Modern Biology Study Guide PORIFERA VOCA (1)
Name
Class
Date
SEC T I O N 3 3 - 1 R E VIEW
P ORIFERA
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. choanocyte
2. osculum
3. spicule
4. amoebocyte
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. Invertebrates are animals that lack
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
a. true tissues.
b. true organs.
c. a skeleton.
d. a backbone.
2. Adult sponges are sessile, which means that they
a. have no gastrula stage.
b. attach to a surface and do not move.
c. use a jellylike substance for body support.
d. produce both eggs and sperm.
3. Choanocytes perform all of the following functions except
a.
b.
c.
d.
pumping water into the interior of the sponge.
engulfing and digesting food that is filtered from the water.
passing nutrients to amebocytes.
distributing nutrients throughout the rest of the body.
4. Sponges eliminate carbon dioxide and cellular wastes by
a.
b.
c.
d.
allowing them to diffuse into the water that passes through the sponge.
excreting them into the surrounding water through pores in the body wall.
transporting them to an excretory organ that empties into the osculum.
converting them into usable carbohydrates.
5. After a sponge egg is fertilized, it develops into a(n)
a. external bud.
b. gemmule.
c. larva.
d. gastrula.
Modern Biology Study Guide
183
Name
Class
Date
SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. On what basis are animals placed into the invertebrate category?
2. What are the two substances that a sponge’s skeleton may be made of?
How do these substances differ?
3. How do choanocytes participate in the sexual reproduction of sponges?
4. Why is hermaphroditism beneficial in sponges even though they rarely self-fertilize?
5. Critical Thinking Would gemmules or larvae be better at distributing a population of sponges
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Identify the structures labeled a–e in the diagram of a
sponge shown below.
a
b
c
d
e
184
Section 33-1 Review
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
through an area? Explain your reasoning.
Name
Class
Date
SEC T I O N 3 3 - 2 R E VIEW
C NIDARIA AND C TENOPHORA
VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs
of terms.
1. polyp, medusa
2. epidermis, gastrodermis
3. mesoglea, planula
4. cnidocyte, nematocyst
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
5. colloblast, apical organ
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. Cnidarians and ctenophores are more complex than sponges because, unlike sponges,
they have
a. tissues and organs.
b. both asexual and sexual reproduction.
c. a skeleton.
d. a backbone.
2. The structure that coordinates the complex activities of a cnidarian’s body is the
a. gastrovascular cavity.
b. colloblast.
c. nerve net.
d. tentacle.
3. An example of a cnidarian in the class Hydrozoa is a
a. coral.
b. sea anemone.
c. jellyfish.
d. Portuguese man-of-war.
4. Corals exist in a symbiotic relationship with
a. fungi.
b. algae.
c. hydras.
d. mosses.
5. Ctenophores move through the water by
a. somersaulting.
b. contracting their bell-shaped bodies.
c. beating their cilia.
d. rotating like a propeller.
Modern Biology Study Guide
185
Name
Class
Date
SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. How are nematocysts adapted for capturing prey?
2. List three differences between hydras and most other hydrozoans.
3. What is the dominant body form in the life cycle of a scyphozoan?
What is the dominant body form in the life cycle of an anthozoan?
4. Describe two examples of symbiosis found among cnidarians.
5. How do coral polyps produce a coral reef?
6. Critical Thinking Would you expect to find green hydras in a cave pond that receives little or
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Identify the structures labeled a–f in the diagram of a
cnidarian body shown below.
a
b
c
d
e
f
Which body form is represented by this diagram?
186
Section 33-2 Review
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
no light? Explain your reasoning.
2. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
3. Both echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. Most deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, and exhibit enterocoely.
4. If more than one sperm entered the egg, the egg
nucleus would contain more than two sets of chromosomes. Normal mitosis could not occur, and
the zygote would fail to develop normally.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, protostome; b, deuterostome; c, schizocoely;
d, enterocoely; e, mouth; f, anus
Section 33-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A choanocyte is a type of flagellated cell that lines
the interior of a sponge and draws water into the
sponge.
2. The osculum is the opening at the top of a sponge
where water exits the sponge.
3. A spicule is a tiny, hard particle of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that makes up the skeleton
of some sponges.
4. An amoebocyte is a type of cell that crawls about
within the body wall of a sponge and aids in feeding
and reproduction.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. d
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. c
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, osculum; b, amoebocyte; c, choanocyte; d, ostium;
e, spicules
Section 33-2
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A polyp is the vase-shaped form of a cnidarian; a
medusa is the bell-shaped form of a cnidarian.
2. The epidermis is the outer cell layer of a cnidarian; the gastrodermis is the inner cell layer.
3. Mesoglea is a jellylike material between the epidermis and gastrodermis in a cnidarian; a planula
is the ciliated larva of some cnidarians.
4. A cnidocyte is a specialized cnidarian cell used for
defense and capturing prey; a nematocyst is an
organelle inside a cnidocyte that contains a long,
coiled filament.
5. A colloblast is a cell found in ctenophores that
secretes a sticky substance to bind prey; an apical
organ is a sensory structure at one end of a
ctenophore’s body.
28
Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key
4. b
5. c
SHORT ANSWER
1. Some nematocysts have filaments with sharp tips
and spines that can puncture prey and inject poison;
others have filaments that can wrap around prey.
2. Hydras exist only as polyps, are not colonial, and
live in fresh water.
3. The medusa is the dominant body form in the life
cycle of a scyphozoan. The polyp is the dominant
body form in the life cycle of an anthozoan.
4. The clownfish live among sea anemones. The
anemones’ stinging tentacles protect the clownfish
from predators, and the clownfish drives away other
fish that try to feed on the anemone. Algae live
inside corals. The corals supply algae with nutrients,
and the algae supply the corals with oxygen.
5. Each polyp cements its skeleton to the skeletons of
adjoining polyps in the colony. When the polyps
die, their skeletons remain, and build up into a reef.
6. No; the hydras are green because they contain
algae, which require light to carry out photosynthesis.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, epidermis; b, mesoglea; c, gastrovascular cavity;
d, gastrodermis; e, tentacle; f, mouth; the medusa
Section 34-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A proglottid is a body section of a tapeworm and
contains male and female reproductive structures;
a tegument is a continuous sheet of fused cells that
covers the external surface of a fluke.
2. Cerebral ganglia are clusters of nerve cells that
serve as a brain; eyespots are cup-shaped structures
that sense light.
3. A primary host is a host from which an adult parasite derives its nourishment and in which sexual
reproduction occurs; an intermediate host is a
host from which the larvae of a parasite derive
their nourishment.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. d
SHORT ANSWER
1. Flame cells collect excess water, which is then transported through excretory tubules and excreted from
numerous pores scattered over the body surface.
2. Planarians detect the intensity and direction of
light with two eyespots; tapeworms cannot detect
light.
3. The primary host is a human; the intermediate
host is a snail. The fluke enters its primary host as
a tailed larva that penetrates the host’s skin.
4. the larval stage
5. The eggs sometimes block blood vessels, causing
a disease that may kill the host. A parasite that
kills its host may not be perfectly adapted to its
environment.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, scolex; b, sucker; c, neck; d, proglottid; e, ovary;
f, uterus; g, testes
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Invertebrates are defined solely on the basis of
what they lack—a backbone—rather than on the
basis of characteristics they share.
2. A sponge’s skeleton may be made of spongin or
spicules (or both). Spongin is a network of protein
fibers, while spicules are tiny, hard particles made
of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide.
3. Choanocytes engulf sperm and transfer them to
amoebocytes, which carry the sperm to an egg.
4. Since all hermaphrodites produce eggs, the chances
of successful fertilization are greater than they
would be if only half the population produced eggs.
5. Larvae would be better, since their flagella enable
them to swim away from the parent sponge and
produce another sponge in a new location.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a
2. c
3. d
Class
Date
SEC T I O N 3 3 - 1 R E VIEW
P ORIFERA
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. choanocyte
2. osculum
3. spicule
4. amoebocyte
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. Invertebrates are animals that lack
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
a. true tissues.
b. true organs.
c. a skeleton.
d. a backbone.
2. Adult sponges are sessile, which means that they
a. have no gastrula stage.
b. attach to a surface and do not move.
c. use a jellylike substance for body support.
d. produce both eggs and sperm.
3. Choanocytes perform all of the following functions except
a.
b.
c.
d.
pumping water into the interior of the sponge.
engulfing and digesting food that is filtered from the water.
passing nutrients to amebocytes.
distributing nutrients throughout the rest of the body.
4. Sponges eliminate carbon dioxide and cellular wastes by
a.
b.
c.
d.
allowing them to diffuse into the water that passes through the sponge.
excreting them into the surrounding water through pores in the body wall.
transporting them to an excretory organ that empties into the osculum.
converting them into usable carbohydrates.
5. After a sponge egg is fertilized, it develops into a(n)
a. external bud.
b. gemmule.
c. larva.
d. gastrula.
Modern Biology Study Guide
183
Name
Class
Date
SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. On what basis are animals placed into the invertebrate category?
2. What are the two substances that a sponge’s skeleton may be made of?
How do these substances differ?
3. How do choanocytes participate in the sexual reproduction of sponges?
4. Why is hermaphroditism beneficial in sponges even though they rarely self-fertilize?
5. Critical Thinking Would gemmules or larvae be better at distributing a population of sponges
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Identify the structures labeled a–e in the diagram of a
sponge shown below.
a
b
c
d
e
184
Section 33-1 Review
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
through an area? Explain your reasoning.
Name
Class
Date
SEC T I O N 3 3 - 2 R E VIEW
C NIDARIA AND C TENOPHORA
VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs
of terms.
1. polyp, medusa
2. epidermis, gastrodermis
3. mesoglea, planula
4. cnidocyte, nematocyst
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
5. colloblast, apical organ
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. Cnidarians and ctenophores are more complex than sponges because, unlike sponges,
they have
a. tissues and organs.
b. both asexual and sexual reproduction.
c. a skeleton.
d. a backbone.
2. The structure that coordinates the complex activities of a cnidarian’s body is the
a. gastrovascular cavity.
b. colloblast.
c. nerve net.
d. tentacle.
3. An example of a cnidarian in the class Hydrozoa is a
a. coral.
b. sea anemone.
c. jellyfish.
d. Portuguese man-of-war.
4. Corals exist in a symbiotic relationship with
a. fungi.
b. algae.
c. hydras.
d. mosses.
5. Ctenophores move through the water by
a. somersaulting.
b. contracting their bell-shaped bodies.
c. beating their cilia.
d. rotating like a propeller.
Modern Biology Study Guide
185
Name
Class
Date
SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. How are nematocysts adapted for capturing prey?
2. List three differences between hydras and most other hydrozoans.
3. What is the dominant body form in the life cycle of a scyphozoan?
What is the dominant body form in the life cycle of an anthozoan?
4. Describe two examples of symbiosis found among cnidarians.
5. How do coral polyps produce a coral reef?
6. Critical Thinking Would you expect to find green hydras in a cave pond that receives little or
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Identify the structures labeled a–f in the diagram of a
cnidarian body shown below.
a
b
c
d
e
f
Which body form is represented by this diagram?
186
Section 33-2 Review
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
no light? Explain your reasoning.
2. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
3. Both echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. Most deuterostomes undergo radial cleavage, indeterminate cleavage, and exhibit enterocoely.
4. If more than one sperm entered the egg, the egg
nucleus would contain more than two sets of chromosomes. Normal mitosis could not occur, and
the zygote would fail to develop normally.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, protostome; b, deuterostome; c, schizocoely;
d, enterocoely; e, mouth; f, anus
Section 33-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A choanocyte is a type of flagellated cell that lines
the interior of a sponge and draws water into the
sponge.
2. The osculum is the opening at the top of a sponge
where water exits the sponge.
3. A spicule is a tiny, hard particle of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that makes up the skeleton
of some sponges.
4. An amoebocyte is a type of cell that crawls about
within the body wall of a sponge and aids in feeding
and reproduction.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. d
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. c
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, osculum; b, amoebocyte; c, choanocyte; d, ostium;
e, spicules
Section 33-2
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A polyp is the vase-shaped form of a cnidarian; a
medusa is the bell-shaped form of a cnidarian.
2. The epidermis is the outer cell layer of a cnidarian; the gastrodermis is the inner cell layer.
3. Mesoglea is a jellylike material between the epidermis and gastrodermis in a cnidarian; a planula
is the ciliated larva of some cnidarians.
4. A cnidocyte is a specialized cnidarian cell used for
defense and capturing prey; a nematocyst is an
organelle inside a cnidocyte that contains a long,
coiled filament.
5. A colloblast is a cell found in ctenophores that
secretes a sticky substance to bind prey; an apical
organ is a sensory structure at one end of a
ctenophore’s body.
28
Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key
4. b
5. c
SHORT ANSWER
1. Some nematocysts have filaments with sharp tips
and spines that can puncture prey and inject poison;
others have filaments that can wrap around prey.
2. Hydras exist only as polyps, are not colonial, and
live in fresh water.
3. The medusa is the dominant body form in the life
cycle of a scyphozoan. The polyp is the dominant
body form in the life cycle of an anthozoan.
4. The clownfish live among sea anemones. The
anemones’ stinging tentacles protect the clownfish
from predators, and the clownfish drives away other
fish that try to feed on the anemone. Algae live
inside corals. The corals supply algae with nutrients,
and the algae supply the corals with oxygen.
5. Each polyp cements its skeleton to the skeletons of
adjoining polyps in the colony. When the polyps
die, their skeletons remain, and build up into a reef.
6. No; the hydras are green because they contain
algae, which require light to carry out photosynthesis.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, epidermis; b, mesoglea; c, gastrovascular cavity;
d, gastrodermis; e, tentacle; f, mouth; the medusa
Section 34-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A proglottid is a body section of a tapeworm and
contains male and female reproductive structures;
a tegument is a continuous sheet of fused cells that
covers the external surface of a fluke.
2. Cerebral ganglia are clusters of nerve cells that
serve as a brain; eyespots are cup-shaped structures
that sense light.
3. A primary host is a host from which an adult parasite derives its nourishment and in which sexual
reproduction occurs; an intermediate host is a
host from which the larvae of a parasite derive
their nourishment.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. d
SHORT ANSWER
1. Flame cells collect excess water, which is then transported through excretory tubules and excreted from
numerous pores scattered over the body surface.
2. Planarians detect the intensity and direction of
light with two eyespots; tapeworms cannot detect
light.
3. The primary host is a human; the intermediate
host is a snail. The fluke enters its primary host as
a tailed larva that penetrates the host’s skin.
4. the larval stage
5. The eggs sometimes block blood vessels, causing
a disease that may kill the host. A parasite that
kills its host may not be perfectly adapted to its
environment.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, scolex; b, sucker; c, neck; d, proglottid; e, ovary;
f, uterus; g, testes
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Invertebrates are defined solely on the basis of
what they lack—a backbone—rather than on the
basis of characteristics they share.
2. A sponge’s skeleton may be made of spongin or
spicules (or both). Spongin is a network of protein
fibers, while spicules are tiny, hard particles made
of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide.
3. Choanocytes engulf sperm and transfer them to
amoebocytes, which carry the sperm to an egg.
4. Since all hermaphrodites produce eggs, the chances
of successful fertilization are greater than they
would be if only half the population produced eggs.
5. Larvae would be better, since their flagella enable
them to swim away from the parent sponge and
produce another sponge in a new location.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a
2. c
3. d