MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) EVALUATION OF Chrysanthemum indicum EXTRACT ON Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, AND Staphylococcus aureus EVALUASI KADAR HAMBAT MINIMUM (KHM) DARI EKSTRAK Chrysanthemum indicum PADA Bacillus cereus, Staphyloco

MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) EVALUATION OF Chrysanthemum indicum EXTRACT ON

  Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, AND Staphylococcus aureus EVALUASI KADAR HAMBAT MINIMUM (KHM) DARI EKSTRAK Chrysanthemum indicum PADA Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, DAN Escherichia coli

  THESIS

  Submitted to The Faculty of Agricultural Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the Bachelor Degree

  By: CHRISTINA VANIA UTAMI ADI NUGROHO 08.70.0040 DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2012

MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) EVALUATION OF Chrysanthemum indicum EXTRACT ON

  Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, AND Staphylococcus aureus EVALUASI KADAR HAMBAT MINIMUM (KHM) DARI EKSTRAK Chrysanthemum indicum PADA Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, DAN Escherichia coli

  By: CHRISTINA VANIA UTAMI ADI NUGROHO NIM: 08.70.0040 Department: Food Technology This thesis has been approved and defended in front of the examination committee on July 2012

  Semarang, July 2012 Faculty of Agricultural Technology

  Soegijapranata Catholic University

  Supervisor I Dean Ir. Lindayani, MP., PhD. Ita Sulistyawati, STP., MSc. Supervisor II Dra. Laksmi Hartayanie, MP.

  SUMMARY

  The classic food preservatives methods are heating, freezing, and salting in order to get rid of food spoilage and food pathogenic microorganisms for safety of consumer. Some of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and

  Escherichia coli, have extraordinary ability to survive, grow, and proliferate in these

  classic preservation methods. Thus, a new choice of food preservation method by using the natural antibacterial might be an alternative to solve this problem. Chrysanthemum was chosen in this study for the antibacterial activity on B. cereus, S. aureus,

  indicum

  and E. coli by agar disc diffusion method. C. indicum herbs were extracted and diluted for 100 mg/ml in 95% ethanol. The antibacterial were applied in plates of three bacteria, together with Cloracef as the positive control and 95% ethanol as the negative control. MIC evaluation was done by diluting several concentrations of crude extract in 95% ethanol (50 µl/ml, 25 µl/ml, 12.5 µl/ml, 6.25 µl/ml, 3.12 µl/ml, 1.56 µl/ml, and 0.78 µl/ml) together with Nutrient Broth. All of them was inoculated by 100 µl culture (OD =0.1) and incubated for overnight. The lowest concentration of crude extract

  600

  which can inhibit growth of bacteria was MIC. The aim of this study were to compare the effectiveness of C. indicum antibacterial activity on B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli, and also determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract on all bacteria. The result showed C. indicum extract antibacterial activity could inhibit the growth of B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli with the clear zone was 15 mm, 15 mm, and 14 mm respectively. The lowest concentration that still can inhibit the bacteria growth (MIC) quantitatively was 6.25 µg/ml for all bacteria. Qualitatively, B. cereus and S.

  aureus showed the same MIC, which was on concentration 3.12 µg/ml, while the MIC for E. coli was 6.25 µg/ml.

  RINGKASAN

  Beberapa contoh metode pengawetan tradisional adalah pemanasan, pendinginan, dan penggaraman dengan tujuan untuk menghilangkan mikroorganisme patogen pada makanan agar aman dikonsumsi. Bakteri patogen yang sering mengontaminasi makanan, seperti B. cereus, S. aureus , dan E. coli, mempunyai kemampuan lebih untuk bertahan, tumbuh, dan berkembang biak pada metode pengawetan tradisional tersebut. Oleh karena itu, metode pengawetan makanan baru menggunakan antibakteri alami menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Chrysanthemum dipilih dalam penelitian ini untuk aktivitas antibakteri pada B. cereus, S.

  indicum

  dan E. coli dengan metode agar disc diffusion. C. indicum diekstrak dan

  aureus,

  dilarutkan pada etanol 95% untuk konsentrasi 100 mg/ml. Antibakteri tersebut diaplikasikan pada cawan petri berisi tiga jenis bakteri tadi, bersama dengan Cloracef sebagai kontrol positif dan etanol 95% sebagai kontrol negatif. Evaluasi KHM (Kadar Hambat Minimum) dilakukan dengan melarutkan beberapa konsentrasi ekstrak dalam etanol 95% (50 µl/ml, 25 µl/ml, 12.5 µl/ml, 6.25 µl/ml, 3.12 µl/ml, 1.56 µl/ml, and 0.78 µl/ml) bersama dengan Nutrient Broth. Semuanya diinokulasi dengan 100 µl kultur (OD =0.1) dan diinkubasi semalam. Konsentrasi ekstrak terendah yang masih dapat

  600

  menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri adalah KHM. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efektivitas antibakteri C. indicum terhadap B. cereus, S. aureus, dan E.

  coli , dan juga menentukan Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) ekstrak untuk ketiga

  bakteri. Hasilnya adalah ekstrak C. indicum mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan ketiga bakteri dengan zona bening berurutan 15 mm, 15 mm, dan 14 mm. Konsentrasi terendah yang masih dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri (KHM) secara kualitatif adalah 6.25 µg/ml untuk semua bakteri. Secara kualitatif,

  B. cereus dan S. aureus menunjukkan KHM yang sama, yaitu 3.12 µg/ml, sedangkan KHM untuk E. coli adalah 6.25 µg/ml.

PREFACE

  Thanks to Lord Jesus Christ for His Amazing Guidance and Wonderful Blessing so that finally I can finish this thesis entitled “MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) EVALUATION OF C. indicum EXTRACT ON B. cereus, E. coli, AND

  S. aureus ”. This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Agricultural Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the Bachelor Degree.

  There is so much new knowledge and experiences had been acknowledged during the research, particularly on the science and scientific writing. This thesis can be done by assistance from some individuals who always give their best support that I very grateful for. Without them, I would not have done this thesis. I would like to gratefully acknowledge those great individuals: 1.

  Mrs. Ita Sulistyawati, STP., MSc., as the Dean of Agricultural Technology Faculty of Soegijapranata Catholic University Semarang.

  2. Ir. Lindayani, MP., PhD. and Dra. Laksmi Hartayanie, MP., as the supervisors who are being patience in educating and being great teachers for me.

  3. Dr. Patchanee Yasurin from Biotechnology Department of Assumption University, Bangkok, as the supervisor during student exchange program who introduces me to this biotechnology research.

  4. My family: father, mother, brother, sister, for being the best family that always give full supports, time and patience in awaiting me to reach the best goals of life.

  5. Hendra, as the sweetest person in the writer’s life, for an unlimited assistance during the report compilation. I always get a place to cheer on and cry on that empowering to keep struggle with this life process.

  6. Ms. Endah and Mr. Soleh as the laboratory assistants for huge endurance during the lab days.

  7. My beloved FTP’s lecturers for inspiring the writer with so many invaluable provisions.

  8. Valentine Community: Fefe, Dessy, Nana, Ira, Silvi, Karin for encouraging the writer much. We are friends now and forever.

  I realize that this thesis report is still far from perfect. I am open to any advice and criticism for the improvement of this report. I truly hope that this research could give a valuable contribution in the world of science and be useful to the development of food industries.

  Semarang, July 2012 Author,

  Christina Vania Utami Adi Nugroho

CONTENTS

  2.3.1.2.Preparation of Modified Disc .................................................... 8

  5.2.Suggestions for Future Work ........................................................................... 20 6. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 21

  5.1.Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 20

  CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK ....................... 20

  Quantitative Test of MIC Determination ............................................ 18 4.2.2. Qualitative Test of MIC Determination .............................................. 18 5.

  4.2.Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Determination of C. indicum Extract on B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli .................................................... 17 4.2.1.

  4.1.The Antibacterial Activity as Clear Zone of Chrysanthemum indicum Extract on Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli .... 16

  3.2.Primary Research ............................................................................................. 12 4. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 16

  3.1.Preliminary Research ....................................................................................... 11

  2.3.2.2.MIC Determination ................................................................... 9 3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 11

  2.3.2.1.Preparation of Antibacterial....................................................... 8

  2.3.1.4.Agar Disc Diffusion Method ..................................................... 8 2.3.2. Primary Research ................................................................................... 8

  2.3.1.3.Preparation of the Culture ......................................................... 8

  page SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... i

  RINGKASAN ................................................................................................................. ii

  Preliminary Research ............................................................................. 7

  2.3.Methods ............................................................................................................. 7 2.3.1.

  2.2.Material .............................................................................................................. 7

  2.1.Time and Place of the Experiment .................................................................... 7

  1.3.Aim of the Research .......................................................................................... 6 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 7

   

  Extraction, Disc Diffusion and MIC Methods ...................................... 5

  1.2.2. Chrysanthemum indicum and Clorasef as Antibacteria ......................... 3 1.2.3.

  Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus as Pathogenic Bacteria ........................................................................... 2

  1.2. Literature Review ............................................................................................. 2 1.2.1.

  1.1. Background ....................................................................................................... 1

  INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1

  PREFACE .................................................................................................................... iii CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... vii 1.

  2.3.1.1.The Making of C. indicum Antibacterial ................................... 7

LIST OF TABLES

  page Table 1. Antibacterial Action of the Crude Extract of C. indicum to B.cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli ...................................................................................... 11 Table 2. MIC Determination by Quantitative Test of C. indicum Extract on B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli .................................................... 12 Table 3. MIC Determination by Qualitatitve Test of C. indicum Extract on B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli .................................................... 13

LIST OF FIGURES

  page Figure 1. C. indicum Dried Herbs (Private Documentation) ............................................ 8 Figure 2. Preparation of the C. indicum Antibacterial into Seven Concentrations

  (50 µg/ml; 25 µg/ml; 12.5 µg/ml; 6.25 µg/ml; 3.12 µg/ml; 1.56 µg/ml; 0.78 µg/ml) ....................................................................................................... 9

  Figure 3. Addition 0.2 ml of the Culture (B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli) into Each Tube ................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 4. Addition 0.8 ml of Nutrient Broth into Each Tube ......................................... 10 Figure 5. Antibacterial Action of C. indicum Extract to a) B. cereus, b) S. aureus,

  c) E. coli .......................................................................................................... 11 Figure 6. Qualitative Result of MIC Determination on Bacillus cereus ........................ 13 Figure 7. Qualitative Result of MIC Determination on Staphylococcus aureus ............ 14 Figure 8. Qualitative Result of MIC Determination on Escherichia coli ....................... 14