The Rising Sun in a Javanese Rice Granary: Change and Impact of Japanese Occupation on the Agricultural Economy of Besuki Residency, 1942-1945
'l' l l l,l ITISINC SUN
I
N,\ .',\\,\\ I.,SI RICT GRA\ARY
( hugr rrtrl lhr lnlnLl 0l,hl)irnrsr {)rruprti0n
Ilononrr
ll
0n
tht \grhulhrral
llrurl,i l{r:sidencr, l9{}19{5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IHE RISINC SUN IN AJAV1NFIE RICE CRANARY
clDq+ od $c lmprc( orj{p.ner oG,prtioi or $q &riqLtuEl tr@rcur or
Ben'Li Rdid@q, r94zt rrt, s. NlwiF!@
cowraciso by^mn H€nd eh
@2005
hrs. Nawiyrm All
'iB[*
ioEl
orreeby
Pdaeby
lr
ribryof6c Pipu[[.of]tdo&i. Gdos{iis
.
(A[oKu6ea)
...
INIRODUCIIoN. ..... ...
.....
OEanzalion......
l!: BESUKIPRORTO THE JAPAIiESE oCCUPAIIoN. .....
in
ruuidrion Dn.
rhctoshssu!itrrtMi&RiacEmry chusc dc.rDpa(ort+ne
oEupaiio oD rk Ag.nukrn Dcobq, dfBslk RGidctr* r941.r9.{5i
cradgprd, Yos/r€tur r.dnion,Juty 20o5i I ro
ACT) .............................................vl]
(S'i9edsab.\e!6hunmay) .. ... .. ......tr
..... ........... ...........................,.. , ......,.1
1.1BackgmuidaidRosearchAuestio...,..............................,...,.1
1.2 SopeofSbdy .......... ......... ......................................... ....12
1.3 Th*Elical Fmaolr.... ... ....... ...... ..... ..........................14
].4 Merh.dology .....
.....................17
1.5
........... .............19
r!*,cl
rublnhdhrdoftsh6ycihis,*(McnbqoIrK pl)
lh^rysrck3/r,lrhlnoosluYolirrr ul'lJotrshtt22t
ttdnc+62 274 551)35,554t36t Ftr rG2,274 t54e85
N
pokrcu'redgemmB,.... .(L}!i
r?
l0
mm: iy
r r90 pp.
.......
......21
21 ntrduclioi.. ........... ......... ............................... ...........21
2.2ceogEphyofBesuli
.......................21
23f810ica10u11ieo1thelesuk1Region..........................................26
2.,1 Development otAEble Land ........ ........ .......... .... . . . . . . . ...36
25Famagrcu1u8.................................................................38
26PlanLlionAgdcullue.. ...,,.......,............57
2.7 aoicluslon.... .....,
... ...,.... . ........67
lllrBESIJI(IS F RM AGRICULTUR!...
3.1 drcnudion
....
... ....... .........
......... .. .. .69
......... ........ ... ..... ... ...69
32Japai6ePoicesonFam&iicull!e..... ......... ........ ..........J0
Pritrci $d lhutrJ h rDdorqn hr hcn]qo G{hnspB
tln. Arccak 3714 Brjrc B,ru YoEalsrE rnd@6a
Plna\r i62 - 274 5119a5.55493& Fx. t67 271 511e35
frr5
33Deve|ooment0j48b1e1and..................................................77
3.4 AqicutuE lnnoEljoN,,.,.... ....,.........,..............,,.................A1
3.5 Ric€...... ........... ..........................................................86
3.6 Maize.............
...,,,.....,,.....,....,,,.....,...,..,,...................39
3.7 Cass.€. .......,,, .. ..............................................................102
.
3.0
So1t ..............
............,.........
.. ......105
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thh book dawloped fmm a research repod submilted to lhe Sumilomo
Foundaiion, Tolqo Japai. The Sumilomo Foundalion linanclally suppofted
fie Esoarch uidor the scheme oi the Japatrrcaled Rasearch Prcjecl
PmsEm. mud like m thank The Sumilom Foundaton I0r ls geieous
n@mplelinglheBearchrorthEbook hdebeen ndededtoanumber
o, people. My special thanlc aG dm b DL Plere van ds Enq, prcvidi0s
ln lhe @llsliot or sou@
hlme l 6 a very Bou@tu| 4d helpfu adv
ra?id s ks h"lp"d by,ldi d sME lD?i6: Tr' b?_yo"ne R*e; 1
*r
cops al Kali*lning, Jember Res4rch len Ee for RuEl d
Reoional Derelopment, Gadrah i/Lda LJni@Eilx Yoqyakana The Libmry ol
ro \oq/aldir SprLElReg o Na@tlAtiles o' h" R"pubrr ol Tort.
Naronal L bmry ol ure Republc of lndoiesia; aDd ll cks colr*lion ol the
lnd.nesian Natona lnslilulE ol $ien@ (LP), n Jakana. I aho dr k Mr
crnt!
for Eshle
Kamboya,
{ho
he
p€d he obtalniig a numb$ ot va oab o sources.
lam arsoespecialy g6teiulto my @ll.agus, suna an, MSl, Dison
Iriulyad, M Si aid aLso a number ol sludenls ol lhe Hlslory oepa ment,
Facuiv ol Lete6, The UniE6ity of Jember, mddns tor me as lield @4e6..
Ihey wee AliYasin, EMh Sljaun ko, Fauz
ah Yusdni, and
fuus [,r!ha]iWlaya.
b nry ssior@leaq06, DE l\r.H.
Prol
D6. soetaro. Lasl but nol le6l,
sund@, DE sud D, s U. and Etircd
my 3p{ial lhanks goes lo all hishdcal !i1nes6 {ho shared lhelr slor es ior
U s bmk. I als erp6s lhaik L Pml. Ben llhib oi lhe nslilulE oI Socla
studi6,fteNetrerr dsandDr BanAbdulahofrheGadjahMadauniwrsily
for giving me ai optodunity to panicpale in lhe Yogyakada nteriahonal
Wodshop oi Copng with the C,ises and for pmvidinq genemG financla
Thls book s also an exoGsion oi lhanrs
slppod lor my 4.mmodalion and tavelr'om and b&k h
rhaiks io
0E J@ph
su
padioa, M.s, who
ol lhis b@t Ale ny lhanks lo
and for s$a n0 h s
Bct
und*knding
ho
cdbem.
prd ihpoving lhe hnq uage
Bater lor in pmvlnq he
ol what Gon
vii
Lertend
s ow heans
lile oi his b.oi(
ou daily lives
ln
dedi€led
10 my belo@d
viG
Nina [iu0aE Calvaryi i ior lhe . ompan onship,
alEys te&h us how lo
gM
in
Preface
ayshiren sato
Weny Pudyasluti s.S. and my
cac
d love.
faih, low and hop6,
(Un Nersity ot Newc astte)
lle qeneBl 5E_dad ol lking dud.g
the Japanese o@upaion. The @use ol rhe dEp, and Elared ecial and
politiBl changes, is 3t I iiadequale y undeEtood. The €xislins lileatuE
lFdonesE e.perenced a
2005
sla p dop
rn
usualll afidbuEs it lD rulhless exploihl on by th€ Japanso. The mlivalion
behind lh6 Japan€s. irvasiod
s
Ms
lndeed exploilalion of
rcsu@s.
onEpl, hM@r, n*ds io be app ied wih cae.
lxe ese@s $atthey aired io €rp oll
liFt and toEmosl, slElegbalt
Ela oilalion as
analr4ical
w,
npor6nt ileds such as oil, rubbeL and u.. ne amount of Ihese
re$uB
he, reeded. and plan'en b secJE. ms a sall f eton ol ehal rdor6'a
used to expod They exploited other iemr as uel, Jor iislanca by
commandee no molor vehicles aid ships, @nf6cstins enemy pDpenies,
and tlEugh forced donalio.s oi monqa je@llery, and scrap non. Thsa
Iom ol exo o tauon reE cenainly damasins M d @l exploilalion alono
euld nol adequaE y exp an tha genoEl sLump in the slandard of livinO.
Ire Japanee l&ked shipping clpacily and ottr m@ns lor a laqa'
scab matadal erdoit t on. 36lom l,\. @r about *@ity per enl ol all lhe
shps lMlopeEted hhreon ndonesias pons and ioEhn pons bel gedio
the Geal Bilrin and the Nelheiands, 4d Japan's share w6 no more lho
eishr per@ntin loniage.
M6t oItlE shiF rhar belmged ro beAlied @unties
had bnrhe aE pdor ro he Japanee atek. The Japanee shippirc cap&iry
w6 sma I tom lhe oulsel, and plummeLd n Ih8 stund hall ofthe mupalion
Dedod when Ue {onmic condil om ln lndoMia s umped supposdly dB
Ihis intelpretative conuidrum can be brcken ifee diiieEnuaie
erploitaton lom erploihliw intensloi. The later wd much moe hamtul
fian dirccterploiblion. Japan launched into lhe mreih an inleiiion io exp olt
eou@s. fiE hibn b a@mplish lhb inienlhn bul lhelr aclion a[ered lhe
o@al egional and ooba Mnomic slructuEs. Ths nrodrElchange had
viii
h
oi lidoiesian econony. lt aflected lndoresian
people\ da y li@ indirecly, in extemeiy compl* oays.
F@m the p€ople wilh iq Estures, lhe Japd6e erp oited abour and
de. The qisling ac@unls do iot q@tun for trhal puQoses Uie Japane*
erp oiled 50 much labor and ,ice apparently assum ng lhal then neens and
th. cpacily lo explo t weE u lmited. lf re we.e to oblain a
inlomed
unded.iding, re will noed to €rp5nn or Esearch into tio d eclions OE
is lo examine $e brcad hslodcaland g@graphical conlexl in *tich the
exploihliE etiois tool place The olher is to conduct a delailed 6e study
an impact on a I aspects
rc
e rhe.
of a panicula issue or a locarion.
illuslElioi let re .ite $e cae oi exoloibfon ol coal and
labor n Telalombo kabupalen Pactai Easl Java. BetoE lhe Japarese
ocupadon, Java had no acliE @dmin6 aid imp.rled @ ircm Sumalra
and Kalimantan. Atur lho inu6ion ire Japan6e @e in€pable of shi(ifq
By way ol
spe about
but te amunt
sum.ient aho! nls ol coal to Java lrcm ils adjee0t is ands Tney
Iolry O€rceitolnre hhFis and shippino space lor sh
Jav. could reeive
,as
I
no corl
bd a stoa I lEclion of lhe pBwar impon
Ir s wu d
paElyse Ja€ s raivay syslem and its economy The Japaneso lhetstorc
olaes eilhii Java. The Japanes dmpany lshihad
Saiqyo, eas odercd lo nine n TeOalombo Imm Apil 19,1-4. fte dhlanF
beM€ei lhe open cul m nes ii Ihe tuig 6 to be neaesl rcad on {hich cads
colld opeEte w4 rony kilomerB. Tlie @mpany mobilzed hundrcds oi local
people lo cany dlqoul coalon lhet backs. Theh lun tp aloig a Mftw
mouirain pass r.ok rhem a hsdaF The amouil oI @doblained n Java
vas s sml lhal the shonage of coa! baEme moG and rure a@h bul lhe
Japanese decided to disonliiuelhe hiies ii leoa ombo in eady 1945
beG,se I'e la!o-4 prcnxlo'efi(ie q was onqders boloretr 1
staned @a mining at s x
fom the Est oi ihe wo d ln olher mds, eonomic va ua ol labour drcpped
due to conpaBlive dhadvanlage ol a cloed dmomy. This lorced pep e oi
ndon*ia lo rc* haderlo oblain f*er r6oums. That Ms lhe iundamental
@aen b.hind the enensive mbilizaton ot la5orcts euphonica y ca ed
daiy6enlassuchasloodandcothing s aso €laled
h the same orcblem. Naw yanb Do nls oul lh€l hod Drcduclioi n B es u ki
d rcpped d ue n pa d to erlen sive culiivaiion ol cotoi. F@d and clolhlig w e
eve.rone s daiy e$enllals, and lheir omduct ois wee clGely e aled to each
olhet as rell 6 io lhe exhrsive moblllzaion oi laboul Collon curvalon
Thepmblemof
aliecled the ocal agtuullue not only in gesutj bul a so in the other pads ol
dre ndonesian arhioe aqo
lleBture 6ua y atubul6 rhe labou. mobiizalion lo rhe Japane*
eu@s iid cale that civ I proiecls demaiden
mu.h more abour Th.t @e becaue as iustEEn abore, the prcducuon
€mcion.y or labour drcpped when lhe Java beame *momhaly iela&n
m I lary
ne€ns but some pimary
beyond. Be,oe lhe war Soulheasl Asia as a
whole Gied a mosl @mpleGy on impo alion lor a suppy oJ clolhing,
ad
l6din9 pallom slopped be€use lhe supp y
of cotton as lhe Ew malerallor Japatrslellie lndusry stopped. Japao
Japan was $e ma
n
supplie[
Th s
enenled a live ye4 coloi cultvalion plan ihrcughoullhe occupied
terdbnes Th s undeniied food production. To compeNale lhe oss ol
lam and 1o nond b e cDps lhe Japanese opeied the agd.ullu El eslates
lo lhe @d osola lbrow nq food cmDs, and also staded asricultuGLeroms.
As erampies ol neqal ve and pos tive leqac es ol the Japanese
@cupalion, Nawlyanlo po nis oul the 6usal iik belw*o the openlig up oi
lhe Arares lor lood cu lival oi duing lhe @cupation 6id lhe cooi cls h lhe
1950s behreen lhe iame6 aid lhe edvhlle owie6 ol $e eslales, atu tre
imp
lukl Ebms by the Japanese and lh€ qr$n
S30s I re eramim th6e l$ues i a hhlor€
rclar onship beM€en the aqr cu
lndfr6 a in lhe
.onlexl oflhe structuGlchanqe, we
rew ution in
aulhoit
6
daned
1
$66
brcke our ii EuDp.
Ite
ad
.
vi
Galize rhat lhe Dutch coonla
rcloms belorc lhe Japaiese invas on. llhen lhe war
seplember 1939,lhe Dutch anlicipated lhe coming or
war to the Notrer ands hdies
aid slafted to make pepaEt ois lo eslab ish
econonic self-sufcemy For nslame they opened the loba@o and olher
esi.t6 in tE Easl coasl of sumatc lor lhe l6a! peop e lo grcf,
l@d cmps and a$ Gsued the [email protected],noli6 {tomad .ulivalion
aqdcullucl
)d
o,! nan@) and staned agnicu tural Blms in lhe OUbl lslands by iiildEing
moE abou inrensive merlEd s ol ric6 r6ming lhat m3 Fericed in Japan. lt
*as rie outh rho slaled rhp xrpa- /dtbl or'cetming 1ndoresE
h.al slud s vil Esult n hoEugh
iq oi lhe hisbry ol lhe Japamse d.upalion, n. ud ing $u* 3@h rs
C. ntetualizalion and a@umu alion ol
@wil
caus.l
t
continuity ,nd.haiqe, and legacy. ln thh book, Neiyanlo pEsenls
a lno ocalsludy, rut malnq a ddr.{e spp lokad a -oF pr"crs6
undedlatding ol oconomi. lssues in idonesia during the Japan€sg
PREFACE
ByAiko Kutasawa
I hrs
alrcady
alos wlh
ben
sine he Japanes ree delealed in the war
r @clpadon in ndoi6ia lt i5 signitcant lhat this
60 yeats
lh€ end ol the
book by Naw yani, b publhhed on the 6@ anni@Eary Ihe
gwi
viru$es
or lh€
nowod m.ny ol$am hN pa*d auay. ThdeloE,
thee is a reBsily ior immediale @ lellions ol ths oEl re@ds lrcm this
hhlory ha€
o d by
pedod
mny edemic wod6 dor
ridomsla, bur rhh book by N4iyaito is very
and topic. !e iocus6 o. one esldency n J a,
Thmushout tha 60 yea6, lhee have b@n
on Japanes oMparion
spellc
in chmsins
ii
lts area
Esidenry of Bsul( localed at easl lip ot Java lslaid, a land iamous lor ils
ri.hnes li agdcutuE. By locGing or one pantubr a@a, h6 cdlicizas the
most oifie exiding sludy b6ause ol ils oE.geneEizadon. He claims rral
even rithln one admiihlElive a.ea such as Java inpacl orJap ese
Nolonly
be.! specifc
rM, Nawiyanto aho look specilic
He mna.lrales oi aoddlluml chanoe In lhh
h lhe choice ol
choies ii iems ol h s lroic.
E de_cyolBe,uF -6 tunhs /ndyzes he bptrolprcdiclion hy loc6'no
les6 on lhs aspdl ol circulalion of lhose aoicu luE @mfrodilles. He
queslions uE impdl oflhe Japanse tole on lhe B.sukl s agicultue and ihe
felc lhal herp h undeEhnd lhe petuman@ otagd@lluE in Besuii duinq
Japa6e o@upaum Thus tt- s@pe o{ his stud, is s6l do ldil€d
Being a histodan Naw)6ilo applis hblodcd m.thodolosy ol loxlEl
cdtaue and tri6 io.oisult 6 nuch as oossible on witlen deuments
inc uiim Dulch adr Es, eEn if I equ res oEl Eserch (imely inteMe6
lhl@lhist ihlu tEss). Althulh lhe iumbe. oi inlomants wlth a@uEc
ftmal otr ahdl th€ past @e limlted Naw yanio mnaoen b ind a iew
also slesstu ii col 4rinq uinen d@umenls
oood Esour6. He
Japaiossponsored
lo€l n4spap* and eseaBh documenls
such as
L\e
B
rl
wdtlsi by Dulch h imfrediale poslv, pedod. Thercfore, Ihe valldi9 ol
Naianlos mhnl *as quit€ eNBt6.
'Iho ptobem ol aqdcutturc, sp&ia ty lhat oi dce (duriio Japan6e
occupstion in soultEasr Asia) s one ol lhe iopcs rhat have been nost
ntens @ry and thomugh y sbdied by vaibus s.noh6 fDm rhe vorld. Many
h@ts aln adides haE been pubrishe! on lh s lopic. Thh toplc eiecls lhe
&cl lhat qulte a iew hhlo,ians .oisider lhe ,i.e prcbhm lo b. crurlal in oder
lo unde6laid lhe social-&onmh aspecl of Japan.se oetrpalioi. C0 ntra ry
to lhe genoE undErsbnding lhal Soulhesl Asia was mporlant lor lhe
Japana* bMuse of oil, Neiydlo mentbB lhat the ice pob em actually
cau*d more danage imposed on o€ people ewDehqe n soulheast
ii Java
wnich he found n lhe
oul.h archi@s, he brcughl lhe prcb em ol d@
Thenafte.manyy€6 inlerya,in1980aid 1981, KuEsawawmleiw
adides ii J apanee t@ma s oi contolled r @ Mnomy and ice Eq u sil oi
dpds
esp€ct€ y ' -h.n ' 1986 s5. @le in TdoEi dbou' a
ii potest ol dce Equis rion tr d6myu Iten in 1s36 she spaen hro chapi€c
in her Ph. 0 dissen.ton h Com€l lor agrclltuE prcduction and rce
ciar atun. (Ihh boor eas htert'ans ared nr. hdoidian aRd poblshed in
1994 in Jakar€ and Nawiyanto ciles iom Ihis vedon ) I A I hq wis wE
Brnt
based on Durch arch res
li
ad inhtoiM
{
t r Japan and ndonesE
Shgeo ae Etun€n b ica poblom in JaE in hls b.ok,
d P6sqns: Jova wJer LtN Jwr@o o@uadin 1942,94t ln rhe sm6 year P ere Bn dst Ergw.ile F@d SUOqU I Ja@ dnllg
d DeqlMizali , Th6n Ricado Hos {rcle hh Ph.D d sshlion on
ice prcblen in lhe Philipoides, lor lokyo Uii€reity ol Forcion Slddi6, aid
publ shed n a bmt oi lhe Japan6e occupalio in fio
lho eson.e
1994 Sab
Wlhliadiw
Souti6t Asia has thEe b deprcd ucinq aEas Buma, ltal aid aod
lid@hina Total ol six mi I ois milled de used to be expodpd lrom rh6e
lhe ear in rMr dars, M anq tlE bEakoulothe warlh@ ice m&kols
dlminishe!. The JapaBe milirary auh@Iy houglt it muld not be ha tul
to Equis b mtoltis su.p c lorlhe b€neatolJala and Japa@se.@upjed
ace. Bul, ir s luned oul lo be qu le 5 hmtul danaoe lor b.lh cuhiyaloE
g
To
mimie
Ih€ collecl on ol dce, Japan
prcduct lor rery low
loMd pesa
s Io
deil€r diek
pri6, d ds impo*d he alioning ol i€
to
udai
contary io lhe odginal calculaloB me d, did noi m@ssrily
rcadl the rcquesled d60narions, inscad much veE l6ron rhe My iorseEa
redons 15 a resuli thee *as a pEva led shonage ol ,i@ aid lhouends ol
people reE slaNing, 6nd ii m,tEm pal ol vietian lwo millois ol pmpl6
dren*
died ol
huiqei
ln Java, roo many
cas
oi shdalon
@e
round and
tur€
B@auso ol sch d6l c efe.t qlilE a lw $hdaE paid aflfllion on lhe
pmbhm
dce
duiiiq lhe Japanese o@polion. Apan frcm immediate post war
suBey doie by Dutch s.hol* and o5( a s, lhe lid sr \o a', @d\ @ ice
poblem duing lhe Japai6e @upaim was an adide by BenedhAnde6on,
li0ed 'Prcb em ol Ri@
ii
1966
'
Aner intldu.ing
fie Eods
oi Sanyo Kaiqi
wb
6
In 1998 Pa! XEtostz edirei a b.oi t lred F@dsrpplbsadrE Jaree
odupatio, i,, Soud,.EarAsia, and al oltu abow.renlided eholats (Sato,
@i da EnO, N@ and tu6ak) @ntibulE ai adide ii thh b@k. B6ides
them &aloska wb an annb @ing the $de Soulhedl Asa ad $o
mE schola6 on Vieham {Furuta Moloo and NguFn fte Anh) and one
ehol on Sa@k (Roben CEmb) also add6d h6ir @lr bulions ln $ s
book KuGsaw anaran d@ prcblm ioi oit ln Jav. bltde in Buma a|d
de pob eh
in Tha laid, YoshikM T6hlhatu ercle n 1999and
Kariaki rchirc wEre in 2t04 in elalion b rhe Eilway rranspo,taion . ftus
lhe ,lce preblem in alm6l all main aeas oi SoutEst As a h6 alEdy b*n
rhorcioh'y sMid and thee aE a eady e_o.Oi inroraion or fiis lopk
Even vith such en,ichmentol iitomaton rtoul t'e ice prcbiem,
N iyanb darcd to claim lhat een in Jffi 6e situalion is d fieEnl dependinq
on aE and he lound it ne(6ary lo illusiEla its dilerBe ht spe.iar/hq in
As tor
padcuh a@. Ha @6ide6 nrd desc,jbing hislory al meo bvel ofieo
lacks quantilaliE daL. Nawyanlo is swNtllin oveoom!q thi! pDblem
by@ldlingstalstcal d quant laliE 6vldei@6 al eqional *eh. !e always
ties lo @im lhe nlomal on amm inleruies by milten ddumenls and vie
one
B@d o[ tho* delal inlomdion, NaviyoL c.ma tr a mnc us on lhal
pmducton atrd lomr d6an 6b in Besuki
hom {as 6s d€mas in
han in aiy odEr residencies in JaE and as a resul Besuki as a
"hole,
slnered les s@rely than othe6. Ne tudher slBses that loca dillercne
@u d he sen even inside one Esideicy and hadsh p caued by Japa@e
occupation was nol equally dhLibuled anong iour eOercies n Besuli
R*idemy. He aiso llns oul hal in sprte ol relaliwly h 9h pmductm, a pan of
Besuki s populalin ie I difrcult 6 n obtaining dce, aid he connecls lhis *ih
disrupt m oi ice madcl inll cted by JapaEse iorcen de[Ery and @nto led
i6
Noijice cereaB *pe enced decliie becaue p anted area was
redued due Io inhlduclion ol id ! ail5 sEh as conon ad @slor oil plant
aid Nasiy6ntr blmes the J6pane* ior lheir lack oi coodnalo io their
Al tEE lind ngB @n be acquied only thrcuqh detailed E*arch at
mco b@1,.nd N iFnb {.5 6ry su@e$r( in tEL
I b.liM tal
at tio nm aid ni.o 166l is equal]y imoon nl
inone o lomdar, an 4u6tg 6e!1. Neiyanlo s sMy6suGry.litihurE
as fie b6is ol compllio hlsiory in brcadd pere!€c]i€ ad laqa space
l. mmory of nE 60h anniE6ary of
d ol lhe uar, a pmjecl of
publshing
@piling aid
*style mdire hislory is now qoinq on B Japan.
Th. ri.l Fodud {i I @Ee out as eiqhi volum$ ol b@lc on tuian Pacli.
War, @nsMns or mts tEn 100 anichr vinen nainly by Japan6e but
pa,ny bt nmJaporm hislodaB .ln nris sri6s, tB mm@n tqm is lo
reiilonEl vadous asp€cls olhistory Elabd lo lho Mr rilh brcada line spa
6s[I
llE
unlil he
eqt
)eats lheE {as @ry li(le inleE.tion belreen spe.iathls
oi vaious are6i sp€.ialsts dediclkd mosl offieir fm lo thet tietd ot tudy
and lgnorcd ohei speialhls fom otherfElds liow w rry lo qet id oi it and
put r.$lher alr the lindings lhal eadr special sl h.s so tu b@ught lo the
qercE public The prcb m ol dE is ds lal@h up on mis pub ish ig pmject
and *il b6 aE )u d frcm b@der p8GpectiE that @ve6 lhe sirote creater
Eastlsian ft.pruspedly sphee lt is nol Dn@r oial macrHdented hhlory
ol mre geidal dhaEder nstad, I ti6 to buih up new intemretalon b66d
oi very detal ed iach-rnding ircm each arca. Thb n6w lrle of ge@d h islo,y
nlum,payiula enton on @ddi@tsty
lant a ne e,pEs! on" esel As I atEy! ctar .ts yahee, :Ls
indispmsable lor non Japaiese histodan io make ue ol Japanee aEhiv6
I kw how d licult il is but lhe use ol Japaiese liierature su€ty ma(es $en
should,
study
me
complele and iicher Mayb6 il h duty of
6
Japanss lo tEnslale
doE doturenh into Enllish e that loreign scho aE can hde easier ac!6s
10 tEm. Fq lhe mment more erchang€ ol inlomat oi and dala shou d be
promoled beyoid lhe boundary ol nalions.
1.
2.
Thh adicle is pub ished n
lJdd6,a
No2
(ocr
1966)
KuEsam Aiko, 'N ho. Gunse ka m Jam ni okeru Eelkoks Ryutu
Selsaku no chi lGsatu Istudy on Ri@ Maiietiiq in Java du,ing Japa€so
ft(parionf, 4ia (ez4 vor 21 No. 11 (1980) and Ku6am A ko 1aM io
sonEku ni okeru Shatai Henyo no lchi Koetsu lsoctat chaq6 n Ja€iese
Vilases 1942 45: :The Forced De ivery System aid ris lmpm!, I@a /rlb
3.
in Rlral
dan
kuEsea
Jda
r@ht
4.
Aiko, 'Mobi
iaion
add conlor : A Study on So.iat Chanoe
1942-1945" Ph. D Dbenathn to Co@t Uolwnity, and
Sttii
tun
^,iohtbd!,
s r6dbahe Sosiat di Pedes& Jawa 1912-104i.
Ricado Hoso 'Nihon Senryoka i i oked shoku ryo Kan,i Toei S6tdo
IFood tumi.bta on in $€ Philippin6 Dudig UE Japanese O@upaion:
Fdusng oi ihe Fr@ ShorQe and CountemasB' in lkehala Selsuho
edil., N,hn Seryola 4o F,,&id, loiyo: @ami Shoten 1996
5. Yoshikawa Toshiharu, 'Ta Chuton Nihongun nl yoi! tume io
Chotalsu lRice C.laclion by JapaneeAmy sk0o@d n nrailandl, Ihe J@rE,
o,Sophia,ll, St d,.s No.l7{1999)an!Kakizakil.hire, Ialm Telsudo to
rGm Yu$ 19411953 [RaiMys and R @ T6ispod in nEiaid 194].1954'
Iud
Ajh l.etkyu. vot. 42 No.2 l20a4j
6. Ihes boors wl b€ plbished by
lit e,
K@ar r,4,ia Iaihdlt S4sq in 2005.
v
amiSolen
(tob!)hdEthe
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
l.l
Background and Research Questlons
(rui,l Penol in t!. 6ue
Japan& mFaiim in lndoneia w6 a
ot lndonEian niiory ThE on be un.lestood in lBht 6l tle
poramodmporrr'Fot hP-rodbaPalud.ro.lrIndonN.Evoluiion Oberlds enptEsEd tlur dunng the.lapone eupdion
p.riod lndomia erFnened a redar]r.ble siaL char8E, which
irarotomed Indondan ciery and sdted .ondniom rqun.d tor
a brlgound to the mkrng oI hdondan revolution' TL€ olten
q@1ed iildratioB lor t1N chanee are roal l*el mas nrobilietion
lor sonomrc, $ial and n nary puPos€s a
Imdanenbl sbjtr in uadirional Elatio6 tetMm eln6 and ordimry
people and ln .olodal polidG In this Egafth n E alo renahlc
th,t Fre.ledck and sato resarded the lapale dnpauon 6 a
tGtuirional Fri.d Ircm ihe Dulch colonial rule to rhe indeFndot
state ot In lonEiar SimiLrlX l(amhele and Nastion called the
Japare @pation 6 a preLude to lndocian indeFndener h
at a very lar8e
qle
e/.rrru d- !r -ioLorib'rii,
|.q,jJ',hi.,i,,Ii.oliii'jlLqao
'od.,lq'q,6(rrL,dlo'd[
tt. t irnli
iit hr$ h,r-ro t .ldp-.ru,.Fd@ 4a t 4'.'it.)
lnlE[!ool,'jrc,dl
uo^Lio rqrrr d uui6.
&r,j{
!:,t,,{,!-lP,?Ptr,.,.,r,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. ARCHIVAL
MATERIALS
ABlp Nasional Republik lndonesla (lakana)
AdD R6dr@ B€H %.\,'br{dg lrn Bu et'' 6 B,n @.ngi. 311
A^;Rdd"qB-.u9,, {sre, er{Js !,r Rd&n r B*kr 133/:
ANp cdGE, BdI C 13, aCFnen 'vtr 14 vm Rdd'rue Bsh 3q7_
"Item.rie mn OveBrve Reidcnt %n Beti 19221
'M.mom vanO!@E REdent vrn BekL H.4.vd,ls25'
Mf,mhtnull('otr \4rmomv,. OvEs,rvrn&nRsdfl 'r Baakr
193LI9341
Marclilm C.lldim, "Mnorh van OEEIE v,n den REidmi v'n Eaxki
rirur 'ot )o l'-u'i
Cl A qr R'mord' ow & Pnod. r0
'
II.
PUBLISHED ARCHIVAL MATERTALS
B.ndi, l rl . l ( lnkura and K xisli, (eds), Jdran.. r,illo I ) ll]'irr si I dron
r l, orrid:sd&t, D&aft s Ncw tla\tn :dheu A5Ld studE
lnNdron $ris Y?lc Lrirvcrsl, 1965
(anflndF, 5 d d Gd) M!tro'i sdrl\ lnlaLdn 1921;q3A ln@ nru '1ar
rridl (.ramdtr hkana ANRI, 1973
Itn,los. cl-Ml (cd), hdoirna: s.lfttd D,.u,ns 0, colonidlier d'i
Muonali'n 1430142.5r. I.mr: Uni'6nrv ol Qwnsland, 1977
I
PUBLICATIONS AND COMPANY
III. GOVERNI\IENT
REPORTS
Di,eot3
Repan
ai 9tu
.tu aJ
A6tuiflr
1923-1935
Cz@$E
Uns.et. t lm
en
Ptoahtu
;p lan.n Monan B37l9t6
kn
de
B.tuni Pbttolbn\ Lmjtd,
toonaarut rtudin3r8'tr$etr
lrkana:
Gnt
al
Kmhr v@r&
l4
itrl,S 1'rll vol tl Rxrh: r?ndelrDli(rLr Lgll
laarliod' r{n rn D./(rornr rdn a.,nbrr Nir.rtrl, !r/ linld rn
rv.ddldrlxl) J ]r rlt5 &Laur ttr.d{t&tJ..l l9l7
ladrJr, ran i'a D.fa,k,nor ,rnr Ldrabnr"r N_iwtni, .d ria,rd.ti[
N.r-rnjryl tn 1914. Bxhu: rrrtalnL:ikrfll, t9i5
lrdLrh
'.
r.n lara .tr Mado.,a \velGvrtd.n Dcp un.nr van
Llndbou! Nlr'nhd cn H,nd.t, 1926
Lr&Qath @1 dr Mijd,rt \\urtun du lt\t1,tLl. a. /.}:trl op lav en
Maaaeru, vb artzn vdn d. UjiL"nnrtr d.r Co{ndiris
ondiue ng naa' d.n Landbatw ot Ddatrit c.nani*
C*,oi8i.hhinS.n Bairur: Van DoA t9rl3
&dtnil 3.ng[4 Mror na,al3 dr P.]dbrtat tnd.nsd )%919t2 lakata
Iiro rNr $.rhi(, 1974
Srahiiai ldarooatr lin nr.d-L&latr llldi. 1925 wetrEvdcn: r &
rdndbotrMdaj
Starin&h
len!..
riir
rn lrd.d4,&, tn i.
1928
rvrtrr.ldrn:
rf,nds
orrjJr
Ho&l o] rimdd Gri.d
L}nr & Bq,lrn t94o
J.a,lon! l9{0
lbl,ildlin3 ,rl4 rrrr^ln*(dam:
ll, r,,ylr n.rollitr! !d an'n laM B lu! l-nls
IV.
vrl
of
orrztrh roor N.d.'t(ulnl lrntrr Eak''r L.rL!
NEWSPAPERS
PAPERS
R &,dr Han d' Srrrrdj. )an8 l{.n98.n14,[dn I'idotrs (
l,k k lryrliflr A$rnH ollsr,1994
\bc lU I r.',q g,
d D" 'rd;i,' rd n
'r ' dr'4Er^m'
'' .r'.
Daln w0 t d.t t
.
kpalg la ,'
"v, r ob. l '
adirmra Kdn,. Ml "Pcmbcrcnhlon P.ra dr Bhr/ UnPuLlish.d
lbdulgrnr
'flsi1 cdlah Mad: Ud\0nty YoF/ik 0, 1973
,{ltm "lin Mahlo: PlFng R.rcldon.r yr$ KePan: in T AMulhl\
A luxhrsn rnd O Dhatidac (dLsl, MdrlM d,lan x.nr s:irrdir
lli.tr a,alndAG Doniirhomc $tr, a Ltr-thr
Nc! Yil vr.m lan l9t7
i'r
lndmna drl Mdbla
Jdd in a 1]ruoJfi.loln.rn .r@Indo, d nd k[.,
^rdollBlio.
icll 1916 lilri.a: ao i.ll L:n,Y-ily Pr5, l!r72, Pnbhnul nL
nlan l.Png d. tl'l.,w,ui
Ddon.san r R.!oL n ldno..ld ,1
'tl
ls33
J,l,trd lrkxik sna. I]ILrir\
,i.gdtt,,?\ r rJ rl, r,rgai d, I"loflr lllintx lntrn ,onrl..]mtr,N!tr
AND PERIODICALS
! lr'ilrr.n xnC .)runi{I, Is3r
,1,lld L:B Lnri IIU L d,llnrln, 1\'l ua,l l'crtnnLrhin ( Lr
L
|r,tt
hny. di lrf L(lid Pin soe, LLroiom' MEyrikrl, 1360
lqro lr,!!linxi M,] l hr-i\ Gdtrh l ?da ! n,!.4( y \i,$'i,lii 1,
r
,
[q.1A94]]
P.nk nohun RIrl. I Ger9
sdaE ai:, 2601 260+, 11941 ts44l
Tronp.t MasFrakar, 19511961
ihna nerki'luq 2603t60t lls4l19451
,|! n n.,rn!l rlii!.1 I
l
lh,trrLri (liRi,rDtri !in{'r;rpul, .!rd teir.i rqrn, ru(
Itr
I{an Po, 26021603
UNPUBLISHED REPORTS AND
I
srnrorra .n lad 1dht. 5idijx{[
v,l,6rl[ng ]9r0
V. BOOKS, ARTICLES,
r ,r
\vP
u,nnibr
lmLlr:4
]q3!
lkral jildtriil',g rJsJrinra tunhn3 d
E.ol.
rmnsl{
^l,tu
.,\6B YN'aiTDrtrDg andlirgtr r\hd: AI Uopnon of r PrPUI
I5l nnR D,ntsrnydQng,im!H Ho'$n.lti{J M,i.nndw
vn d$ l,lohn Grr, Loriins m Orl Mn,is, ft. Jart S.a t d.n:
vikrqrcp Tal$.n auhEn vm aiido6llr..n omnB 1992
linDdi P.l.!. &r&i? l,krh: Sinr lla prm, 1935
Arhoodtrd.o. R .q
v,!rd{r,.
\aot..hp,it
r ia,
-a-
r."
I
Man@1., AntE,. Amqddn .I irn.tnt(.. %i'p
ao-
Amoq,airdF, P Srta/"LEl,oionj tndoMu: IkriJry Sorirtdli Jakanr
Pndnya Panmna, 193{
Arz, ML hpdn Calatuli$ dnA hdwia s ciavcntns: NijMff, t95r.
Badnyanro, B-s 1\d@n sapr Anran iiadii drn
Judi,t Sllt.ritr Sdrd,
r0, 1s39
Sald
I
N,\ .',\\,\\ I.,SI RICT GRA\ARY
( hugr rrtrl lhr lnlnLl 0l,hl)irnrsr {)rruprti0n
Ilononrr
ll
0n
tht \grhulhrral
llrurl,i l{r:sidencr, l9{}19{5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IHE RISINC SUN IN AJAV1NFIE RICE CRANARY
clDq+ od $c lmprc( orj{p.ner oG,prtioi or $q &riqLtuEl tr@rcur or
Ben'Li Rdid@q, r94zt rrt, s. NlwiF!@
cowraciso by^mn H€nd eh
@2005
hrs. Nawiyrm All
'iB[*
ioEl
orreeby
Pdaeby
lr
ribryof6c Pipu[[.of]tdo&i. Gdos{iis
.
(A[oKu6ea)
...
INIRODUCIIoN. ..... ...
.....
OEanzalion......
l!: BESUKIPRORTO THE JAPAIiESE oCCUPAIIoN. .....
in
ruuidrion Dn.
rhctoshssu!itrrtMi&RiacEmry chusc dc.rDpa(ort+ne
oEupaiio oD rk Ag.nukrn Dcobq, dfBslk RGidctr* r941.r9.{5i
cradgprd, Yos/r€tur r.dnion,Juty 20o5i I ro
ACT) .............................................vl]
(S'i9edsab.\e!6hunmay) .. ... .. ......tr
..... ........... ...........................,.. , ......,.1
1.1BackgmuidaidRosearchAuestio...,..............................,...,.1
1.2 SopeofSbdy .......... ......... ......................................... ....12
1.3 Th*Elical Fmaolr.... ... ....... ...... ..... ..........................14
].4 Merh.dology .....
.....................17
1.5
........... .............19
r!*,cl
rublnhdhrdoftsh6ycihis,*(McnbqoIrK pl)
lh^rysrck3/r,lrhlnoosluYolirrr ul'lJotrshtt22t
ttdnc+62 274 551)35,554t36t Ftr rG2,274 t54e85
N
pokrcu'redgemmB,.... .(L}!i
r?
l0
mm: iy
r r90 pp.
.......
......21
21 ntrduclioi.. ........... ......... ............................... ...........21
2.2ceogEphyofBesuli
.......................21
23f810ica10u11ieo1thelesuk1Region..........................................26
2.,1 Development otAEble Land ........ ........ .......... .... . . . . . . . ...36
25Famagrcu1u8.................................................................38
26PlanLlionAgdcullue.. ...,,.......,............57
2.7 aoicluslon.... .....,
... ...,.... . ........67
lllrBESIJI(IS F RM AGRICULTUR!...
3.1 drcnudion
....
... ....... .........
......... .. .. .69
......... ........ ... ..... ... ...69
32Japai6ePoicesonFam&iicull!e..... ......... ........ ..........J0
Pritrci $d lhutrJ h rDdorqn hr hcn]qo G{hnspB
tln. Arccak 3714 Brjrc B,ru YoEalsrE rnd@6a
Plna\r i62 - 274 5119a5.55493& Fx. t67 271 511e35
frr5
33Deve|ooment0j48b1e1and..................................................77
3.4 AqicutuE lnnoEljoN,,.,.... ....,.........,..............,,.................A1
3.5 Ric€...... ........... ..........................................................86
3.6 Maize.............
...,,,.....,,.....,....,,,.....,...,..,,...................39
3.7 Cass.€. .......,,, .. ..............................................................102
.
3.0
So1t ..............
............,.........
.. ......105
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thh book dawloped fmm a research repod submilted to lhe Sumilomo
Foundaiion, Tolqo Japai. The Sumilomo Foundalion linanclally suppofted
fie Esoarch uidor the scheme oi the Japatrrcaled Rasearch Prcjecl
PmsEm. mud like m thank The Sumilom Foundaton I0r ls geieous
n@mplelinglheBearchrorthEbook hdebeen ndededtoanumber
o, people. My special thanlc aG dm b DL Plere van ds Enq, prcvidi0s
ln lhe @llsliot or sou@
hlme l 6 a very Bou@tu| 4d helpfu adv
ra?id s ks h"lp"d by,ldi d sME lD?i6: Tr' b?_yo"ne R*e; 1
*r
cops al Kali*lning, Jember Res4rch len Ee for RuEl d
Reoional Derelopment, Gadrah i/Lda LJni@Eilx Yoqyakana The Libmry ol
ro \oq/aldir SprLElReg o Na@tlAtiles o' h" R"pubrr ol Tort.
Naronal L bmry ol ure Republc of lndoiesia; aDd ll cks colr*lion ol the
lnd.nesian Natona lnslilulE ol $ien@ (LP), n Jakana. I aho dr k Mr
crnt!
for Eshle
Kamboya,
{ho
he
p€d he obtalniig a numb$ ot va oab o sources.
lam arsoespecialy g6teiulto my @ll.agus, suna an, MSl, Dison
Iriulyad, M Si aid aLso a number ol sludenls ol lhe Hlslory oepa ment,
Facuiv ol Lete6, The UniE6ity of Jember, mddns tor me as lield @4e6..
Ihey wee AliYasin, EMh Sljaun ko, Fauz
ah Yusdni, and
fuus [,r!ha]iWlaya.
b nry ssior@leaq06, DE l\r.H.
Prol
D6. soetaro. Lasl but nol le6l,
sund@, DE sud D, s U. and Etircd
my 3p{ial lhanks goes lo all hishdcal !i1nes6 {ho shared lhelr slor es ior
U s bmk. I als erp6s lhaik L Pml. Ben llhib oi lhe nslilulE oI Socla
studi6,fteNetrerr dsandDr BanAbdulahofrheGadjahMadauniwrsily
for giving me ai optodunity to panicpale in lhe Yogyakada nteriahonal
Wodshop oi Copng with the C,ises and for pmvidinq genemG financla
Thls book s also an exoGsion oi lhanrs
slppod lor my 4.mmodalion and tavelr'om and b&k h
rhaiks io
0E J@ph
su
padioa, M.s, who
ol lhis b@t Ale ny lhanks lo
and for s$a n0 h s
Bct
und*knding
ho
cdbem.
prd ihpoving lhe hnq uage
Bater lor in pmvlnq he
ol what Gon
vii
Lertend
s ow heans
lile oi his b.oi(
ou daily lives
ln
dedi€led
10 my belo@d
viG
Nina [iu0aE Calvaryi i ior lhe . ompan onship,
alEys te&h us how lo
gM
in
Preface
ayshiren sato
Weny Pudyasluti s.S. and my
cac
d love.
faih, low and hop6,
(Un Nersity ot Newc astte)
lle qeneBl 5E_dad ol lking dud.g
the Japanese o@upaion. The @use ol rhe dEp, and Elared ecial and
politiBl changes, is 3t I iiadequale y undeEtood. The €xislins lileatuE
lFdonesE e.perenced a
2005
sla p dop
rn
usualll afidbuEs it lD rulhless exploihl on by th€ Japanso. The mlivalion
behind lh6 Japan€s. irvasiod
s
Ms
lndeed exploilalion of
rcsu@s.
onEpl, hM@r, n*ds io be app ied wih cae.
lxe ese@s $atthey aired io €rp oll
liFt and toEmosl, slElegbalt
Ela oilalion as
analr4ical
w,
npor6nt ileds such as oil, rubbeL and u.. ne amount of Ihese
re$uB
he, reeded. and plan'en b secJE. ms a sall f eton ol ehal rdor6'a
used to expod They exploited other iemr as uel, Jor iislanca by
commandee no molor vehicles aid ships, @nf6cstins enemy pDpenies,
and tlEugh forced donalio.s oi monqa je@llery, and scrap non. Thsa
Iom ol exo o tauon reE cenainly damasins M d @l exploilalion alono
euld nol adequaE y exp an tha genoEl sLump in the slandard of livinO.
Ire Japanee l&ked shipping clpacily and ottr m@ns lor a laqa'
scab matadal erdoit t on. 36lom l,\. @r about *@ity per enl ol all lhe
shps lMlopeEted hhreon ndonesias pons and ioEhn pons bel gedio
the Geal Bilrin and the Nelheiands, 4d Japan's share w6 no more lho
eishr per@ntin loniage.
M6t oItlE shiF rhar belmged ro beAlied @unties
had bnrhe aE pdor ro he Japanee atek. The Japanee shippirc cap&iry
w6 sma I tom lhe oulsel, and plummeLd n Ih8 stund hall ofthe mupalion
Dedod when Ue {onmic condil om ln lndoMia s umped supposdly dB
Ihis intelpretative conuidrum can be brcken ifee diiieEnuaie
erploitaton lom erploihliw intensloi. The later wd much moe hamtul
fian dirccterploiblion. Japan launched into lhe mreih an inleiiion io exp olt
eou@s. fiE hibn b a@mplish lhb inienlhn bul lhelr aclion a[ered lhe
o@al egional and ooba Mnomic slructuEs. Ths nrodrElchange had
viii
h
oi lidoiesian econony. lt aflected lndoresian
people\ da y li@ indirecly, in extemeiy compl* oays.
F@m the p€ople wilh iq Estures, lhe Japd6e erp oited abour and
de. The qisling ac@unls do iot q@tun for trhal puQoses Uie Japane*
erp oiled 50 much labor and ,ice apparently assum ng lhal then neens and
th. cpacily lo explo t weE u lmited. lf re we.e to oblain a
inlomed
unded.iding, re will noed to €rp5nn or Esearch into tio d eclions OE
is lo examine $e brcad hslodcaland g@graphical conlexl in *tich the
exploihliE etiois tool place The olher is to conduct a delailed 6e study
an impact on a I aspects
rc
e rhe.
of a panicula issue or a locarion.
illuslElioi let re .ite $e cae oi exoloibfon ol coal and
labor n Telalombo kabupalen Pactai Easl Java. BetoE lhe Japarese
ocupadon, Java had no acliE @dmin6 aid imp.rled @ ircm Sumalra
and Kalimantan. Atur lho inu6ion ire Japan6e @e in€pable of shi(ifq
By way ol
spe about
but te amunt
sum.ient aho! nls ol coal to Java lrcm ils adjee0t is ands Tney
Iolry O€rceitolnre hhFis and shippino space lor sh
Jav. could reeive
,as
I
no corl
bd a stoa I lEclion of lhe pBwar impon
Ir s wu d
paElyse Ja€ s raivay syslem and its economy The Japaneso lhetstorc
olaes eilhii Java. The Japanes dmpany lshihad
Saiqyo, eas odercd lo nine n TeOalombo Imm Apil 19,1-4. fte dhlanF
beM€ei lhe open cul m nes ii Ihe tuig 6 to be neaesl rcad on {hich cads
colld opeEte w4 rony kilomerB. Tlie @mpany mobilzed hundrcds oi local
people lo cany dlqoul coalon lhet backs. Theh lun tp aloig a Mftw
mouirain pass r.ok rhem a hsdaF The amouil oI @doblained n Java
vas s sml lhal the shonage of coa! baEme moG and rure a@h bul lhe
Japanese decided to disonliiuelhe hiies ii leoa ombo in eady 1945
beG,se I'e la!o-4 prcnxlo'efi(ie q was onqders boloretr 1
staned @a mining at s x
fom the Est oi ihe wo d ln olher mds, eonomic va ua ol labour drcpped
due to conpaBlive dhadvanlage ol a cloed dmomy. This lorced pep e oi
ndon*ia lo rc* haderlo oblain f*er r6oums. That Ms lhe iundamental
@aen b.hind the enensive mbilizaton ot la5orcts euphonica y ca ed
daiy6enlassuchasloodandcothing s aso €laled
h the same orcblem. Naw yanb Do nls oul lh€l hod Drcduclioi n B es u ki
d rcpped d ue n pa d to erlen sive culiivaiion ol cotoi. F@d and clolhlig w e
eve.rone s daiy e$enllals, and lheir omduct ois wee clGely e aled to each
olhet as rell 6 io lhe exhrsive moblllzaion oi laboul Collon curvalon
Thepmblemof
aliecled the ocal agtuullue not only in gesutj bul a so in the other pads ol
dre ndonesian arhioe aqo
lleBture 6ua y atubul6 rhe labou. mobiizalion lo rhe Japane*
eu@s iid cale that civ I proiecls demaiden
mu.h more abour Th.t @e becaue as iustEEn abore, the prcducuon
€mcion.y or labour drcpped when lhe Java beame *momhaly iela&n
m I lary
ne€ns but some pimary
beyond. Be,oe lhe war Soulheasl Asia as a
whole Gied a mosl @mpleGy on impo alion lor a suppy oJ clolhing,
ad
l6din9 pallom slopped be€use lhe supp y
of cotton as lhe Ew malerallor Japatrslellie lndusry stopped. Japao
Japan was $e ma
n
supplie[
Th s
enenled a live ye4 coloi cultvalion plan ihrcughoullhe occupied
terdbnes Th s undeniied food production. To compeNale lhe oss ol
lam and 1o nond b e cDps lhe Japanese opeied the agd.ullu El eslates
lo lhe @d osola lbrow nq food cmDs, and also staded asricultuGLeroms.
As erampies ol neqal ve and pos tive leqac es ol the Japanese
@cupalion, Nawlyanlo po nis oul the 6usal iik belw*o the openlig up oi
lhe Arares lor lood cu lival oi duing lhe @cupation 6id lhe cooi cls h lhe
1950s behreen lhe iame6 aid lhe edvhlle owie6 ol $e eslales, atu tre
imp
lukl Ebms by the Japanese and lh€ qr$n
S30s I re eramim th6e l$ues i a hhlor€
rclar onship beM€en the aqr cu
lndfr6 a in lhe
.onlexl oflhe structuGlchanqe, we
rew ution in
aulhoit
6
daned
1
$66
brcke our ii EuDp.
Ite
ad
.
vi
Galize rhat lhe Dutch coonla
rcloms belorc lhe Japaiese invas on. llhen lhe war
seplember 1939,lhe Dutch anlicipated lhe coming or
war to the Notrer ands hdies
aid slafted to make pepaEt ois lo eslab ish
econonic self-sufcemy For nslame they opened the loba@o and olher
esi.t6 in tE Easl coasl of sumatc lor lhe l6a! peop e lo grcf,
l@d cmps and a$ Gsued the [email protected],noli6 {tomad .ulivalion
aqdcullucl
)d
o,! nan@) and staned agnicu tural Blms in lhe OUbl lslands by iiildEing
moE abou inrensive merlEd s ol ric6 r6ming lhat m3 Fericed in Japan. lt
*as rie outh rho slaled rhp xrpa- /dtbl or'cetming 1ndoresE
h.al slud s vil Esult n hoEugh
iq oi lhe hisbry ol lhe Japamse d.upalion, n. ud ing $u* 3@h rs
C. ntetualizalion and a@umu alion ol
@wil
caus.l
t
continuity ,nd.haiqe, and legacy. ln thh book, Neiyanlo pEsenls
a lno ocalsludy, rut malnq a ddr.{e spp lokad a -oF pr"crs6
undedlatding ol oconomi. lssues in idonesia during the Japan€sg
PREFACE
ByAiko Kutasawa
I hrs
alrcady
alos wlh
ben
sine he Japanes ree delealed in the war
r @clpadon in ndoi6ia lt i5 signitcant lhat this
60 yeats
lh€ end ol the
book by Naw yani, b publhhed on the 6@ anni@Eary Ihe
gwi
viru$es
or lh€
nowod m.ny ol$am hN pa*d auay. ThdeloE,
thee is a reBsily ior immediale @ lellions ol ths oEl re@ds lrcm this
hhlory ha€
o d by
pedod
mny edemic wod6 dor
ridomsla, bur rhh book by N4iyaito is very
and topic. !e iocus6 o. one esldency n J a,
Thmushout tha 60 yea6, lhee have b@n
on Japanes oMparion
spellc
in chmsins
ii
lts area
Esidenry of Bsul( localed at easl lip ot Java lslaid, a land iamous lor ils
ri.hnes li agdcutuE. By locGing or one pantubr a@a, h6 cdlicizas the
most oifie exiding sludy b6ause ol ils oE.geneEizadon. He claims rral
even rithln one admiihlElive a.ea such as Java inpacl orJap ese
Nolonly
be.! specifc
rM, Nawiyanto aho look specilic
He mna.lrales oi aoddlluml chanoe In lhh
h lhe choice ol
choies ii iems ol h s lroic.
E de_cyolBe,uF -6 tunhs /ndyzes he bptrolprcdiclion hy loc6'no
les6 on lhs aspdl ol circulalion of lhose aoicu luE @mfrodilles. He
queslions uE impdl oflhe Japanse tole on lhe B.sukl s agicultue and ihe
felc lhal herp h undeEhnd lhe petuman@ otagd@lluE in Besuii duinq
Japa6e o@upaum Thus tt- s@pe o{ his stud, is s6l do ldil€d
Being a histodan Naw)6ilo applis hblodcd m.thodolosy ol loxlEl
cdtaue and tri6 io.oisult 6 nuch as oossible on witlen deuments
inc uiim Dulch adr Es, eEn if I equ res oEl Eserch (imely inteMe6
lhl@lhist ihlu tEss). Althulh lhe iumbe. oi inlomants wlth a@uEc
ftmal otr ahdl th€ past @e limlted Naw yanio mnaoen b ind a iew
also slesstu ii col 4rinq uinen d@umenls
oood Esour6. He
Japaiossponsored
lo€l n4spap* and eseaBh documenls
such as
L\e
B
rl
wdtlsi by Dulch h imfrediale poslv, pedod. Thercfore, Ihe valldi9 ol
Naianlos mhnl *as quit€ eNBt6.
'Iho ptobem ol aqdcutturc, sp&ia ty lhat oi dce (duriio Japan6e
occupstion in soultEasr Asia) s one ol lhe iopcs rhat have been nost
ntens @ry and thomugh y sbdied by vaibus s.noh6 fDm rhe vorld. Many
h@ts aln adides haE been pubrishe! on lh s lopic. Thh toplc eiecls lhe
&cl lhat qulte a iew hhlo,ians .oisider lhe ,i.e prcbhm lo b. crurlal in oder
lo unde6laid lhe social-&onmh aspecl of Japan.se oetrpalioi. C0 ntra ry
to lhe genoE undErsbnding lhal Soulhesl Asia was mporlant lor lhe
Japana* bMuse of oil, Neiydlo mentbB lhat the ice pob em actually
cau*d more danage imposed on o€ people ewDehqe n soulheast
ii Java
wnich he found n lhe
oul.h archi@s, he brcughl lhe prcb em ol d@
Thenafte.manyy€6 inlerya,in1980aid 1981, KuEsawawmleiw
adides ii J apanee t@ma s oi contolled r @ Mnomy and ice Eq u sil oi
dpds
esp€ct€ y ' -h.n ' 1986 s5. @le in TdoEi dbou' a
ii potest ol dce Equis rion tr d6myu Iten in 1s36 she spaen hro chapi€c
in her Ph. 0 dissen.ton h Com€l lor agrclltuE prcduction and rce
ciar atun. (Ihh boor eas htert'ans ared nr. hdoidian aRd poblshed in
1994 in Jakar€ and Nawiyanto ciles iom Ihis vedon ) I A I hq wis wE
Brnt
based on Durch arch res
li
ad inhtoiM
{
t r Japan and ndonesE
Shgeo ae Etun€n b ica poblom in JaE in hls b.ok,
d P6sqns: Jova wJer LtN Jwr@o o@uadin 1942,94t ln rhe sm6 year P ere Bn dst Ergw.ile F@d SUOqU I Ja@ dnllg
d DeqlMizali , Th6n Ricado Hos {rcle hh Ph.D d sshlion on
ice prcblen in lhe Philipoides, lor lokyo Uii€reity ol Forcion Slddi6, aid
publ shed n a bmt oi lhe Japan6e occupalio in fio
lho eson.e
1994 Sab
Wlhliadiw
Souti6t Asia has thEe b deprcd ucinq aEas Buma, ltal aid aod
lid@hina Total ol six mi I ois milled de used to be expodpd lrom rh6e
lhe ear in rMr dars, M anq tlE bEakoulothe warlh@ ice m&kols
dlminishe!. The JapaBe milirary auh@Iy houglt it muld not be ha tul
to Equis b mtoltis su.p c lorlhe b€neatolJala and Japa@se.@upjed
ace. Bul, ir s luned oul lo be qu le 5 hmtul danaoe lor b.lh cuhiyaloE
g
To
mimie
Ih€ collecl on ol dce, Japan
prcduct lor rery low
loMd pesa
s Io
deil€r diek
pri6, d ds impo*d he alioning ol i€
to
udai
contary io lhe odginal calculaloB me d, did noi m@ssrily
rcadl the rcquesled d60narions, inscad much veE l6ron rhe My iorseEa
redons 15 a resuli thee *as a pEva led shonage ol ,i@ aid lhouends ol
people reE slaNing, 6nd ii m,tEm pal ol vietian lwo millois ol pmpl6
dren*
died ol
huiqei
ln Java, roo many
cas
oi shdalon
@e
round and
tur€
B@auso ol sch d6l c efe.t qlilE a lw $hdaE paid aflfllion on lhe
pmbhm
dce
duiiiq lhe Japanese o@polion. Apan frcm immediate post war
suBey doie by Dutch s.hol* and o5( a s, lhe lid sr \o a', @d\ @ ice
poblem duing lhe Japai6e @upaim was an adide by BenedhAnde6on,
li0ed 'Prcb em ol Ri@
ii
1966
'
Aner intldu.ing
fie Eods
oi Sanyo Kaiqi
wb
6
In 1998 Pa! XEtostz edirei a b.oi t lred F@dsrpplbsadrE Jaree
odupatio, i,, Soud,.EarAsia, and al oltu abow.renlided eholats (Sato,
@i da EnO, N@ and tu6ak) @ntibulE ai adide ii thh b@k. B6ides
them &aloska wb an annb @ing the $de Soulhedl Asa ad $o
mE schola6 on Vieham {Furuta Moloo and NguFn fte Anh) and one
ehol on Sa@k (Roben CEmb) also add6d h6ir @lr bulions ln $ s
book KuGsaw anaran d@ prcblm ioi oit ln Jav. bltde in Buma a|d
de pob eh
in Tha laid, YoshikM T6hlhatu ercle n 1999and
Kariaki rchirc wEre in 2t04 in elalion b rhe Eilway rranspo,taion . ftus
lhe ,lce preblem in alm6l all main aeas oi SoutEst As a h6 alEdy b*n
rhorcioh'y sMid and thee aE a eady e_o.Oi inroraion or fiis lopk
Even vith such en,ichmentol iitomaton rtoul t'e ice prcbiem,
N iyanb darcd to claim lhat een in Jffi 6e situalion is d fieEnl dependinq
on aE and he lound it ne(6ary lo illusiEla its dilerBe ht spe.iar/hq in
As tor
padcuh a@. Ha @6ide6 nrd desc,jbing hislory al meo bvel ofieo
lacks quantilaliE daL. Nawyanlo is swNtllin oveoom!q thi! pDblem
by@ldlingstalstcal d quant laliE 6vldei@6 al eqional *eh. !e always
ties lo @im lhe nlomal on amm inleruies by milten ddumenls and vie
one
B@d o[ tho* delal inlomdion, NaviyoL c.ma tr a mnc us on lhal
pmducton atrd lomr d6an 6b in Besuki
hom {as 6s d€mas in
han in aiy odEr residencies in JaE and as a resul Besuki as a
"hole,
slnered les s@rely than othe6. Ne tudher slBses that loca dillercne
@u d he sen even inside one Esideicy and hadsh p caued by Japa@e
occupation was nol equally dhLibuled anong iour eOercies n Besuli
R*idemy. He aiso llns oul hal in sprte ol relaliwly h 9h pmductm, a pan of
Besuki s populalin ie I difrcult 6 n obtaining dce, aid he connecls lhis *ih
disrupt m oi ice madcl inll cted by JapaEse iorcen de[Ery and @nto led
i6
Noijice cereaB *pe enced decliie becaue p anted area was
redued due Io inhlduclion ol id ! ail5 sEh as conon ad @slor oil plant
aid Nasiy6ntr blmes the J6pane* ior lheir lack oi coodnalo io their
Al tEE lind ngB @n be acquied only thrcuqh detailed E*arch at
mco b@1,.nd N iFnb {.5 6ry su@e$r( in tEL
I b.liM tal
at tio nm aid ni.o 166l is equal]y imoon nl
inone o lomdar, an 4u6tg 6e!1. Neiyanlo s sMy6suGry.litihurE
as fie b6is ol compllio hlsiory in brcadd pere!€c]i€ ad laqa space
l. mmory of nE 60h anniE6ary of
d ol lhe uar, a pmjecl of
publshing
@piling aid
*style mdire hislory is now qoinq on B Japan.
Th. ri.l Fodud {i I @Ee out as eiqhi volum$ ol b@lc on tuian Pacli.
War, @nsMns or mts tEn 100 anichr vinen nainly by Japan6e but
pa,ny bt nmJaporm hislodaB .ln nris sri6s, tB mm@n tqm is lo
reiilonEl vadous asp€cls olhistory Elabd lo lho Mr rilh brcada line spa
6s[I
llE
unlil he
eqt
)eats lheE {as @ry li(le inleE.tion belreen spe.iathls
oi vaious are6i sp€.ialsts dediclkd mosl offieir fm lo thet tietd ot tudy
and lgnorcd ohei speialhls fom otherfElds liow w rry lo qet id oi it and
put r.$lher alr the lindings lhal eadr special sl h.s so tu b@ught lo the
qercE public The prcb m ol dE is ds lal@h up on mis pub ish ig pmject
and *il b6 aE )u d frcm b@der p8GpectiE that @ve6 lhe sirote creater
Eastlsian ft.pruspedly sphee lt is nol Dn@r oial macrHdented hhlory
ol mre geidal dhaEder nstad, I ti6 to buih up new intemretalon b66d
oi very detal ed iach-rnding ircm each arca. Thb n6w lrle of ge@d h islo,y
nlum,payiula enton on @ddi@tsty
lant a ne e,pEs! on" esel As I atEy! ctar .ts yahee, :Ls
indispmsable lor non Japaiese histodan io make ue ol Japanee aEhiv6
I kw how d licult il is but lhe use ol Japaiese liierature su€ty ma(es $en
should,
study
me
complele and iicher Mayb6 il h duty of
6
Japanss lo tEnslale
doE doturenh into Enllish e that loreign scho aE can hde easier ac!6s
10 tEm. Fq lhe mment more erchang€ ol inlomat oi and dala shou d be
promoled beyoid lhe boundary ol nalions.
1.
2.
Thh adicle is pub ished n
lJdd6,a
No2
(ocr
1966)
KuEsam Aiko, 'N ho. Gunse ka m Jam ni okeru Eelkoks Ryutu
Selsaku no chi lGsatu Istudy on Ri@ Maiietiiq in Java du,ing Japa€so
ft(parionf, 4ia (ez4 vor 21 No. 11 (1980) and Ku6am A ko 1aM io
sonEku ni okeru Shatai Henyo no lchi Koetsu lsoctat chaq6 n Ja€iese
Vilases 1942 45: :The Forced De ivery System aid ris lmpm!, I@a /rlb
3.
in Rlral
dan
kuEsea
Jda
r@ht
4.
Aiko, 'Mobi
iaion
add conlor : A Study on So.iat Chanoe
1942-1945" Ph. D Dbenathn to Co@t Uolwnity, and
Sttii
tun
^,iohtbd!,
s r6dbahe Sosiat di Pedes& Jawa 1912-104i.
Ricado Hoso 'Nihon Senryoka i i oked shoku ryo Kan,i Toei S6tdo
IFood tumi.bta on in $€ Philippin6 Dudig UE Japanese O@upaion:
Fdusng oi ihe Fr@ ShorQe and CountemasB' in lkehala Selsuho
edil., N,hn Seryola 4o F,,&id, loiyo: @ami Shoten 1996
5. Yoshikawa Toshiharu, 'Ta Chuton Nihongun nl yoi! tume io
Chotalsu lRice C.laclion by JapaneeAmy sk0o@d n nrailandl, Ihe J@rE,
o,Sophia,ll, St d,.s No.l7{1999)an!Kakizakil.hire, Ialm Telsudo to
rGm Yu$ 19411953 [RaiMys and R @ T6ispod in nEiaid 194].1954'
Iud
Ajh l.etkyu. vot. 42 No.2 l20a4j
6. Ihes boors wl b€ plbished by
lit e,
K@ar r,4,ia Iaihdlt S4sq in 2005.
v
amiSolen
(tob!)hdEthe
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
l.l
Background and Research Questlons
(rui,l Penol in t!. 6ue
Japan& mFaiim in lndoneia w6 a
ot lndonEian niiory ThE on be un.lestood in lBht 6l tle
poramodmporrr'Fot hP-rodbaPalud.ro.lrIndonN.Evoluiion Oberlds enptEsEd tlur dunng the.lapone eupdion
p.riod lndomia erFnened a redar]r.ble siaL char8E, which
irarotomed Indondan ciery and sdted .ondniom rqun.d tor
a brlgound to the mkrng oI hdondan revolution' TL€ olten
q@1ed iildratioB lor t1N chanee are roal l*el mas nrobilietion
lor sonomrc, $ial and n nary puPos€s a
Imdanenbl sbjtr in uadirional Elatio6 tetMm eln6 and ordimry
people and ln .olodal polidG In this Egafth n E alo renahlc
th,t Fre.ledck and sato resarded the lapale dnpauon 6 a
tGtuirional Fri.d Ircm ihe Dulch colonial rule to rhe indeFndot
state ot In lonEiar SimiLrlX l(amhele and Nastion called the
Japare @pation 6 a preLude to lndocian indeFndener h
at a very lar8e
qle
e/.rrru d- !r -ioLorib'rii,
|.q,jJ',hi.,i,,Ii.oliii'jlLqao
'od.,lq'q,6(rrL,dlo'd[
tt. t irnli
iit hr$ h,r-ro t .ldp-.ru,.Fd@ 4a t 4'.'it.)
lnlE[!ool,'jrc,dl
uo^Lio rqrrr d uui6.
&r,j{
!:,t,,{,!-lP,?Ptr,.,.,r,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. ARCHIVAL
MATERIALS
ABlp Nasional Republik lndonesla (lakana)
AdD R6dr@ B€H %.\,'br{dg lrn Bu et'' 6 B,n @.ngi. 311
A^;Rdd"qB-.u9,, {sre, er{Js !,r Rd&n r B*kr 133/:
ANp cdGE, BdI C 13, aCFnen 'vtr 14 vm Rdd'rue Bsh 3q7_
"Item.rie mn OveBrve Reidcnt %n Beti 19221
'M.mom vanO!@E REdent vrn BekL H.4.vd,ls25'
Mf,mhtnull('otr \4rmomv,. OvEs,rvrn&nRsdfl 'r Baakr
193LI9341
Marclilm C.lldim, "Mnorh van OEEIE v,n den REidmi v'n Eaxki
rirur 'ot )o l'-u'i
Cl A qr R'mord' ow & Pnod. r0
'
II.
PUBLISHED ARCHIVAL MATERTALS
B.ndi, l rl . l ( lnkura and K xisli, (eds), Jdran.. r,illo I ) ll]'irr si I dron
r l, orrid:sd&t, D&aft s Ncw tla\tn :dheu A5Ld studE
lnNdron $ris Y?lc Lrirvcrsl, 1965
(anflndF, 5 d d Gd) M!tro'i sdrl\ lnlaLdn 1921;q3A ln@ nru '1ar
rridl (.ramdtr hkana ANRI, 1973
Itn,los. cl-Ml (cd), hdoirna: s.lfttd D,.u,ns 0, colonidlier d'i
Muonali'n 1430142.5r. I.mr: Uni'6nrv ol Qwnsland, 1977
I
PUBLICATIONS AND COMPANY
III. GOVERNI\IENT
REPORTS
Di,eot3
Repan
ai 9tu
.tu aJ
A6tuiflr
1923-1935
Cz@$E
Uns.et. t lm
en
Ptoahtu
;p lan.n Monan B37l9t6
kn
de
B.tuni Pbttolbn\ Lmjtd,
toonaarut rtudin3r8'tr$etr
lrkana:
Gnt
al
Kmhr v@r&
l4
itrl,S 1'rll vol tl Rxrh: r?ndelrDli(rLr Lgll
laarliod' r{n rn D./(rornr rdn a.,nbrr Nir.rtrl, !r/ linld rn
rv.ddldrlxl) J ]r rlt5 &Laur ttr.d{t&tJ..l l9l7
ladrJr, ran i'a D.fa,k,nor ,rnr Ldrabnr"r N_iwtni, .d ria,rd.ti[
N.r-rnjryl tn 1914. Bxhu: rrrtalnL:ikrfll, t9i5
lrdLrh
'.
r.n lara .tr Mado.,a \velGvrtd.n Dcp un.nr van
Llndbou! Nlr'nhd cn H,nd.t, 1926
Lr&Qath @1 dr Mijd,rt \\urtun du lt\t1,tLl. a. /.}:trl op lav en
Maaaeru, vb artzn vdn d. UjiL"nnrtr d.r Co{ndiris
ondiue ng naa' d.n Landbatw ot Ddatrit c.nani*
C*,oi8i.hhinS.n Bairur: Van DoA t9rl3
&dtnil 3.ng[4 Mror na,al3 dr P.]dbrtat tnd.nsd )%919t2 lakata
Iiro rNr $.rhi(, 1974
Srahiiai ldarooatr lin nr.d-L&latr llldi. 1925 wetrEvdcn: r &
rdndbotrMdaj
Starin&h
len!..
riir
rn lrd.d4,&, tn i.
1928
rvrtrr.ldrn:
rf,nds
orrjJr
Ho&l o] rimdd Gri.d
L}nr & Bq,lrn t94o
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