OPPRESSION AND RACISM TOWARD BLACK AMERICAN IN “12 YEARS A SLAVE” MOVIE.

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OPPRESSION AND RACISM TOWARD BLACK AMERICAN

IN

“12 YEARS A SLAVE”

MOVIE

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

By:

SWI IDAYATI SIMANJUNTAK

Registration Number. 2112220018

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2015

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DECLARATION

I have accepted myself with the university’s policy on academic integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledge, this thesis is my own work, has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for assessment.

I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise for plagiarism.

Medan, August 2015

Swi Idayati Simanjuntak NIM. 2112220018

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise the Lord Jesus Christ who made everything is beautiful on His right time. First of all, the writer expresses her best gratitude to the Almighty God, Jesus Christ for giving the writer blessings, endless love and mercy especially in the process of accomplishing this thesis. In accomplishing this thesis, the writer was helped so many beloved people and the writer would like to express her gratitude to:

 Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of Medan.

 Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M. Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts.

 Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A., the Secretary of English Department and as her Academic Advisor.

 Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Department and Nora Ronita Dewi, S.S, M.Hum., the Head of English Education Department.

 Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., her Thesis Advisor.

 Dr. Muhammad Natsir, M. Hum and Drs. Lidiman Sahat Martua Sinaga, M. Hum., her Reviewers of this thesis.

 All Lecturers and staffs of English Department who taught, helped and given contribution of knowledge, advices, guidance and providing the academic administration during her academic years in English Department.

 Special thanks to her greatest Parent, T. Simanjuntak and T. Siregar for always supporting the writer through affection, warm telephone calling, financial, for making sure the writer to see the world from the other side and the most for always reminding her how important the prayers are.

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 Her dearest Brothers Dody S. Simanjuntak/ Ledy L. Samosir, Hokkop I. Simanjuntak/ Selly M. Siregar, and Christopel Simanjuntak, S. Si for always being her guardian angels along the writer’s life and especially her little lights Zefanya Stephany Simanjuntak and Eben Estomihi Simanjuntak for making her life brighter through their innocent faces and lovely laughter.

 Her beloved mattes “3 Idiots” Elsabat Lumbantoruan and Marta Lumbanbatu for every silly deeds, warm hugs, innocent laughter and sorrows had been through along 4 years. Thank you for the promises to see “3 Idiots” on the Top.

 Her second shelters Eklesia Choir, UKMPKP UNIMED, UKMKP UP FBS for every prayers sent realizing her that friendship is never death, especially her sister K’Desy A and Jelita.

 All friends in English Literature A and B especially “Three Miss Getir” Dinda, Juli for looking up every moments to come back for fighting and also David, Marta, Septia and Juni who used to save her life.

 Her boarding home’s mattes Mega, Junita, Patris for sharing nightmares and silly laughter along accomplishing each thesis and also Titin, Etha, Rohany, Sinta, Rimma and Desy and her beloved grandma D. Tampubolon.

Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not complete. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to English Department. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions and advices are expected from the readers.

Medan, August 2015 The Writer

Swi Idayati Simanjuntak Reg.No. 2112220018

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i ABSTRACT

Simanjuntak, Swi Idayati. 2015. Oppression and Racism toward Black American in “12 Years a Slave” Movie. A Thesis. English and Literature Department. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. The study deals with those oppressions faced by Black American in “12 Years a Slave” movie and what resistances they showed toward those oppressions. The objectives of the study are to describe the oppressions faced by the two main characters – Platt and Patsey and to explain the resistances they shown in “12 Years a Slave” Movie. This research focuses the study merely on oppression faced by two main characters; they were Salomon Northup or Platt and Patsey. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design and limited on two of main characters. The data analysis result was found five kinds of oppressions faced by black American in this film, those were: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, culture imperialism and violence. The resistances shown by American toward those oppressions were revolt, radicalism, asking for help and religion or spirituality. The issue of racism with oppression had been the crucial issue since long time ago which could not be denied that until nowadays the issue of racism is still happening though without oppression. The stigma of Black was being inferior and white was being superior had driven mind into the destruction of race relationship between Black and White. However, in this film we could see how badly the oppression faced by black American and how they struggled for fighting toward those oppressions.

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Pages

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF APPENDICES ... vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. The Background of Study ... 1

B. The Problems of Study ... 7

C. The Objectives of the Study ... 7

D. The Scope of the Study ... 7

E. The Significance of Study ... 8

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 9

A. Literature ... 9

B. Literature Reflected in The Movies ... 11

C. Racism in the United States ... 13

D. History of Slavery in the United States ... 17

E. Oppression ... 21

F. Types of Oppression ... 22

1. Exploitation ... 22

2. Marginalization ... 24

3. Powerlessness ... 25

4. Culture Imperialism ... 26

5. Violence ... 27

G. Black Resistances toward Oppression ... 28

H. Introduction to Movie ... 28

1. Action ... 29

2. Adventure ... 29

3. Comedies ... 29

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5. Drama ... 30

6. Epics ... 30

7. Horror ... 31

8. Musical ... 31

9. Science Fiction ... 31

10.War ... 32

11.Western ... 33

I. Summary of Twelve Years a Slave Movie ... 35

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ... 38

A. Research Design ... 38

B. The Source of Data... 38

C. The Techniques of Collecting Data... 38

D. The Techniques of Analyzing Data... 39

CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 40

A. The Data ... 40

B. The Data Analysis ... 40

1. Oppression faced Black American ... 40

a. Exploitation ... 41

b. Marginalization ... 45

c. Powerlessness ... 47

d. Culture Imperialism ... 54

e. Violence ... 55

2. Resistances shown by Black American ... 58

a. Revolts ... 58

b. Radicalism ... 61

c. Asking for the help ... 62

d. Religion or Spirituality ... 64

C. Research Findings ... 66

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 67

A. Conclusion ... 67

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vii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Pages

APPENDIX A ... 73

APPENDIX B ... 80

APPENDIX C ... 93

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of Study

Along the history of America, this country is well known as a diversity country which the societies come from those immigrants spread everywhere. Every immigrant such as Blacks, Latinos, and Asians could be found in America as the result of the immigrations (Mahfouz, 2013: 1). Back to the history of America, undoubtedly America has many histories and timelines which showed how actually a change appeared from the dark history into the brighter ones. One of the major issues which developed in America was slavery related to racism.

It was obviously known that slavery and racism had been major issues in America even all over the world. Slavery was the impact of social injustice which spread because of color differences. The Oxford English Dictionary indicated that before the sixteenth century black meant “soil, dirty, foul … atrocious, horrible, and wicked.” To the first Europeans who explored Africa and encountered blacks the difference of color made a profound impression and, in the long run, skin color defined the relationship between blacks and whites (Dinnesrtein, 1990: 17).

This indicated that there was a stigma spread that some groups claimed the genetic factors are the primary determinant to decide someone‟s trait such Whites felt superior toward „colored skins‟ and the colored skins were forced to think that they were inferior towards Whites. Many Blacks, Latinos, and Asians experienced disrespectful treatments, poor service, prejudiced comments, encounter with

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people who are suspicious of them because of their ethnicity or color (Williams, 2004: 17).

Although America is well known as multicultural country, but it could not be denied that those immigrants not only came from Europe and Asians but also but surely also were forcibly slaves from Africa and Native Americans. This made that there was a significant situation of how American was called as representative of democratic country and unfortunately the history‟s note of darkest racial discrimination related to slavery which had long history and stood as a serious social problem ever existed.

Racism which was categorized as serious social problem could happen wherever since it related to life. Life has many elements and differences in terms of biological concept. Life also cannot be separated from human and human rights, right for having prosperity, right for living as what humans did, and right for being admitted as the same of God‟s creation. Even though slavery which related to racism did not happen in Indonesia but those who called as human everywhere need to learn how to appreciate the differences in terms of culture, religion, ideology, life style and biological differences. Indonesian should learn from the past Tragedy of Ambon „Religious Intolerance‟ in 1990 which was the most dangerous and sensitive tragedy in Indonesia since the differences of religion. Tragedy of Ambon gave much more harm to those societies physically and mentally even based on the source approximately 600-700 people died on that bloody tragedy.

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Looking back at the history of racism which ever happened in Indonesia, those societies really need to learn much about sensitive case included religion, ethnic, ideology and biological differences. Indonesian also were hoped to be wiser living on this multicultural country. This research hoped can give impact to those societies especially university students as the young generations to keep respect on those differences since no matter who they are, where they came from, what blood types they are, what colors their skins are, what religion they are, the matter is all human are definitely same of God‟s creation. Moreover, differences are power.

Nowadays there were some movies published which told about slavery and racism, one of them was “12 Years a Slave”. “12 Years a Slave” is a 2013 period drama film and an adaptation of the 1853 slave narrative memoir Twelve Years a Slave by Salomon Northup, a New York Sate-born free African-American who was kidnapped in Washington, D.C., in 1841 and sold into slavery. This movie was based on true story about how actually life of Salomon Northup who was one of slaves and how he struggled to be free from enslavement. This film was directed by Steve McQueen and the screenplay was written by John Ridley.

Salomon Northup was a New York State-born free African American who was kidnapped in Washington, D.C., and sold into slavery in 1841 and rescued in 1853. By the time of experiences being a slave, in 1855 he wrote his life experiences and finally is published with the same title “Twelve Years a Slave”.

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His life experiences being slave written by him was recognized as Slave Narrative and being the part of African-American Literature. In his slave narrative Twelve Years a Slave, Salomon Northup wrote that the aim of publishing its book was to tell all over the world either being slave or free-man how was actually life of being slaves in Whites‟ plantations, what kinds of oppressions he faced and how he struggled for finally getting free (Northup, 1855: 2).

By the time, finally an African director Steve McQueen cooperated with screenwriter John Ridley decided to adapt the slave narrative into a movie in purpose of the world broadly could see how actually the slavery happened and how bad it was. As long as the process of making its movie, principal photography takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana from 27 June to 13 August 2013 and released on 30 August 2013. The locations used were four historic antebellum plantations: Felicity, Bocage, Destrehan and Magnolia.

“12 Years a Slave” received widespread critical acclaim, and was named the best film of 2013 by several media outlets. The film won three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress for Nyong‟o starred as Patsey and Best Adapted Screenplay for Ridley. The Best Picture winning made McQueen the first black producer ever to have received the award and the first black director to have directed a Best Picture Winner. The film was awarded The Golden Globe Award, British Academy of Film and Television Arts.

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Some researchers actually had studied topics related to racism and oppression with the different results. Aydemir (2012) studied about the suffering of Black Women in life experiences and in black community through four different novels. The novels analyzed were The Color Purple, Meridian, Beloved and Bluest Eye. Aydemir found that the oppressions faced by the characters were being rape, incest, physical abuse, discrimination color, and violence not only from whites but also from black man. This research was different from the research above since the writer used the different theory of oppression and also the writer focused on describing oppression faced in slavery and the most important one, the writer also explained what resistances were shown by the two main characters – Platt and Patsey – do for deciding their fate whether finally getting free or not which obviously could not be found in the research above.

Chegeni (2013) also did a research related to the topic; he studied about modern Feminist Movement through Toni Morrison‟s novel “Sula”. This research focused on explaining how black women suffered from multiple oppressions by being black and women at the same time. This research was concerned the depiction of black women‟s marginalization and oppression and represents the various levels of women‟s oppression in South Africa and America and to resist against such a patriarchal society to achieve self awareness and self-empowerment. This research was different from Chegeni‟s since he much more concerned on the struggle of black women towards race and gender.

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Similar with the two researches above, Zarrinjooee (2014) also did the research; he studied Nanny, Leafy and Jeanie as the main characters that faced double oppression not only from black men but also white men. He focused on the way of Black women in Zora Hurston‟s Their Eyes were watching God (1937) were oppressed and suppressed through the process of colonization and the dominant practices in the male-dominated African culture brought to America by the slaves. The result of this research was black women especially the character of Nanny, Leafy and Janie in this novel faced the harsh reality of being exploited both in terms of their gender and their race. White men thought of them as objects of watching sexual enjoyment; white men had no respect for their identity as a black woman or as a woman. Being a black woman made Nanny and Leafy an easy target for being raped. His research much more related to this research but still had the differences on the theory and also the resistances shown towards the oppression faced.

Therefore, those explanations above became the reasons why the writer chose its film or movie and topic of oppression related to racism became the center of this analysis. Showing the readers about how actually the slavery happened, what kinds of oppression the slaves got and how racism influenced blacks could be properly displayed.

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B. The Problems of Study

The problems of this thesis focused on oppression as displayed in “12 Years a Slave” movie especially on two main characters. The problems were analyzed based on Young‟s theory (1990). The problems of this study were formulated as followed:

1. What oppressions were faced by the two main characters – Platt and Patsey –in “12 Years a Slave” movie?

2. What resistances did they show toward its oppression?

C. The Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study were:

1. To describe the oppressions faced by the two main characters – Platt and Patsey –in “12 Years a Slave” movie

2. To explain the resistances were shown toward its oppression.

D. The Scope of the Study

In doing this research, the writer limited the discussion on the oppressions which were faced by the two main characters and those resistances shown by the two main characters toward those oppressions which happened in “12 Years a Slave” movie. The writer focused on two main characters – Platt and Patsey – and those utterances, statements or actions toward them.

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E. The Significances of the Study

The writer hoped the result of the research would be advantageously to her specifically and reader generally, in order to know how bad the oppressions toward blacks of the racism in America.

In addition, the writer hoped that this research gave more or less contribution especially for English and Literature Department State University of Medan. Many things could be found in this research that oppression towards racism was one of social problem ever existed. The last, the writer hoped the result of this research made those readers were conscious on that issue.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing this film, finally writer went to the conclusions that presented as follows:

1. The five types of oppressions were occurred in “12 Years a Slave” Movie. They are powerlessness, exploitation, marginalization, culture imperialism and violence.

2. The slaves also fought for resisting. There were four resistances were shown toward the oppressions. They are revolt, radicalism, asking for help and religion.

3. Racism which guided into slavery had big impact either for the slaves or white Americans. This could be concluded that the main reason why this issued happened because the stigma which spread quickly and got worse day by day. Slavery could happen to everybody who was racist since it did not recognize the place, condition or human rights. It also could not be denied that racism brought into the destruction to the harmonization of human. It created some sides of being inferior and the other side of being superior.

4. As what Salomon experienced in his true story made us aware that there was still a light for finally getting free from racist deed around us. It also encouraged us to be braver to open our mouth and mind if it was not true or fail. Even though so, if someone who really wanted to keep the justice

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5. it would be even it did. Salomon who never gave up for defending his position finally being brave to mount his strength which finally got his justice.

B. Suggestion

There are several suggestions could offer to the readers, which are:

1. Racism which was happened because of skin color could not be a measure to decide someone’s trait. People should not judge someone because of skin color since no one could decide and prove color differences the certain decision to become human. All human are same as God’s creation. 2. Those who ever experienced racism should not let the oppressor ruin their

mind, they should be brave to open up their mind, keep their head up against those oppression. They should believe there was still light for finally getting free, the only thing need just being brave. Not to mention Salomon who never gave up and finally got his freedom after 12 years. 3. Racism issue was quite important to study since it would enlarge

someone’s mind about being racist and judged someone upon it. Everybody should be aware to this global issue.

4. As in Indonesia as multicultural country needed to learn more how to unite in those diversity. Indonesia should create an awareness and openness to those differences. This also would be a reminder for Indonesia which ever experienced the same racist issue when 1998.

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5. Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of racism in other objects.

6. The last, differences are power.

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Chegeni, Nasrin., and Chegeni, Nastaran. 2013. Marginalization and Oppression of Afro-American Women in Toni Morrison’s Sula. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, Vol, 4 (4): 915-920.

Dendy, Mustika. 2009. An Analysis of Racial Practices in the Film Mississippi Burning By Alan Parker. Jakarta: State Islamic University Syarif

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Dinnerstein, Leonard., Nichols, Roger L. & Reimers, David. M. 1990. Natives and Strangers Blacks, Indian, and Immigrants in America Second Edition. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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67 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing this film, finally writer went to the conclusions that presented as follows:

1. The five types of oppressions were occurred in “12 Years a Slave” Movie. They are powerlessness, exploitation, marginalization, culture imperialism and violence.

2. The slaves also fought for resisting. There were four resistances were shown toward the oppressions. They are revolt, radicalism, asking for help and religion.

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5. it would be even it did. Salomon who never gave up for defending his position finally being brave to mount his strength which finally got his justice.

B. Suggestion

There are several suggestions could offer to the readers, which are:

someone’s mind about being racist and judged someone upon it. Everybody should be aware to this global issue.

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5. Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of racism in other objects.

6. The last, differences are power.

(4)

theory of disability. Disability, Handicap and Society, vol. 2, No. 1.

An Introduction to Qualitative Research Fourth Edition Sage. 2009. Great Britian: Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosports, Hants.

Araujo, Agnes. 2005. Movie and/As Literature: Romeo and Juliet and

Contemporary Film Audiences. Disertation. Athabasca University Master of arts – Integrated Studies.

Barker, R.L. (2003). The social work dictionary (5th ed.). Washington, DC: NASW Press.

Charlton, J. I. (1998). Nothing about us without us disability oppression and empowerment. Berkeley: University of California Press

Dendy, Mustika. 2009. An Analysis of Racial Practices in the Film Mississippi Burning By Alan Parker. Jakarta: State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah.

Dinnerstein, Leonard., Nichols, Roger L. & Reimers, David. M. 1990. Natives and Strangers Blacks, Indian, and Immigrants in America Second Edition. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dismantling Racism: A Source Book. 2003.Portland: Western States Center. Dunn, L.C. et al. 1975. Race, Science and Society. New York: Culombia

University Press.

Eagleto, Terry. Literary Theory an Introduction. London: University of Minnesota Press.

Fanon, Frantz, 2008. Black Skin White masks. London: Pluto Press

Discordant Discourse. Social Work Journal, Vol. 57 No. 3.

Klarer, Mario. 2004. An Introduction to Literary Studies. London and New York: Routledge.

(5)

Mack, Natasha. et al. 2005. Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide. North Caroline: Family Health International.

Mahfouz, Safi Mahmoud. 2013. America’s Melting Pot or the Salad Bowl: The Stage Immigrant’s Dilemma. Journal of Foreign Languages, Cultures & Civilizations, Vol. 1 No. 2, December.

Marciniak, Malgorzata. The Appeal of Literature-to-Film Adaptations. Marpaung, Rama, R. 2009. An Analysis of Racial Issues in some Langston

Hughes’s Poems. Medan: University of North Sumatra.

Film. Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol.14 No. 3. Racism. 2004. America: Greenhaven Press.

Roberts, Dorothy E. 1993.Racism and Patriarchy In the Meaning of Motherhood. Journal of Gender and the Law, Vol 1:1.

The Blackwell dictionary of sociology : a user’s guide to sociological language (2nd ed.). Oxford [England] ; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers

Tindaon, Selviana. 2009. An Analysis of Effects Race Discriminations in America Reflected on Harper Lee’s Novel to Kill a Mocking Bird. Medan: University of North Sumatra.

Umulkhulsum, Arije Yetunde. 2011. Racism and Oppression in Black American Literature: An Example of Richard Wright’s Black Boy. Ilorin: University of Ilorin.

U.S Department of State. 2008. Free at Last The U.S. Civil Rights Movement. America: Bureau of International Information Programs.

Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Yuni, Yosie Indah. 2008. The Analysis of Racial Discrimination in Richard Wright’s Native Son. Medan: University of North Sumatra.

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Zilversmit, Arthur. 1967. The first emancipation: the Abolition of Slavery in The North. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerless retrieved on Tuesday March 10th, 2015 ; 17:57 PM.

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/violence retrieved on Tuesday March 10th, 2015; 17:59 PM.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence retrieved on Tuesday March 10th, 2015; 18.00 PM.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_imperialism retrieved on March 10th, 2015; 18:01 PM.

http://www.kotikone.fi/matti.sarmela/culturimperialism.pdf retrieved on March 10th, 2015; 18:02 PM.

OPPRESSION AND RACISM TOWARD BLACK AMERICAN IN “12 YEARS A SLAVE” MOVIE.