Pragmatic Scale In Politeness Strategies Found In Beauty And The Beast Movie Script (A Pragmatic Study)

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Bandung $ Agustus 2012

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

ANNESSIA CASSANDRA 63708023

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER BANDUNG

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

ANNESSIA CASSANDRA 63708023

Bandung, August 2012

Approved as a skripsi by:

Advisor I Advisor II

Dr. Nia Kurniasih Tatan Tawami S.S, M.Hum

NIP. 196901152006042001 NIP. 4127.20.03.011

Acknowledged by: Head of English Department

Retno Purwani Sari, S.S, M.Hum. NIP. 4127.20.03.004

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and pragmatic scales in their utterances. This research shows the relation between pragmatic scales and politeness strategies in making the polite utterances. This research aims to prove that politeness principle is applied in the utterances of Beauty and the Beast movie script.

The research method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method since all the analyses of the data are the descriptions of the phenomena that happen in the politeness behaviour. The data analyzed are 22, showing how utterance can be a polite utterance by using the politeness strategies and how high is the politeness by measuring it with pragmatic scales.

In the finding, there are four classifications made based on the politeness strategies used in the utterances of the characters in Beauty and the Beast movie script: positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on-record, and off-record. Each of the classification has the sub classification based on the pragmatic scale found in every politeness strategy, such as the positive politeness with cost-benefit scale, positive politeness with indirectness scales and so on. The dominant politeness strategies used is positive politeness. Yet, there is no dominant one in the pragmatic scale found in the politeness strategies since almost all scales appear in every strategy of politeness, except in the off-record strategy that shows only indirectness scale. The result of the discussion showed that polite utterance can be made by using the politeness strategies, yet how polite is the utterance either it is high or low can be measured by the pragmatic scale. Thus, how high and how low the politeness in every utterance can affect the interaction between the addresser and addressee.

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strategi-strategi kesopanan dan skala pragmatis dalam ujaran-ujaran mereka. Penelitian ini menunjukan hubungan antara skala-skala pragmatis dan strategi-strategi kesopanan dalam membuat ujaran yang sopan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa kaidah kesopanan diaplikasikan pada ujaran yang ada di naskah film Beauty and the Beast.

Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif karena semua analisis data adalah deskripsi dari fenomena yang terjadi dalam perilaku kesopanan. Data yang dianalisis adalah 22 data yang menunjukkan bagaimana ujaran dapat menjadi sebuah ekspresi yang sopan dengan menggunakan strategi kesopanan dan seberapa tinggi kesopanannya dengan menggunakan skala pragmatik untuk mengukur tingkat kesopanannya. Dalam temuan ini, ada empat klasifikasi yang dibuat berdasarkan strategi kesopanan yang digunakan dalam ujaran tokoh dalam naskah Beauty and the Beast: kesopanan positif, kesopanan negatif, kesopanan langsung, dan kesopanan tidak langsung. Setiap klasifikasi memiliki sub-klasifikasi yang dibuat berdasarkan skala pragmatis yang ditemukan dalam setiap strategi kesopanannya, seperti kesopanan positif dengan skala biaya-manfaat, kesopanan positif dengan skala tidak langsung dan seterusnya. Strategi kesopanan yang dominan digunakan adalah kesopanan positif. Namun, tidak ada satu yang dominan dalam skala pragmatis yang ditemukan dalam strategi kesopanan karena hampir semua skala muncul dalam setiap strategi kesopanan kecuali dalam strategi kesopanan tidak langsung yang hanya memunculkan skala tidak langsung. Hasil diskusi ini menunjukkan bahwa ujaran yang sopan dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan strategi kesopanan, namun tinggi atau rendah tingkat kesopanan itu dapat diukur dengan skala pragmatis. Jadi, seberapa tinggi dan seberapa rendah kesopanan dalam setiap ujaran dapat mempengaruhi interaksi pengirim pesan dan penerima pesan.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research entitled “Pragmatic Scale in Politeness Strategies Found in

Beauty and the Beast movie script” is submitted to fulfil one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree. This skripsi would not have been done without some supports and contributions of many people. Therefore, the writer would like to express the deepest acknowledgement for the following people:

1. My lovely parents, Maria Soraya and Chaerul Fahmi Tayibnapis. Thanks

for your love, support, motivation, and everything. I love you both. 2. My beloved sisters and brother, Kak Vavan, Kak Tasya, Kak Ozzy, Kak

Aska. Thanks for always understanding your little careless sister.

3. My cute nephews and niece, Rafi, Kanaya (alm), Aqeela, Zufar, and Reyhan. You are just too cute to be true.

4. Dean of Faculty of Letters of UNIKOM, Prof. Dr. H. Moh. Tadjuddin,

MA.

5. Head of English Department, Retno Purwani Sari, S.S., M.Hum. Thank

you for always helping me in every condition.

6. My Advisor, Dr. Nia Kurniasih and Tatan Tawami S.S, M.Hum. Thank

you for all your kindness in guiding me to write this thesis.

7. All the lecturers in English Department. Thank you for sharing all your knowledge to me.

8. Secretariat of English Department. Thanks for always giving important information to me.

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9. My best friends, Puri Astari and Yuanita Aprilia. Thanks for always being patient to face my silly act. You both are the best of the best friends I have ever had.

10.All my classmates, SI 1-08. I am lucky to be at the same class with you guys. Thanks for all the crazy and unforgettable moment we had in class. 11.All my seniors in Faculty of Letters. Thank you for being my big brothers

and sisters.

12. Ardan Radio’s crew. Thank you for being my second family.

13.The last but not least, my one and only, Jonny. Danke fur alles. Ich liebe dich.

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ABSTRAK vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii

CONTENTS x

LIST OF FIGURE xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background to the Topic 1

1.2Research Question 4

1.3Objectives 4

1.4Significant to Knowledge 4

1.5Framework of the Theory 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Pragmatics 8

2.2 Politeness Principle 11

2.2.1 Maxim of Politeness 12

2.2.1.1 Tact Maxim 12

2.2.1.2 Generosity Maxim 13

2.2.1.3 Approbation Maxim 14

2.2.1.4 Modesty Maxim 14

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2.3.2Off-Record 18

2.3.3 Positive Politeness 20

2.3.4 Negative Politeness 23

2.4 Pragmatic Scale 25

2.4.1 Cost-Benefit Scale 25

2.4.2 Indirectness Scale 26

2.4.3 Social Distance Scale 26

2.4.4 Optionality Scale 27

2.4.5 Power/Authority Scale 28

CHAPTER III RESEARCH OBJECT AND METHOD

3.1 Research Object 29

3.2 Research Method 29

3.2.1 Data Collection 30

3.2.2 Data Analysis 31

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Positive Politeness 34

4.1.1 Positive Politeness with Cost-Benefit Scale 34

4.1.2 Positive Politeness with Optionality Scale 41

4.1.3 Positive Politeness with Indirectness Scale 44

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4.2.2 Negative Politeness with Optionality Scale 55

4.2.3 Negative Politeness with Indirectness Scale 58

4.2.4 Negative Politeness with Social Distance Scale 60

4.2.5 Negative Politeness with Power/Authority Scale 62

4.3 Bald On-Record 64

4.3.1 Bald On-Record with Cost-Benefit Scale 64

4.3.2 Bald On-Record with Optionality Scale 66

4.3.3 Bald On-Record with Indirectness Scale 68

4.3.4 Bald On-Record with Social Distance Scale 70

4.3.5 Bald On-Record with Power/Authority Scale 72

4.4 Off-Record 75

4.4.1 Off-Record with Indirectness Scale 75

CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions 77

5.2 Suggestions 78

REFERENCES 80

APPENDICES 81

1

This chapter presents background to the study, research question, objectives, significance to knowledge, and framework of the theories.

1.1Background to the Study

Pragmatics is a study of how utterances have meanings in situation. In making an utterance, the addresser (R), the sender of the message, has a particular goal by uttering it to the addressee (E), the receiver, regarding the situation itself. For example, when the weather is cold, R says, “you can wear my sweater if you feel cold” to the E because E looks freezing. R has a goal to make E feels warm by offering his sweater.

When R offers his sweater, R notices what E needs since R sees that E looks freezing. However, R does not force E to accept it by saying “if” to show that R gives an option to E. R prevents the conflict between them and tries to save the face of E. Face means the public self-image of a person.

To save the face of others, there are four strategies of politeness introduced by Brown and Levinson (1978:68) that can be used; positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on-record, and off record strategy. Taking the example above, R notices that E wants and needs sweater to make E feels warm because the weather is cold. Notice what E needs is one of the sub-strategies in positive politeness.

Therefore, it can be said that R is using positive politeness to save E’s face and being polite to him.

Yet, even if R already uses politeness strategy to make his utterance, but the scale of politeness in the utterance can be measured either less polite or more polite. To measure the scale of politeness, Leech (1983:123) introduces five pragmatic scale; cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness, social distance, and power/authority scale. In “you can wear my sweater if you feel cold” R gives benefit to E if E accepts his offer to wear the sweater. The benefit is E will feel warm and it means there is cost-benefit scale in R’s utterance. Thus, it can be said that R is even more being polite to E since R uses the politeness strategy, which is positive politeness, and arise the pragmatic scale that is cost-benefit scale. However, R utterance can be less polite if he says “if you feel cold, you can buy a sweater at the store”. It is less polite since E gets the cost more than the benefit. The cost is E has to buy a sweater first and it needs money and time as well. This is the difference between the firs example, R lends his sweater to E, so E doesn’t have any cost to do. That is why the first utterance is more polite and the second one is less polite even R already uses positive politeness strategy in his utterance.

It is interesting to analyze how people use some strategies to be polite to aim what they want without making the others feel disrespected but they still can get what they want. In addition, it is more interesting when the politeness in the utterance can be measured by using the pragmatic scale either it is less polite or more polite. Eventually, in the case R is being less or more polite or not in making his utterance can be figured out.

For all those reasons, this research is focused on analyzing the pragmatic scales in politeness strategies since they are related to each other in making the polite utterances. To limit the data, the writer analyzed the utterances that contain the tact maxim only as one of the maxims dealing with polite behaviour. The rules in tact maxim according to Leech (1983:109) is minimizing the cost to other and maximizing the benefit to other. This is just what happens in the previous example in which R gives more benefit to E (feel warm) than the cost. In addition, in finding out the data, the writer chooses the movie script of Beauty and the Beast.

In relation to this research, there are two previous researches analyzing about politeness. First is a research about the analysis of utterances according to its illocutionary categories and its obedience and the violation of the maxim of politeness principle that was analyzed by Anggun Cita Resmi (2006), a student of English Department of UNIKOM. Second is a research about the analysis of realization of politeness strategies in directive illocutionary acts describing both purposes and motives of it in accordance with the context that was analyzed by Fifi Kafilatul Jannah (2011), a student of Padjajaran University. Since they both did not mention about the pragmatic scale in maxim of politeness and politeness strategies, this research is hopefully going to improve and complete their research by analyzing the pragmatic scale in politeness strategies. This research aims to prove that politeness principle is applied in the utterances of Beauty and the Beast movie script.

Based on the descriptions and focus of the research, the writer was interested in digging more on the topic of the research. Therefore, this research is

entitled “Pragmatic Scales in Politeness Strategies found in the Beauty and the Beast Movie Script”.

1.2Research Questions

Concerning the background of the study, the statements of the problem are formulated as follows:

1. What are the strategies of politeness used in the utterance containing

the tact maxim in “Beauty and The Beast” movie script?

2. What are the pragmatic scales found in those strategies?

1.3 Objectives

The objectives in this research according to the problems above are:

1. To analyze kinds of politeness strategies in the utterance with tact maxim.

2. To analyze what kind of pragmatic scales found in the strategies.

1.4 Significance to Knowledge

This research, entitled “Pragmatic Scales in Politeness Strategies in the Beauty and the Beast Movie Script” is a study of pragmatics that focuses on analyzing the pragmatic scales in politeness strategies used in the utterance containing the tact maxim. The finding of this research is hoped to enrich the knowledge about politeness theoretically and practically for the writer herself. Therefore, the writer is not only analyzing all those things related to politeness,

but also applying them in the real life. In addition, this research is expected to give the readers contribution and information about how to use the four politeness strategies in daily life. In addition, they can follow measurement of pragmatic scales to express their politeness. Knowing, understanding, and applying politeness in life are useful to make a good relation between each other. People will always try to respect and make conflict-free interaction when they communicate with others since they know about the strategies of politeness and the pragmatic scale. They can easily choose which strategy and scale they want to use in their utterance to make it polite.

In addition, for the others who are interested in making the similar research about the pragmatic scales in politeness strategies, this research can be used as the reference to improve the similar research in the future.

1.5 Framework of the Theories

To get what R wants from the E without making E feels disrespected, there are some politeness strategies need to be followed; positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on record, and off record. As stated by Brown and Levinson in their book Politeness (1978) that the politeness strategies make no conflict between the speaker and the hearer in communication. Politeness strategies used to show that R is being respectful to E and to save E’s face.

In the politeness strategies used in making the polite utterance, it can be measured the scale of the politeness itself. Additionally, Leech in his book Principle of Pragmatics (1983) introduces the pragmatic scales in order to define

the parameters of the various values, cost, benefit, praise, sympathy, etc. They are cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness, social distance, and power/authority scale.

In politeness, there are a number of maxims dealing with polite behaviour which is called maxim of politeness introduces by Leech (1983). They are generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, sympathy maxim, and tact maxim. Tact maxim itself is used to minimize cost to other and maximize benefit to other.

Therefore, there are two theories used to analyze this research object; Brown and Levinson (1978) about the politeness strategies and Leech (1983) about the pragmatic scale.

The framework can be illustrated in the following figure:

1.1 The figure of the theoretical framework

PRAGMATICS Principle of Pragmatics Politeness Principle Maxim of Politeness Tact maxim Politeness Strategies Pragmatic Scales Cost-benefit

Optionality Indirectness Social Distance Positive

Politeness

Notice, attend to the hearer

include both S and H in the activity

Assert or presuppose

the speaker’s

knowledge of and concern for the

hearer’s wants

offer promise Give (or ask for)

reasons Negative Politeness Be conventionally indirect Be pessimistic Question, hedge Bald On-Record Off-Record advice or warning granting permission Attention-Getters Offer Give association clues

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This chapter discusses about the theories used in analyzing the data in this research. There are some theories of pragmatic used in analyzing the data since it is a pragmatics study. They are divided into four main points; pragmatics, politeness principle, politeness strategies, and pragmatic scales.

2.1 Pragmatics

This research is a pragmatics study which analyzes the pragmatic scales in politeness strategies found in Beauty and the Beast movie script.

According to Yule (1996:3), there are four areas that pragmatic is concerned with; pragmatics as the study of speaker meaning, contextual meaning, how utterance is communicated more than is said, and the expression of relative distance. From his statement, it can be concluded that pragmatics is a study of meaning communicated by an addresser (R) and interpreted by an addressee (E) based on speaker intention, the relative distance between the speaker and the hearer, and the context or speech situation.

Since pragmatics studies meaning in relation to speech situation, Leech (1983:13) introduces some aspects of situations. The explanation of each aspects is described as follows:

1. Addressers or addressees

Addresser is a person who receives and interprets the message (the sender). Addressee is a person who is an intended receiver of the message (the receiver).

In this analysis, addressers and the addressees are the characters of the movie script “Beauty and the Beast”. They are 9 characters which represent the tact maxim utterance; Beast, Belle, Cogsworth, Lumiere, Chip, Mrs.Potts, Maurice, Bookseller, and Wardrobe. When Beast talks to Belle, Beast is being an addresser and Belle is being an addressee. Then, when Belle replies, she is being an addresser and Beast is being an addressee. Addresser is being shortened with R and addressee is being shortened with E.

2. The context of an utterance

Context is any background knowledge assumed to be shared by the E and R who contributes to hearer’s interpretation of what R means by a given utterance.

In relation to this research, the context is the explanation of who are the R and the E in the utterance and what situation that they have in the utterance. For example, R is Belle and E is Maurice. Their relation is father and daughter. Then the situation is Maurice is being a Beast’s prisoner and Belle wants to get him out of the jail. However, Maurice is

afraid that Beast will come and see her, so he says “I want you to leave this place!” From the context, it can be known that Belle will have an

interpretation that she needs to go since the place is dangerous and

Maurice doesn’t want her in danger. Thus, from the context of an

utterance, the interpretation of the message sent by R can be figured out. 3. The goal(s) of an utterance

The goal of an utterance does not commit its user to dealing with conscious volition or motivation, but can be used generally of goal-oriented activities.

In this term, the goal is about the goal of being polite in making the utterance between the R and E. Because of that, R uses the politeness strategies and arise the pragmatic scale to get the goal.

From all those explanation above, it can be concluded that pragmatics is all about the interpretation of the message communicated by R to E. The interpretation of the message can be figured out based on the context of an utterance. In addition, in every messages made by R, it always has a goal to be aimed.

Also, in pragmatics, there are some fields that are explained deeper since they have the theories related to this research. They are politeness principle, politeness strategies, and pragmatic scales.

2.2 Politeness Principle

Politeness principle (PP) is being the focus on the analysis of this research. The theory of politeness principle used in this research is introduces by Leech. He (1983:81) states that:

PP is to minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs, and maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs which is somewhat less important.

PP explains about how to make and understand the utterances based on politeness. So, PP is all about how to be polite in making an utterance. In addition, the goal of PP is to minimize the impoliteness in the utterance itself.

In the movie script of Beauty and the Beast, the writer analyzes the utterance made by the characters based on the politeness. Talking about politeness itself, Robin Lakoff (1990:34) states about politeness as well as follows:

Politeness is a system of interpersonal relations designed to facilitate interaction by minimizing the potential for conflict and confrontation as conflict-free, with speakers normally being able to

satisfy one another’s needs and interests.

Thus, it can be said that politeness goal is to make no conflict in between R and E when they interact to make a communication. In addition, the focus of

politeness itself is to satisfy another’s needs. This is what people call giving more

benefit to E rather than the cost. That is why the effect of politeness behaviour to R is more important than E. Dealing with politeness behaviour, there are some maxims of politeness introduced by Leech as well.

2.2.1 Maxim of Politeness

Maxims of politeness are a number of maxims dealing with polite behaviour. The meaning of maxim itself according to Oxford dictionary (2003) is saying that expresses a general truth or rule of behaviour. There are six maxims of politeness; tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim. However, it is only tact maxim is used as the limitation in finding data in the Beauty and the Beast movie script. Nevertheless, all of the six maxims are explained below to make the difference between tact maxim and the other maxims.

2.2.1.1 Tact Maxim

Tact maxim is a maxim which has a rule of minimizing cost to other and maximizing benefit to other. Leech (1983:109) states that there are two sides to the tact maxim, a negative side ‘Minimize the benefit to E’, and a positive side,

‘Maximize the benefit to E’. The example of the tact maxim is as follows:

“Won’t you put your sweater on? It is cold in here.”

This utterance said by R to ask E putting on his sweater. By putting on his sweater, E can get more benefit like feeling warm than the cost. There is no cost that E should do expect of putting his sweater on. This is how tact maxim works in an utterance when E gets more benefit than the cost.

To see the more benefit to E than the cost, it can be seen as well from this example above. It is taken from Leech (1983:107).

Cost to E less polite 1. Peel the potatoes.

2. Hand me the news paper.

3. Sit down. 4. Look at that.

5. Enjoy your holiday

6. Have another sandwich.

Benefit to E more polite It can be seen that the utterance will be more polite when R gives more benefit to E like the (6) example. It gives benefit to E when E can have another sandwich meaning that he can take more sandwiches. It is different from the (2) example when R asks E to hand a newspaper for R. Handing the newspaper for R will be a benefit for R himself, not for E. That is why is less polite than the (6).

2.2.1.2 Generosity Maxim

The difference between tact and generosity maxim is generosity maxim is centered to self, not to other like the tact maxim is. According to Leech (1983:133), the rule of generosity maxim is to minimize benefit to self and maximize cost to self. The example of generosity maxim is presented below:

“You must have dinner with us.”

This example shows that R makes more cost to himself rather than the benefit. The cost will be like R needs to pay for the dinner also he needs to prepare so it will need his time to make the preparation, etc. This is the example of how the rule of generosity maxim works.

2.2.1.3 Approbation Maxim

Approbation maxim is a maxim which focuses on making praise to other. The rule of approbation maxim according to Leech (1983:135) is to minimize dispraise to other and maximize praise to other. It can be said as well that approbation maxim is to avoid R to say unpleasant things to E. For example, when E does a dance performance, then R says “Your performance was so great” is

approbation maxim. If R says “Well, your performance was ok” is not a

approbation maxim.

2.2.1.4 Modesty Maxim

Modesty maxim is a maxim which concerns in making dispraise to self. That is different from approbation which makes dispraise to other, not to self. Leech (1983:136) states that modesty maxim is about to minimize the praise of self and maximize dispraise of self. It can be seen from the example below:

“Please accept my small gift as a present for your winning.”

“My small gift” here is an example of minimizing the praise and

maximizing the dispraise of self. If R says “my large gift” then he does not use the

modesty maxim since he maximizes the praise of himself not the dispraise.

2.2.1.5 Agreement Maxim

Agreement maxim is about to minimize the disagreement between self and other and maximize the agreement between self and other. Taken the example

from Leech (1983:138), the comparison of the rudeness reply in saying the disagreement can be seen below:

1. A: “It was an interesting exhibition, wasn’t it?”

B: “No, it was very uninteresting. 2. A: A referendum will satisfy everybody.

B: Yes, definitely

3. A: English is a difficult language to learn. B: True, but grammar is quite easy. 4. A: The book is tremendously well written.

B: Yes, well written as a whole, but there are some rather boring

patches, don’t you think?

The (1) and (3) example make the contrast comparison of the rudeness in replying the statement of R. The (1) is not an agreement maxim, but the (3) is, since R tries to minimize his disagreement by saying “true, but ... “

2.2.1.6 Sympathy Maxim

Sympathy maxim is about showing the sympathy not the antipathy to

other. For example, when R hears that E’s father passes away and R uses

sympathy maxim, he will say “I am sorry about your father” instead of saying “I

am pleased to hear about your father”. It can be said as well that sympathy maxim

is a maxim to express condolences.

2.3 Politeness Strategy

Politeness is made to make no-conflict. In politeness, Yule (1996:60) also has his argument about it. He states that politeness, in an interaction, can then be

Face means the public self-image of a person. To save the face of others, Brown and Levinson (1978:68) introduce the four politeness strategies; bald on-record, off-record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. In addition, it can be said that these four strategies are used by E to show his respect and politeness to save

R’s face.

2.3.1 Bald on-record

Bald on-record is the strategy used on-recordly or straight to the point. Brown and Levinson (1983:68-69) states that an actor (R) goes on-record in doing an act A if it is clear to participants (E) what communicative intention led the

actor to do “A” (i.e., there is just one ambiguously attributable intention with

which witnesses would concur). For example, if R says “I (hereby) promise to come tomorrow”, and if E would concur that, in saying that, R did unambiguously express the intention of committing his self to that future act, then it means he did

“on-record” as promising to do so.

In addition to this, there are two sub-strategies of bald on-record strategy according to Brown and Levinson (1983:95); cases of non-minimization of the face threat and cases of Face Threatening Act (FTA)-oriented bald-on-record usage.

Some examples of cases of non-minimization of the face threat (Brown and Levinson: 1983:96) are:

a. Emergency, when it is in cases of great urgency. (e.g. “Help!”,

b. Attention-getters, where R speaks as if maximum efficiency were very important, he provides metaphorical urgency for emphasis. (e.g.

“Listen, I’ve got an idea”, “Hear me out: ...”, Look, the point of this:

…”)

c. Entreaties, when R is begging something to E. (e.g. “Excuse me”

,“Forgive me”, “Accept my thanks”)

d. Task-oriented, probably accounts for the paradigmatic form of instruction and recipes. (e.g. “Give me the nails”, “Bring me wine”,

“In the future,you must add the soda after the whisky”)

e. Teasing or joking is a socially acceptable rudeness just like being sarcastic. (e.g. “Cry. Get angry)

f. Advice or warning, when R shows that he cares of E. (e.g. “Careful!

He’s a dangerous man”, “your headlights are on!”, “take care”)

g. Granting permission, when R gives a permission for something that

E has requested. (e.g. “Yes, you may go”)

Some examples of cases of Face Threatening Act (FTA)-oriented bald-on-record usage (Brown and Levinson: 1983:99) are:

a. Invitation, when R wants to invite E to do something. (e.g. “Come

in”)

b. Command, when R request E to do something. (e.g. “Sit down”) c. Offer, when R has something to offer to E. (e.g. “(You must) have

By reading all examples of bald on-record strategy, it can be said that bald on-record is used not to make unambiguously which can make R feels confused. E just says what he means directly or on record to make R understands directly to the point of what E means in his utterance.

2.3.2 Off-record

Off record is a strategy that goes indirectly or not straight to the point. Brown and Levinson (1983:211) states:

A communicative act is done off record if it is done in such a way that it is not possible to attribute only one clear communicative intention to the act. In another words, the actor

leaves himself an ‘out’ by providing himself with a number of

defensible interpretations.

According to what Brown and Levinson states above, saying something off record has some intentions beyond of what R literally says. So, R says his intention indirectly and it shows politeness.

In off-record term, there are some sub-strategies introduced by Brown and Levinson (1983:213). They are as follows:

a. Give hints, when R says something that is not explicitly relevant, by mentioning he invites E to search for an interpretation (e.g. “It’s cold in here")

b. Give association is a related kind of implicature triggered by relevance violations is provided by mentioning something associated with the act required of E, either by a precedent in R-E’s experience or by mutual

knowledge irrespective of their interactional experience. clues (e.g.

“Oh God, I’ve got a headache again”)

c. Presuppose, when an utterance may implicate a criticism by a presupposition (e.g. “I washed the car again today” to tell E that later, it might be his turn to wash the car.)

d. Understate is one way of generating implicatures by saying less than is required. (e.g. “She’s some kind of idiot” when She is a very smart person)

e. Overstate is when R is exaggerating or choosing a point on a scale which is higher than the actual state of affairs. (e.g. “There were a million people in the Co-op tonight!” when there’s only a few people who were there.)

f. Use tautologies. By uttering a tautology, R encourages E to look for an informative interpretation of the non-informative utterance. (e.g. “Boys

will be boys”)

g. Use contradiction is when R states two things that contradict each other and he makes it appear that he cannot be telling the truth. Thus, he encourages E to look for an interpretation that reconciles the two contradictory propositions. (e.g. one might say of a drunken friend to a

telephone caller “Well, Jhon is here and he isn’t here.)

h. Be ironic is when R says the opposite of what he means. (e.g. “John’s

i. Use metaphors. The use of metaphor is perhaps usually on record, but there is a possibility that exactly which of the connotation of the metaphor R intends may be off record. (e.g. “Harry’s a real fish” [he {swims} like a fish])

j. Use rhetorical question. To ask a question with no intention of obtaining an answer is to break a sincerity condition on question – namely, that R wants E to provide him with indicated information.

(e.g. “What can I say?” [nothing, it’s so bad])

k. Be ambiguous. Stretching the term ‘ambiguity’ to include the ambiguity between the literal meaning of an utterance and any of its possible implicatures, it can be seen that every off-record strategy essentially exploits ambiguity in this wider sense (e.g. “John’s a pretty

{smooth} cookie”, either it is a compliment or as an insult.)

l. Be vague. R may go off record by being vague about who the object is or what the offence is. (e.g. “I’m going {you know where}”)

m. Over-generalize is when R makes a generalization and E has the choice of deciding whether the general rule applies to him in certain case.

(e.g. “Mature people sometimes help do the dishes”)

n. Displace the addressee is when R says something to another person but actually he means to E. So, he displace E.

o. Be incomplete, use ellipsis. Elliptical utterance is legitimated by various conversational contexts. (e.g. “Well, I didn’t see you … “)

2.3.3 Positive Politeness

Positive politeness is redress directed to the R’s positive face. According to Brown and Levinson (1983:101), positive face means R’s perennial desire that his wants (or the actions/acquisitions/values resulting from them) should be thought of as desirable. A person’s positive face is the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by others.

There are 15 sub strategies of the positive politeness strategy (Brown and Levinson: 1983:103) as follows:

a. Notice, attend to the addressee is when R takes notice of aspects of E’s condition. (e.g. “You must be hungry, it’s a long time since breakfast.

How about some lunch?”)

b. Exaggerate is when R says something over than it is. Usually, R is exaggerating his utterance when he says something about interest, approval, and sympathy. (e.g. “What a fantastic garden you have!”) c. Intensify interest to the hearer. Another way for R to communicate to

E that he shares some of his wants is to intensify the interest of his own contributions to the conversation, by ‘making a good story’. (e.g.

“I come down the stairs, and what do you think I see? – a huge mess

all over the place … “)

d. Use in-group identity markers. By using any of the innumerable ways to convey in-group membership, R can implicitly claim that the

common ground with E that is carried by that definition of the group.

(e.g. “Come here, mate!”)

e. Seek agreement. Another characteristic way of claiming common ground with E is to seek ways which it is possible to agree with him. (e.g. A: “John went to London this weekend!” B: “To London!”)

f. Avoid disagreement is when R hides the disagreement. (e.g. A: “Can

you hear me?” B: “Barely.”)

g. Presuppose/raise/assert common ground is used to soften request or offer. (e.g. “Wouldn’t you like a drink?”)

h. Joke. Since jokes are based on mutual shared background knowledge and values, jokes may be used to stress that shared background or those shared values. (e.g. “How about lending me this old heap of junk [new Cadillac])

i. Assert or presuppose the speaker’s knowledge of and concern for the

hearer’s wants. One way of indicating that R and E are cooperators, and thus potentially to put pressure on E to cooperate with S, is to

assert or imply knowledge of E’s wants and willingness to fit one’s

own wants in with them. (e.g. “Look, I know you want the car back by 5.0, so should (not) I go to town now?” [request])

j. Offers and promises are the natural outcome of choosing this strategy;

even if they are false, the demonstrate R’s good intentions in satisfying E’s positive face wants. (e.g. “I’ll drop by sometimes next week.”)

k. Be optimistic is when R assumes that E wants R’s wants and will help him to obtain them. (e.g. “You will lend me your lawnmower for the

weekend, {I hope}”)

l. Include both the speaker and the hearer in the activity. By using ‘we’

form, when R really means ‘you’ or ‘me’, he can call upon the

cooperative assumptions. (e.g. “Give us a break.”)

m. Give (or ask for) reason is a way of implying ‘I can help you’ or ‘you can help me, and assuming cooperation a way of showing what help is needed. (e.g. “Why don’t we go to the seashore!”)

n. Assume or assert reciprocity. The existence between R and S may also be claimed or urged by giving evidence of reciproca rights or obligations obtaining between S and H. (e.g.”I’ll do X for you if you do Y for me.)

o. Give gifts is when R knows what E’s wants as a human; the wants to be liked, admired, cared about, understood, listened to, and so on. (e.g.

“I do care about you”)

2.3.4 Negative Politeness

The world “negative” in negative politeness strategy does not mean “bad”, it is just the opposite pole from “positive”. According to Brown and Levinson

(1983:129), negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the addressee’s

unimpeded. There are 10 sub-strategies of negative politeness strategy divide by Brown and Levinson (1983:132) as follows:

a. Be conventionally indirect. Here, R is faced with opposing tensions;

the desire to give E an ‘out’ by being indirect and the desire to go on

record. (e.g. “Can you shut the door?” [I want you to shut it}])

b. Question, hedge. In the literature a ‘hedge’ is a particle, word, or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or noun phrase in a set; it says of that membership that is partial, or true only in certain respects, or that is more true and complete than perhaps might be expected. (e.g. “A swing is sort of a toy.”)

c. Be pessimistic is when R expresses his doubt of the conditions for the

appropriateness of R’s speech act obtain. (e.g. “Perhaps, you’d care

{to help me}”)

d. Minimize the imposition is when R minimizes the things he wants to

say or ask. (e.g. “I just want to ask you if I can borrow a single sheet

of paper.”)

e. Give deference (e.g. “We look forward to {eating} with you”)

f. Apologize (e.g. “I don’t want to bother you, but…”, “I hope you’ll

forgive me if…”)

g. Impersonalize the speaker and the hearer (e.g. “It {seems} [to me]

that …”)

h. State the Face Threatening Act as a general rule (e.g. “Passengers will

i. Nominalize (e.g. “It is my pleasure to be able to inform you…”) j. Go on record as incurring debt, or as not indebting the hearer (e.g.

“I’ll never be able to repay you if you …” [request], “I could easily do it for you.”)

2.4 Pragmatic Scale

Even R already uses politeness strategy to make his utterance be polite, but still the rank of politeness can be measured either his utterance is less polite or more polite by using the pragmatic scale.

Leech (1983: 81) states that polite and impolite beliefs are respectively beliefs which are favorable and unfavorable to R or to a third party, where

‘favorable’ and ‘unfavorable’ are measured on some relevant scales of values

which Leech calls it pragmatics scales.

There are five scales of pragmatic introduced by Leech (1983:123); the cost-benefit scale, optionality scale, indirectness scale, power/authority scale, and social scale.

2.4.1 Cost-Benefit

The cost-benefit scale is scale that is oriented in cost and benefit for E or R. Leech (1983:123) states that the cost benefit scale on which is estimated the cost or benefit of the proposed action A to R or E. This scale pushes E to measure

amount of the cost to himself and amount of the benefit to E. In this case, if the cost for E is higher than the benefit, the utterances are less polite. Meanwhile, if the benefit for E is higher than the cost, the utterances are more polite. From the explanation, it can be indicated that the higher cost to E is less of politeness, while the higher benefit to him is greater politeness.

For example, R says to E “You can warm yourself by drinking coffee and

you can make it by your own, but you have to buy it first at the mini market”. This

utterance is less polite since E has to make the coffee by himself, even he has to buy it first at the minimarket. When he has to buy it, he needs money and he needs to go to the minimarket. This is what can be called as the higher cost than the benefit for E.

On the other hand, if R says “You can warm yourself by drinking my

coffee” This utterance is more polite since E doesn’t have any cost to do except of accepting R’s offer. In addition E will get more benefit (feel warm) than the cost.

2.4.2 Indirectness

In indirectness scale, the higher indirectness indicates the higher politeness. The examples are (Leech [1983:108]):

(1) Could you possibly answer the phone? (more polite)

(2) Would you mind answering the phone? (3) Can you answer the phone?

(4) Will you answer the phone? (5) I want you to answer the phone.

The examples above show that the degree of indirectness influences the degree politeness. Utterances that are more indirect are more polite. In that situation the higher indirectness influence the decrease of the benefit to E.

2.4.3 Social Distance

Social distance shows the social status of the R and E or even more. For example like the difference of age, sex, etc. Talking about social distance scale, Leech (1983:126) states:

The overall degree of respectfulness, for a given speech situation, depends largely on relatively permanent factors of status, age, degree of intimacy, etc., but also, to some extent, on the temporary role of one person relative to another.

Thus, the social distance scale indicates the degree of respectfulness depending on real factors, age, social class, sex, etc. This scale is used to show difference, existence, or solidarity between group members. For instance, people who have known each other will show the higher solidarity to each other. On the contrary, people who are in distant relationship will have a low solidarity to each other.

The higher and lower politeness depends on the relation between R and E.

It’s higher when a relationship between R and E is a daughter and her mom. Thus, R shows her closeness to E by calling her “Mom”. However, when the relationship is not between a daughter and her mom, but R calls “Mom” to a waitress only who is not close to her, then it can be said that the politeness is low.

2.4.4 Optionality

Optionality scale measures the rank of politeness by seeing if there is an option or not made by R to E. The optionality scale according to Leech (1983:123) on which illocutions are ordered according to the amount of choice which allows to E. Optionality scale is assessing the degree of the illocution performed to a degree of choice that R allows E. In this case, R gives an option to E to answer or give respond towards the illocution of what R utters. If R gives an option to E to choose the response, it will be more polite.

For example, R says “If you like thatshirt, I will buy it for you” R is being

more polite by saying “if” as the sign of the option that E has, if E likes the shirt,

so R will buy it, but if E doesn’t like it, R will not buy it. The decision is on E’s hand.

On the other hand, if R says “I will buy the shirt for you” In this utterance, even E will have benefit to get a shirt for free since R will buy it, but E doesn’t have an option to choose either she likes the shirt or not. This is what can be said that the politeness is low.

2.4.5 Power/Authority

Power/authority scales shows the difference of the position between R and E. According to Leech (1983:126), he says that someone in authority may use a familiar form of address to someone who, in return, uses the respectful form. The power or authority scale represents the social status relationship between the participants. The various selected language shows whether R sees the person who

is addressed is superior or equal. It means the way R talks reflects his relationship to E. A person with higher position has authority to order a command to a person with lower position. Also, they have the special calls to show their difference status and position.

For instance, the employee will call the superior “Sir” while his superior calls him by his name. So, it’s more polite for a lower position person who calls others with higher position by saying “Sir” and it is less polite when the lower position person calls the higher one only with name.

29

This chapter is about the research object and method applied in conducting the research. In research method, there are two points that have to be carried out; data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Object

The object of this research is the utterances in Beauty and the Beast movie script. The movie script of Beauty and the Beast itself is the animation version made by Walt Disney with Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise as the director and Linda Woolverton as the writer in animation screenplay. Since the limitation in collecting the data in this research is the utterance, which contains tact maxim only, so the data under analysis were only the tact maxim utterance in Beauty and the Beast movie script. Tact maxim utterance is the utterance that contains a benefit, which R gives to E.

3.2 Research Method

The research method used in this research was a qualitative descriptive method. John Wiley & Sons (2000:334-340) state:

Qualitative descriptive studies have as their goal a comprehensive summary of events in the everyday terms of those events. Researchers conducting qualitative descriptive studies stay close to their data and to

the surface of words and events. Qualitative descriptive study is the method of choice when straight descriptions of phenomena are desired.

Since this research is about a politeness phenomena, all the data, which were found in Beauty and the Beast movie script, were described deeply to get the comprehensive summary about the politeness phenomena itself. Thus, this method was a proper method to use in analyzing the data in this research since they were analyzed by describing them regarding the event or situation that happened in every utterance. In addition, at the end of the analysis, the writer made a comprehensive summary from the result of the analysis.

3.2.1 Data Collection

The data, which were analyzed in this research, originate from the movie script

titled Beauty and the Beast. The script was downloaded from

http://www.fpx.de/fp/Disney/Scripts/BeautyAndTheBeast.txt on 4th of April 2012 at

01.00 pm. After downloading it, the writer read it comprehensively to find out the data. Afterwards, the writer classified them based on the tact maxim. After classifying them, they were reclassified based on the politeness strategies used in them. To classify them, the indicator table was used as the instrument. The indicators showed the indication of the classifications make for the data. After classifying all the data, the writer analyzed the pragmatic scales appearing on them based on the related theory.

3.2.2 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the writer focused on answering and explaining the research question in Chapter I; the strategies politeness used in the utterance containing the tact maxim in Beauty and the Beast movie script and the pragmatic scales found in those strategies.

First, the writer tried to find the indicator of tact maxim that shows if E gives benefit to R more than the cost in the data. Second, the data were analyzed based on the indicator of the sub strategies which are used in them that could show which politeness strategies are used; positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on record, or off record. Third, the writer analyzed the scales that appeared in those politeness strategies by finding the indicator of each scale that could show the characteristic of each scale; cost-benefit, optionality, social distance, power/authority, and indirectness scale. Fourth, the writer concluded what are the pragmatic scales contain in those politeness strategies. At the end, the writer concluded if the utterance was a polite utterance or not and if the rank of politeness itself was low or high.

The analysis of the data is represented bellow: Context:

Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts think that the relationship between Beast and Belle is getting better. They think that maybe, now there is love in their relationship since now they both look happy together. When Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts are talking

Chip (E) is still young and he will not understand about relationship, Mrs.Potts (R)

decides to tell him when he’s older.

COGSWORTH : “Yes, perhaps there's something there that wasn't there before.”

CHIP : “What?”

MRS. POTTS : “There may be something there that wasn't there before.”

CHIP : “What's there, mama?”

MRS. POTTS : I'll tell you when you're older.

Analysis:

The data shows that Chip can get benefit from Mrs.Potts’s utterance.

Benefit for Chip when Mrs. Potts is going to tell him about what she is talking about

with Lumiere when he’s older is he will understand about that easier. Since,

Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts are talking about relationship for the adult, like Belle and Beast, so Chip will not understand if he is told about that like now when he’s still

young. So, Mrs.Potts’s utterance “I'll tell you when you're older” is a tact maxim

since it gives benefit to Chip as the hearer.

Mrs. Potts says about an action that she will do in the future because of the word will It can be said that she promises to Chip that in the future when he’s older,

she will tell him about what she is talking with Cogsworth which is about the relationship. Making a promise is a sub strategy in using the positive politeness strategy.

In Mrs. Potts’s utterance actually implies something. It implies that she does not want to tell Chip about what she is talking with Cogsworth. However, she says it indirect by saying that she will tell him when he is older. Since, he is still young, so Mrs. Potts will not tell him. In this case, an indirectness scale appears.

Using the sub strategy of positive politeness which is making a promise can prove that Mrs.Potts‘s utterance is a polite utterance. In addition, the rank of politeness is high since she says her intention that she does not want to tell Chip indirectly to make Chip feels good with that. Saying something more indirect is more polite.

34

This chapter is explaining about the analysis of the pragmatic scale in

politeness strategies found in Beauty and The Beast’s movie script containing to the

tact maxim’s utterances. Focusing on the pragmatic scale, it is found five pragmatic scales; cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness, social distance, and power/authority scale in bald on record strategy, positive politeness strategy, and negative politeness strategy. In addition, it is only one pragmatic scale, indirectness, found in off record strategy.

4.1 Positive Politeness

In this classification, it discusses about the pragmatic scales which appear in positive politeness strategy. There are 5 scales found in this strategy; cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness, social distance, and power/authority scale.

4.1.1 Positive Politeness with Cost-Benefit Scale

Here, the writer found 8 data that show the cost-benefit scale in positive politeness strategy. However, it is only 4 data which were analyzed as the representative.

Data 1 (B&B 08)

Context: Belle (R) figures out that Maurice (E) is lost. It’s because Phillipe, their horse goes back home alone, without Maurice. Then Belle asks Phillipe to send her to the place where Maurice is. Finally, she finds the castle where Maurice is. Then, she finds Maurice in the cell. He is being Beast’s prisoner. She wants to get Maurice out from there.

MAURICE : “Belle?”

BELLE : (Rushes up to the cell to find him)”Oh, Papa!” MAURICE : “How did you find me?”

BELLE : “Oh, your hands are like ice. We have to get you out of here.”

Analysis:

In this data, Belle finds out that Maurice is sick after touching Maurice’s hands which are like ice. Then, she wants to get Maurice out from the cell also from

the castle. If she can get Maurice out, it’s a benefit for Maurice because he will not be

in the cell anymore, then Belle can take care of him. If Maurice (E) can get benefit from what is being said by Belle (R), then Belle’s utterance can be said as the tact maxim utterance.

When Belle knows that Maurice’s hands are like ice, she notices and attends that he is sick. Then it makes her thinks that she needs to get Maurice out from the

castle. Her utterance “We have to get you out of here”is showing her attention to Maurice since he is sick because his hands are like ice. Notice and attend to E is one of the sub strategies in using the positive politeness strategy in the utterance.

Also, Belle uses the word we in her utterance to show that it is not only Maurice who should get out from the castle, but also Belle. When they both can get out together, there will be no one who is in danger. So, Belle includes both herself (R) and Maurice (E) in the activity of getting out from there. Including both E and R in the activity is also one of the sub strategies in doing the positive politeness strategy.

Since, she notices that Maurice is sick; she wants to get him out from the castle and the cell which make his condition worst. Saying “We have to get you out of here” Belle wants to give benefit for Maurice not to get more sick again than before if they both can get out from there. After that, Belle can take a good care of

Maurice in their house. Here, in Belle’s utterance appears a cost-benefit scale.

Using the positive politeness strategy in her utterance “We have to get you out of here” can be said that her utterance is a polite utterance. In her utterance the rank of the politeness is high since she gives benefit to Maurice by making decision to get him out from the castle.

Data 2 (B&B 05)

Context: Maurice (E) gets lost on his way to the fair. He finds a castle and meets Cogsworth and Lumiere, Beast’s servants. Lumiere (R) welcomes him and serves him good since Maurice catches a cold from being in the rain.

MAURICE : aah aah aah-chooo!!!! (MAURICE sneezes in the face of COGSWORTH)

LUMIERE : Oh, you are soaked to the bone, monsieur. Come, warm yourself by the fire.

Analysis:

As it can be seen from the data, Lumiere offers Maurice to warm himself by the fire. When he can feel warm, he will get the benefit since he gets a cold; his

condition will be better. Getting benefit from the addresser’s utterance is a tact maxim.

Lumiere offers Maurice to come and warm himself by the fire since he finds out that Maurice is sick after touching his hands which are soaked to the bone. He notices and attends what Maurice needs. Here, Maurice needs to warm himself to make him feel better. Thus, it can be said that Lumiere uses two sub-strategies in positive politeness which are notice/attend to the addressee and offer. In addition, Lumiere does the positive politeness strategy in making his utterance to Maurice.

In Lumiere’s utterance, he makes an offer by using a positive politeness strategy. In making an offer, he shows that his offer can give benefit to Maurice if Maurice accepts it. The benefit is Maurice will feel warm since he has caught from being in a rain before he comes to the castle. So, there is a pragmatic scale appears in his utterance; cost-benefit scale.

Lumiere offers a benefit to Maurice by using positive politeness strategy which can make him feel respected and not being forced to accept his offer. This is

why his utterance shows a politeness. Also, he shows a cost-benefit scale to Maurice as the E. Because of those reasons, it can be said that Lumiere makes a polite utterance.

Data 3 (B&B 09)

Context: Belle (E) replaces Maurice’s place as Beast’s prisoner. That’s the deal if Belle wants Beast (R) to let Maurice free. So, Beast commands his servants to get Maurice out without giving a chance for Belle to say anything to Maurice, her dad. (BEAST enters the cell where BELLE is still crying.)

BELLE : You didn't even let me say good bye. I'll never see him again. I didn't get to say good-bye.

BEAST : (feeling bad) I'll show you to your room.

BELLE : (surprised) My room? (Indicating the cell) But I thought-- BEAST : You wanna, you wanna stay in the tower?

BELLE : No.

BEAST : Then follow me.

Analysis:

From the data above, it can be seen that Beast changes his mind to give Belle a room rather than make her stay in a tower because he feels bad of his attitude for not giving her a chance to say goodbye to her father. If Belle can stay in a room, not in a tower, it means that Belle gets benefit from Beast. She will sleep in a good place not like in a tower which is dark and scary. Since Belle gets a benefit from Beast,

In Beast’s utterance, he shows what he will do in the future by saying will as an indication of the futurity. It means that he is going to do that in the future; showing a room to Belle. So, he makes a promise to Belle that he will show a room for her.

Making a promise is one of the sub-strategies in positive politeness strategy. Therefore, Beast uses a positive politeness strategy to make his utterance.

In his promise to Belle, he gives a benefit to Belle since she will not sleep in a cell in the tower as a typical place for a prisoner. However, she will have a room to sleep. So, cost-benefit scale appears here.

Using one of the sub strategies of positive politeness strategy which is making a promise to do something in the future is an indicator that can show that Beast’s

utterance is polite. In addition, showing a cost-benefit scale in his utterance makes the rank of his politeness being high.

Data 4 (B&B 20)

Context: Beast (R) gets closer to Belle (E). He tries to treat her good to make her happy. So, he shows Belle the thing that she really likes, library with full of books. BELLE : I can't believe it. I've never seen so many books in all my life! BEAST : You--you like it?

BELLE : It's wonderful. BEAST : Then it's yours.

Analysis:

The data above shows that Beast wants to give all the books in the library to Belle because Belle looks so happy when she sees them. Getting all the book is a benefit to Belle since she is a person who really likes to read books. That is why

Beast’s utterance “Then, it’s yours” is a tact maxim utterance.

When Belle says “it’s wonderful” it makes Beast presupposes that Belle likes the library. He says “You—you like it?” to make sure his knowledge about Belle

likes the library so much. Then, he concerns what Belle’s want by making a decision

to give all the books in the library for Belle by saying “Then, it’s yours!” He says “then” to indicate the reason why Beast gives the library to Belle; because she likes it. It can be figured out from the question that Beast makes “You—you like it?” then Belle says “it’s wonderful” to show that she really likes it and afterward Beast says “Then, it’s yours!” It also means that Beast concerns what Belle wants. Assert or presuppose the E’s knowledge of and concern for the E’s wants is one of the sub-strategies in positive politeness strategy.

Thereafter, when Belle can own the library, she can read a lot of books as much as she can. This is what Belle can get as a benefit from Beast. Thus, a cost-benefit scaleexists in Beast’s utterance.

From those explanations about the politeness strategy used in Beast’s utterance makes a conclusion that Beast’s utterance is polite. Also the scale which

appears in it makes a clear conclusion as well that the rank of politeness in Beast’s utterance is high.

4.1.2 Positive Politeness with Optionality Scale

Here, there are 2 data show the optionality scale that appears in positive politeness strategy.

Data 5 (B&B 01)

Context: Belle (E) goes to the bookshop to borrow a book. However, the book which she wants to borrow is the book which she already read it for twice. Then, the bookseller (R) offers her to own the book.

BELLE : (on ladder of bookshelf) “That's all right. I'll borrow this one.” BOOKSELLER : “That one? But you've read it twice!”

BELLE : “Well it's my favorite! (BELLE swings off side of ladder, rolling down it's track) Far off places, daring swordfights, magic spells, a prince in disguise!”

BOOKSELLER : (handing her the book) “Well, if you like it all that much, it's yours!”

Analysis:

As seen from the data, the bookseller offers Belle to own the book. If she accepts his offer, she will own the book and she doesn’t have to borrow her favorite book all the time. Also, she can read it as much as she wants. It is a benefit for her.

So, the bookseller’ utterance is a tact maxim because he as the speaker gives benefit than the cost for Belle.

The bookseller wonders why Belle wants to borrow a book which she has

already read it twice. Belle tells him that it’s her favorite book. Knowing that, he decides to offer Belle to own the book. His utterance “Well, if you like it all that

much, it's yours!” uses some strategies of politeness. First, he notices, attends to E, Belle. He notices that Belle really likes the book. When Belle explains about what the

book is all about, the bookseller says “Well, if u like it all that much …” It is

showing that he notices how much Belle really likes the book even she can remember all the book is about. Second, he presupposes his knowledge that Belle like the book so much because she still wants to borrow it even though she has read the book twice so he concerns for Belle’s wants. The third strategy is offer. He offers Belle to have the book. Those three strategies are the sub-strategies of the positive politeness

strategy. So, the bookseller’s utterance uses positive politeness strategy.

In the bookseller’s utterance, there is an if. When the speaker puts if in his/her utterance, it means that he/she gives an option for the hearer. Here, the bookseller gives an option for Belle to accept his offer or not. Once Belle accepts the

kindness of the bookseller by offering her to own the book, in the end, the book is going to be Belle’s. However, if she doesn’t accept his offer, the book wouldn’t be hers and it would be ok for the bookseller even she rejects his offer. In addition, Belle

will not feel bad because of she doesn’t accept his offer. Giving option to be more polite to the hearer is classified as the optionality scale.

From the explanation above, it can be said that bookseller’s utterance is a polite utterance and the rank of his politeness in his utterance is high since he offers benefit for Belle by giving an option to be chosen by her without forcing her to accept his offer.

Data 6 (B&B 06)

Context: Maurice (E) gets a good service from all the servants in the castle. They treat him as their guest in the castle. One of the servants, Mrs. Potts (R) offers a cup of tea to make Maurice feel warm.

MAURICE : (As FOOTSTOOL rushes up to him) Well, hello there, boy. (FOOTSTOOL props himself up under the feet of MAURICE. COATRACK enters and removes his cloak.) What service! COGSWORTH : All right, this has gone far enough. I'm in charge here, and

(COGSWORTH is run over by the (once again) anachronistic IndyCar sounding teacart of MRS. POTTS)

MRS. POTTS : (Arriving by the side of MAURICE) How would you like a nice spot of tea, sir? It'll warm you up in no time.

Analysis:

As seen from the data above, Mrs. Potts offers a nice spot of tea to Maurice. If he accepts it, he will get a benefit; the tea will warm him up in no time as Mrs.Potts already said. Since Maurice will get benefit from Mrs. Potts, her utterance can be classified as a tact maxim utterance.

From what Mrs.Potts utters to Maurice, it is obvious that she offers Maurice a nice spot of the. The indication of her offer is “How would you like … ?” So,

making an offer is one of the sub-strategies in doing the positive politeness strategy.

Mrs. Potts offers a tea to Maurice without forcing him accept it. It can be seen from her question “How would you like … ?” that shows an option for Maurice to have a tea or not. Giving an option to Maurice shows that an optionality scale appears in Mrs. Potts’s utterance.

Mrs. Potts uses positive politeness to offer something for Maurice is the reason why her utterance can be said as a polite utterance. In addition, she also shows an optionality scale in her utterance makes it clear that the rank of her politeness in her utterance is high.

4.1.3 Positive Politeness with Indirectness Scale

Here, there are 3 data show the indirectness scale which appear in positive politeness strategy.

Data 7 (B&B 21)

Context: Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts think that the relationship between Beast and Belle is getting better. They think that maybe, now there is love in their relationship since now they both look happy together. When Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts are talking

about that, Chip, Mrs. Potts’s son wants to know what they are talking about. Since Chip (E) is still young and he will not understand about relationship, Mrs.Potts (R)

decides to tell him when he’s older.

COGSWORTH : “Yes, perhaps there's something there that wasn't there before.” CHIP : “ What?”

MRS. POTTS : “There may be something there that wasn't there before.” CHIP : “What's there, mama?”

MRS. POTTS : I'll tell you when you're older.

Analysis:

The data shows that Chip can get benefit from Mrs.Potts’s utterance.

Benefit for Chip when Mrs. Potts is going to tell him about what she is talking about

with Lumiere when he’s older is he will understand about that easier. Since,

Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts are talking about relationship for the adult, like Belle and Beast, so Chip will not understand if he is told about that like now when he’s still

young. So, Mrs.Potts’s utterance “I'll tell you when you're older” is a tact maxim

Mrs. Potts says about an action that she will do in the future because of the word will It can be said that she promises to Chip that in the future when he’s older, she will tell him about what she is talking with Cogsworth which is about the relationship. Making a promise is a sub strategy in using the positive politeness strategy.

In Mrs. Potts’s utterance actually implies something. It implies that she

doesn’t want to tell Chip about what she is talking with Cogsworth. However, she says it indirect by saying that she will tell him when he’s older. Since, he is still

young, so Mrs. Potts will not tell him. In this case, an indirectness scale appears. Using the sub strategy of positive politeness which is making a promise can prove that Mrs.Potts‘s utterance is a polite utterance. In addition, the rank of politeness is high since she says her intention that she does not want to tell Chip indirectly to make Chip feels good with that. Saying something more indirect is more polite.

Data 8 (B&B 15)

Context: Belle (E) feels a little hungry since she doesn’t accept Beast’s invitation to have dinner with him. She tells the servants that she is hungry. However, Cogsworth

still remembers what Beast says that if Belle doesn’t want to eat with him, so she will

not eat at all. Yet, Mrs. Potts (R) doesn’t want to follow what Beast have already said to them. She still wants to give some food for Belle.

BELLE : I am a little hungry.

MRS. POTTS : (excited, to the other tea pots) You are? Hear that? She's hungry. Stoke the fire, break out the silver, wake the china.(The fire on the STOVE roars to life, and drawers open to reveal silverware standing at attention.)

COGSWORTH : (secretively) Remember what the master said.

MRS. POTTS : Oh, pish tosh. I'm not going to let the poor child go hungry.

Analysis:

In this data, Belle shows her hunger by saying “I am a little bit hungry” to

Mrs.Potts and Cogsworth. However, Cogsworth doesn’t want to give her food

because he remembers what Beast says to them not to give food for Belle since she

doesn’t want to eat with Beast. However, Mrs.Potts doesn’t want to do that. It can be

seen from her utterance saying “I am not going to let poor child go hungry” Poor child here is referring to Belle meaning that Mrs.Potts will give food to her. When she gets food, she gets a benefit for not being hungry anymore. Because of Belle can get a benefit from Mrs.Potts, Mrs.Potts’s utterance can be classified as a tact maxim utterance.

Here, Mrs.Potts notices that Belle needs food since she is hungry. She decides not to follow Beast command of banning them to give food for Belle. She attends what Belle wants; eating. That is why she makes an utterance like “I am not going to let poor child go hungry” to tell Belle that she will give food for her.

When Mrs.Potts notices what Belle wants by saying “I am not going to let poor child go hungry” In her utterance, she doesn’t say that she will give food to

Belle, but by saying “I am not going to let poor child go hungry”she says what she will do indirectly meaning that if she is not going to let a poor child hungry, she will give Belle food to make her not feel hungry. So, in Mrs.Potts utterance, there is an

indirectness scale appears.

Mrs.Potts notices what Belle needs and wants, but she says it indirectly to

make her utterance be more polite because saying something more indirect indicates more politeness.

Data 9 (B&B 14)

Context: Belle (E) rejects Beast invitation to have dinner with him. Because of that,

Beast gets so angry to Belle. It makes Belle feels so sad and don’t want to have anything to do with him. However, Wardrobe (R) tries to explain to Belle that Beast is not as bad as she thinks if she gives a chance for him.

WARDROBE: (in mirror pleading) Why? the master's not so bad once you get to know him. Why don't you give him a chance?

BELLE: (still disturbed by the attack) I don't want to get to know him. I don't want to have anything to do with him!

Analysis:

From the data above, it is shown that Wardrobe tries to explain that Beast is not that bad if Belle gives a chance to him. If Belle she does so, she can get benefit

like she can get to know more about Beast kindness and there will be no more fight

between them. Since she will get a benefit, Wardrobe’s utterance can be said as a tact maxim utterance.

Wardrobe’s utterance “Why don't you give him a chance?” is a question to

Belle for asking a reason why she doesn’t give a chance to Beast. The words “why don’t you …?”indicates the question for asking a reason. Give or ask a reason is one of the sub-strategies in positive politeness strategy.

Asking a reason why Belle doesn’t give a chance to Belle actually is not a

real question asked by Wardrobe. She implies something in her utterance. Actually

she is not really asking about a reason why Belle doesn’t give Beast a chance, but she wants Belle to do so. It can be seen from her utterance before saying “Why? The master's not so bad once you get to know him.”It means that if Belle gives a chance

to Beast, she will know that he’s not bad once she gets to know him. Wardrobe tries to convince Belle to give a chance for Beast. Since Wardrobe says what she means indirectly, the scale which appears in her utterance is an indirectness scale.

Wardrobe doesn’t show to Belle that she forces her to do what Wardrobe

wants by making a question to Belle. However, actually she wants to Belle to do so by saying it indirectly to show that she is being polite to Belle. In addition, since she

says her intention indirectly, the politeness of hers in her utterance can be measured as the more polite utterance.

4.1.4 Positive Politeness with Social Distance Scale

Here, it is only 1 data found that social distance scale appears in positive politeness strategy.

Data 10 (B&B 02)

Context: Belle (R) goes to home and looks at her dad, Maurice (E) is whining on his invention. Seeing this, Belle asks if he is all right or not.

BELLE : Papa?

MAURICE : How on earth did that happen? Dog gonnit!

(He pulls the barrel off his waist, along with his pants.) BELLE : Are you all right, Papa?

MAURICE : I'm about ready to give up on this hunk of junk! (kicking machine)

Analysis:

In this data, it could be seen that Belle cares of Maurice and worries about him by asking if he is all right or not. When Maurice knows that somebody worries and cares of him, it is a benefit for him. Getting the benefit from what the speaker says to the hearer is a tact maxim.

politeness strategy rather than negative politeness or, off record rather than bald on-record and so on.

2. Since the pragmatic scales analyzed are only one scale in one politeness strategy, the next researcher can analyze the double scale or more which appear in the certain politeness strategies. Additionally, it can be analyzed as well about the implicature in the polite utterance because sometimes, people use the politeness strategy and the higher scale of politeness when they have another motive beyond the utterance.

REFERENCES

Brown, P. and S. Levinson. 1987. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Grice, H.P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. In Martinich, A.P. (Ed). Philoshophy of Language, New York: Oxford University Press.

Leech, G. 1983. Principle of Pragmatics. London: Longmans.

Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nababan, P.WJ. 1987. Ilmu Pragmatik. Jakarta: Depdikbud.

Nadar, F.X. 2009. Pragmatik & Penelitian Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu

Rahardi, R. Kunjana. 2005. Pragmatik. Jakarta: Erlangga

Wood, J.T. 1992a. Spinning the symbolic web: Human communication and

symbolic interaction. Norwood, NJ : Ablex.

Woolverton, Linda. 1991. Beauty and the Beast. Movie script compiled by Ben

Scripps on-line.

<http://www.fpx.de/fp/Disney/Scripts/BeautyAndTheBeast.txt > Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Student’s Profile

a. Name : Annessia Cassandra

b. Place and date of birth: Jakarta, 30 November 199O

c. Address : Komplek Setiabudi Regency, Jl. Zamrud 1

No: 198 A, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia d. Phone : 081399000973

e. Sex : Female

f. Citizen : Indonesian g. Religion : Islam h. Hobby : Making art.

2. Educational Background

a. Formal Education

No Year Institution

1 1996-2000 SDN Keramat Pela 03 Pagi Jakarta 2 2000-2002 SD Mardi Waluya Santo Yusuf ,Cipanas 3 2002-2005 SMP Mardi Waluya Santo Yusuf ,Cipanas 4 2005-2008 SMU Negeri 2 ,Cianjur

b. Informal Education

No Year Name of Education Certification

1 2008 Mentoring of English Conversation Club Certified 2 2008 Mentoring Agama Jurusan Sastra Inggris Certified

3 2008

Pelatihan Kemampuan Teknis Bidang Usaha Pariwisata kepada Paguyuban

Mojang dan Jajaka Jawa Barat ,Bandung

Certified

4 2008 Workshop “How To Make A Creative Video” Certified

3 2009

English Leadership Internal Training of Education (ELITE)

Certified

5 2009

Seminar and Workshop Copywriting as a Creative Thinking

Certified

6 2010

Copy Writing and Consumer Behavior Seminar

Certified

7 2010 Workshop Translating & Interpreting Certified

c. Competency

- English (oral and literacy) - Writing Movie Script - Master of Ceremony - Broadcasting

- Making Movie - Organization

d. Organizational and work experiences Organizational experiences:

2008-2010 Member of HIMA of English Department of UNIKOM 2008-2010 Member of English Language Forum of UNIKOM 2008-now Member of Paguyuban Mojang-Jajaka of West Java 2008-now Member of Videography Community “Roll Time” of

UNIKOM

2009-now Member of UKM Photography of UNIKOM 2010-now Member of Green Peace Indonesia

2010-2011 Member of Protokoler Team of UNIKOM

2011 Member of Korps Protokoler Mahasiswa Indonesia

(KPMI)

2012-now Member of Save Street Child Bandung

Work experiences:

2012-now Working as a host on Radio Show TV One 2010-now Working as a radio announcer at Ardan Radio 2008-2011 Working as a presenter at STV Bandung

2011 Working as a VJ at MTV Indonesia Global TV 2011-now Working as a trainer for presenter class at DJ Arie

2008-now MC for some seminars, workshop, and entertainment event

2010 Being a judge in Presenter Contest of Institute Manajemen Telkom

2010 Being a guide for important guests of UNIKOM from Korea and Malaysia