Hausing Sanitation and Acute Respiratory Tract infection Among Undergradute Students in Indonesia Repository - UNAIR REPOSITORY
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ASIA-PACIFIC ACADEMIC
coNsoRTtuM FoR puBuc
IE Ai.tuilic
HEALTH
Acd€.nic Consortium tcr Public Haalth (APACPH), an indop€ndent non-profit corporation
rdirCiEd in 1S4 ry fwe charter members, organizes and supports collaboration arnong academic public health
iElnnills h tho Asia and Pacific rogion. lts memborship includos 59 schools of public healh and dopartmsnts ol
cdrrrity
rn€dicine rssponsible for profsssional sducation in public hsahh in
19
Asia-Pacific nations.
Ilt. drdon ol APACPII ls to onhanco tho qualily ot prof.$ional .ducsdon lor publlc health and primary
h.dfi car ot lts mombor lnsUtl,tlons. ln ths conduct ot lt8 mllrlon, APACPII iosteB and supports iolnt
ra{th,
tralnlng and ssrvlcs prolocts among lt3 momb€rs to lmpro! odocauonal programs, strongtten
and consultatlyo skills of taculty, proyido unique and nau l€amlng €xpodenca3 for 8tudents,
das.nfnate sci.ntiflc lniormatlon, and sumulato lntsrsrctral colhboradon amorB govommontal,
non-gov6mmfital and acadomlc lnstlt tons.
rucartt
The APACPH also publishes tho Asla-Pacifc Journal of Public Heafrh, a p€er reviowed joumal and ths only English
language journal devoted to public health issues ol the Asia and Pacific r€gion.
Th€ programs of the APACPH are supported by mombsrship du€s and from sp€cial contributions of oth6r donors
from time to time.
Editorial Office:
Health Research Development Unit (HeRDU)
Faculty of M6dicin6
University ot Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, i.lalaysia
Tol: 60-3-7967-4973/5748 Fax: 60-3-7967-5769
Wobpage: http:/,vww.apjph.org
Published on bohalt ot:
Asia-Pacific Acadsmic Consortium lor Public Hoatth (APACPH)
by Faculty of M€dicine, University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Articlos published in the Asia-Pacifrc Joumal of hrblic He€,lth are cifod in lndex M€di:us, NLM MEDUNE,
PsyclNFO and CINAHL.
ttre
dG
The vie\r/s sxprssssd in this publication do not n€cessaily rsflact
cd th3 ffibrhl Boad or the publisher.
Furthermors, the Asia-Pacific Acad€mic Consortium br hlHic ll€alth
rEl $arantg6, dir€ctly.or indirectly,
the quality or etficacy of any product or ssrvice describ€d in tfle dlutissmdlb co.rtain€d in this Joumal.
Asia-Pacific
Acadfi*: Coosdim
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Editorc
Golin Binns
Yasuo Kagawa
$ftigeii Miyaki
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Asia-Pacific Journal of
Public Health
EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITOR-IN.CHIEF
WahYun
DEPUTT EDITOR-IN.CHIEF
lpw
Heabh Resurch Daelo?rent
Frcuby of Medicire
Unitenity of Malaya
Kwla Lunyur, Malalsia
Colin Binns
Depqfiwnt oJ Nutritim
Udt
School of Public
Huhh
Curtin Univenity of Tbchwbgy
Perth, Atstralia
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Sian Griffiths
Schml of Public Huhh
The Chiree Univenity of Hmg Kmg
Mesamine Jimba
Gradwte Schaol of Medicire
Uniterity oJ Tolcyo
Tolcyo, lapan
Hmg Kmg
Mwh
Malcolm Sim
for Occupatiml
Seung-Wook Lee
Centre
School of Public Health
Seoul Nqtid Uriverity
Seoul, Reyublic of Korea
anl Ewirmwntal Hahh
De?artwt
of Epidemiobgy
€z
Prqmtive Mediciw
Mmh Uniterity
Melbmru,,\wtralia
KUAI-A LUMPUR EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Yut Lin Wong
Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
Departwt of Srcial and
Hubh
Research Daeloywnt tJnit
Facuby of Medicire
Unirenity of Malaya
Kwla Lumpur, Malaysia
Prqentiue Medicire
Untuerity of Malaya
Krula Lunpur, Malaysia
Facul4, of Langwges anA Linguistirs
Univerity of Malaya
Kwla Lwnpur, Malaysia
IshakAbdul Raak
Ee Ming Khoo
Depaarut
Primry Care Meiliciw
Frculty of Mediciw
of
De?qrtrcnt of
Unirenity of Maloya
Kwla Lwnpur, Mala,yia
CMwiry
Dentktry
Facuby of Dentistry
Univereity of Malaya
Kwla Lumpur, Malaysia
BOARD OF
Zuraidah Mohd Don
of Englkh Langwge
Depafiwnt
Mohd Amin Jalaludin
Ofir
Unilenity of Malaya
D eputy Vice - Chanc ellor's
Kwla Lumpur,
e
Malaysitz
ADVTSORS_
-TNTERNATIONAL
.{istair Woodward, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Liming Lee, Peking University Medical Center, China
.\ndres' Prentice, London School of Hygiene and Tropical
\ledicine, United Kingdom
Marcel Tanner, Swiss Tropical Institute, Switzerland
.lndvJohnson, University of Southern California, USA
Michael Dunne, Queensland University of Technology,
Australia
-$uar Zaini Md. Zain, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
Mohan Gupte, National Institute of Epidemiology, India
Brian Oldenburg, Monash University, Australia
Mohd. Amin Jalaludin, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Chizuru Nishida, World Health Organisation, Geneva,
Ssitzerland
Orawan Kaewboonchoo, Mahidol Universiry Thailand
Dat Van Duong, United Nations Population Fund, Vietnam
Darid Sanders, University ofWestern Cape, South Africa
Jennifer B. Unger, University of Southern California, USA
Kenji Hayashi, National Institute of Public Health, Japan
Richard F. Southby, George Washington University, USA
Sharon Fonn, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
T. Varagunam, Eastern Universiry Sri Lanka
Wai J. Chen, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Xao Ma, Sichuan University, China
hremlin Wickramasinghe, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Le Vu Anh, Hanoi School of Public Health, Vietnam
Itr
t
Asia-Pacific Journal of
Public Health
Volume
20
Supplement
October 2008
Editorial
The History and Mission of Kagawa Nutrition University
Shigeji Miyagi
I
Original Articles
The Consumption of Traditional Foods in Mongolia
Tuglamba Alim.aa, Zundui Ariunbileg, and Begz Daguatseren
2
Exploring Why Girls Smoke in Malaysia
Nabilla Al-Sad.at, and Colin W. Binns
6
- A Qualitative Approach
Influence of Antenatal Care, Placental Weight and Genetic Variation on
Low Birth Weight, Makassar Indonesia
Riduan Amiruddin, and lrawanYusuf
l5
A case Report of Anti-smoking Measures at
Hiromi Ariyoshi
l8
a Japanese Small-scale
worksite
Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Disease among
the Mongolian Population
Noroa Bolonnaa, Luysanbazar l,Jaramtuya, Maximellian De Courten,
Palatn Enkhtuya, and. Sambuu Tsegmed
23
Does Prenatal Ultrasound Exposure Influence the Development of children?
Bhuny abhadk Chaimay, and
S
3l
onckiattiy o s Woradet
A Descriptive Study of Nonfatal, Unintentional Home-based Injury in
Urban Settings: Evidence from Hong Kong
EruilyYingYang Chan, Jean H. Kim, Qweenie l,lg, Sian Grffiths, and
Joseph Tak Fai Lau
Poverty and Household Food Insecurity in Mongolia
alaij amts Chime ddulam, G uushir D alaij amts, H elga
anil Tserendorj Tsevegdorj
D
39
B
ardos,
The Sakado School-based "shokuiku" Food and Nutrition
Education Project
Junho Fujikura, Shimak"o Muto, Yukari Takemi, Hitomi Okubo,
Hisako Tanaka, Akio Kagawa, and Satoshi Sasaki
49
57
Food Security Issues for Low-income Hawaii Residents
Katie M. Heinrich, Laura J. Y. Hsu, Courtney B. Johnson, Yuka Jokura,
Martha Rider, and Jay E. Madd.ock
Genetic Polymorphisms of Xenobiotic Enzymes Affect Human
Vitamin C Excretion
Shizu Higasa, Masaru Tsujimura, Marui Hiraoh-a, Kazuhiro Nakayama,
Yoshiko Yanagisauta, Sadabiko l'wamoto, and Yasuo Kagatta
64
70
The Concentrations of Blood Sugar and HbAlc are Significantly Higher
in g/g Homozygotes of Adiponectin t45g Polymorphism than in
Heterozygotes and Wild Types
Chisato Hirai, andYasuo Kagawa
80
Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease in Japan
Fumi Hirayama, Andy H. Lee, Colin W. Binns, Tont Oga,
and Koichi Nishiruura
87
Declining Longevity Advantage and Low Birth*'eight in Okinaw'a
Tomiko Hokama, and Colin Binns
95
Are Japanese Criteria for Obesitl' Useful for Screening at Risk Japanese?
Consideration from Anthropometric Indices-Percentage Bod-v- Fat
Relationships
Masaharu kogou'r, \*lalr,ki Tahara, Ntl,,a,la lvl. Byne, Kazuhiko llloji,
Noriaki Tsunanaake, and Andrettt P. Hills
t02
Relationship between Genetic Polymorphism, Serum Folate and
Homocvsteine in Alzheimer's Disease
.\Iitsrrro Kagel'ama, Mami Hiraoka, andYasuo Kagawa
lll
B\tl
for -{ge References for Japanese Children- Based on the 2000
Grosth Sun'ey
\orito
Kato, Karcko Sato, Hidemi Takimoto, and Noriko Sudo
l l8
\
Pilot Studv of Advice on Physical Activity in Senior Disabled
Indiriduals in Rural Japan
-*iro lrinrura. and Shigeji Miagi
r28
llcry
lntemet Use and Correlations with Interpersonal Behaviours
Unirersitv Entrants in Hong Kong
Cb-Hug Lau, Sian M. Gtffiths, Julie Ktnai Wing Chou, BenYuk Fai Fong,
-B
Ea "llci ltz KanYuen, and. Jean H. Kim
Thc lmpact of the HIV Epidemic on Health Services in Cambodia:
-t Defohi Studr
Srylq
u
l-ang
134
t4l
-{ Reriew of Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment System
in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)
John .4. Linton, Bernard Tan, and. Michael Casey
148
-{ Study of Risk Factors for Non-intentional Domestic Injuries among
Preschoolers in Three Suburban Areas of Sri Lanka
Isurujith K. Lianage, Ashan C. A. Pathirana, Kremlin K. Wickraruasinghe,
I ndik a M. Karunathilake, and Asela Olup aliy aw a
156
-\ Biomarker for Exposure to Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides
Starif Husin Lubis and Magd.i El Sersi, Salmaan Hussein lnayat Hwssein,
\ur lbrahirn Sakian, Rahim Salleh, Jamil Rafai, and Khaled. Al Khamesey
162
Dietan, Modification in a Workplace Health Promotion Program in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fwtg Ming Moy, Atiya Ab Sallam, and. Mee Lian Wong
t66
Comparative Study on Polynorphisms in Genes Associated with
Lifest-r'le Related Diseases in Asian and Pacific Populations
Xa:uhiro N akayama, Munkhtulga Lkhagaasuren, Yoshiko Yanagisataa,
\anami Utsumi, Maki Kumada,Takaya Gotoh, Sad.ahiko lwamoto,
e,ndlasuo Kagatna
173
The Relationship between Serum Leptin Concentration and the Percentage
of Bodv Fat in Japanese High School Students
Xeiko llauata, Hiromi lshida, Kazuhiro Uenishi, and Hideki Kudo
180
Preferred Frequency of Menstruation in Hong Kong Chinese Women
Characteristics and Factors
Queeni Tse Kay Ng, andPong MoYuen
189
Occupational Injuries as Reported in the Vietnam Multi-center
Injury Survey
Ha T. Nguyen, CuongV. Pham, Matthew Keifer, and Chailes Mock
196
Public Health Responsibility in the Thai Constitutional Law between
t932-2OO6 (8.E. 247 5 -2549)
Surachart Na Nongkhai, and Suthee [Jsathaporn
203
,\lortality in East Asian Countries in the Pre-war Period:
,{ Quasi-experimental Study on Healthy Immigrant Effects
Etsuji Okamoto
208
Risk Behaviors for HIV/ AIDS among Youth in Rural Area of Myanmar
Oranut Pacheun, Ei Ei Swe, and. Arpaporn Powwattana
215
Breastfeeding Following Caesarean Section in Zhejiang Province
Public Health Implications
Liqian Qiu, Colin Binns, Yun Zhao, Andy Lee, and Xing Xie
220
vlI
Child Health Status and Maternal and Child Care in Quang Tri Province,
Vietnam
Quyen Tu Bui, Linh Cu Le, and Znrah Rahman
228
Gender Differences in the Relationships between Obesity and Lifestyle
Risk Factors in a Small Farming Town in Japan
Kanae Sato, and Hiko Tatuashiro
236
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Indonesians
Sudijanto Kamso
244
Access to Services and Complications Experienced by Disabled People
in Thailand
Civilaiz Wanarah.uichit, Patcharin Sirasoonthorn, Supasit Pannarunothai,
and Narongsuk Noosorn
251
Diversity in Genes Responsible for Lifestyle-related Diseases in
Asia-Pacific Region
Yoshiko Yanagistnua, Lkhagvasuren Munkhtulga, Kazuhiro l'l akayarna,
S adahiko Iw amoto, Phitay a Charup oonphol, S omj it S up annnatas,
Stel ensom Kuartei, LJ lziib uren Chime dr e gzen, Terue Kaw ab ata,
Yoshinori Kaneko, Samae Watanabe, Mitsuru Salzutna, Fumio Kontatsw,
I{1oko Hasegaua, andYasuo Kagau,a
Hgusing Sanitation and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection among
,w Tdnd"rgraduate Students in Indonesia
Ririh Yudhastuti
Instructions for Authors
vlll
257
262
266
Housing Sanitation and Acute
Respiratory Tract Infection
among Undergraduate Students
in Indonesia
10.
rb.com
Ririh Yudhastuti, MSc
Acute respiratory tract infection is a common infectious disease in students living in crowded
housing in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between air quality
in boarding houses and ARI occurrence in students. A cross sectional study was undertaken on
89 houses occupied by students in Mulyorejo Village, Mulyorejo Subdistrict Surabaya determined
by using a systemic random sampling method. Population density, ventilation, temperature and
humidity were measured. The study concludes that there is significant association between the
population density, ventilation, humidity and ARI occurrence but not temperature. Therefore,
student boarding houses should provide good air quality and sanitation to reduce the incidence
of acute respiratory tract infection.
Keywordsr housing sanitation; air quality; acute respiratory infection; university students
Indonesia
Background
Respiratory tract infections such as influenza, pneumococcal disease and tuberculosis,
can easily spread among students because of improper ventilation and living conditions.
Living environments can cause health disorders, due to poor ventilation, temperature
and humidity. l'2 Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) is one of the main health
problems in Indonesia with a high incidence rate, particularly in children under 5 years
of age. Factors influencing the incidence of ARI in under five children include the
physical and sanitation conditions of their house, population density and air pollution
inside the house (indoor pollution). ARI is most common in under five year old children,
butARI also occur in adults and teenagers.3-6 In urban areas, SOVo of individual activitv
is inside a room. Sources of indoor pollution include pollution from outdoors entering
the room, cigarette smoke, fumes from kitchens and the use of insect sprays.6';
Undergraduate students often live in group housing around Airlangga Universitl..
Surabaya. Generally these students come from outside Surabaya who don't have familr'
that live close to the campus. Students choose houses because they are close to campus
From the Environmental Health Depart, School of Public Health, Airlangga University.
Address correspondence to: Ririh Yudhastuti, School of Public Health, Airlangga University, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street.
Surabaya, East Java Indonesia 601 I 5; e-mail: Yudhastuti_r@Unair.ac.id.
262
Housing Sanitation and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection among Undergraduate Students
/Yud.hastuti
263
and provide study facilities at an affordable price. Mulyorejo village, close to the
university campus is a common location for shared housing. According to annual report
in public clinic centre of Airlangga University Surabaya year in 200 I there 1788 cases
of ARI in students fromAirlangga University. The objective of this studywas to investigate
the association between housing occupation levels, ventilation, temperature and humidity
in student housing in Mulyorejo village and acute respiratory infection (An1;.2,s
Methods
A cross sectional study was undertaken in the occupants of 89 out of the-1176 houses
in Mulyorejo village. A questionnaire was used to carrv data on ARI symptoms, number
of occupants per house, personal space, ventilation, temperature and humidity. The data
was entered into an E,xcel database and analysed using Epi Info for windows.e-10
Results and Discussions
The houses were classified by the area available per person, more or less than 4 m2 per
person, see Table l.
Table
No
l.
Association between House Area per Person and ARI in Mulyorejo Village
Population
ARI
House Density
Hcalth
n
%
n
Amount
Vo
%
I
Poor
9
40,91
60
67,42
Good
5l
t6
76,12
2
23,88
13
59,O9
29
32,,8
Total
67
100
22
100
89
100
P=.oo5df=t
The association between housing ventilation and ARI incidence is shown in Table
Table
No
2.
2
Association between Housing Ventilation and ARI in Mulyorejo Village
ARI
Ventilation
Health
n
%
n
Amount
Vo
Vo
I
Poor
56
83,58
7
31,58
63
7O,79
2
Good
ll
16,42
l5
68,1 8
26
29,21
Total
69
r00
22
100
89
100
P
=.000 d/= I
264
Asin-Pacific Jonrnal of Public Heabh
lyol.20, Supplement, October 2008
The association between housing temperatures and ARI is shown in Table
Table
No
3.
3
Association between House Temperature and ARI at Mulyorejo Village
ARI
Temperature
Health
Amount
n
%
n
Vo
20
90,gl
7o
I
Poor
66
98,5 r
86
96,63
2
Good
I
r,5
2
9,1
3
3,37
Total
67
100
)^)
lo0
tt9
P=.3O2 df
100
=r
The association between housing humidity and ARI incidence is shown in Table 4.
Table
No
Humidity
4.
Association between House Humidity and ARI ar Mulyorejo Village
Mulyorejo Subdistrict Surabaya Village ARI Occurrence
ARI
,
Health
Vo
I
/o
Amount
Vo
I
Poor
49
73,13
l0
45,45
59
66,29
2
Good
l8
26,87
t2
54,55
30
33,37
Total
67
too
22
t00
89
100
P=.o3a
df =1
These results show the importance of not overcrowding student housing and providing
adequate ventilation and air quality to ensure the health of students. noom temperatures
inside houses are influenced by outside air temperatures, air circulation and air humidity
inside rooms.ll Air temperatures depend on the ambient weather and humidity is also
an important factor in the spread of infection.T,ll
_ Air humidity inside rooms increases because of bad ventilation due to evaporation
from skin or exhaled air.ll'12 A small area per inhabitant facilities the spread of infection
and also increases humidity.t,:'tr
Conclusion
The results of this study show that the incidence of ARI is related to overcrowding,
humidity and room temperatures in student housing in Mulyorejo village.l3 St.rd"rri.
require a minimum of 4 mz/person with adequate ventilation and opening *lrrdo-r.12.13
Windows should be at least lO% of the room width, The room temperaiure inside the
house should be kept at a comfortable level and the humidity reduced by use of the
windows.
Housing Sanitation and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection among Undergraduate Students /
Yudhastuti 265
References
t'
2.
3'
4.
;.
6.
7.
8.
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Slamet Juli, Sumirat. Enuironnrental Heahh. 5th ed. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press;
2002.
Depart of Health, Republic Indonesia. Heahh Requirements of Housing. Jakarta: The Role of
Minister of Health Republic Indonesia No 829; 1999.
Howard F. Entironmental Heabh From Global to Local. San Francisco, USA: Jossey Bass;
2005:331-361
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Moeller WD. Air in the home and community. In: DW Moeller, 3'd ed. Entironmental Health.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Havard University Press; 2005: lO2-128.
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Gloria Net. Your Houses is Heahhy? http://www:Glorianet.org,/berita html. 2003. Accessed
January 11,2006.
Mukono HJ. Principles of Enuironmental Heabh. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press; 2000:
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Notoadmodjo, Sukidjo. Method Research in Public Heahh. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta; 2002.
10. Stewart J. Environmental Heahh and Housing. London ECAP4EE: Spon Press; 2OOl:23-3J.
II. Handajani. ARI Occurrence in [Jnder FiuesYear Old. in Slum Areas and Air Quality Aspect.
Jakarta: Indonesian Public Health Journal XXV (No 2); 1997.
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1r
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'-
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T:]
JOURNAL OF
I
D
irttp aph saqepub.com
volume/zo Supplement October 2008
s
rcr€'+
-
I
./f;'=
'.-1€7_.'
ASIA-PACIFIC ACADEMIC
coNsoRTtuM FoR puBuc
IE Ai.tuilic
HEALTH
Acd€.nic Consortium tcr Public Haalth (APACPH), an indop€ndent non-profit corporation
rdirCiEd in 1S4 ry fwe charter members, organizes and supports collaboration arnong academic public health
iElnnills h tho Asia and Pacific rogion. lts memborship includos 59 schools of public healh and dopartmsnts ol
cdrrrity
rn€dicine rssponsible for profsssional sducation in public hsahh in
19
Asia-Pacific nations.
Ilt. drdon ol APACPII ls to onhanco tho qualily ot prof.$ional .ducsdon lor publlc health and primary
h.dfi car ot lts mombor lnsUtl,tlons. ln ths conduct ot lt8 mllrlon, APACPII iosteB and supports iolnt
ra{th,
tralnlng and ssrvlcs prolocts among lt3 momb€rs to lmpro! odocauonal programs, strongtten
and consultatlyo skills of taculty, proyido unique and nau l€amlng €xpodenca3 for 8tudents,
das.nfnate sci.ntiflc lniormatlon, and sumulato lntsrsrctral colhboradon amorB govommontal,
non-gov6mmfital and acadomlc lnstlt tons.
rucartt
The APACPH also publishes tho Asla-Pacifc Journal of Public Heafrh, a p€er reviowed joumal and ths only English
language journal devoted to public health issues ol the Asia and Pacific r€gion.
Th€ programs of the APACPH are supported by mombsrship du€s and from sp€cial contributions of oth6r donors
from time to time.
Editorial Office:
Health Research Development Unit (HeRDU)
Faculty of M6dicin6
University ot Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, i.lalaysia
Tol: 60-3-7967-4973/5748 Fax: 60-3-7967-5769
Wobpage: http:/,vww.apjph.org
Published on bohalt ot:
Asia-Pacific Acadsmic Consortium lor Public Hoatth (APACPH)
by Faculty of M€dicine, University of Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Articlos published in the Asia-Pacifrc Joumal of hrblic He€,lth are cifod in lndex M€di:us, NLM MEDUNE,
PsyclNFO and CINAHL.
ttre
dG
The vie\r/s sxprssssd in this publication do not n€cessaily rsflact
cd th3 ffibrhl Boad or the publisher.
Furthermors, the Asia-Pacific Acad€mic Consortium br hlHic ll€alth
rEl $arantg6, dir€ctly.or indirectly,
the quality or etficacy of any product or ssrvice describ€d in tfle dlutissmdlb co.rtain€d in this Joumal.
Asia-Pacific
Acadfi*: Coosdim
t A.*
l{duf 1g}
tsst{ 10tGsB5
AI rigfib ros€md. No pan ol fils ptJulcatim rIEy te r89.odrcsd,
ol€ctmic, medlanlcal, phoiocooying
or
othfrriss,
ffi
w un psrlisstr
hr
h
rdH #r I t']E
tutl fi Fiilt
rfiE
tod
h
y fofin or ry any
I
ISLA.PACIFIC
JOURNAL OF
PUBLI CH
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Editorc
Golin Binns
Yasuo Kagawa
$ftigeii Miyaki
I
I
t
I
Asia-Pacific Journal of
Public Health
EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITOR-IN.CHIEF
WahYun
DEPUTT EDITOR-IN.CHIEF
lpw
Heabh Resurch Daelo?rent
Frcuby of Medicire
Unitenity of Malaya
Kwla Lunyur, Malalsia
Colin Binns
Depqfiwnt oJ Nutritim
Udt
School of Public
Huhh
Curtin Univenity of Tbchwbgy
Perth, Atstralia
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Sian Griffiths
Schml of Public Huhh
The Chiree Univenity of Hmg Kmg
Mesamine Jimba
Gradwte Schaol of Medicire
Uniterity oJ Tolcyo
Tolcyo, lapan
Hmg Kmg
Mwh
Malcolm Sim
for Occupatiml
Seung-Wook Lee
Centre
School of Public Health
Seoul Nqtid Uriverity
Seoul, Reyublic of Korea
anl Ewirmwntal Hahh
De?artwt
of Epidemiobgy
€z
Prqmtive Mediciw
Mmh Uniterity
Melbmru,,\wtralia
KUAI-A LUMPUR EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Yut Lin Wong
Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
Departwt of Srcial and
Hubh
Research Daeloywnt tJnit
Facuby of Medicire
Unirenity of Malaya
Kwla Lumpur, Malaysia
Prqentiue Medicire
Untuerity of Malaya
Krula Lunpur, Malaysia
Facul4, of Langwges anA Linguistirs
Univerity of Malaya
Kwla Lwnpur, Malaysia
IshakAbdul Raak
Ee Ming Khoo
Depaarut
Primry Care Meiliciw
Frculty of Mediciw
of
De?qrtrcnt of
Unirenity of Maloya
Kwla Lwnpur, Mala,yia
CMwiry
Dentktry
Facuby of Dentistry
Univereity of Malaya
Kwla Lumpur, Malaysia
BOARD OF
Zuraidah Mohd Don
of Englkh Langwge
Depafiwnt
Mohd Amin Jalaludin
Ofir
Unilenity of Malaya
D eputy Vice - Chanc ellor's
Kwla Lumpur,
e
Malaysitz
ADVTSORS_
-TNTERNATIONAL
.{istair Woodward, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Liming Lee, Peking University Medical Center, China
.\ndres' Prentice, London School of Hygiene and Tropical
\ledicine, United Kingdom
Marcel Tanner, Swiss Tropical Institute, Switzerland
.lndvJohnson, University of Southern California, USA
Michael Dunne, Queensland University of Technology,
Australia
-$uar Zaini Md. Zain, Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia
Mohan Gupte, National Institute of Epidemiology, India
Brian Oldenburg, Monash University, Australia
Mohd. Amin Jalaludin, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Chizuru Nishida, World Health Organisation, Geneva,
Ssitzerland
Orawan Kaewboonchoo, Mahidol Universiry Thailand
Dat Van Duong, United Nations Population Fund, Vietnam
Darid Sanders, University ofWestern Cape, South Africa
Jennifer B. Unger, University of Southern California, USA
Kenji Hayashi, National Institute of Public Health, Japan
Richard F. Southby, George Washington University, USA
Sharon Fonn, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
T. Varagunam, Eastern Universiry Sri Lanka
Wai J. Chen, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Xao Ma, Sichuan University, China
hremlin Wickramasinghe, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Le Vu Anh, Hanoi School of Public Health, Vietnam
Itr
t
Asia-Pacific Journal of
Public Health
Volume
20
Supplement
October 2008
Editorial
The History and Mission of Kagawa Nutrition University
Shigeji Miyagi
I
Original Articles
The Consumption of Traditional Foods in Mongolia
Tuglamba Alim.aa, Zundui Ariunbileg, and Begz Daguatseren
2
Exploring Why Girls Smoke in Malaysia
Nabilla Al-Sad.at, and Colin W. Binns
6
- A Qualitative Approach
Influence of Antenatal Care, Placental Weight and Genetic Variation on
Low Birth Weight, Makassar Indonesia
Riduan Amiruddin, and lrawanYusuf
l5
A case Report of Anti-smoking Measures at
Hiromi Ariyoshi
l8
a Japanese Small-scale
worksite
Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Disease among
the Mongolian Population
Noroa Bolonnaa, Luysanbazar l,Jaramtuya, Maximellian De Courten,
Palatn Enkhtuya, and. Sambuu Tsegmed
23
Does Prenatal Ultrasound Exposure Influence the Development of children?
Bhuny abhadk Chaimay, and
S
3l
onckiattiy o s Woradet
A Descriptive Study of Nonfatal, Unintentional Home-based Injury in
Urban Settings: Evidence from Hong Kong
EruilyYingYang Chan, Jean H. Kim, Qweenie l,lg, Sian Grffiths, and
Joseph Tak Fai Lau
Poverty and Household Food Insecurity in Mongolia
alaij amts Chime ddulam, G uushir D alaij amts, H elga
anil Tserendorj Tsevegdorj
D
39
B
ardos,
The Sakado School-based "shokuiku" Food and Nutrition
Education Project
Junho Fujikura, Shimak"o Muto, Yukari Takemi, Hitomi Okubo,
Hisako Tanaka, Akio Kagawa, and Satoshi Sasaki
49
57
Food Security Issues for Low-income Hawaii Residents
Katie M. Heinrich, Laura J. Y. Hsu, Courtney B. Johnson, Yuka Jokura,
Martha Rider, and Jay E. Madd.ock
Genetic Polymorphisms of Xenobiotic Enzymes Affect Human
Vitamin C Excretion
Shizu Higasa, Masaru Tsujimura, Marui Hiraoh-a, Kazuhiro Nakayama,
Yoshiko Yanagisauta, Sadabiko l'wamoto, and Yasuo Kagatta
64
70
The Concentrations of Blood Sugar and HbAlc are Significantly Higher
in g/g Homozygotes of Adiponectin t45g Polymorphism than in
Heterozygotes and Wild Types
Chisato Hirai, andYasuo Kagawa
80
Alcohol Consumption in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease in Japan
Fumi Hirayama, Andy H. Lee, Colin W. Binns, Tont Oga,
and Koichi Nishiruura
87
Declining Longevity Advantage and Low Birth*'eight in Okinaw'a
Tomiko Hokama, and Colin Binns
95
Are Japanese Criteria for Obesitl' Useful for Screening at Risk Japanese?
Consideration from Anthropometric Indices-Percentage Bod-v- Fat
Relationships
Masaharu kogou'r, \*lalr,ki Tahara, Ntl,,a,la lvl. Byne, Kazuhiko llloji,
Noriaki Tsunanaake, and Andrettt P. Hills
t02
Relationship between Genetic Polymorphism, Serum Folate and
Homocvsteine in Alzheimer's Disease
.\Iitsrrro Kagel'ama, Mami Hiraoka, andYasuo Kagawa
lll
B\tl
for -{ge References for Japanese Children- Based on the 2000
Grosth Sun'ey
\orito
Kato, Karcko Sato, Hidemi Takimoto, and Noriko Sudo
l l8
\
Pilot Studv of Advice on Physical Activity in Senior Disabled
Indiriduals in Rural Japan
-*iro lrinrura. and Shigeji Miagi
r28
llcry
lntemet Use and Correlations with Interpersonal Behaviours
Unirersitv Entrants in Hong Kong
Cb-Hug Lau, Sian M. Gtffiths, Julie Ktnai Wing Chou, BenYuk Fai Fong,
-B
Ea "llci ltz KanYuen, and. Jean H. Kim
Thc lmpact of the HIV Epidemic on Health Services in Cambodia:
-t Defohi Studr
Srylq
u
l-ang
134
t4l
-{ Reriew of Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment System
in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)
John .4. Linton, Bernard Tan, and. Michael Casey
148
-{ Study of Risk Factors for Non-intentional Domestic Injuries among
Preschoolers in Three Suburban Areas of Sri Lanka
Isurujith K. Lianage, Ashan C. A. Pathirana, Kremlin K. Wickraruasinghe,
I ndik a M. Karunathilake, and Asela Olup aliy aw a
156
-\ Biomarker for Exposure to Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides
Starif Husin Lubis and Magd.i El Sersi, Salmaan Hussein lnayat Hwssein,
\ur lbrahirn Sakian, Rahim Salleh, Jamil Rafai, and Khaled. Al Khamesey
162
Dietan, Modification in a Workplace Health Promotion Program in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fwtg Ming Moy, Atiya Ab Sallam, and. Mee Lian Wong
t66
Comparative Study on Polynorphisms in Genes Associated with
Lifest-r'le Related Diseases in Asian and Pacific Populations
Xa:uhiro N akayama, Munkhtulga Lkhagaasuren, Yoshiko Yanagisataa,
\anami Utsumi, Maki Kumada,Takaya Gotoh, Sad.ahiko lwamoto,
e,ndlasuo Kagatna
173
The Relationship between Serum Leptin Concentration and the Percentage
of Bodv Fat in Japanese High School Students
Xeiko llauata, Hiromi lshida, Kazuhiro Uenishi, and Hideki Kudo
180
Preferred Frequency of Menstruation in Hong Kong Chinese Women
Characteristics and Factors
Queeni Tse Kay Ng, andPong MoYuen
189
Occupational Injuries as Reported in the Vietnam Multi-center
Injury Survey
Ha T. Nguyen, CuongV. Pham, Matthew Keifer, and Chailes Mock
196
Public Health Responsibility in the Thai Constitutional Law between
t932-2OO6 (8.E. 247 5 -2549)
Surachart Na Nongkhai, and Suthee [Jsathaporn
203
,\lortality in East Asian Countries in the Pre-war Period:
,{ Quasi-experimental Study on Healthy Immigrant Effects
Etsuji Okamoto
208
Risk Behaviors for HIV/ AIDS among Youth in Rural Area of Myanmar
Oranut Pacheun, Ei Ei Swe, and. Arpaporn Powwattana
215
Breastfeeding Following Caesarean Section in Zhejiang Province
Public Health Implications
Liqian Qiu, Colin Binns, Yun Zhao, Andy Lee, and Xing Xie
220
vlI
Child Health Status and Maternal and Child Care in Quang Tri Province,
Vietnam
Quyen Tu Bui, Linh Cu Le, and Znrah Rahman
228
Gender Differences in the Relationships between Obesity and Lifestyle
Risk Factors in a Small Farming Town in Japan
Kanae Sato, and Hiko Tatuashiro
236
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Indonesians
Sudijanto Kamso
244
Access to Services and Complications Experienced by Disabled People
in Thailand
Civilaiz Wanarah.uichit, Patcharin Sirasoonthorn, Supasit Pannarunothai,
and Narongsuk Noosorn
251
Diversity in Genes Responsible for Lifestyle-related Diseases in
Asia-Pacific Region
Yoshiko Yanagistnua, Lkhagvasuren Munkhtulga, Kazuhiro l'l akayarna,
S adahiko Iw amoto, Phitay a Charup oonphol, S omj it S up annnatas,
Stel ensom Kuartei, LJ lziib uren Chime dr e gzen, Terue Kaw ab ata,
Yoshinori Kaneko, Samae Watanabe, Mitsuru Salzutna, Fumio Kontatsw,
I{1oko Hasegaua, andYasuo Kagau,a
Hgusing Sanitation and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection among
,w Tdnd"rgraduate Students in Indonesia
Ririh Yudhastuti
Instructions for Authors
vlll
257
262
266
Housing Sanitation and Acute
Respiratory Tract Infection
among Undergraduate Students
in Indonesia
10.
rb.com
Ririh Yudhastuti, MSc
Acute respiratory tract infection is a common infectious disease in students living in crowded
housing in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between air quality
in boarding houses and ARI occurrence in students. A cross sectional study was undertaken on
89 houses occupied by students in Mulyorejo Village, Mulyorejo Subdistrict Surabaya determined
by using a systemic random sampling method. Population density, ventilation, temperature and
humidity were measured. The study concludes that there is significant association between the
population density, ventilation, humidity and ARI occurrence but not temperature. Therefore,
student boarding houses should provide good air quality and sanitation to reduce the incidence
of acute respiratory tract infection.
Keywordsr housing sanitation; air quality; acute respiratory infection; university students
Indonesia
Background
Respiratory tract infections such as influenza, pneumococcal disease and tuberculosis,
can easily spread among students because of improper ventilation and living conditions.
Living environments can cause health disorders, due to poor ventilation, temperature
and humidity. l'2 Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) is one of the main health
problems in Indonesia with a high incidence rate, particularly in children under 5 years
of age. Factors influencing the incidence of ARI in under five children include the
physical and sanitation conditions of their house, population density and air pollution
inside the house (indoor pollution). ARI is most common in under five year old children,
butARI also occur in adults and teenagers.3-6 In urban areas, SOVo of individual activitv
is inside a room. Sources of indoor pollution include pollution from outdoors entering
the room, cigarette smoke, fumes from kitchens and the use of insect sprays.6';
Undergraduate students often live in group housing around Airlangga Universitl..
Surabaya. Generally these students come from outside Surabaya who don't have familr'
that live close to the campus. Students choose houses because they are close to campus
From the Environmental Health Depart, School of Public Health, Airlangga University.
Address correspondence to: Ririh Yudhastuti, School of Public Health, Airlangga University, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street.
Surabaya, East Java Indonesia 601 I 5; e-mail: Yudhastuti_r@Unair.ac.id.
262
Housing Sanitation and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection among Undergraduate Students
/Yud.hastuti
263
and provide study facilities at an affordable price. Mulyorejo village, close to the
university campus is a common location for shared housing. According to annual report
in public clinic centre of Airlangga University Surabaya year in 200 I there 1788 cases
of ARI in students fromAirlangga University. The objective of this studywas to investigate
the association between housing occupation levels, ventilation, temperature and humidity
in student housing in Mulyorejo village and acute respiratory infection (An1;.2,s
Methods
A cross sectional study was undertaken in the occupants of 89 out of the-1176 houses
in Mulyorejo village. A questionnaire was used to carrv data on ARI symptoms, number
of occupants per house, personal space, ventilation, temperature and humidity. The data
was entered into an E,xcel database and analysed using Epi Info for windows.e-10
Results and Discussions
The houses were classified by the area available per person, more or less than 4 m2 per
person, see Table l.
Table
No
l.
Association between House Area per Person and ARI in Mulyorejo Village
Population
ARI
House Density
Hcalth
n
%
n
Amount
Vo
%
I
Poor
9
40,91
60
67,42
Good
5l
t6
76,12
2
23,88
13
59,O9
29
32,,8
Total
67
100
22
100
89
100
P=.oo5df=t
The association between housing ventilation and ARI incidence is shown in Table
Table
No
2.
2
Association between Housing Ventilation and ARI in Mulyorejo Village
ARI
Ventilation
Health
n
%
n
Amount
Vo
Vo
I
Poor
56
83,58
7
31,58
63
7O,79
2
Good
ll
16,42
l5
68,1 8
26
29,21
Total
69
r00
22
100
89
100
P
=.000 d/= I
264
Asin-Pacific Jonrnal of Public Heabh
lyol.20, Supplement, October 2008
The association between housing temperatures and ARI is shown in Table
Table
No
3.
3
Association between House Temperature and ARI at Mulyorejo Village
ARI
Temperature
Health
Amount
n
%
n
Vo
20
90,gl
7o
I
Poor
66
98,5 r
86
96,63
2
Good
I
r,5
2
9,1
3
3,37
Total
67
100
)^)
lo0
tt9
P=.3O2 df
100
=r
The association between housing humidity and ARI incidence is shown in Table 4.
Table
No
Humidity
4.
Association between House Humidity and ARI ar Mulyorejo Village
Mulyorejo Subdistrict Surabaya Village ARI Occurrence
ARI
,
Health
Vo
I
/o
Amount
Vo
I
Poor
49
73,13
l0
45,45
59
66,29
2
Good
l8
26,87
t2
54,55
30
33,37
Total
67
too
22
t00
89
100
P=.o3a
df =1
These results show the importance of not overcrowding student housing and providing
adequate ventilation and air quality to ensure the health of students. noom temperatures
inside houses are influenced by outside air temperatures, air circulation and air humidity
inside rooms.ll Air temperatures depend on the ambient weather and humidity is also
an important factor in the spread of infection.T,ll
_ Air humidity inside rooms increases because of bad ventilation due to evaporation
from skin or exhaled air.ll'12 A small area per inhabitant facilities the spread of infection
and also increases humidity.t,:'tr
Conclusion
The results of this study show that the incidence of ARI is related to overcrowding,
humidity and room temperatures in student housing in Mulyorejo village.l3 St.rd"rri.
require a minimum of 4 mz/person with adequate ventilation and opening *lrrdo-r.12.13
Windows should be at least lO% of the room width, The room temperaiure inside the
house should be kept at a comfortable level and the humidity reduced by use of the
windows.
Housing Sanitation and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection among Undergraduate Students /
Yudhastuti 265
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