Promoting And Improving Local Horticulture Product for Sustainable Food Security In Bali.

PROMOTING AND IMPROVING
LOCAL HORTICULTURE PRODUCT FOR
SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY IN BALI

I. N. RAI
Dean faculty of agriculture
Udayana university
National Seminar : Promoting and Improving Local Horticulture Products
for Food Security in Indonesia. Denpasar, 16 October 2013

What is food security ?
 Food security exists when all people, at all times,
have physical, social and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active
and healthy life (FAO).
 Four dimension of food security:
1. Availability
2. Safely
3. Evenly distributed
4. Affordable.

APEC MEETING:
September 2th, 2013
 Creating the policy partnership on food security (PPES)
 The role of PPES:

 to address food security concerns

 to oversee all issues related to/affecting food security
Tree missions:

HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE HUNGRY .... ?????
925 MILLION

WORLD FOOD SUMMIT TARGET:


To halve the number of undernourished
people by no later than 2015  reducing
the number of undernourished to 412

million

Global Hunger Index



19 countries suffer from considerable high levels of vulnerability
(UNEncap, 2011)
Nine countries classified as “serious” and 10 considered “alarming”
Serious

Alarming

Indonesia

Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Democratic Republic of Korea
India

Lao PDR
Nepal
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Timor-Leste

Mongolia
Myanmar
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Turkmenistan
Viet Nam
Uzbekistan

 The Global Hunger Index, which was developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute, is a multidimensional
indicator that combines three weighted indicators: (1) the proportion of undernourished as a percentage of the population,
(2) the prevalence of underweight in children under the age of five; and (3) the under-five mortality rate. This ensures that
ensures that both the food-supply situation of the population as a whole and the effects of inadequate nutrition on a
physiologically very vulnerable group are captured (UNEncap, 2011)

FOOD INSECURITY:




Temporary  localised food shortages
Protracted  large-scale famine.

Chronic  widespread poverty (millions of
people are permanently vulnerable to famine)

Source: Gayi, S.K and M. Cherel-Robson (2010) : Agricultural policies and food security.
Special Unit on Commodities, UNCTAD

Source:
FAO
(2010)
Source:
FAO

( 2010)

FEEDING INDONESIA
IS THERE ENOUGH
EVERYONE
?

FOOD

TO

NOURISH

 Indonesia: “Serious” problem in food security

 Food security is a complex issue
issue,, not only
linked to increasing population, but also land
conversion, urbanization, climate change, and
soil degradation which made food insecurity

insecurity..

CONSTRAINTS IN ACHIEVING
FOOD SECURITY
 Loss of agricultural land/land conversion 

large amount
of fertile agriculture land was converted to non agriculture use

 Global Climate Change
 Land ownership  in general very small: 0.20 – 1.0 hectare

degradation and over exploitation  use
of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, mechanisation and
monocropping to increase productivity  widespread
environmental damage (erosion, water contamination by
pesticides, biodiversity loss).

 Environmental



Trend: land is being used to produce biofuels instead of food
12

Dysfunctional systems





Processes: high input prices, fall in food production,
climate change, demographic changes, changes in
consumption patterns, and urbanization
Policies: neglect of agriculture, faulty public distribution
system, subsidy and tax policies.
Institutions: unequal property rights (land and water
rights), bad governance, and distorted markets.

 Food

security policies need to be implemented through a
cross-sectoral approach involving various government
ministries, namely: agriculture, trade, health and education.

WELFARE SOCIETY OF INDONESIA

Income per capita of Indonesia and some countries
(1957 and 2002, in US$)
Country

Incomme
per Capita
1957

Incomme
per Capita
2002

Enhancement

(%)

Enhancement
per Year
(%)

Indonesia

131

710

441.9

9.8

K. Selatan

144

9930

6795.8

151.0

Malaysia

356

3540

894.4

19.8

Jepang

306

33550

10864.1

241.4

Thailand

96

1980

1962.5

43.6

India

73

480

557.5

12.4

Cina

73

940

1187.6

26.4

Nepal

45

230

411.1

9.1

Kuwait

2900

18270

530.0

11.8

Sudrajat (2006)

SIMULATION OF INCOME PER CAPITA (US $)
INDONESIA

VS

MALAYSIA

KOREA

1957

131

356

141

2002

710

3540

9930

2035

3540

?

?

2053

9930

?

?

Sumber: Sudrajat (2006)

Food Security in Bali
Bali has strong capital base in food security:
 Land resources: soil fertility, soil availability
 Genetic resources and utilization: mega-biodiversity,
food crop, plantation crops, horticulture, livestock, etc
 Water resources and subak system
 Human resources: local indegenous, skilled farmers,
research Institutions in Agriculture,
Universities, skilled workers.

How do these become a powerful tools
to combat food insecurity
..????

AGRICULTURE, ENVIROMENT
AND FOOD SECURITY

A=3F+2E
A = Agriculture
3 F = Food for human
Food for animal
Food for Energy
2 E = Economy
Environment
Yuan Kuan-Gu (2013)

Agricultural conditions in Bali comparison between 1971 to 2009
GDP contribution of the agricultural sector and the workers
who work in the agricultural sector
GDP (at constant rate)
Sector

1971

People who work in the sector

2009

1971

2009

billion Rp

%

billion Rp

%

(000 people)

%

(000 people)

%

Agriculture

444,60

59,30

5.362,39

20,45

466,20

67,50

712,44

34,60

manufacturing

66,60

8,90

3.996,08

15,24

43,50

10,30

443,06

21,50

Secrvices

238,30

31,80

16.869,81

64,32

153,10

22,20

901,62

43,80

749,50

100,00 26.228,28

100,00

619.3

100,00

2057.12

100,00

Number

Sumber: Susrusa (2012)

Sectoral GDP contribution of Bali Province
the period 2009 - 2011

Share of agriculture
has declined in the
period 2009-2011

Share of trade, hotels and
restaurants increased in
the period 2009-2011

Source:BPS
BaliPropinsi
Statistics
Agency
Source:
Bali,
2011 (2012)

THE LATEST CENSUS ON AGRICULTURE:
 Bali monthly decrease of 700 farming households
 Many farmers were old and ready for retirement.

 Thousands of hectares of rice fields were converted (at
between 350 and 400 ha annually) to make way for various
infrastructure projects, mainly for tourism infrastructure

But still optimistic that farming remains
a lucrative venture on this island.

RELATIONSHIP OF AGRICULTURE
AND TOURISM:
TODAY:

 Tourism destroying other sectors
(agriculture, culture, environment)
 Tourism domination  agriculture
marginalizing.
 Asymmetric development.
NEED SYNERGISTIC-COMPLEMENTARISTIC
APPROACH:

 Mutually beneficial, symbiotic mutualistic
 Producer-consumer relationship
 Multiplier effect

IMPLEMENTATION OF SYNERGISTIC COMPLEMENTARISTIC RELATIONSHIP:
REALIZE THAT AGRICULTURE AND TOURISM
SUPPORT EACH OTHER:

 Tourism as a market of agricultural products (fruits,
vegetables, ornamental plants, etc.).

 Tourism as the agent to promote diversification and
improving the quality of agricultural products.
 Agriculture as a tourism attraction  ecotourism,
rural tourism, art / culture in Subak, etc..

 Tourism as a driver of agriculture to protect the
environment (eco-friendly farming systems)  green
tourism, sustainable tourism trend.

The agriculture and tourism industries in Bali
can benefit from working together…!!!

Why Horticulture

?

OPPORTUNITIES FOR HORTICULTURE:
 Food safety: health and nutrition  Fruits and vegetables as part
of the daily diet of every population
 Economy: more jobs, more markets  High quality products, high
added value, high market opportunities  tourism, regional and
international are attractive markets
 Environment: managing natural resources and wastes  Hightech horticulture: intensive but non polluting  good agricultural
practices, complementary activities within urban areas, post-harvest
and marketing also eco-friendly.
 Social issues and quality of life  Family gardens, green areas:
cultural links to rural roots  planning urban growth to keep life in
town, Integration of the poor into the city, Complementary roles of
urban and rural areas in feeding cities.

 The local horticulture commodities such as
vegetables and fruits predicted to give
favorable contribution in supporting
tourismsector in Bali island.
 Bali has many kinds of superior fruit,
vegetable, orchids, etc, which has economic
value. Horticulture very supportive to tourism
requirements in Bali.
 In the future horticulture products should be
developed so that the community can also join
in its production process. Bali as a tourism
region  the various horticulture products
should be able to support tourismsector in
the island.

Expected condition
Horticulture

Livestock

Food Crop
Tourism

Synergy

Agriculture
Culture

Labour

SYNERGY:
Growth in one sector will attract other sectors, as the
relationship "supply-demand" (Ani Insani, 2012)

View, nature,
scenery

horticultural

development constraints
 Sanitary issues  promoting good practices for safe fruit
and vegetable consumption and safe environment 
reduction of pesticide residues, chemical miss-uses in
horticulture
 Access to the markets
 tourism market not yet using
local farmers product especially small scale farmers
 impact of supermarkets on small-scale farmers, Impact
of new technologies (ICT, GMO) on small scale farmers.
 Governance issues  multiple and competitive
institutions, decision makers, domestic potential, exports
competition,etc

EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT’S POLICY
 Central government’s policy to limit horticulture products import
at the beginning of the year has given positive impact for local
horticulture products so it brings benefit for farmers.
 Limitation of the import gives positive impact so that the selling
value of local fruits is lifted up. It improves the farmers’ wealth in the
region. the positive impact could be maintained by farmers by adjusting
the existing harvest season.
 The condition happened nowadays triggered by increase of local
fruits price in the market. The positive value opens opportunity for
other Balinese farmers’ products in fulfilling markets that have a huge
need. “People start choosing local fruits as the alternative commodity
because the price of import ones is expensive

Role of higher education
of agriculture
 One of the primary tasks of higher education in
agriculture is to improve the food security status
of its people through instruction, research and
extension services.
 Developing concepts of ecologically sustainable
production of horticulture. Such systems must be:
 natural resource conserving
 socially/culturally supportive
 commercially competitive
 environmentally sound

Role of higher education
of agriculture
Sustainability Issues:

 Long term viability and resilience of rural
economies.

 Conservation and enhancement of the natural
resource base.
 Avoidance of environmental impacts.

 Socio-economic viability of rural communities.

 Quality of land management managerial skills.

Conclusion
 Horticulture product is very important for increasing
income, welfare, and food security of small scale
farmer in Bali
 Needed developing a direct marketing strategy link
to tourism to promote local product of Horticulture
 Sustainable natural resource management and
conservation
 Empowering small scale farmers and pro-poor
policy.
 Increased investment (private, government) for the
development of agribusiness based horticultural
 Implementation of policy incentives, disincentives
and zero-tax for agricultural land use.