S PGSD 1003470 table of content
DAFTAR ISI
PERNYATAAN ...................................................................................................
i
ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................
ii
KATA PENGANTAR .........................................................................................
iii
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH ...............................................................................
iv
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR TABEL ...............................................................................................
vi
DAFTAR GRAFIK .............................................................................................
vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...........................................................................................
viii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................
ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................
1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................................
1
B. Rumusan Masalah ..........................................................................................
6
C. Tujuan Penelitian ...........................................................................................
6
D. Manfaat Penelitian .........................................................................................
7
E. Hipotesis Tindakan ........................................................................................
9
F. Definisi Operasional ......................................................................................
9
BAB KAJIAN PUSTAKA ..................................................................................
11
A. Konsep IPA di SD ..........................................................................................
11
1.
Pengertian IPA ........................................................................................
11
2.
Hakikat Pembelajaran IPA ......................................................................
12
3.
Tujuan IPA ..............................................................................................
13
4.
Konsep Gerak dan Pengaruh Benda dalam Pembelajaran IPA di Kelas
3 SD ........................................................................................................
15
a. Gerak Benda .....................................................................................
16
Kusmayanti, Siska. 2014
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) UNTUK
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNISI SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA MATERI GERAK DAN
PENGARUH BENDA
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
b. Macam-macam Gerak Benda ............................................................
16
1) Jatuh ............................................................................................
16
2) Memantul ....................................................................................
17
3) Menggelinding ............................................................................
17
4) Berputar ......................................................................................
18
5) Mengalir ......................................................................................
18
c. Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Gerak Benda .............................
19
1) Bobot Benda ...............................................................................
19
2) Luas Permukaan Benda ..............................................................
19
3) Bentuk Permukaan Benda ...........................................................
20
4) Bentuk Permukaan Lintasan .......................................................
20
B. Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) dalam Pembelajaran ...................
21
1. Pengertian Pembelajaran Kontekstual (Contextual Teaching and
Learning) .................................................................................................
21
2. Karakteristik Contextual Teaching and learning (CTL) ..........................
22
3. Prinsip Dasar Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) ........................
23
4. Langkah – langkah Pendekatan Contextual Teachiang and Learning
(CTL) .....................................................................................................
27
5. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and
Learning (CTL) ....................................................................................
27
a. Kelebihan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL)........................
28
b. Kelemahan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) .....................
29
Hands On Activity Bagian dari CTL .......................................................
29
C. Kemampuan Kognisi dalam Tujuan Pembelajaran ........................................
33
1. Pengertian Kognisi/ Kognitif ...................................................................
33
2. Proses Perkembangan Kognitif ................................................................
34
3. Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan Kognitif ..................
37
4. Ruang Lingkup Kemampuan Kognitif dalam Pembelajaran ...................
38
a. Taksonomi Bloom dalam Pembelajaran ............................................
38
6.
b. Pengertian
ICK
(Indikator
Capaian
Kompetensi)
dalam
Pembelajaran .................................................................................
41
1) Mengingat (C1) ............................................................................
41
2) Memahami (C2) ...........................................................................
42
3) Mengaplikasikan / Menerapkan (C3) ...........................................
44
4) Menganalisis (C4) ........................................................................
45
5) Mengevaluasi (C5) .......................................................................
46
6) Mengekreasi (C6) .........................................................................
46
D. Penerapan CTL dalam Pembelajaran IPA Materi Gerak dan Pengaruh
Benda ...........................................................................................................
47
E. Penelitian Terdahulu yang Relevan ............................................................
50
F. Kerangka Berpikir ......................................................................................
51
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .........................................................
52
A. Metode Penelitian ..........................................................................................
52
B. Model Penelitian ............................................................................................
52
C. Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................................
55
D. Waktu Penelitian ............................................................................................
55
E. Subjek Penelitian ...........................................................................................
55
F. Prosedur Penelitian ........................................................................................
55
G. Tekhnik Pengumpulan Data ...........................................................................
64
1. Instrumen Penelitian ................................................................................
65
2. Instrumen Pengumpulan Data ..................................................................
65
H. Pengolahan Data dan Analisis Data ...............................................................
66
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ...................................
70
A. Hasil Penelitian ..............................................................................................
70
1. Deskripsi Pelaksanaan Penelitian Siklus I ……………………………...
70
a. Perencanaan Pembelajaran Siklus I ………………………………...
71
b. Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Siklus I …………………………………
71
c. Observasi Siklus I …………………………………………………..
76
d. Refleksi Siklus I …………………………………………………….
79
2. Deskripsi Pelaksanaan Penelitian Siklus II …………………………......
81
a. Perencanaan Pembelajaran Siklus II ………………………………..
81
b. Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Siklus II ………………………………..
82
c. Observasi Siklus II ………………………………………………….
87
d. Refleksi Siklus II ……………………………………………………
90
B. Pembahasan ....................................................................................................
91
1.
Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran IPA dengan Menggunakan Pendekatan
Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL)...............................................
91
a.
Pelaksanaan Siklus I ........................................................................
91
b.
Pelaksanaan Siklus II .......................................................................
97
2. Peningkatan Kemampuan Kognisi Siswa pada Materi Gerak dan
Pengaruh Benda dengan Menerapkan pendekatan Contextual Teaching
and Learning (CTL) ................................................................................
102
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI ...................................................
109
A. Simpulan ........................................................................................................
109
B. Rekomendasi ..................................................................................................
110
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..........................................................................................
111
LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................
115
RIWAYAT HIDUP .......................................................................................
280
PERNYATAAN ...................................................................................................
i
ABSTRAK ...........................................................................................................
ii
KATA PENGANTAR .........................................................................................
iii
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH ...............................................................................
iv
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR TABEL ...............................................................................................
vi
DAFTAR GRAFIK .............................................................................................
vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...........................................................................................
viii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................
ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................
1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................................
1
B. Rumusan Masalah ..........................................................................................
6
C. Tujuan Penelitian ...........................................................................................
6
D. Manfaat Penelitian .........................................................................................
7
E. Hipotesis Tindakan ........................................................................................
9
F. Definisi Operasional ......................................................................................
9
BAB KAJIAN PUSTAKA ..................................................................................
11
A. Konsep IPA di SD ..........................................................................................
11
1.
Pengertian IPA ........................................................................................
11
2.
Hakikat Pembelajaran IPA ......................................................................
12
3.
Tujuan IPA ..............................................................................................
13
4.
Konsep Gerak dan Pengaruh Benda dalam Pembelajaran IPA di Kelas
3 SD ........................................................................................................
15
a. Gerak Benda .....................................................................................
16
Kusmayanti, Siska. 2014
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) UNTUK
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNISI SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPA MATERI GERAK DAN
PENGARUH BENDA
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
b. Macam-macam Gerak Benda ............................................................
16
1) Jatuh ............................................................................................
16
2) Memantul ....................................................................................
17
3) Menggelinding ............................................................................
17
4) Berputar ......................................................................................
18
5) Mengalir ......................................................................................
18
c. Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Gerak Benda .............................
19
1) Bobot Benda ...............................................................................
19
2) Luas Permukaan Benda ..............................................................
19
3) Bentuk Permukaan Benda ...........................................................
20
4) Bentuk Permukaan Lintasan .......................................................
20
B. Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) dalam Pembelajaran ...................
21
1. Pengertian Pembelajaran Kontekstual (Contextual Teaching and
Learning) .................................................................................................
21
2. Karakteristik Contextual Teaching and learning (CTL) ..........................
22
3. Prinsip Dasar Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) ........................
23
4. Langkah – langkah Pendekatan Contextual Teachiang and Learning
(CTL) .....................................................................................................
27
5. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and
Learning (CTL) ....................................................................................
27
a. Kelebihan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL)........................
28
b. Kelemahan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) .....................
29
Hands On Activity Bagian dari CTL .......................................................
29
C. Kemampuan Kognisi dalam Tujuan Pembelajaran ........................................
33
1. Pengertian Kognisi/ Kognitif ...................................................................
33
2. Proses Perkembangan Kognitif ................................................................
34
3. Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Perkembangan Kognitif ..................
37
4. Ruang Lingkup Kemampuan Kognitif dalam Pembelajaran ...................
38
a. Taksonomi Bloom dalam Pembelajaran ............................................
38
6.
b. Pengertian
ICK
(Indikator
Capaian
Kompetensi)
dalam
Pembelajaran .................................................................................
41
1) Mengingat (C1) ............................................................................
41
2) Memahami (C2) ...........................................................................
42
3) Mengaplikasikan / Menerapkan (C3) ...........................................
44
4) Menganalisis (C4) ........................................................................
45
5) Mengevaluasi (C5) .......................................................................
46
6) Mengekreasi (C6) .........................................................................
46
D. Penerapan CTL dalam Pembelajaran IPA Materi Gerak dan Pengaruh
Benda ...........................................................................................................
47
E. Penelitian Terdahulu yang Relevan ............................................................
50
F. Kerangka Berpikir ......................................................................................
51
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .........................................................
52
A. Metode Penelitian ..........................................................................................
52
B. Model Penelitian ............................................................................................
52
C. Lokasi Penelitian ............................................................................................
55
D. Waktu Penelitian ............................................................................................
55
E. Subjek Penelitian ...........................................................................................
55
F. Prosedur Penelitian ........................................................................................
55
G. Tekhnik Pengumpulan Data ...........................................................................
64
1. Instrumen Penelitian ................................................................................
65
2. Instrumen Pengumpulan Data ..................................................................
65
H. Pengolahan Data dan Analisis Data ...............................................................
66
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ...................................
70
A. Hasil Penelitian ..............................................................................................
70
1. Deskripsi Pelaksanaan Penelitian Siklus I ……………………………...
70
a. Perencanaan Pembelajaran Siklus I ………………………………...
71
b. Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Siklus I …………………………………
71
c. Observasi Siklus I …………………………………………………..
76
d. Refleksi Siklus I …………………………………………………….
79
2. Deskripsi Pelaksanaan Penelitian Siklus II …………………………......
81
a. Perencanaan Pembelajaran Siklus II ………………………………..
81
b. Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Siklus II ………………………………..
82
c. Observasi Siklus II ………………………………………………….
87
d. Refleksi Siklus II ……………………………………………………
90
B. Pembahasan ....................................................................................................
91
1.
Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran IPA dengan Menggunakan Pendekatan
Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL)...............................................
91
a.
Pelaksanaan Siklus I ........................................................................
91
b.
Pelaksanaan Siklus II .......................................................................
97
2. Peningkatan Kemampuan Kognisi Siswa pada Materi Gerak dan
Pengaruh Benda dengan Menerapkan pendekatan Contextual Teaching
and Learning (CTL) ................................................................................
102
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI ...................................................
109
A. Simpulan ........................................................................................................
109
B. Rekomendasi ..................................................................................................
110
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..........................................................................................
111
LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................
115
RIWAYAT HIDUP .......................................................................................
280