Post
This post is taken from participant 3. This post is using three languages which
are English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Dayaknese language. The context of post is she
gave birthday wishes to her friends and putted her feeling into that words such as “I
hope our friendship doesn‟t ends here, because too many unforgetable memories that
we spent together, even in the most worst moment we can walk through it together”
which means she really loves her friend even in good and bad condition they have
been through together. This post might be understood by other users which can
understand English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Dayaknese. The importance point in this
post is, the user still send the same meaning or message eventhough the languages
are different. She mixed the first English paragraph into Bahasa indonesia and
Dayaknese language by inserting “Selamat ulang tahun ya pusa, panjang umur sehat
21
terus, tambah dewasa, jangan suka meraju sudah tua ikam”. This post is code
mixing and the type is insertion.
D.3. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching
After analyzed the data, the researcher found out some commonly reasons on
participant‟s post from participants post and clasify the data based on face to face in
depth- interview. The finding showed the biggest number of participant‟s post which
were 15 times out of 30 posts for using code mixing and code switching on Facebook
post.
Table 4.3. The Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching Used found
on Facebook Posts
Reason for Using certain Language (s)
Talking about the particular topic
Repetition used for clarification
Intention for clarifying the speech content
for interlocutor
To exclude other people comment is
intended for only a limited audience
Number of Posts
13
1
15
1
Table 4.3 provides a summary of reason code mixing and code switching used found
on participants posts. The finding divided into four group reasons which each
number of posts has different amount. The finding obtained from status updates
analysis and sum up all of the reason based on Hoffman‟s theory in form of table.
22
Below are the list of four group reason found on participants‟ post and its analysis;
In each group of reason, there is only one example given. The complete posts will be
in attachment.
D.3.1. Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about Particular Topic
FIGURE 4.3.1
Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about Particular Topic
This post is taken from participant 1. The topic of this post is about finding
location for hunting animal. There are two languages that are used in this post which
are Dayaknese and Bahasa Indonesia. In participant 1‟ post, a word “survey lokasi”
is code mixing and the type is insertion. The participant insert that words to give
emphasizes of what he has doing at that time to find location. Based on Hoffman‟s
theory (1991:116), talking about particular topic means “People nowadays prefer to
talk in one language rather than in another language. They will feel comfortable to
express their emotion and feeling with their local language or their everyday
language”. (See Figure 4.3.1), it might be a reason for using certain or particular
languages on post since it became well known to express himself by giving caption
to his post with word “Esun Bue lg survey lokasi manggau eka masang pajarat”
which means he tells about other‟s activity or his activity because “Esun Bue” means
grandchildren in Dayaknese language. Grandchildren here can be the participant
himself or refer to other person. The finding showed the number of particular topic
mostly occur as the reason which has 13 out of 30.
23
D.3.2. Repetition used for clarification
FIGURE 4.3.2
Repetition used for clarification
This post is taken from participant 1. There are three languages that is used in
this post which are Dayaknese, English, and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the
participant mixed and inserted three languages to inform other user the same
meaning of certain word in different languages which can be refer to type of code
mixing. Based on Hoffman‟s theory (1991:116), repetition used for clarification
means “When a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his speech so that it
will be understood better by listener, he can sometimes use both of the languages
(codes) that he masters to say the same message”. This theory might related to
important thing or idea which need to be clarified or he might gave necessary
information about language mixing. (See Figure 4.3.2), the post indicates repetition
for clarifying an idea from the user by using three languages which were Dayaknese
language, Bahasa Indonesia and English parallely like “Hanagoi bakunyung
berenang swim” which tells the other user his particular activity at that time. The
24
interesting part is he uses four languages altogether to send the meaning to other user
who reads his post.
D.3.3. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
FIGURE 4.3.3
Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
This post is taken from participant 1. There are two languages that is used in
this post which are English and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the participant insert
the word “Touchdown” which a type of code mixing to start his post and give
emphasizes that he used that word for intention to other users. Based on Hoffman‟s
theory (1991:116), intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor means
“When bilingual or multilingual person talks to another bilingual or multilingual,
there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make the
content of his speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the listener”. In this
post, he wrote “Touchdown” immediately. (See Figure 4.3.3), The word
“Touchdown” means “Mendarat di” to give intention to where his position. He felt
25
comfort in using English at first instead of using Bahasa Indonesia to start his for
whole post.
D.3.4. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited
audience
FIGURE 4.2.4
To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a
limited audience
This post is taken from participant 2. There are two languages that is used in
this post which are Ambonese and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the participant
insert the word “Besok EKG menanti” using Bahasa Indonesia to her post as
reminder action for her friend. Based on Hoffman‟s theory (1991:116), to exclude
other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience means
“Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or community they
belong to. To avoid the other community or interference objected to their
communication by people, they may try to exclude those people by using the
language that no everybody knows”. By using other language which was not her
mothertongue, it may referred to topic which was only for certain group of people
even she still putting Bahasa Indonesia. In this situation, the participant was not
Ambonese, she is Dayaknese who spoke Ambonese fluently.
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E. CONCLUSION
This chapter discusses about conclusion on the basis of the research finding
and discussion presented in the previous chapter. From the discussions mentioned in
the previous chapter, the researcher draws some conclusions as the result of the
analysis study of language use on Facebook Post done by Dayaknese students of
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. There are the conclusions of this study;
This study aims to find out how many language (s) that is (are) used in user‟s
post and the reason for using that language (s). From the observation and analysis
data on participants‟ post, the researcher found out that there are four languages used
in the posts, i.e Dayaknese, English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Ambonese. English is
one of language commonly used on Facebook post as stated that English is famous
internet language which already used by many countries in this world which has
bigger amount than the other languages such as Dayaknese and Bahasa Indonesia. In
addition, English is a trend as the effect of globalization so that everyone tries to use
it. From the data, it was also proven as shown in the findings that mostly Dayaknese
students as a user on Facebook use English as their language common posts. The
finding of reasons are clasifying to get spesific reasons for whole. The reasons are
talking about the particular topic, repetition used for clarification, intention for
clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, and to exclude other people comment
is intended for only a limited audience. Over all groups reason of code mixing and
code switching, the higher number of using code mixing and code switching on post
is 15 times used out of 30 posts.
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The significance of the primary study is to affirm the Dayaknese students of
Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana to be inform if code mixing and code switching
possibility phenomenon might happen and occur in their posts conciously. This study
is limited because there were only few participants. For further research, this
research can be developed to explore the code mixing and code switching for more
participants. The suggestion for further research is this study can be developed to
explore social media influences in English grammar and vocabularies that is used by
Dayaknese users or certain group in context English language teaching.
28
REFERENCES
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World Islamic Sciences and Education University Amman-Jordan.
Androutsopolous, J. (2013). Online Data Collection in Christine Mallinson, Becky
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Methods and Applications , 236-250.
Cassidy, J. (2006). Me Media , 50-59.
Das A, Gamback B. (2014). Identifying Languages at the Word Level in CodeMixed in indian Social Media Text. Proceeding of the11th International
Conference on Natural Language Processing , 169-178.
Gold, E. M. (1967). Language Identification in the limit. Information and Control .
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H., T. (2000). Dealing with dealing in English: Language skills for Japan's Global
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Hidayat, T. (2012). An analysis of code switching used by facebookers: a case study
in a social network site. Student essay for the study programme.
Ho, Y. (2007). Code Mixing: Linguistics form and Socio-cultural meaning. The
International Journal of Language Society and Culture.
Hoffman. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. New York Longman.
Musyken P, L. Milroy. (1995). Code-switching and grammatical theory . Cambridge
University Press, 177-198.
P, M. (2000). Bilingual Speech: A typology of code mixing . Cambridge University
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R, W. (1986). Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford Blackwell. p. 103
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to say “Tara Pangkahai akam O Tuhan” for
bringing me to the next level. The writer realizes that without His blessing, love, and
guidance, it would be possible for her to finish this writing.
On this opportunity, the writer would like to express her profund gratitude, more than
she can express, to:
1. Rindang Widiningrum, M.Hum as her supervisor, who has spent her valuable
time to guide and give excellent suggestion for the writer.
2. Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali, M.Hum as her examiner, for the correction and
suggestion he has rendered for the writer in the completion of this paper.
3. My beloved mamah and babah, my sister, and my brother and all of families
member in Kalimantan who have prayed, motivated, encouraged, reminded,
the writer to finish the paper as soon as possible.
4. For all of my beloved friends who are not be mentioned personally here.
Thankyou guys, see you on top!
Finally, the writer surrenders everything to Tuhan Yesus and the writer hopes it
will be a useful research for the writer herself and for all to explore and improve
the scope of Linguistic.
Salatiga, 28 April 2017
The writer
30
Appendix A
Table 4.1. Language Commonly Used on Facebook Posts
Language Used
Frequency Used on Posts
Ambonese Language
1
Dayaknese Language
13
Bahasa Indonesia
18
English
23
Table 4.2. The Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching Used found
on Facebook Posts
Reason for Using certain Language (s)
Number of Posts
Talking about the particular topic
13
Repetition used for clarification
1
Intention for clarifying the speech content
15
for interlocutor
To exclude other people comment is
intended for only a limited audience
31
1
Appendix B
Status updates of Participant 1
32
33
Appendix C
Status updates of Participant 2
34
Appendix D
Status updates of Participant 3
35