NAZARUDDIN’S CASE: THE JAKARTA POST REPORTS ON A BRIBERY ATTEMPT CASE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page of Approval... i
Statement of Authorization ... ii
Preface ... iii
Abstract ... v
Table of Contents ... vi
List of Tables... x
List of Figures ... xiii
List of Appendices ... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 3
1.3 Aims of the Study ... 3
1.4 Methodology of the Research ... 3
1.4.1 Data Collection ... 4
1.4.2 Data Analysis ... 4
1.5 Clarification of the key Terms ... 5
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 7
2.1 Meaning ... 7
2.2 Newspaper ... 9
2.3 Discourse and Critical Discourse Analysis ... 11
2.4 Sociocognitive Approach (SCA) ... 14
2.4.1 Macrostructures ... 15
2.4.2 Superstructures ... 16
2.4.3 Microstructures ... 19
2.5 Previous Study ... 21
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 22
3.1 Research Design ... 22
3.2 Data Collection ... 22
3.3 Data Analysis ... 23
3.4 Sample of Data Presentation ... 24
3.4.1 Data Presentation on the Level of Macrostructures... 25
3.4.2 Data presentation on the Level of Superstructures ... 26
3.4.3 Data presentation on the Level of Microstructures ... 27
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 30
4.1 Findings ... 30
4.1.1 Analysis of Text 1 ... 31
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4.1.1.2 Analysis of Superstructures ... 33
4.1.1.3 Analysis of Microstructures ... 34
4.1.2 Analysis of Text 2 ... 38
4.1.2.1 Analysis of Macrostructures ... 38
4.1.2.2 Analysis of Superstructures ... 39
4.1.2.3 Analysis of Microstructures ... 40
4.1.3 Analysis of Text 3 ... 43
4.1.3.1 Analysis of Macrostructures ... 43
4.1.3.2 Analysis of Superstructures ... 44
4.1.3.3 Analysis of Microstructures ... 45
4.1.4 Analysis of Text 4 ... 48
4.1.4.1 Analysis of Macrostructures ... 48
4.1.4.2 Analysis of Superstructures ... 49
4.1.4.3 Analysis of Microstructures ... 50
4.1.5 Analysis of Text 5 ... 53
4.1.5.1 Analysis of Macrostructures ... 53
4.1.5.2 Analysis of Superstructures ... 54
4.1.5.3 Analysis of Microstructures ... 54
4.2 Discussion ... 58
4.2.1 Superstructures of the texts ... 58
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ... 64 5.1. Conclusions ... 64 5.2. Suggestions ... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Participant categories in transitivity analysis ... 20
Table 3.1 Sample of macrostructures analysis in text 1 ... 24
Table 3.2 Macropropositions ... 25
Table 3.3 Sample of superstructures analysis ... 26
Table 3.4 Distributions of news schemata... 26
Table 3.5 Sample of microstructures analysis ... 27
Table 3.6 Occurrences of participants in terms of communicative roles ... 28
Table 3.7 Occurrences of participants in terms of positive-negative representations ... 28
Table 3.8 Occurences of participants’ occupational roles in terms of communicative roles ... 29
Table 4.1 Macropropositions in text 1... 32
Table 4.2 News schemata in text 1 ... 33
Table 4.3 Occurrences of participants in in terms of communicative roles in text 1 ... 35
Table 4.4 Occurrences of participants in terms of positive-negative representations in text 1... 36
Table 4.5 Occurrences of participants’ occupational roles in text 1 ... 37
Table 4.6 Occurences of occupational roles in terms of positive-negative representation in text 1 ... 37
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Table 4.8 News schemata in text 2 ... 39 Table 4.9 Occurrences of participants in terms of communicative roles in text
2 ... 40 Table 4.10 Occurrences of participants in terms of positive-negative
representation in text 2 ... 41 Table 4.11 Occurrences of participants’ occupational roles in text 2 ... 42 Table 4.12 Occurrences of occupational roles in terms of positive-negative
representations in text 2... 43 Table 4.13 Macropropositions in text 3... 44 Table 4.14 News schemata in text 3 ... 44 Table 4.15 Occurrences of participants in terms of communicative roles in text
3 ... 45 Table 4.16 Occurrences of participants in terms of positive-negative
representations in text 3... 46 Table 4.17 Occurrences of participants’ occupational roles in text 3 ... 47 Table 4.18 Occurrences of occupational roles in terms of positive-negative
representation in text 3 ... 48 Table 4.19 Macropropositions in text 4... 48 Table 4.20 News schemata in text 4 ... 49 Table 4.21 Occurrences of participants in terms of communicative roles in text
4 ... 50 Table 4.22 Occurrences of participants in terms of positive-negative
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Table 4.23 Occurrences of participants’ occupational roles in text 4 ... 52
Table 4.24 Occurrences of occupational roles in terms of positive-negative representation in text 4 ... 52
Table 4.25 Macropropositions in text 5... 53
Table 4.26 News schemata in text 5 ... 54
Table 4.27 Occurrences of participants in terms of communicative roles in text 5 ... 55
Table 4.28 Occurrences of participants in terms of positive-negative representation in text 5 ... 56
Table 4.29 Occurrences of participants’ occupational roles in text 5 ... 57
Table 4.30 Occurrences of occupational roles in terms of positive-negative representation in text 5 ... 58
Table 4.31 Occurrences of news schemata in all texts ... 59
Table 4.32 Occurrences of major participants in all texts ... 60
Table 4.33 Representations of Nazaruddin and Mahfud in all texts ... 62
Table 4.34 Occurrences of occupational roles in all texts ... 62
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LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX I TEXTS ... 66
1.1 Text 1 ... 66
1.2 Text 2 ... 68
1.3 Text 3 ... 70
1.4 Text 4 ... 72
1.5 Text 5 ... 74
APPENDIX 2 MACROSTRUCTURES ... 76
2.1 Macrostructures of Text 1 ... 76
2.2 Macrostructures of Text 2 ... 78
2.3 Macrostructures of Text 3 ... 79
2.4 Macrostructures of Text 4 ... 80
2.5 Macrostructures of Text 5 ... 81
APPENDIX 3 SUPERSTRUCTURES ... 82
3.1 Superstructures of Text 1 ... 82
3.2 Superstructures of Text 2 ... 84
3.3 Superstructures of Text 3 ... 86
3.4 Superstructures of Text 4 ... 88
3.5 Superstructures of Text 5 ... 90
APPENDIX 4 MICROSTRUCTURES ... 92
4.1 Microstructures of Text 1 ... 92
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4.3 Microstructures of Text 3 ... 106 4.4 Microstructures of Text 4 ... 113 4.5 Microstructures of Text 5 ... 119
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents a general introduction to the study. This chapter consists of background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, research methodology, clarification of the key term, and organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the Study
People as language users always produce texts in their daily lives. When they use the language in order to communicate something or to convey meaning to others, they have made a text. It indicates that the text represents the meaning and perspective of the people (Barry, 1995). One of the texts that is produced by people is written text. A number of people produce the written texts with different ideas and perspectives that exist in those texts. Every writer wants to convey the message through his text that is produced. One of the written texts that caries thousands ideas, perspectives, knowledge and ideologies is a newspaper.
Newspaper always contains the knowledge (Van Dijk, 2004). The journalists need to understand news event when they want to write and report the news. In order to understand the news event, the journalists have to know what the previous knowledge of the world is, what the nature of the knowledge is and how it is acquired and mentally represented. Besides, journalists usually know much more about the news event than they write in the newspaper. In order to satisfy the editor and publisher who hire them, the journalist will select what knowledge to
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include, and what knowledge to exclude from their news reports (Van Dijk, 2004; Hermawan, 2007).
Relating to the newspaper, there are several studies investigating how newspaper reports shape opinion, for example Kahn and Kenney work (2002), and Popkin and Kabashima work (n.d). Kahn and Kenny (2002), in their study, finds that news reports will shape opinion of the readers. They examined newspaper coverage of more than 60 senatorial campaign across three election years, and find
that information on news pages is slanted in order to change citizens‟ views of candidates. Popkin and Kabashima (n.d) are also interested in the content of news. They examine content of news in different media. They find that different media have different political position and gives different effects to citizens. They also find that when the available news for citizens changes, the ways they judge their government also changes. It means that media has a great role to shape the world view of the readers (Hermawan, 2007).
Nowadays, there are so many publishers who produce newspapers. Those newspapers are produced in different places, situations, and angles of looking at the topics that carry a lot of information which may or may not be accurate to influent the readers‟ opinion and perspectives with their selected information.
For those reasons above, this study analyzes how The Jakarta Post, a most-read English Newspaper reports, hence, presents the news on bribery cases. The present study focuses on news involving Democratic Party Treasurer, Nazaruddin who has allegedly given some money to Constitutional Court Secretary-general Gaffar.
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By doing this kind of analysis, the study intends to investigate how the case was reported, how the participants were represented in the news, and what meaning can be constructed from the news.
1.2 Research Questions
The study is geared towards answering the following questions:
1. How is Nazaruddin‟s bribery attempt case reported in The Jakarta Post in term of news schemata?
2. How are the major participants represented in the texts? 3. What meanings can be constructed from the texts?
1.3 Aims of the Study The aims of the study are:
1. To describe The Jakarta Post ways in reporting the case in term of news schemata.
2. To describe how the major participants are represented in the text. 3. To uncover meanings constructed from texts.
1.4 Methodology of the Research
The study is largely qualitative. It investigated the phenomenon in the
form of how the Nazarudin‟s bribery case was reported in texts, how the participants were represented in the texts, and what meanings can be constructed from the texts. The study also employs textual analysis. The selected news were
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critically read, and word, phrases and clauses which serve of the data were categorized. Van Dijk‟s Sociocognitive Approach (2009) has been used as the main frame work to analyze the data. However, descriptive quantification is also employed in this study. It is used to support the quality of descriptions and to make better understanding of the study. Besides, it is also used to increase validity and reliability of the study (Alwasilah, 2011).
1.4.1 Data Collection
The data of the study are in the form of words, phrases or clauses critically selected to answer the research questions. The data are collected from The Jakarta Post headline news from 21st to 25th of May, 2011. The subject matter of the data
is concerning Nazaruddin‟s bribery case. The data consist of five texts. The texts are sorted from 21st to 25th of May as follows:
1. “Lawmaker „tried to bribe court official‟”, May 21, 2011. 2. “KPK hesitant about investigating Nazaruddin”, May 22, 2011. 3. “Mahfud lashes out at Dems over gratuity claim”, May 23, 2011. 4. “Dems ax Nazaruddin to save face, published on May 24, 2011 5. “Mahfud officially reports Nazaruddin to KPK,” May 25, 2011.
1.4.2 Data Analysis
The collected data were analyzed by using Sociocognitive Approach proposed by Van Dijk (2009). The data were mainly categorized into three levels, namely, macrostructures, superstructures, and microstructures. These levels will be
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elaborated more in Chapter 2. After being categorized, the data were classified into more specific terms, such as macropropositions, propositions, news schemata, participant, communicative roles, occupational roles, and positive-negative representation. Next, the classified data were examined and discussed based on its quality and quantity to gain the description and conclusion, and finally the results hopefully can answer the research questions.
1.5 Clarification of the Key Terms
To guide the analysis, there are a number of terms that have to be defined in this study. The followings are essential key terms used in this study:
1. Discourse Analysis (DA):
Discourse analysis is an approach to the analysis of language that looks patterns of language across text as well as the social and cultural contexts in which the texts occur (Paltridge, 2006).
2. Ideology:
Ideology is the fundamental beliefs of a group and its members (Van Dijk, 2005)
3. Knowledge:
Knowledge is sociocultural beliefs that are shared and certified by the criteria or standards of a community (Van Dijk, 2009).
4. Major participant:
Major participant is the participant who appears more frequently than other participants.
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5. Participant:
Participant is thing or people that act in various roles (Van Dijk, 2005). 6. Text:
Text is the concrete realization of abstract forms of knowledge (Wodak & Meyer, 2009)
7. Theme or Topic:
Theme is what discourse is globally about (Van Dijk, 2009). 8. The Jakarta Post:
The Jakarta Post is online version of the largest English newspaper in Indonesia.
1.6 Organization of the Paper
The paper is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1 contains of research background, research questions, aims of research, research methodology, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper. Chapter 2 discusses a review of related literature. This chapter covers a number of important concepts of discourse, Discourse Analysis (DA), and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Chapter 3 presents the theoretical and methodological framework guiding this study. This chapter consists of research questions, research design, data collection, and data analysis. Chapter 4 consists of findings and discussion. Here, the data were explored, identified and examined. The final chapter is Chapter 5 that covers the interpretation toward the result of the study in a form of conclusion and suggestion related to the research.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the research method employed in this study. It includes the research design, the data collection, data analysis, and a sample of data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
The study is largely qualitative. However, descriptive quantification is also employed in this study. It is used to support the quality of descriptions and to make better understanding of the study. Besides, it is also used to increase validity and reliability of the study (Alwasilah, 2011).
The study investigated the phenomenon in the form of how the Nazarudin‟s bribery attempt case is reported in the newspaper as the texts investigated, how the major participants are represented in the texts, and what meanings can be constructed from the texts. The study also employs textual analysis. The selected news was critically read, and word, phrases and clauses which serve as textual evidence were categorized. Van Dijk‟s Sociocognitive Approach (2009) has been used as the main frame work to analyze the data.
3.2 Data Collection
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The Jakarta Post in May, 2012. The subject matter of the data is concerning Nazaruddin‟s bribery attempt case. The data consist of five texts. The texts have been sorted from 21st to 25th of May, 2012 as follows:
1. “Lawmaker „tried to bribe court official‟”, May 21, 2011. 2. “KPK hesitant about investigating Nazaruddin”, May 22, 2011. 3. “Mahfud lashes out at Dems over gratuity claim”, May 23, 2011. 4. “Dems ax Nazaruddin to save face, published on May 24, 2011 5. “Mahfud officially reports Nazaruddin to KPK,” May 25, 2011.
3.3 Data Analysis
The collected data were analysed by using Sociocognitive Approach proposed by Van Dijk (2009). The data were mainly categorized into three levels of analysis, namely, macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure. On every level of the analysis, the data were classified into more specific terms which will be explained in the following paragraph.
First, the data were analyzed on the level of macrostructures or semantic macrostructures. This step was conducted to find out topics or theme. For technical reason, this step was conducted in the beginning of analysis, because the topics usually lead to other information existing in the text, and they express the overall content or global information, and represent the meaning or information which the readers will memorize best. In addition, the topics are also usually controlled by powerful speakers and will influence many other structures of text (Van Dijk, 2009).
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In the second step, the data were elaborated on the level of superstructures. In this step, the texts are identified in term of their news schemata category, such as introduction and specification. Those two categories, then, are divided into more specific category, namely, headline, lead, situation and comments.
The third step that was carried out was to examine the data on the level of microstructure. Here, the data were classified into more specific terms, such as participants, occupational roles, communicative roles and positive-negative representation of participants.
The last step carried out was to examine, define, and discuss the whole gathered data. After the analysis on each level was completed, the result of each was combined to result in the analysis of all levels.
3.4 Sample of Data Presentation
3.4.1 Data Presentation on the Level of Macrostructures
On this level, the text is observed in the terms of macropropositions (M) and propositions (P).
Table 3.1 Sample of macrostructures analysis in text 1
M1 Lawmaker tried to bribe court official P1 Lawmaker 'tried to bribe court official'
P2 Nazaruddin threatened to wreak havoc on the court if [Janedjri] did not accept the money
P3 Nazaruddin, in late 2010, dined with Janedjri at the lawmaker‟s request. P4 The envelopes were eventually returned to Nazaruddin‟s house in South
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P5 The following morning, Janedjri attempted to get in touch with Nazaruddin to return the envelopes.
P6 The housekeeper opened the envelopes at the house to find S$60,000 in each
P7 the money was „friendship money‟. M2 The new revelation adds to a string of allegations
P1 The new revelation adds to a string of allegations after Nazaruddin and party colleague Angelina Sondakh were alleged to have sought illicit fees totaling Rp 25 billion ($2.93 million), from a construction company that won a tender to build an athlete dormitory worth Rp 191 billion for the upcoming 2011 SEA Games in Palembang, South Sumatra.
P2 Also on Friday, Jakarta Police spokesman Sr. Comr. Baharudin Djafar admitted police investigators had once named Nazaruddin a suspect in 2005 in a document forgery case but the investigation was later halted for unclear reasons.
P3 “We issued a letter ordering a halt to the investigation, but this is not the end of the case. We can reopen it if new evidence appears,” Baharudin said, adding that he did not know why police stopped the investigation.
P4 Reports say Nazaruddin falsified bank guarantee documents to clear the way for one of his companies, PT Anugerah Nusantara, to win procurement tenders held by the Industry Ministry and the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry.
P5 The new revelation adds to a string of allegations
P6 Mahfud's information added another blow to the lawmaker‟s political career.
Table 3.1 above shows how are propositions are categorized into particular macropropositions. For complete table see Appendix 2.1. After all propositions and macropropositions were observed, the data are presented in a table such as the following.
Table 3.2 Macropropositions
No. Macropropositions Propositions
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M1 Lawmaker „tried to bribe court official‟ 12
M2 The new revelation adds to a string of allegations 4 M3 The Nazaruddin case is not something trivial 7 M4 Nazaruddin denied he attempted to give Janedri money 3
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3.4.2 Data presentation on the level of superstructures
On this level the text is observed in the terms of news schemata categories. Table 3.3 Sample of superstructures analysis
Text Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
Lawmaker „tried to bribe court official‟ Introduction Headline Bagus BT Saragih and Adianto P
Simamora, The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Sat, 05/21/2011 8:00 AM
Introduction Lead
Constitutional Court chief justice Mahfud MD informed President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of a bribe attempt by Democratic Party lawmaker M.
Nazaruddin, adding another blow to the
lawmaker‟s political career.
Specification Situation Episode
on Friday Specification Situation Background
Mahfud said Nazaruddin, who is caught up in other graft allegations, had once threatened Constitutional Court secretary-general Janedjri M Gaffar
Specification Comment Verbal Reaction
after Janedjri refused to accept
S$120,000 (US$97,160) in cash from the lawmaker.
Specification Situation Background
Table 3.3 above shows how the data are categorized into news schemata. For complete analysis see Appendix 3.1. After the data were categorized, the data are presented in a table such as following.
Table 3.4 Distributions of news schemata
Category Frequency Percent
Introduction 2 4.08%
Headline 1 2.04%
Lead 1 2.04%
Specification 47 95.92%
Comment 26 53.06%
Verbal Reaction 26 53.06%
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Category Frequency Percent
Situation 21 42.86%
Episode 6 12.24%
Background 15 30.61%
Total 49 49 47 100.00% 100.00% 95.92%
3.4.3 Data presentation on the level of microstructures
On this level, the data are classified into several terms, such as participants, communicative roles, positive-negative representations, and occupational roles.
Table 3.5 Sample of microstructures analysis
Text Participant Communicative
roles Sayer Representation
Occupational Roles
Lawmaker Muhammad Nazaruddin Producer Negative Democratic Party
„tried to bribe
court official‟ Janedjri M. Gaffar Recipient Neutral Constitutional Court Constitutional Court
chief justice Mahfud MD
Mahfud MD Producer Positive Constitutional Court
on Friday informed President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Recipient Neutral Democratic Party
of a bribe attempt by Democratic Party lawmaker M. Nazaruddin
Muhammad Nazaruddin Producer Negative Democratic Party
adding another blow to
the lawmaker‟s political
career.
Muhammad Nazaruddin Recipient Negative Democratic Party
Mahfud Mahfud MD Sayer Positive Constitutional Court
said
Nazaruddin, Muhammad Nazaruddin Producer Mahfud MD Negative Democratic Party
who Muhammad Nazaruddin Producer Mahfud MD Negative Democratic Party
is caught up in other graft allegations, had once threatened Constitutional Court secretary-general Janedjri M Gaffar
Janedjri M. Gaffar Recipient Mahfud MD Positive Constitutional Court
after
Janedjri Janedjri M. Gaffar Producer Mahfud MD Positive Constitutional Court
refused to accept S$120,000 (US$97,160) in cash from
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Table 3.5 above shows how the data are classified into several terms on the level of microstructures. For a complete table see Appendix 4.1. After the data were classified, the data are distributed in table (Table 3.6, Table 3.7, and Table 3.8) such as following.
Table 3.6 Occurrences of participants in terms of communicative roles
No. Participants Frequency Percent
Producer Recipient Total Producer Recipient Total
1 A Construction Company 1 1 2 1.03% 1.03% 2.06%
2 A Court Officer 1 0 1 1.03% 0.00% 1.03%
3 Anas Urbaningrum 2 1 3 2.06% 1.03% 3.09%
4 Angelina Sondakh 2 1 3 2.06% 1.03% 3.09%
5 Baharudin Djafar 3 0 3 3.09% 0.00% 3.09%
6 Benny Kabur Harman 3 0 3 3.09% 0.00% 3.09%
7 Burhanuddin Muhtadi 3 0 3 3.09% 0.00% 3.09%
8 Constitutional Court 1 1 2 1.03% 1.03% 2.06%
9 Democratic Party 2 3 5 2.06% 3.09% 5.15%
10 Industry Ministry 1 0 1 1.03% 0.00% 1.03%
11 Janedjri M. Gaffar 5 3 8 5.15% 3.09% 8.25%
12 KPK 0 2 2 0.00% 2.06% 2.06%
13 Mahfud MD 12 2 14 12.37% 2.06% 14.43%
14 Maritim Affairs and Fisheries Ministry 1 0 1 1.03% 0.00% 1.03%
15 Muhammad Nazaruddin 16 9 25 16.49% 9.28% 25.77%
16 Nazaruddin's Housekeeper 2 0 2 2.06% 0.00% 2.06%
17 Party Members 0 1 1 0.00% 1.03% 1.03%
18 Police 4 1 5 4.12% 1.03% 5.15%
19 PT. Anugrah Nusantara 0 1 1 0.00% 1.03% 1.03%
20 Ruhut Sitompul 3 0 3 3.09% 0.00% 3.09%
21 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 4 5 9 4.12% 5.15% 9.28%
TOTAL 66 31 97 68.04% 31.96% 100.00%
Table 3.7 Occurrences of participants in terms of positive-negative representations
No. Participants Frequency Percent
Positive Negative Neutral Total Positive Negative Neutral Total
1 Muhammad Nazaruddin 4 18 3 25 16.00% 72.00% 12.00% 100.00%
2 Mahfud MD 6 2 6 14 42.86% 14.29% 42.86% 100.00%
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Table 3.8 Occurences of participants’ occupational roles in terms of communicative roles
No. Occupational Roles Frequency Percent
Producer Recipient Total Producer Recipient Total
1 A Construction Company 1 2 3 1.03% 2.06% 3.09%
2 Constitutional Court 19 6 25 19.59% 6.19% 25.77%
3 Democratic Party 32 20 52 32.99% 20.62% 53.61%
4 Indonesian Survey Institute Political Analyst 3 0 3 3.09% 0.00% 3.09%
5 Industry Ministry 1 0 1 1.03% 0.00% 1.03%
6 KPK 0 2 2 0.00% 2.06% 2.06%
7 Maritim Affairs and Fisheries Ministry 1 0 1 1.03% 0.00% 1.03%
8 Nazaruddin's Housekeeper 2 0 2 2.06% 0.00% 2.06%
9 Police 7 1 8 7.22% 1.03% 8.25%
Total 66 31 97 68.04% 31.96% 100.00%
This chapter has briefly discussed the research methodology which includes research design, data collection, and sample of data analysis. Next chapters (Chapter 4) will explain how these theories are applied to interpret the data collected and analyzed.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the conclusions of the study as well the suggestions for further studies.
5.1 Conclusions
The present study has analized five headline news of text taken from The Jakarta Post. This study is aimed to investigate the ways of The Jakarta Post report the bribery attempt case in terms of news schemata, to describe how the participants are reported in the text, and to uncover meanings constructed from texts. This study has applied Van Dijk (2009) approach, Sociocognitive Approach (SCA); the data has been analyzed on the level of macrostructures, superstructures, and microstructures.
The study concludes that The Jakarta Post prefers to use people comments or verbal reactions than its own comments or conclusions. Thus, The Jakarta Post lets the readers draw their own conclusions. This can be understood that probably The Jakarta Post tries to be objective, in a sense that it does not give its opinion straightly, but it uses people comments. However, in an attempt to be seen as objective as possible, the newspaper inevitably will lean towards something or someone. What matter is whether the newspaper has sided with something considered right or not. In addition, that mass media like The Jakarta Post lets the readers draw their own conclusions could be interpreted that we as
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the readers have to be smart. When we consume media such as newspapers, we should not immediately believe in what has been reported, and we have to suspend our adjustment considering that the mass media are never neutral.
Newspapers, in specific The Jakarta Post, is a powerful institution, because it can create opinion. It has full authority to choose and select specific language to make representations. These representations can create a person’s position as good or bad. Someone will be seen as a good or a bad because of the representations made in the newspaper. This can be seen from the differences of representations between Nazaruddin and Mahfud in The Jakarta Post; Nazaruddin is represented negatively while Mahfud is represented positively. In this respect, it can be assumed that mass media, in specific newspapers, can reflect and distort reality (Hermawan, 2007).
Moreover, representation of someone can affect the representation of institution in which he or she works in or member in. The present study has shown that Democratic Party and Constitutional Court in which Nazaruddin and Mahfud member in are represented as same in the way as Nazaruddin and Mahfud; Democratic Party is represented negatively while Constitutional Court is represented positively.
5.2 Suggestions
As there would be many dimension of a particular problem to study, the present study recommends that further studies analyze news reports consisting different issues. It is beneficial to find the differences of news schemata,
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representation of the participants, and meanings in each issue, for instance the political issue and disaster issue.
Hopefully, the present study will give a contribution for the readers of the newspapers to read critically. It is suggested that the readers not to take for granted any information presented in media.
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Van Dijk, T. A. (2009). Ctitical discourse studies: Sociognitive approach. In R. Wodak, & M. Meyer, Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 62-86). London: SAGE.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2005). Ideology and discourse: A multidisciplinary introduction. Barcelona: Pompeu Fabra University.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2004). Knowledge and News. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1980). Macrostructures: An Interdisciplinary study of global structures in discourse, interaction, and cognition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News analysis: Case studies of international and national news in the press. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). News as discourse. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2009). Discourse as the recontextualization of social practice: A guide. In R. Wodak, & M. Meyer, Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 144-161). London: SAGE.
Wettherell, M., Taylor, S., & Yates, S. J. (2001). Discourse theory and practice: A reader. Wiltshire: The Cromwell.
Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Critical discourse analysis: History, agenda, theory and methodology. In R. Wodak, & M. Meyer, Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 1-33). London: SAGE.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the conclusions of the study as well the suggestions for further studies.
5.1 Conclusions
The present study has analized five headline news of text taken from The
Jakarta Post. This study is aimed to investigate the ways of The Jakarta Post
report the bribery attempt case in terms of news schemata, to describe how the
participants are reported in the text, and to uncover meanings constructed from texts. This study has applied Van Dijk (2009) approach, Sociocognitive Approach
(SCA); the data has been analyzed on the level of macrostructures,
superstructures, and microstructures.
The study concludes that The Jakarta Post prefers to use people
comments or verbal reactions than its own comments or conclusions. Thus, The
Jakarta Post lets the readers draw their own conclusions. This can be understood that probably The Jakarta Post tries to be objective, in a sense that it does not give its opinion straightly, but it uses people comments. However, in an attempt to be seen as objective as possible, the newspaper inevitably will lean towards something or someone. What matter is whether the newspaper has sided with something considered right or not. In addition, that mass media like The Jakarta Post lets the readers draw their own conclusions could be interpreted that we as
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the readers have to be smart. When we consume media such as newspapers, we should not immediately believe in what has been reported, and we have to suspend our adjustment considering that the mass media are never neutral.
Newspapers, in specific The Jakarta Post, is a powerful institution,
because it can create opinion. It has full authority to choose and select specific
language to make representations. These representations can create a person’s
position as good or bad. Someone will be seen as a good or a bad because of the representations made in the newspaper. This can be seen from the differences of representations between Nazaruddin and Mahfud in The Jakarta Post; Nazaruddin is represented negatively while Mahfud is represented positively. In this respect, it can be assumed that mass media, in specific newspapers, can reflect and distort reality (Hermawan, 2007).
Moreover, representation of someone can affect the representation of institution in which he or she works in or member in. The present study has shown that Democratic Party and Constitutional Court in which Nazaruddin and Mahfud member in are represented as same in the way as Nazaruddin and Mahfud; Democratic Party is represented negatively while Constitutional Court is represented positively.
5.2 Suggestions
As there would be many dimension of a particular problem to study, the present study recommends that further studies analyze news reports consisting
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representation of the participants, and meanings in each issue, for instance the political issue and disaster issue.
Hopefully, the present study will give a contribution for the readers of the newspapers to read critically. It is suggested that the readers not to take for granted any information presented in media.
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