AA PRAGMA A Pragmatic Study Of Figurative Language In Anonymous Movie Script.
A PRAGMA
ATIC STUD
DY OF FIGU
URATIVE LANGUAG
GE
I ANONYM
IN
MOUS MOV
VIE SCRIP
PT
RES
SEARCH PA
APER
Submittted as a Parrtial Fulfillm
ment of Requiirements
forr Getting Baachelor Degrree of Educaation
in Ennglish Deparrtment
By:
Ahmad
d Fauzi Jam
maluddin
A3201102110
SCHOOL OF
O TEACHE
ER TRAINING AND ED
DUCATION
N
MUHAMMADIYAH
H UNIVERSIITY OF SUR
RAKARTA
2015
ACCEPTANCE
A PRAGMATIC STT]DY OF TIGI]RATIVE LANGUAGE
lN ANOl,lYlt4OUS MOVIE SCRIPT
RESEARCII PAPER
'\
rittetr by
AIIMAD FAUZI JAMALUDDIN
A320110210
Acc€pted and Approved by
The Board ofExaminers of Schools of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah Univers'rty of Surakarta
The Board Examiners:
1.
Drs. Maryadi, M.A.
(Examiner
2.
I)
Dra. Siti Zuhriah Ariatmi, M.Hum.
@xaminer
3. Dra.
II)
Malikatul Laila, lvl.llum.
(Examirsr
Itl)
Sumkarta" 25 Juli 2015
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Schools ofTeacher Training and Education
0428 199303 1001
TESTIMONY
In the name ofAllah, the most gracious afld merciful, I am as the researcher.
signed on the stalement tlelow:
Name
AHMAD FAUZI JAMALUDDIN
NIM
A320110210
Study Progam
Deparhnent of English Education
Tirle
A Pragmatic Study ofFigurative Language in Anonymous Movie
Sc.ipt
Herewith, I testiry that in this research paper there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary
wo*
which has been raised
to
obtain bachelor degees of
university, nor there are options or masterpieces which have been written or
itirg
are refened manusc.ipts and
if it is proven that therc arc some untrue
statements in this testimony,
published by others, expect those in which the
uT
me[tioned in the literary rcview and rcferences.
Hence,
I will hold tuIly responsible.
sumkarr4 July l3n 2015
/he
ta
writer
- nr
VlYwuWtl
Ahmdd Fauzi Jamaluddin
--,-()
MOTTO
"For each one are successive [angels] before and behind him who protect him
by the decree of Allah. Indeed, Allah will not change the condition of a people
until they change what is in themselves. And when Allah intends for a people ill,
there is no repelling it. And there is not for them besides Him any patron.”
(QS. Ar Ra’du: 11)
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to all who has given me knowledges, motivations and
loves…
This work is sincerely dedicated for:
1. The Greatest Allah SWT
2. My beloved parents and sisters who always pray for me to
become better person in this life, I love you so much.
3. My big family
4. Nurul ‘Aini, someone who is sent by Allah to love me
5. All of my friends in DEE, TRAP Management, RAVEN,
Jokky Boy Kos, Satibi Squad and Melon Juice
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious and merciful, the King of universe
and space. Thanks to Allah because the writer could complete this research paper as
one of requirements to finish studying in English Department of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
This research paper would not have been completed without supports,
guidances and helps from individual’s institution. Therefore, I would like to express
special thanks to:
1. Mr. Prof. Dr. H. Bambang Setiaji, the Rector of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta
2. Mr. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, the Dean of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta
3. Mrs. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D. the Head of English Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
4. Mr. Drs. Maryadi, MA. and Mrs. Dra. Siti Zuhriah Ariatmi, M.Hum, the
consultants of the research paper for all their suggestions, patiences,
recommendations and supports for this research paper from the beginning till the
end
5. All lecturers in English Department Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta for all guidances, knowledges, supports, and etc
6. His beloved family, his mother, Tri Mursih and his father, Eko Srihartanto, who
always give supports and great motivations both materials and spirituals during
the study until completing this research paper. This research paper doesn’t exist
without their “doa”.
vii
7.
His super sisteE Salsabila lnlar Romadhoni and Alisha Salilya Azzahr4 who
always give cheerful day
8. His beloved partnet Nurul 'Aini for her love and suppo.t
9. Alt of his fiiendq in Jokky Boy Kos iicluded his family in his boarding
house
(Mr. Joko Mrs. Susi, Jonava and Pedro), Satibi Crew, TRAI Managemont
RaverL Melon Juicg and DEE family for the cheerfi.rl and their togethemess
10.
All of
staffs who help the \rdter in processing ofrcs€aroh paper administration
11. Everybody who has helped dte
vrite. in finishing this
research paper
Thanks for all supports, advic.€s, suggestions and other helps that you all
given. The wdter hopes that this r€search paper will be useful for everyone.
Surakartq July 13th 2015
T}:Mb
CtuM
Ahpad Fauzi Japaluddin
A320110210
vllt
SUMMARY
AHMAD FAUZI JAMALUDDIN. A320110210. A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN ANONYMOUS MOVIE SCRIPT. Research
Paper, School of Teacher Training and Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. July, 2015.
The research aims at describing the types of figurative language, implicature,
and flouting maxim of Anonymous movie. The research employs the descriptive
qualitative as the type of the research. The data source of this research is the script of
Anonymous movie. Techniques of collecting data are watching the Anonymous
movie, searching then downloading the Anonymous movie script, reading the
Anonymous movie script, identifying the types of figurative languages in the movie
script and underlying them, typing those figurative languages in paper, describing the
types of figurative language by using Perrine theory and coding the data. The
techniques of data analysis are describing the types of figurative language found in
the Anonymous Movie Script, the writer uses Perrine theory (1977), describing the
types the implicature, the writer refers to the theory of Grice (1989), and drawing
discussion, describing the flouting maxim, the writer uses Cutting’s theory (2002).
The data are shown with the italic, bold and underline words. One datum analysis
presents figurative language, implicature and flouting maxim analysis. So, it doesn’t
analyze separately. The result of the study shows that 1) the types of figurative
language are: Metaphor (30.56%) which always uses an implicit comparison at the
movie’s mind. The second position is Hyperbole (27.78%), and the third position is
Simile (19.44%) and the fourth position is Personification (16.67%). Based on the
frequency of occurrence, Irony (5.56%) is in the last position. 2) The all implicature
of figurative languages cover conversational implicature (100%) and none of them
are conventional implicature (0%). The conversational implicature divided into:
particularized conversational implicature (94.44%) and generalized conversational
implicature (5.56%) (3) The flouting maxim are used by the characters: flouting
maxim of quality (86.11%), flouting maxim of relation (5.56%), flouting maxim of
manner (5.56%), flouting maxim of quantity (2.78%).
Keywords : figurative language, implicature, maxim violated, Anonymous movie
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ............................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ..................................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE .............................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY ................................................................................................
iv
MOTTO .........................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ..............................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................
xiii
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................
xiv
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study ............................................................................
1
B. Problem Statements ..............................................................................
5
C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................
5
D. Benefits of the Study.............................................................................
5
E. Research Paper Organization ...............................................................
6
CHAPTER II : UNDERLYING THEORY
A. Previous Study ......................................................................................
8
B. Figurative Languages ...........................................................................
12
C. Types of Figurative Language ..............................................................
13
1. Simile ..............................................................................................
13
2. Metaphor .........................................................................................
14
3. Personification ................................................................................
14
4. Apostope ........................................................................................
15
5. Synecdoche .....................................................................................
15
x
6. Metonymy .......................................................................................
15
7. Symbol ............................................................................................
16
8. Allegory ..........................................................................................
16
9. Paradox ...........................................................................................
17
10. Hyperbole/ Overstatement ..............................................................
17
11. Understatement ...............................................................................
17
12. Irony ...............................................................................................
18
D. Pragmatics ............................................................................................
18
E. Principles of Pragmatics .......................................................................
19
1. Entailment .......................................................................................
19
2. Implicature ......................................................................................
19
3. Presupposition ................................................................................
20
4. Speech Act ......................................................................................
20
5. Deixes .............................................................................................
20
F. Implicature ............................................................................................
23
1. Implicature ......................................................................................
23
2. Types of Implicature .......................................................................
23
a. Conventional Implicature .........................................................
24
b. Conversational Implicature ......................................................
24
1) Generalized Conversational Implicature ...........................
24
2) Particularized Conversational Implicature ........................
24
G. Grice’s Cooperative Principle ..............................................................
25
1. Maxim of Quantity .........................................................................
25
2. Maxim of Quality............................................................................
26
3. Maxim of Relevence .......................................................................
27
4. Maxim of Manner ...........................................................................
27
H. Flouting Maxim ....................................................................................
28
1. Flouting Quantity ............................................................................
28
2. Flouting Quality ..............................................................................
29
3. Flouting Relation ............................................................................
30
4. Flouting Manner .............................................................................
30
xi
I. Context of Speech .................................................................................
31
J. Movie ....................................................................................................
32
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Research ..................................................................................
35
B. Object of the Research ..........................................................................
35
C. Data and Data Source ...........................................................................
35
D. Technique of Collecting Data ...............................................................
36
E. Technique of Analyzing Data ...............................................................
37
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Findings ................................................................................
38
B. Discussion ............................................................................................
86
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ............................................................................................
94
B. Suggestion ............................................................................................
95
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................
96
APPENDIX ....................................................................................................
99
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SIM
:
Simile
META
:
Metaphor
PERS
:
Personification
HYP
:
Hyperbole
IRON
:
Irony
ANO
:
Anonymous Movie
xiii
THE LISTS OF THE TABLES
TABLE
PAGES
4.1 Figurative Language Types
91
4.2 Implicature of Figurative Language Types
91
4.3 Conversational Implicature
92
4.4 Flouting Maxim
92
xiv
ATIC STUD
DY OF FIGU
URATIVE LANGUAG
GE
I ANONYM
IN
MOUS MOV
VIE SCRIP
PT
RES
SEARCH PA
APER
Submittted as a Parrtial Fulfillm
ment of Requiirements
forr Getting Baachelor Degrree of Educaation
in Ennglish Deparrtment
By:
Ahmad
d Fauzi Jam
maluddin
A3201102110
SCHOOL OF
O TEACHE
ER TRAINING AND ED
DUCATION
N
MUHAMMADIYAH
H UNIVERSIITY OF SUR
RAKARTA
2015
ACCEPTANCE
A PRAGMATIC STT]DY OF TIGI]RATIVE LANGUAGE
lN ANOl,lYlt4OUS MOVIE SCRIPT
RESEARCII PAPER
'\
rittetr by
AIIMAD FAUZI JAMALUDDIN
A320110210
Acc€pted and Approved by
The Board ofExaminers of Schools of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah Univers'rty of Surakarta
The Board Examiners:
1.
Drs. Maryadi, M.A.
(Examiner
2.
I)
Dra. Siti Zuhriah Ariatmi, M.Hum.
@xaminer
3. Dra.
II)
Malikatul Laila, lvl.llum.
(Examirsr
Itl)
Sumkarta" 25 Juli 2015
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Schools ofTeacher Training and Education
0428 199303 1001
TESTIMONY
In the name ofAllah, the most gracious afld merciful, I am as the researcher.
signed on the stalement tlelow:
Name
AHMAD FAUZI JAMALUDDIN
NIM
A320110210
Study Progam
Deparhnent of English Education
Tirle
A Pragmatic Study ofFigurative Language in Anonymous Movie
Sc.ipt
Herewith, I testiry that in this research paper there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary
wo*
which has been raised
to
obtain bachelor degees of
university, nor there are options or masterpieces which have been written or
itirg
are refened manusc.ipts and
if it is proven that therc arc some untrue
statements in this testimony,
published by others, expect those in which the
uT
me[tioned in the literary rcview and rcferences.
Hence,
I will hold tuIly responsible.
sumkarr4 July l3n 2015
/he
ta
writer
- nr
VlYwuWtl
Ahmdd Fauzi Jamaluddin
--,-()
MOTTO
"For each one are successive [angels] before and behind him who protect him
by the decree of Allah. Indeed, Allah will not change the condition of a people
until they change what is in themselves. And when Allah intends for a people ill,
there is no repelling it. And there is not for them besides Him any patron.”
(QS. Ar Ra’du: 11)
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to all who has given me knowledges, motivations and
loves…
This work is sincerely dedicated for:
1. The Greatest Allah SWT
2. My beloved parents and sisters who always pray for me to
become better person in this life, I love you so much.
3. My big family
4. Nurul ‘Aini, someone who is sent by Allah to love me
5. All of my friends in DEE, TRAP Management, RAVEN,
Jokky Boy Kos, Satibi Squad and Melon Juice
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious and merciful, the King of universe
and space. Thanks to Allah because the writer could complete this research paper as
one of requirements to finish studying in English Department of Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.
This research paper would not have been completed without supports,
guidances and helps from individual’s institution. Therefore, I would like to express
special thanks to:
1. Mr. Prof. Dr. H. Bambang Setiaji, the Rector of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta
2. Mr. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, the Dean of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta
3. Mrs. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D. the Head of English Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
4. Mr. Drs. Maryadi, MA. and Mrs. Dra. Siti Zuhriah Ariatmi, M.Hum, the
consultants of the research paper for all their suggestions, patiences,
recommendations and supports for this research paper from the beginning till the
end
5. All lecturers in English Department Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta for all guidances, knowledges, supports, and etc
6. His beloved family, his mother, Tri Mursih and his father, Eko Srihartanto, who
always give supports and great motivations both materials and spirituals during
the study until completing this research paper. This research paper doesn’t exist
without their “doa”.
vii
7.
His super sisteE Salsabila lnlar Romadhoni and Alisha Salilya Azzahr4 who
always give cheerful day
8. His beloved partnet Nurul 'Aini for her love and suppo.t
9. Alt of his fiiendq in Jokky Boy Kos iicluded his family in his boarding
house
(Mr. Joko Mrs. Susi, Jonava and Pedro), Satibi Crew, TRAI Managemont
RaverL Melon Juicg and DEE family for the cheerfi.rl and their togethemess
10.
All of
staffs who help the \rdter in processing ofrcs€aroh paper administration
11. Everybody who has helped dte
vrite. in finishing this
research paper
Thanks for all supports, advic.€s, suggestions and other helps that you all
given. The wdter hopes that this r€search paper will be useful for everyone.
Surakartq July 13th 2015
T}:Mb
CtuM
Ahpad Fauzi Japaluddin
A320110210
vllt
SUMMARY
AHMAD FAUZI JAMALUDDIN. A320110210. A PRAGMATIC STUDY OF
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN ANONYMOUS MOVIE SCRIPT. Research
Paper, School of Teacher Training and Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta. July, 2015.
The research aims at describing the types of figurative language, implicature,
and flouting maxim of Anonymous movie. The research employs the descriptive
qualitative as the type of the research. The data source of this research is the script of
Anonymous movie. Techniques of collecting data are watching the Anonymous
movie, searching then downloading the Anonymous movie script, reading the
Anonymous movie script, identifying the types of figurative languages in the movie
script and underlying them, typing those figurative languages in paper, describing the
types of figurative language by using Perrine theory and coding the data. The
techniques of data analysis are describing the types of figurative language found in
the Anonymous Movie Script, the writer uses Perrine theory (1977), describing the
types the implicature, the writer refers to the theory of Grice (1989), and drawing
discussion, describing the flouting maxim, the writer uses Cutting’s theory (2002).
The data are shown with the italic, bold and underline words. One datum analysis
presents figurative language, implicature and flouting maxim analysis. So, it doesn’t
analyze separately. The result of the study shows that 1) the types of figurative
language are: Metaphor (30.56%) which always uses an implicit comparison at the
movie’s mind. The second position is Hyperbole (27.78%), and the third position is
Simile (19.44%) and the fourth position is Personification (16.67%). Based on the
frequency of occurrence, Irony (5.56%) is in the last position. 2) The all implicature
of figurative languages cover conversational implicature (100%) and none of them
are conventional implicature (0%). The conversational implicature divided into:
particularized conversational implicature (94.44%) and generalized conversational
implicature (5.56%) (3) The flouting maxim are used by the characters: flouting
maxim of quality (86.11%), flouting maxim of relation (5.56%), flouting maxim of
manner (5.56%), flouting maxim of quantity (2.78%).
Keywords : figurative language, implicature, maxim violated, Anonymous movie
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ............................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ..................................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE .............................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY ................................................................................................
iv
MOTTO .........................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ..............................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...............................................................................
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................
xiii
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................
xiv
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study ............................................................................
1
B. Problem Statements ..............................................................................
5
C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................
5
D. Benefits of the Study.............................................................................
5
E. Research Paper Organization ...............................................................
6
CHAPTER II : UNDERLYING THEORY
A. Previous Study ......................................................................................
8
B. Figurative Languages ...........................................................................
12
C. Types of Figurative Language ..............................................................
13
1. Simile ..............................................................................................
13
2. Metaphor .........................................................................................
14
3. Personification ................................................................................
14
4. Apostope ........................................................................................
15
5. Synecdoche .....................................................................................
15
x
6. Metonymy .......................................................................................
15
7. Symbol ............................................................................................
16
8. Allegory ..........................................................................................
16
9. Paradox ...........................................................................................
17
10. Hyperbole/ Overstatement ..............................................................
17
11. Understatement ...............................................................................
17
12. Irony ...............................................................................................
18
D. Pragmatics ............................................................................................
18
E. Principles of Pragmatics .......................................................................
19
1. Entailment .......................................................................................
19
2. Implicature ......................................................................................
19
3. Presupposition ................................................................................
20
4. Speech Act ......................................................................................
20
5. Deixes .............................................................................................
20
F. Implicature ............................................................................................
23
1. Implicature ......................................................................................
23
2. Types of Implicature .......................................................................
23
a. Conventional Implicature .........................................................
24
b. Conversational Implicature ......................................................
24
1) Generalized Conversational Implicature ...........................
24
2) Particularized Conversational Implicature ........................
24
G. Grice’s Cooperative Principle ..............................................................
25
1. Maxim of Quantity .........................................................................
25
2. Maxim of Quality............................................................................
26
3. Maxim of Relevence .......................................................................
27
4. Maxim of Manner ...........................................................................
27
H. Flouting Maxim ....................................................................................
28
1. Flouting Quantity ............................................................................
28
2. Flouting Quality ..............................................................................
29
3. Flouting Relation ............................................................................
30
4. Flouting Manner .............................................................................
30
xi
I. Context of Speech .................................................................................
31
J. Movie ....................................................................................................
32
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Research ..................................................................................
35
B. Object of the Research ..........................................................................
35
C. Data and Data Source ...........................................................................
35
D. Technique of Collecting Data ...............................................................
36
E. Technique of Analyzing Data ...............................................................
37
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Findings ................................................................................
38
B. Discussion ............................................................................................
86
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ............................................................................................
94
B. Suggestion ............................................................................................
95
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................
96
APPENDIX ....................................................................................................
99
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SIM
:
Simile
META
:
Metaphor
PERS
:
Personification
HYP
:
Hyperbole
IRON
:
Irony
ANO
:
Anonymous Movie
xiii
THE LISTS OF THE TABLES
TABLE
PAGES
4.1 Figurative Language Types
91
4.2 Implicature of Figurative Language Types
91
4.3 Conversational Implicature
92
4.4 Flouting Maxim
92
xiv