A. Data Finding - An Error Analysis Of Narrative Text Made By The Ninth Year Students Of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya - Digital Library IAIN Palangka Raya
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discussed the result of study. It consisted of the data finding and
discussion. In data finding the research display the data which was found in the
field and in discussion the researcher explained the type of error on narrative text
and the cause of errors based on Heidi dulay’s theory.
A. Data Finding
Data collecting activity was conducted on 26th September, 2013. The sample
was 25 students. The students were given a writing test. The data collected from
the students were in form of essay. The researchers used inter rater in analyzing
the writing products. There are total two examiners.
1. Types of Errors in Narrative Text Made by The Ninth Year Students of
MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya
After conducting the data collecting activity, now the researcher
displayed and explained the result of the analysis activity. In this part, errors
are identified by writing all the errors based on the result of the test, here the
writer classified the kinds of errors are made by the students and then give
an analysis. See the table 4.1 identification and Classification of errors.
45
46
Table 4.1
Identification and Classification of Errors
Students’
code
A1
Students’ Revise Identify
errors
errors
Peas
Peas
Omission
scatter on scattere
the ground d on the
ground
A2
There
were many
kind
dinosaurs
A3
he jumped
out door
A4
By misty
spring
The cloud
aren’t
even what
I think
A5
Rabbits
lived
in
burrows
the ground
A6
You have
no soldier
A7
Sumatran
tiger was
smallest
tiger
There
were
many
kind of
dinosau
rs
he
jumped
out the
door.
By the
misty
spring
The
clouds
aren’t
even
what I
think
Rabbits
lived in
burrow
s in the
ground
You
have no
soldiers
The
Sumatr
an tiger
was the
smalles
t tiger
Explanation
of errors
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Omission
of –ed
Omission
of
preposition
Number
of error
1
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
Omission
Omission
of the
article
Failure to
attach –s
1
Omission
Omission
of
preposition
1
Omission
Failure to
attach –s
1
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
Omission
Omission
1
1
Percentage
of errors
47
A9
We
Omission
don’t
want to
play
with
you
There
There Omission
were no were no
spike on spikes
my body
on my
body
by the
by the
Omission
misty
misty
spring.
springs
Disagreeme
nt of
subject and
tense
1
Failure to
attach –s
1
Failure to
attach –s
1
A12
Even
smallest
eagles.
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
A13
They have They
Omission
no
have no
backbone backbo
nes
Failure to
attach –s
1
A14
He force
himself
into
thinking
Omission
Omission
of –ed
1
A16
Peas
Peas
Omission
scatter on scattere
the
d on the
ground.
ground.
Omission
of –ed
1
A17
But
brain
no But no
brains
Omission
Failure to
attach –s
1
A18
A reptile’s a
skin look reptile’
slimy.
s skin
Omission
Failure to
attach –s
1
A10
A11
We
doesn’t
want
to
play with
you
Even
the
smalles
t
eagles,
He
forced
himself
into
thinkin
g
48
looks
slimy,
A19
Wolf
smacked
his lips
The
wolf
smacke
d his
lips
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
A22
Golden
eagles can
be found
in USA
Golden
eagles
can be
found
in the
USA
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
A23
Dinosaurs Dinosa
were
a urs
type lizard were a
type of
lizard
Omission
Omission
of
preposition
1
A25
I’m
bravest
knight in
your
kingdom
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
I’m the
bravest
knight
in your
kingdo
m
Total of
Errors
20
51.28%
Based on the analysis result, the researcher found 20 errors or
51.28% students omit several words in the sentences. The students wrote it
by omitted such as articles, to be, and preposition. It is because they did
not know the rules how to write the word in English.
49
Students’
code
A2
A4
Students’
errors
Dinosaurs
becomed
extinct
Revise
Dinosa
urs
became
extinct
Tiger
Tiger
shaked his shook
head
his
head
Identify
errors
Addition
(regulari
zation)
Addition
A6
But taked But
out
a took
leader
out a
leader
Addition
A10
Landy
feeled
lonely
Landy
felt
lonely
Addition
A15
They were They
finded in were
every part found
in
every
part
Addition
A19
A
wolf
seed
a
goat
grazing
Addition
A wolf
saw a
goat
grazing
Explanation
of errors
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
Number
of error
1
Percentage
of errors
1
23.07%
1
1
1
1
50
A21
Kodi seed
the crown
behind the
curtain
Kodi
saw the
crown
behind
the
curtain
Addition
A24
He seed a He saw
frog
a frog
Addition
A25
A terrible
dragon
comed to
the
kingdom
Addition
A
terrible
dragon
came to
the
kingdo
m
Rabbits
Rabbits
lived
in lived in
burrows
burrow
the ground s in the
ground
A5
Addition
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Preposition
1
1
1
1
2.56%
10
25.64%
(simple
addition)
Total of
Errors
Based on the analysis result, the researcher found regularization
addition occurred by 9 errors or 23.07% and simple addition occurred by 1
error or 2.56% of total error. This kind of addition occurred if the student
overgeneralized the pattern of V2 and V3. For example the verb “eat” does
not became “eated”, but “ate”.
51
Students’
code
A2
Students’
errors
There
were no
tress
in
earth
Revise
Identify
errors
There
Misform
were no ation
tress on
earth
Explanation
of errors
Misuse of
preposition
Number
of error
1
A4
Far off on Far off
the jungle in the
jungle
Misform
ation
Misuse of
preposition
1
A6
Gregor
and him
soldiers
run away
Gregor
and his
soldiers
run
away
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A8
Some
jellyfish
can glow
on
darkness
Some
jellyfis
h can
glow in
darknes
s
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A9
No
one
wanted to
play with
his
No one
wanted
to play
with
him
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A20
Kuku
nodded
him head
Kuku
nodded
his
head
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A24
The
scorpion
remove
him
stinger
The
scorpio
n
remove
his
stinger
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A25
He opened He
him basket opened
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
1
Percentage
of errors
52
his
basket
A16
Sat sadly Sat
in
a sadly
branch
on a
branch
possessive
Misform
ation
Misuse of
preposition
Total of
Errors
1
9
23.07%
Based on the analysis result, the alternating forms misformation
error occurred by 9 errors or 23.07% of total error. This result indicates
that the students failed to use the correct word that totally different from
the true one. The using of him in the sentence will make it ungrammatical
in the deep structure.
Based on the table above the type of error frequency high to low
are omission by 51.28%, addition by 25.63%, misformation by 23.07 and
misordering by 0%. See the appendices for the detail of the analysis.
Figure 4.1
Types of Errors Made by the Students
0
23.07
51.28
25.63
Omission
Addition
Misformation
Misordering
53
Based on the analysis result, the trend errors occurred by omission
51.28% of total errors. From the students’ writing products, the researcher
found some of them omit several words in the sentences. The students wrote
it by omitted such as articles, to be, and preposition. It is because they did
not know the rules how to write the word in English. See the figure 4.2 for
trend of errors made by the students was omission.
Figure 4.2
Trend of Errors Made by the Student
60
51.28
50
40
30
omission
20
10
0
trend of
error
2. Cause of Errors in Narrative Text Made by The Ninth Year Students
of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya
The students’ errors is classified into four categorizes based on the error
cause. Those are developmental, interlingual, ambiguous, and other errors.
54
Table 4.2
Explanation of Errors
Students’
Code
Errors
Cause of Errors
A1
Peas scatter on the ground
Developmental Error
A3
He jumped out door
Developmental Error
A4
By misty springs
Developmental Error
A6
Gregor and him soldiers run
away
Sumatran tiger was smallest
Developmental Error
A7
Developmental Error
tiger
A9
A12
A14
A16
A19
A20
A24
A25
A25
We doesn’t want to play
with you
No one wanted to play with
his
Even smallest eagles
Developmental Error
He force
thinking
Developmental Error
himself
into
Developmental Error
Developmental Error
Sat sadly in a branch
Developmental Error
Wolf smacked his lips
Developmental Error
Kuku nodded him head
Developmental Error
The scorpion remove him
stinger
Developmental Error
He opened him basket
Developmental Error
I’m bravest knight in your
kingdom
Developmental Error
55
Based on the analysis result, developmental error occurred by
38.46% of total error. This result indicated that some students are still
learning the language and still in a phase where they learn English
language like native speaker’s child learn the language. This cause of
errors was experienced by A25, A4, A3, A19, A12, A7, A9, A25, A20,
A9, A6, A24, A1, A14 and A16 were the students who experienced this
error.
Students’
Code
Errors
Cause of Errors
A1
Peas scatter on the ground
Interlingual Error
A2
Dinosaurs becomed extinct
Interlingual Error
A4
Tiger shaked his head
Interlingual Error
A6
But taked out a leader
Interlingual Error
A10
Landy feeled lonely
Interlingual Error
A14
He force himself into
thinking
They were finded in every
Interlingual Error
A15
Interlingual Error
part
A16
Peas scatter on the ground
Interlingual Error
A19
A wolf seed a goat grazing
Interlingual Error
A24
He seed a frog
Interlingual Error
56
A terrible dragon comed to
the kingdom
A25
Interlingual Error
Based on the analysis result, interlingual error caused students’
errors by 28.20% of total error. It indicates some of the students are
using their mother tongue language pattern in English writing. This
cause of errors was experienced by A1, A24, A19, A2, A15, A6, A10,
A25, A14, and A16 were the students who experienced this error.
Students’
Code
Errors
Cause of Errors
A2
There were no tress in earth
Other Error
A2
There were many
dinosaurs
Far off on the jungle
Other Error
A4
A5
A6
kind
Rabbits lived in burrows the
ground
You have no soldier
Other Error
Other Error
Other Error
A11
The cloud aren’t even what
I think
By the misty spring
A13
They have no backbone
Other Error
A16
Peas scattered in the ground
Other Error
A17
But no brain
Other Error
A7
Other Error
Other Error
57
A18
A reptile’s skin look slimy.
A22
Golden eagles can be found
in USA
Dinosaurs were a type lizard
A23
Other Error
Other Error
Other Error
Based on the analysis result, other errors caused students error by
33.33% of total error. It indicates that most of the students are making
errors due to their misconception of English language. These errors can be
solved by learning more about English rules in writing. This cause of
errors was experienced by A18, A11, A23, A2, A7, A6, A5, A22, A16,
A4, A2, A17 and A13 students. Other errors are the opposite of ambiguous
errors. Those errors classified neither developmental nor interlingual.
Table 4.5
Calculation of cause of errors
Cause of Errors
Number of Errors
Percentage
Developmental errors
15
38.46%
Interlingual Errors
11
28.20%
Ambiguous Errors
0
0.00%
Other Errors
13
33.33%
Total
39
100%
58
See the appendices for the detail of the analysis.
Figure 4.3
Causes of Errors Made by the Students
developmental
errors
33.33%
38.46%
interlingual errors
ambiguous errors
0.00%
28.20%
other errors
Based on the table, developmental error occurred by 38.46% of
total errors. The errors categorized as errors caused by developmental
errors because the pattern of errors similar to the way of native speaker
children learn their mother tongue language. Interlingual errors
occurred by 28.20% of total error. This error categorized as errors
caused by interlingual errors because the pattern of the sentences are
similar to the pattern of the students’ mother tongue language. Other
errors occurred by 33.33% of total errors. The errors categorized as
other errors because those errors couldn’t categorize neither
developmental nor interlingual error.
59
Based on the analysis result, the trend cause of errors occurred
by the students was developmental error. The errors categorized as
errors caused by developmental errors because the pattern of errors
similar to the way of native speaker children learn their mother tongue
language. See the figure 4.4 for trend cause of errors Made by the
students was developmental error.
Figure 4.4
Trend Causes of Errors Made by the Students
38.46
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
develpmental
errors
trend
cause
of
errors
a. Discussion
1. Types of Errors in Narrative Text Made by The Ninth Year Students
of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya
Based on the description in the data presentation, there are several
things that can be noted down. Most of the students still make errors in
writing narrative paragraph. In this case, in analyzing the type of error
made by the ninth year of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya, the writer
60
reffered to the theory recommended by Dulay that the error type based on
surface strategy taxonomy. According to Dulay, a surface strategy
taxonomy highlight the ways surface structured is alerted: learners may
omit necessary items or add unnecessary ones; they may misform items or
misorder them. There are four kinds of error 1) omission (content
mmorpheme, grammatical morpheme), 2) addition (double marking, simple
addition, regularization) 3) misformation (archi-forms, alternating forms,
regularization). 4) misordering.
In this study, the writer only found three kinds of error. There are
omission, addition and misformation. According to the result of the
students’ product, the type of error frequency high to low are omission by
51.28%, addition by 25.63%, misformation by 23.07 and misordering by
0%.
Based on the analysis result, the trends of errors occurred by
omission 51.28% of total errors. From the students’ writing products, the
researcher found some of them omit several words in the sentences. The
students wrote it by omitting the grammatical morphemes such as articles,
to be, and suffix or prefix. It is because they did not know the rules how to
write the word in English.
61
2. Cause of Errors in Making Narrative Text Made by The Ninth Year
Students of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya
In this case, in analyzing the cause of error made by the ninth year
of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya, the writer reffered to the theory
recommended by Dulay that the error type based on comparative
taxonomy. According to Dulay, the classification of errors in a
comparative taxonomy is based on comparisons between the structure of L2
errors and certain other types of constructions. This taxonomy classified
the learners’ error into developmental errors, interlingual errors,
ambiguous errors, and other errors.
In this study, the writer only found three kinds of error. There is
developmental, interlingual and other error. According to the result of the
students’ product, developmental error occurred by 38.46% of total errors.
The errors categorized as errors caused by developmental errors because
the pattern of errors similar to the way of native speaker children learn their
mother tongue language. Interlingual errors occurred by 28.20% of total
error. This error categorized as errors caused by interlingual errors because
the pattern of the sentences are similar to the pattern of the students’
mother tongue language. Other errors occurred by 33.33% of total errors.
The errors categorized as other errors because those errors couldn’t
categorize neither developmental nor interlingual error.
62
Based on the analysis result, the trend cause of errors occurred by
the students was developmental error. The errors categorized as errors
caused by developmental errors because the pattern of errors similar to the
way of native speaker children learn their mother tongue language. They
omitted the articles from the sentences.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discussed the result of study. It consisted of the data finding and
discussion. In data finding the research display the data which was found in the
field and in discussion the researcher explained the type of error on narrative text
and the cause of errors based on Heidi dulay’s theory.
A. Data Finding
Data collecting activity was conducted on 26th September, 2013. The sample
was 25 students. The students were given a writing test. The data collected from
the students were in form of essay. The researchers used inter rater in analyzing
the writing products. There are total two examiners.
1. Types of Errors in Narrative Text Made by The Ninth Year Students of
MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya
After conducting the data collecting activity, now the researcher
displayed and explained the result of the analysis activity. In this part, errors
are identified by writing all the errors based on the result of the test, here the
writer classified the kinds of errors are made by the students and then give
an analysis. See the table 4.1 identification and Classification of errors.
45
46
Table 4.1
Identification and Classification of Errors
Students’
code
A1
Students’ Revise Identify
errors
errors
Peas
Peas
Omission
scatter on scattere
the ground d on the
ground
A2
There
were many
kind
dinosaurs
A3
he jumped
out door
A4
By misty
spring
The cloud
aren’t
even what
I think
A5
Rabbits
lived
in
burrows
the ground
A6
You have
no soldier
A7
Sumatran
tiger was
smallest
tiger
There
were
many
kind of
dinosau
rs
he
jumped
out the
door.
By the
misty
spring
The
clouds
aren’t
even
what I
think
Rabbits
lived in
burrow
s in the
ground
You
have no
soldiers
The
Sumatr
an tiger
was the
smalles
t tiger
Explanation
of errors
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Omission
of –ed
Omission
of
preposition
Number
of error
1
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
Omission
Omission
of the
article
Failure to
attach –s
1
Omission
Omission
of
preposition
1
Omission
Failure to
attach –s
1
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
Omission
Omission
1
1
Percentage
of errors
47
A9
We
Omission
don’t
want to
play
with
you
There
There Omission
were no were no
spike on spikes
my body
on my
body
by the
by the
Omission
misty
misty
spring.
springs
Disagreeme
nt of
subject and
tense
1
Failure to
attach –s
1
Failure to
attach –s
1
A12
Even
smallest
eagles.
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
A13
They have They
Omission
no
have no
backbone backbo
nes
Failure to
attach –s
1
A14
He force
himself
into
thinking
Omission
Omission
of –ed
1
A16
Peas
Peas
Omission
scatter on scattere
the
d on the
ground.
ground.
Omission
of –ed
1
A17
But
brain
no But no
brains
Omission
Failure to
attach –s
1
A18
A reptile’s a
skin look reptile’
slimy.
s skin
Omission
Failure to
attach –s
1
A10
A11
We
doesn’t
want
to
play with
you
Even
the
smalles
t
eagles,
He
forced
himself
into
thinkin
g
48
looks
slimy,
A19
Wolf
smacked
his lips
The
wolf
smacke
d his
lips
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
A22
Golden
eagles can
be found
in USA
Golden
eagles
can be
found
in the
USA
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
A23
Dinosaurs Dinosa
were
a urs
type lizard were a
type of
lizard
Omission
Omission
of
preposition
1
A25
I’m
bravest
knight in
your
kingdom
Omission
Omission
of the
article
1
I’m the
bravest
knight
in your
kingdo
m
Total of
Errors
20
51.28%
Based on the analysis result, the researcher found 20 errors or
51.28% students omit several words in the sentences. The students wrote it
by omitted such as articles, to be, and preposition. It is because they did
not know the rules how to write the word in English.
49
Students’
code
A2
A4
Students’
errors
Dinosaurs
becomed
extinct
Revise
Dinosa
urs
became
extinct
Tiger
Tiger
shaked his shook
head
his
head
Identify
errors
Addition
(regulari
zation)
Addition
A6
But taked But
out
a took
leader
out a
leader
Addition
A10
Landy
feeled
lonely
Landy
felt
lonely
Addition
A15
They were They
finded in were
every part found
in
every
part
Addition
A19
A
wolf
seed
a
goat
grazing
Addition
A wolf
saw a
goat
grazing
Explanation
of errors
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
Number
of error
1
Percentage
of errors
1
23.07%
1
1
1
1
50
A21
Kodi seed
the crown
behind the
curtain
Kodi
saw the
crown
behind
the
curtain
Addition
A24
He seed a He saw
frog
a frog
Addition
A25
A terrible
dragon
comed to
the
kingdom
Addition
A
terrible
dragon
came to
the
kingdo
m
Rabbits
Rabbits
lived
in lived in
burrows
burrow
the ground s in the
ground
A5
Addition
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Simple past
tense
incorrect
Adding –ed
to past
already
formed
Preposition
1
1
1
1
2.56%
10
25.64%
(simple
addition)
Total of
Errors
Based on the analysis result, the researcher found regularization
addition occurred by 9 errors or 23.07% and simple addition occurred by 1
error or 2.56% of total error. This kind of addition occurred if the student
overgeneralized the pattern of V2 and V3. For example the verb “eat” does
not became “eated”, but “ate”.
51
Students’
code
A2
Students’
errors
There
were no
tress
in
earth
Revise
Identify
errors
There
Misform
were no ation
tress on
earth
Explanation
of errors
Misuse of
preposition
Number
of error
1
A4
Far off on Far off
the jungle in the
jungle
Misform
ation
Misuse of
preposition
1
A6
Gregor
and him
soldiers
run away
Gregor
and his
soldiers
run
away
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A8
Some
jellyfish
can glow
on
darkness
Some
jellyfis
h can
glow in
darknes
s
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A9
No
one
wanted to
play with
his
No one
wanted
to play
with
him
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A20
Kuku
nodded
him head
Kuku
nodded
his
head
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A24
The
scorpion
remove
him
stinger
The
scorpio
n
remove
his
stinger
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
possessive
1
A25
He opened He
him basket opened
Misform
ation
Use of
wrong
1
Percentage
of errors
52
his
basket
A16
Sat sadly Sat
in
a sadly
branch
on a
branch
possessive
Misform
ation
Misuse of
preposition
Total of
Errors
1
9
23.07%
Based on the analysis result, the alternating forms misformation
error occurred by 9 errors or 23.07% of total error. This result indicates
that the students failed to use the correct word that totally different from
the true one. The using of him in the sentence will make it ungrammatical
in the deep structure.
Based on the table above the type of error frequency high to low
are omission by 51.28%, addition by 25.63%, misformation by 23.07 and
misordering by 0%. See the appendices for the detail of the analysis.
Figure 4.1
Types of Errors Made by the Students
0
23.07
51.28
25.63
Omission
Addition
Misformation
Misordering
53
Based on the analysis result, the trend errors occurred by omission
51.28% of total errors. From the students’ writing products, the researcher
found some of them omit several words in the sentences. The students wrote
it by omitted such as articles, to be, and preposition. It is because they did
not know the rules how to write the word in English. See the figure 4.2 for
trend of errors made by the students was omission.
Figure 4.2
Trend of Errors Made by the Student
60
51.28
50
40
30
omission
20
10
0
trend of
error
2. Cause of Errors in Narrative Text Made by The Ninth Year Students
of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya
The students’ errors is classified into four categorizes based on the error
cause. Those are developmental, interlingual, ambiguous, and other errors.
54
Table 4.2
Explanation of Errors
Students’
Code
Errors
Cause of Errors
A1
Peas scatter on the ground
Developmental Error
A3
He jumped out door
Developmental Error
A4
By misty springs
Developmental Error
A6
Gregor and him soldiers run
away
Sumatran tiger was smallest
Developmental Error
A7
Developmental Error
tiger
A9
A12
A14
A16
A19
A20
A24
A25
A25
We doesn’t want to play
with you
No one wanted to play with
his
Even smallest eagles
Developmental Error
He force
thinking
Developmental Error
himself
into
Developmental Error
Developmental Error
Sat sadly in a branch
Developmental Error
Wolf smacked his lips
Developmental Error
Kuku nodded him head
Developmental Error
The scorpion remove him
stinger
Developmental Error
He opened him basket
Developmental Error
I’m bravest knight in your
kingdom
Developmental Error
55
Based on the analysis result, developmental error occurred by
38.46% of total error. This result indicated that some students are still
learning the language and still in a phase where they learn English
language like native speaker’s child learn the language. This cause of
errors was experienced by A25, A4, A3, A19, A12, A7, A9, A25, A20,
A9, A6, A24, A1, A14 and A16 were the students who experienced this
error.
Students’
Code
Errors
Cause of Errors
A1
Peas scatter on the ground
Interlingual Error
A2
Dinosaurs becomed extinct
Interlingual Error
A4
Tiger shaked his head
Interlingual Error
A6
But taked out a leader
Interlingual Error
A10
Landy feeled lonely
Interlingual Error
A14
He force himself into
thinking
They were finded in every
Interlingual Error
A15
Interlingual Error
part
A16
Peas scatter on the ground
Interlingual Error
A19
A wolf seed a goat grazing
Interlingual Error
A24
He seed a frog
Interlingual Error
56
A terrible dragon comed to
the kingdom
A25
Interlingual Error
Based on the analysis result, interlingual error caused students’
errors by 28.20% of total error. It indicates some of the students are
using their mother tongue language pattern in English writing. This
cause of errors was experienced by A1, A24, A19, A2, A15, A6, A10,
A25, A14, and A16 were the students who experienced this error.
Students’
Code
Errors
Cause of Errors
A2
There were no tress in earth
Other Error
A2
There were many
dinosaurs
Far off on the jungle
Other Error
A4
A5
A6
kind
Rabbits lived in burrows the
ground
You have no soldier
Other Error
Other Error
Other Error
A11
The cloud aren’t even what
I think
By the misty spring
A13
They have no backbone
Other Error
A16
Peas scattered in the ground
Other Error
A17
But no brain
Other Error
A7
Other Error
Other Error
57
A18
A reptile’s skin look slimy.
A22
Golden eagles can be found
in USA
Dinosaurs were a type lizard
A23
Other Error
Other Error
Other Error
Based on the analysis result, other errors caused students error by
33.33% of total error. It indicates that most of the students are making
errors due to their misconception of English language. These errors can be
solved by learning more about English rules in writing. This cause of
errors was experienced by A18, A11, A23, A2, A7, A6, A5, A22, A16,
A4, A2, A17 and A13 students. Other errors are the opposite of ambiguous
errors. Those errors classified neither developmental nor interlingual.
Table 4.5
Calculation of cause of errors
Cause of Errors
Number of Errors
Percentage
Developmental errors
15
38.46%
Interlingual Errors
11
28.20%
Ambiguous Errors
0
0.00%
Other Errors
13
33.33%
Total
39
100%
58
See the appendices for the detail of the analysis.
Figure 4.3
Causes of Errors Made by the Students
developmental
errors
33.33%
38.46%
interlingual errors
ambiguous errors
0.00%
28.20%
other errors
Based on the table, developmental error occurred by 38.46% of
total errors. The errors categorized as errors caused by developmental
errors because the pattern of errors similar to the way of native speaker
children learn their mother tongue language. Interlingual errors
occurred by 28.20% of total error. This error categorized as errors
caused by interlingual errors because the pattern of the sentences are
similar to the pattern of the students’ mother tongue language. Other
errors occurred by 33.33% of total errors. The errors categorized as
other errors because those errors couldn’t categorize neither
developmental nor interlingual error.
59
Based on the analysis result, the trend cause of errors occurred
by the students was developmental error. The errors categorized as
errors caused by developmental errors because the pattern of errors
similar to the way of native speaker children learn their mother tongue
language. See the figure 4.4 for trend cause of errors Made by the
students was developmental error.
Figure 4.4
Trend Causes of Errors Made by the Students
38.46
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
develpmental
errors
trend
cause
of
errors
a. Discussion
1. Types of Errors in Narrative Text Made by The Ninth Year Students
of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya
Based on the description in the data presentation, there are several
things that can be noted down. Most of the students still make errors in
writing narrative paragraph. In this case, in analyzing the type of error
made by the ninth year of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya, the writer
60
reffered to the theory recommended by Dulay that the error type based on
surface strategy taxonomy. According to Dulay, a surface strategy
taxonomy highlight the ways surface structured is alerted: learners may
omit necessary items or add unnecessary ones; they may misform items or
misorder them. There are four kinds of error 1) omission (content
mmorpheme, grammatical morpheme), 2) addition (double marking, simple
addition, regularization) 3) misformation (archi-forms, alternating forms,
regularization). 4) misordering.
In this study, the writer only found three kinds of error. There are
omission, addition and misformation. According to the result of the
students’ product, the type of error frequency high to low are omission by
51.28%, addition by 25.63%, misformation by 23.07 and misordering by
0%.
Based on the analysis result, the trends of errors occurred by
omission 51.28% of total errors. From the students’ writing products, the
researcher found some of them omit several words in the sentences. The
students wrote it by omitting the grammatical morphemes such as articles,
to be, and suffix or prefix. It is because they did not know the rules how to
write the word in English.
61
2. Cause of Errors in Making Narrative Text Made by The Ninth Year
Students of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya
In this case, in analyzing the cause of error made by the ninth year
of MTs Darul Amin Palangka Raya, the writer reffered to the theory
recommended by Dulay that the error type based on comparative
taxonomy. According to Dulay, the classification of errors in a
comparative taxonomy is based on comparisons between the structure of L2
errors and certain other types of constructions. This taxonomy classified
the learners’ error into developmental errors, interlingual errors,
ambiguous errors, and other errors.
In this study, the writer only found three kinds of error. There is
developmental, interlingual and other error. According to the result of the
students’ product, developmental error occurred by 38.46% of total errors.
The errors categorized as errors caused by developmental errors because
the pattern of errors similar to the way of native speaker children learn their
mother tongue language. Interlingual errors occurred by 28.20% of total
error. This error categorized as errors caused by interlingual errors because
the pattern of the sentences are similar to the pattern of the students’
mother tongue language. Other errors occurred by 33.33% of total errors.
The errors categorized as other errors because those errors couldn’t
categorize neither developmental nor interlingual error.
62
Based on the analysis result, the trend cause of errors occurred by
the students was developmental error. The errors categorized as errors
caused by developmental errors because the pattern of errors similar to the
way of native speaker children learn their mother tongue language. They
omitted the articles from the sentences.