Accessibility to Location of Activities in Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia.
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 776 (2015) pp 74-79
© (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.74
Submitted: 2015-02-19
Accepted: 2015-04-10
Accessibility to Location of Activities in Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia
Putu Alit Suthanaya
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Udayana University
Jl. Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Bali-Indonesia
email: suthanaya@rocketmail.com
Keywords: accessibility, activity, Hansen index, Z-score
Abstract. Denpasar City is the capital of Bali Province with the population of about 0.9 million.
Denpasar City has experienced high increase in private vehicles use and long trip distance to reach
activity locations. The objective of this study is to investigate the accessibility of residents to
several activities location in Denpasar City. The activities considered in this study included
shopping centers, schools and health facility. Accessibility values were calculated based on
Hansen’s Index.This study found that the activities in Denpasar City were not evenly distributed.
Several zones mainly located in the center of the city had high accessibility values whilst zones
located in the north of Denpasar City had low accessibility values. This has caused long average trip
distance travelled by resident of Denpasar City to reach location of activities. In order to reduce the
average trip distance, a policy intervention is required to re-arrange location of activities in
Denpasar City in the future in the form of mix-used development.
Introduction
Many cities have initiated efforts in the achievement of sustainable cities through transport
policies. Land-use planning has a key role to play in the attainment of these objectives [1].Creating
asustainable and low-carbon society through the urban development has been a general trend [2].
However, in recent years, Asian region is consuming increasing amounts of energy. In 2030,
theincrease of energy consumption in Asia is estimated to account for 46% in the total world
energyincrease [3].Sustainable transportation has become an important issue that need to be
considered in developing transportation infrastructure. A comparative analysis of transportation
sustainability in 29 OECD Countries using the sustainable transportation indicators has been made
and outlined in the Korean Sustainable Transportation and Logistics Development Law [4]. They
found that transportation sustainability in some countries have been getting progressively worse.
The majority of cities in developing countries such as Indonesia have been identified to move
toward unsustainable city.
Cities in Indonesia have faced the increasing traffic congestion and air pollution. Environmental
degradation has continued to occur from year to year. This condition is influenced by poor public
transport service and increasing dependence on using private vehicle especially motor cycle [5]. Car
dependence is a fundamental problem in the sustainability of cities with low density suburban
sprawl [6]. By applying preference function to analyze travel behavior and Moran’s I spatial
statistic to evaluate the spatial association, it was found that the commuting preferences of residents
in Sydney City, Australia, have moved towards distance maximization [6]. Similar condition has
also occurred in Indonesian cities.This condition are becoming an issue of concerns for urban
governments and citizens in Indonesian cities include Denpasar City.Denpasar City is the capital of
Bali Province and has been identified as one of cities in Indonesia that has poor traffic condition.
Bali is one of the most famous tourist destination. This poor traffic condition has become an
important issue that may reduce the attractiveness of Bali. According to study conducted by
Denpasar City Department of Transport [7], it has been identified that almost 50 percent of the road
capacity in Denpasar City has been exceeded. The population has reached 0.9 million and
livedwithin the limited area of Denpasar City.
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans
Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (ID: 103.29.196.19-09/05/15,03:48:45)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
75
Motor vehicle ownership has increased at the rate of 10 percent per year [8]. The activities such
as business and government office, shopping center, hospital, school, etc., have been developed
with scatter form. This has created a complex traffic flow pattern with relatively long journey
travelled by residents to reach the activity location. Spatial distribution of activities relative to
housing location will influence vehicle trip length, traffic congestion, energy consumption and air
pollution level. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate relative housing-activities location by
measuring accessibility of the residents to activities in a city. Accessibility concept can be used to
analyze relative housing-activities location. The objective of this study is to investigate the
accessibility of residents to several activities location in Denpasar City.The results of the analyses
will provide a basis for the government to plan the location of housing and activities in the future in
order to reduce trip length.
Literature Review
Accessibility is defined and operationalized in severalways, and thus has taken on a variety of
meanings.These include such well-known definitions as ‘the potentialof opportunities
forinteraction’ [9]. One way to measure proximity of housing-activities location in a city is by
measuring the accessibility of the residents to activities. The concept of accessibility has been
widely used in various research in various field such as in transportation, urban planning,
geography, and sociology. It was considered as the same concept of the mobility in early researches,
but the limitation is that it simply defines the accessibility as the transportation effect of land-use, as
it defines the traffic demand as the transportation effect of land development[10].Land-use
development is related to accessibility, which he described as a measurement of the spatial
distribution of activities about a point, adjusted for the ability and desire of people or firms to
overcome spatial separation.The Hansen-based job accessibility index is used in this study and
expressed as follows [9]:
where,
Ai :
Ej :
D ij :
β
:
=
Accessibility of area i
Number of employer in area j
Distance from area i to area j
Constanta (β > 0)
.
(1)
In the field of studies concerning optimum commuting allocation solutions, it was found that a
reduction in the length of journey-to-worktrip through efforts to bring about changes in journey-towork travel characteristics [11, 12]. Numerous progresses have been made and applied to derive the
determining factors of theresidential choice behavior of households. The accessibility is one of the
mostimportant factors which influence on the location choice decision. In particular, regional
accessibility is very important in employment location choicedecision [13].
In this study Z-Score is used to evaluate distribution of accessibility value. The standard normal
curve helps to simplify the calculation of probabilities for normally distributed populations.
Because not all normally distributed random variables have µ = 0 and σ = 1, it is needed to
transform the variable so that µ = 0 and σ = 1. It can be done by using the Z-score, which is
calculated as follows [14]:
Z = X-µ
(2)
σ
Methodology
Bali is one of the famous tourist destination in Indonesia. Province of Bali has an area of
5,634.40 km2 and population of about 4 million. Denpasar City is the capital of Bali Province which
76
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
consists of 4 sub-regions and 43 districts. The area of Denpasar City is 127.78 km2 or 2.27% of the
area of Bali Province. The population is about 0.9 million. The study area was divided into 43
zones, where 11 zones were in the sub-region of West Denpasar, 11 zones in East Denpasar, 11
zone in North Denpasar and 10 zones in South Denpasar as shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1. Study Area Zoning System in Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia
The primary data used in this study is travel time data, whilst the secondary data (number of
activities) were obtained from Denpasar Bureau of Statistic [8]. The number of motor vehicles have
increased at the rate of about 10 percent per year. Denpasar City has continued to become the
central of economic development in the Province of Bali. Microsoft Access was used to compile
relevant cross-tabulations and summaries. Tabulations were then converted to Microsoft Excel
spreadsheets to allow presentation and modification of format. The activities considered in this
study included shopping centers, schools and health facility.The number of activities were obtained
from Denpasar Bureau of Statistics. Accessibility values were calculated based on Hansen’s Index
for each activity types. Based on the latest census data and the average change in both accessibility
values and travel time variables over time, a Z-score is calculated. To facilitate a visual inspection,
a scatter-plot for this Z-score is developed. The zones were then grouped into low, medium and
high accessibility zones based on percentile values.
Results and Discussions
Accessibility to Shopping Centers. Based on accessibility value to shopping centers in Denpasar,
it was found thata high accessibility value was experienced by residents living close to the city
center. Medium accessibility value occured in the middle and shouth of Denpasar City. However,
residents living in the north of Denpasar City had a low value of accessibility to shopping centers.
Fig.2 shows Z-score diagram for accessibility to shopping centers based on the latest data (2012)
and the growth rate of the accessibility values.From 43 zones evaluated, onlyDauhPuriKlodDistrict
was found to have a high accessibility both based on 2012 data and the growth rate values. This was
caused by the location of this district in the center of Denpasar City where the activity location can
be reached in relatively short distances. Districts that have a high value of accessibility to shopping
center and high growth rate in accessibility value was located in Sub-Region of West Denpasar. A
policy intervention is required in order to reduce average shopping travel distances by distributing
the location of shopping centers to the other sub-region of Denpasar City in the future such as to
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
77
PenatihDanginPuri, PeguyanganKaja, KesimanKertalangu and Kesiman which have a low
accessibility values both based on 2012 data and the growth rate values.
7
6
Growth of Accessibility
5
4
3
2
1
0
-2
-1
0
2
4
-2
Accessibility 2012
Dauh Puri
Dauh Puri Kaja
Dauh Puri Kauh
Dauh Puri Kangin
Dauh Puri Klod
Pemecutan
Pemecutan Kaja
Pemecutan Klod
Peguyangan
Peguyangan Kaja
Peguyangan Kangin
Padang Sambian
Padang Sambian Klod
Padang Sambian Klod
Ubung
Ubung Kaja
Tegal Kerta
Tegal Harum
Dangin Puri Klod
Sumerta Klod
Kesiman
Kesiman Petilan
Kesiman Kertalangu
Sumerta
Sumerta Kaja
Sumerta Kauh
Dangin Puri Kangin
Dangin Puri
Dangin Puri Kauh
Dangin Puri Kaja
Tonja
Penatih
Penatih Dangin Puri
Pemogan
Pedungan
Sesetan
Serangan
Sidakarya
Panjer
Renon
Sanur Kauh
Sanur
Sanur Kaja
Fig.2. Z-Score Diagram of Accessibility to Shopping Centers
Accessibility
to
HealthFacilities.
Basedonaccessibility
to
healthfacilities,
itwasfoundthathighaccessibilityvalueswereexperiencedbyresidents living in thewest of Denpasar
City. Residents living in thenorth and south of Denpasar City had médium accessibilityvalues.
Residents living in theeast of Denpasar City experiencedlowaccessibilityvalues.Fig.3 shows Z Score
diagram for accessibility to health facilities. From 43 zones evaluated, only Panjer District was
found to have high accessibility value in 2012 and high average increase in accessibility
values.Districtswithlowaccessibilityvalueswithtendency of decreasingvalueover time werePenatih,
PenatihDanginPuriandKesimanKertalangu.
3
2.5
Growth of Accessibility
2
1.5
1
0.5
-2
0
-0.5
0
2
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Accessibility 2012
4
Dauh Puri
Dauh Puri Kaja
Dauh Puri Kauh
Dauh Puri Kangin
Dauh Puri Klod
Pemecutan
Pemecutan Kaja
Pemecutan Klod
Peguyangan
Peguyangan Kaja
Peguyangan Kangin
Padang Sambian
Padang Sambian Kaja
Padang Sambian Klod
Ubung
Ubung Kaja
Tegal Kerta
Tegal Harum
Dangin Puri Klod
Sumerta Klod
Kesiman
Kesiman Petilan
Kesiman Kertalangu
Sumerta
Sumerta Kaja
Sumerta Kauh
Dangin Puri Kangin
Dangin Puri
Dangin Puri Kauh
Dangin Puri Kaja
Tonja
Penatih
Penatih Dangin Puri
Pemogan
Pedungan
Sesetan
Serangan
Sidakarya
Panjer
Renon
Sanur Kauh
Sanur
Sanur Kaja
Fig.3Z-Score Diagram of Accessibility to Health Facility
78
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Accessibility to School. Based on accessibility to schools in Denpasar City, it was found that
several zones located in the city center were identified to have a high accessibility values such as
zone 1, 3, 4, 17, 18, 28, 35 and zone 36. Mainly zones in the middle and south of Denpasar had
medium accessibility values whilst zones in the north of Denpasar were in low accessibility
category. Fig.4 shows Z-Score diagram based on the 2012 accessibility to school values and the
average increase of accessibility values per year. Panjer District was found to have a high
accessibility to schools value with the tendency of increasing over time. On the other hand,
DauhPuri District was identified to have the lowest accessibility value both based on the 2012 data
and the average increase in accessibility value per year.
3
2.5
Growth in Accessibility (2008-2012)
2
1.5
D
1
0.5
-4
-2
0
-0.5
0
2
4
-1
C
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Accessibility 2012
B
Dauh Puri
Dauh Puri Kaja
Dauh Puri Kauh
Dauh Puri Kangin
Dauh Puri Klod
Pemecutan
Pemecutan Kaja
Pemecutan Klod
Peguyangan
Peguyangan Kaja
Peguyangan Kangin
Padang Sambian
Padang Sambian Kaja
Padang Sambian Klod
Ubung
Ubung Kaja
Tegal Kerta
Tegal Harum
Dangin Puri Klod
Sumerta Klod
Kesiman
Kesiman Petilan
Kesiman Kertalangu
Sumerta
Sumerta Kaja
Sumerta Kauh
Dangin Puri Kangin
Dangin Puri
Dangin Puri Kauh
Dangin Puri Kaja
Tonja
Penatih
Penatih Dangin Puri
Pemogan
Pedungan
Sesetan
Serangan
Sidakarya
Panjer
Renon
Sanur Kauh
Sanur
Sanur Kaja
Fig.4. Z-Score Diagram of Accessibility to School
Accessibility values were then classified into low, medium and high value. DauhPuriKangin,
DanginPuri, and Panjer Districts were in high accessibility groups as these districts are located in
the center of Denpasar City. On the other hand, Sanur, PenatihDanginPuri, Penatih,
KesimanKertalangu, UbungKaja and PeguyanganKaja were in a low accessibility group.
Summary
Policies for sustainable urban development should include measures to reduce the need for
movement and to provide favorable conditions for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
forms of transport. In order to reduce distances travelled by residents in a city, policies to re-arrange
housing-activities location are important to be considered such as in Denpasar City. By measuring
accessibility to shopping centers, health facilities and schools, this study found that the activities in
Denpasar City were not evenly distributed. Several zones mainly located in the center of the city
had a high accessibility values whilst zones located in the north of Denpasar City had a low
accessibility values. For example,DauhPuriKangin, DanginPuri, and Panjer Districts were in high
accessibility groups as these districts are located in the center of Denpasar City. On the other hand,
Sanur, PenatihDanginPuri, Penatih, KesimanKertalangu, UbungKaja and PeguyanganKaja were in
a low accessibility group. This has caused long average trip distance travelled by resident of
Denpasar City to reach location of activities. In order to reduce the average trip distance, a policy
intervention is required to re-arrange location of activities in Denpasar City in the future in the form
of mix-used development. Development of activities need to be given priority in the region that
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
79
have a low accessibility value with a decreasing trend over time such as around zones located in the
north of Denpasar City.
References
[1] J. Black, and P. Suthanaya, VKT Generated by Local Government Areas, Sydney, 1961-1996,
and Projections to 2011. 25th Australian Transport Research Forum (ATRF), Canberra, 2-4 October
2002.
[2] K. Kikuchi, M. Arimura, T. Tamura, and K. Saito, Empirical Study on Optimum Allocation
toward Reducing the Length of Journey to Work Trip: The Case of Sapporo City. Proceedings of
the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.8 2011.
[3] B. Yu, J. Zhang, and A. Fujiwara, Comparative Analysis on Household Energy Consumption
Behavior in Asia Megacities by Considering the Effect of Car Ownership and Self-selection.
Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.8 2011.
[4] G. Kim and S. Han, Comparative Analysis of Transportation Sustainability. Journal of the
Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol.9 (2011) 82-97.
[5] T.B. Joewono, B.Z.Lauw and H. Hendy, Motorcycle in the West Java Province, Indonesia:Its
Growth and Characteristics,Civil Engineering Dimension, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2013) 61-70.
[6] P.A. Suthanaya, Analysis of Journey to Work Travel Behavior by Car and Bus in theSydney
Metropolitan Region. Civil Engineering Dimension, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2011) 21-28.
[7] Denpasar City Department of Transport, Evaluation of the Road Traffic Performance in
Denpasar City. Research Report 2013.
[8] Denpasar Bureau of Statistics, Population, Socio-Economic and Transport Data, Denpasar
(2013)
[9] W.G. Hansen, How Accessibility Shapes Land-use. Journal of the American Institute of
Planners, 25 (2) (1959) 73-6.
[10] S.B. Chung, S.H.Hur, J.H.Baek, D. Kim, and K.H. Song, Development of Accessibility Index
Using Closeness Centrality. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,
Vol.8 (2011) 1-10.
[11] T. Suzuki, Reduction effect of commuter traffic energy through optimization ofcommuting
allocation, Operations Research, May (1994) 243-248.
[12] T. Maruyama, and N. Haradam Establishment and empirical study of an optimumcommuting
allocation method that considers network congestion, Research Papers forUrban Planning, No. 38-3
(2003) 517-522.
[13] P. Waddell, Accessibility and Residential Location: The Interaction of Workplace,Residential
Mobility, Tenure, and Location Choices. Proceedings of Lincoln LandInstitute Conference 1996.
[14] C.F. Lee,Statistics for Business and Financial Economics, D.C. Heath and Company,
Lexington 1993.
© (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.74
Submitted: 2015-02-19
Accepted: 2015-04-10
Accessibility to Location of Activities in Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia
Putu Alit Suthanaya
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Udayana University
Jl. Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Bali-Indonesia
email: suthanaya@rocketmail.com
Keywords: accessibility, activity, Hansen index, Z-score
Abstract. Denpasar City is the capital of Bali Province with the population of about 0.9 million.
Denpasar City has experienced high increase in private vehicles use and long trip distance to reach
activity locations. The objective of this study is to investigate the accessibility of residents to
several activities location in Denpasar City. The activities considered in this study included
shopping centers, schools and health facility. Accessibility values were calculated based on
Hansen’s Index.This study found that the activities in Denpasar City were not evenly distributed.
Several zones mainly located in the center of the city had high accessibility values whilst zones
located in the north of Denpasar City had low accessibility values. This has caused long average trip
distance travelled by resident of Denpasar City to reach location of activities. In order to reduce the
average trip distance, a policy intervention is required to re-arrange location of activities in
Denpasar City in the future in the form of mix-used development.
Introduction
Many cities have initiated efforts in the achievement of sustainable cities through transport
policies. Land-use planning has a key role to play in the attainment of these objectives [1].Creating
asustainable and low-carbon society through the urban development has been a general trend [2].
However, in recent years, Asian region is consuming increasing amounts of energy. In 2030,
theincrease of energy consumption in Asia is estimated to account for 46% in the total world
energyincrease [3].Sustainable transportation has become an important issue that need to be
considered in developing transportation infrastructure. A comparative analysis of transportation
sustainability in 29 OECD Countries using the sustainable transportation indicators has been made
and outlined in the Korean Sustainable Transportation and Logistics Development Law [4]. They
found that transportation sustainability in some countries have been getting progressively worse.
The majority of cities in developing countries such as Indonesia have been identified to move
toward unsustainable city.
Cities in Indonesia have faced the increasing traffic congestion and air pollution. Environmental
degradation has continued to occur from year to year. This condition is influenced by poor public
transport service and increasing dependence on using private vehicle especially motor cycle [5]. Car
dependence is a fundamental problem in the sustainability of cities with low density suburban
sprawl [6]. By applying preference function to analyze travel behavior and Moran’s I spatial
statistic to evaluate the spatial association, it was found that the commuting preferences of residents
in Sydney City, Australia, have moved towards distance maximization [6]. Similar condition has
also occurred in Indonesian cities.This condition are becoming an issue of concerns for urban
governments and citizens in Indonesian cities include Denpasar City.Denpasar City is the capital of
Bali Province and has been identified as one of cities in Indonesia that has poor traffic condition.
Bali is one of the most famous tourist destination. This poor traffic condition has become an
important issue that may reduce the attractiveness of Bali. According to study conducted by
Denpasar City Department of Transport [7], it has been identified that almost 50 percent of the road
capacity in Denpasar City has been exceeded. The population has reached 0.9 million and
livedwithin the limited area of Denpasar City.
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans
Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (ID: 103.29.196.19-09/05/15,03:48:45)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
75
Motor vehicle ownership has increased at the rate of 10 percent per year [8]. The activities such
as business and government office, shopping center, hospital, school, etc., have been developed
with scatter form. This has created a complex traffic flow pattern with relatively long journey
travelled by residents to reach the activity location. Spatial distribution of activities relative to
housing location will influence vehicle trip length, traffic congestion, energy consumption and air
pollution level. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate relative housing-activities location by
measuring accessibility of the residents to activities in a city. Accessibility concept can be used to
analyze relative housing-activities location. The objective of this study is to investigate the
accessibility of residents to several activities location in Denpasar City.The results of the analyses
will provide a basis for the government to plan the location of housing and activities in the future in
order to reduce trip length.
Literature Review
Accessibility is defined and operationalized in severalways, and thus has taken on a variety of
meanings.These include such well-known definitions as ‘the potentialof opportunities
forinteraction’ [9]. One way to measure proximity of housing-activities location in a city is by
measuring the accessibility of the residents to activities. The concept of accessibility has been
widely used in various research in various field such as in transportation, urban planning,
geography, and sociology. It was considered as the same concept of the mobility in early researches,
but the limitation is that it simply defines the accessibility as the transportation effect of land-use, as
it defines the traffic demand as the transportation effect of land development[10].Land-use
development is related to accessibility, which he described as a measurement of the spatial
distribution of activities about a point, adjusted for the ability and desire of people or firms to
overcome spatial separation.The Hansen-based job accessibility index is used in this study and
expressed as follows [9]:
where,
Ai :
Ej :
D ij :
β
:
=
Accessibility of area i
Number of employer in area j
Distance from area i to area j
Constanta (β > 0)
.
(1)
In the field of studies concerning optimum commuting allocation solutions, it was found that a
reduction in the length of journey-to-worktrip through efforts to bring about changes in journey-towork travel characteristics [11, 12]. Numerous progresses have been made and applied to derive the
determining factors of theresidential choice behavior of households. The accessibility is one of the
mostimportant factors which influence on the location choice decision. In particular, regional
accessibility is very important in employment location choicedecision [13].
In this study Z-Score is used to evaluate distribution of accessibility value. The standard normal
curve helps to simplify the calculation of probabilities for normally distributed populations.
Because not all normally distributed random variables have µ = 0 and σ = 1, it is needed to
transform the variable so that µ = 0 and σ = 1. It can be done by using the Z-score, which is
calculated as follows [14]:
Z = X-µ
(2)
σ
Methodology
Bali is one of the famous tourist destination in Indonesia. Province of Bali has an area of
5,634.40 km2 and population of about 4 million. Denpasar City is the capital of Bali Province which
76
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
consists of 4 sub-regions and 43 districts. The area of Denpasar City is 127.78 km2 or 2.27% of the
area of Bali Province. The population is about 0.9 million. The study area was divided into 43
zones, where 11 zones were in the sub-region of West Denpasar, 11 zones in East Denpasar, 11
zone in North Denpasar and 10 zones in South Denpasar as shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1. Study Area Zoning System in Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia
The primary data used in this study is travel time data, whilst the secondary data (number of
activities) were obtained from Denpasar Bureau of Statistic [8]. The number of motor vehicles have
increased at the rate of about 10 percent per year. Denpasar City has continued to become the
central of economic development in the Province of Bali. Microsoft Access was used to compile
relevant cross-tabulations and summaries. Tabulations were then converted to Microsoft Excel
spreadsheets to allow presentation and modification of format. The activities considered in this
study included shopping centers, schools and health facility.The number of activities were obtained
from Denpasar Bureau of Statistics. Accessibility values were calculated based on Hansen’s Index
for each activity types. Based on the latest census data and the average change in both accessibility
values and travel time variables over time, a Z-score is calculated. To facilitate a visual inspection,
a scatter-plot for this Z-score is developed. The zones were then grouped into low, medium and
high accessibility zones based on percentile values.
Results and Discussions
Accessibility to Shopping Centers. Based on accessibility value to shopping centers in Denpasar,
it was found thata high accessibility value was experienced by residents living close to the city
center. Medium accessibility value occured in the middle and shouth of Denpasar City. However,
residents living in the north of Denpasar City had a low value of accessibility to shopping centers.
Fig.2 shows Z-score diagram for accessibility to shopping centers based on the latest data (2012)
and the growth rate of the accessibility values.From 43 zones evaluated, onlyDauhPuriKlodDistrict
was found to have a high accessibility both based on 2012 data and the growth rate values. This was
caused by the location of this district in the center of Denpasar City where the activity location can
be reached in relatively short distances. Districts that have a high value of accessibility to shopping
center and high growth rate in accessibility value was located in Sub-Region of West Denpasar. A
policy intervention is required in order to reduce average shopping travel distances by distributing
the location of shopping centers to the other sub-region of Denpasar City in the future such as to
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
77
PenatihDanginPuri, PeguyanganKaja, KesimanKertalangu and Kesiman which have a low
accessibility values both based on 2012 data and the growth rate values.
7
6
Growth of Accessibility
5
4
3
2
1
0
-2
-1
0
2
4
-2
Accessibility 2012
Dauh Puri
Dauh Puri Kaja
Dauh Puri Kauh
Dauh Puri Kangin
Dauh Puri Klod
Pemecutan
Pemecutan Kaja
Pemecutan Klod
Peguyangan
Peguyangan Kaja
Peguyangan Kangin
Padang Sambian
Padang Sambian Klod
Padang Sambian Klod
Ubung
Ubung Kaja
Tegal Kerta
Tegal Harum
Dangin Puri Klod
Sumerta Klod
Kesiman
Kesiman Petilan
Kesiman Kertalangu
Sumerta
Sumerta Kaja
Sumerta Kauh
Dangin Puri Kangin
Dangin Puri
Dangin Puri Kauh
Dangin Puri Kaja
Tonja
Penatih
Penatih Dangin Puri
Pemogan
Pedungan
Sesetan
Serangan
Sidakarya
Panjer
Renon
Sanur Kauh
Sanur
Sanur Kaja
Fig.2. Z-Score Diagram of Accessibility to Shopping Centers
Accessibility
to
HealthFacilities.
Basedonaccessibility
to
healthfacilities,
itwasfoundthathighaccessibilityvalueswereexperiencedbyresidents living in thewest of Denpasar
City. Residents living in thenorth and south of Denpasar City had médium accessibilityvalues.
Residents living in theeast of Denpasar City experiencedlowaccessibilityvalues.Fig.3 shows Z Score
diagram for accessibility to health facilities. From 43 zones evaluated, only Panjer District was
found to have high accessibility value in 2012 and high average increase in accessibility
values.Districtswithlowaccessibilityvalueswithtendency of decreasingvalueover time werePenatih,
PenatihDanginPuriandKesimanKertalangu.
3
2.5
Growth of Accessibility
2
1.5
1
0.5
-2
0
-0.5
0
2
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Accessibility 2012
4
Dauh Puri
Dauh Puri Kaja
Dauh Puri Kauh
Dauh Puri Kangin
Dauh Puri Klod
Pemecutan
Pemecutan Kaja
Pemecutan Klod
Peguyangan
Peguyangan Kaja
Peguyangan Kangin
Padang Sambian
Padang Sambian Kaja
Padang Sambian Klod
Ubung
Ubung Kaja
Tegal Kerta
Tegal Harum
Dangin Puri Klod
Sumerta Klod
Kesiman
Kesiman Petilan
Kesiman Kertalangu
Sumerta
Sumerta Kaja
Sumerta Kauh
Dangin Puri Kangin
Dangin Puri
Dangin Puri Kauh
Dangin Puri Kaja
Tonja
Penatih
Penatih Dangin Puri
Pemogan
Pedungan
Sesetan
Serangan
Sidakarya
Panjer
Renon
Sanur Kauh
Sanur
Sanur Kaja
Fig.3Z-Score Diagram of Accessibility to Health Facility
78
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Accessibility to School. Based on accessibility to schools in Denpasar City, it was found that
several zones located in the city center were identified to have a high accessibility values such as
zone 1, 3, 4, 17, 18, 28, 35 and zone 36. Mainly zones in the middle and south of Denpasar had
medium accessibility values whilst zones in the north of Denpasar were in low accessibility
category. Fig.4 shows Z-Score diagram based on the 2012 accessibility to school values and the
average increase of accessibility values per year. Panjer District was found to have a high
accessibility to schools value with the tendency of increasing over time. On the other hand,
DauhPuri District was identified to have the lowest accessibility value both based on the 2012 data
and the average increase in accessibility value per year.
3
2.5
Growth in Accessibility (2008-2012)
2
1.5
D
1
0.5
-4
-2
0
-0.5
0
2
4
-1
C
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Accessibility 2012
B
Dauh Puri
Dauh Puri Kaja
Dauh Puri Kauh
Dauh Puri Kangin
Dauh Puri Klod
Pemecutan
Pemecutan Kaja
Pemecutan Klod
Peguyangan
Peguyangan Kaja
Peguyangan Kangin
Padang Sambian
Padang Sambian Kaja
Padang Sambian Klod
Ubung
Ubung Kaja
Tegal Kerta
Tegal Harum
Dangin Puri Klod
Sumerta Klod
Kesiman
Kesiman Petilan
Kesiman Kertalangu
Sumerta
Sumerta Kaja
Sumerta Kauh
Dangin Puri Kangin
Dangin Puri
Dangin Puri Kauh
Dangin Puri Kaja
Tonja
Penatih
Penatih Dangin Puri
Pemogan
Pedungan
Sesetan
Serangan
Sidakarya
Panjer
Renon
Sanur Kauh
Sanur
Sanur Kaja
Fig.4. Z-Score Diagram of Accessibility to School
Accessibility values were then classified into low, medium and high value. DauhPuriKangin,
DanginPuri, and Panjer Districts were in high accessibility groups as these districts are located in
the center of Denpasar City. On the other hand, Sanur, PenatihDanginPuri, Penatih,
KesimanKertalangu, UbungKaja and PeguyanganKaja were in a low accessibility group.
Summary
Policies for sustainable urban development should include measures to reduce the need for
movement and to provide favorable conditions for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
forms of transport. In order to reduce distances travelled by residents in a city, policies to re-arrange
housing-activities location are important to be considered such as in Denpasar City. By measuring
accessibility to shopping centers, health facilities and schools, this study found that the activities in
Denpasar City were not evenly distributed. Several zones mainly located in the center of the city
had a high accessibility values whilst zones located in the north of Denpasar City had a low
accessibility values. For example,DauhPuriKangin, DanginPuri, and Panjer Districts were in high
accessibility groups as these districts are located in the center of Denpasar City. On the other hand,
Sanur, PenatihDanginPuri, Penatih, KesimanKertalangu, UbungKaja and PeguyanganKaja were in
a low accessibility group. This has caused long average trip distance travelled by resident of
Denpasar City to reach location of activities. In order to reduce the average trip distance, a policy
intervention is required to re-arrange location of activities in Denpasar City in the future in the form
of mix-used development. Development of activities need to be given priority in the region that
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
79
have a low accessibility value with a decreasing trend over time such as around zones located in the
north of Denpasar City.
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