THE INFLUENCE OF EDWARD AND ALICE CULLEN’S PERSONALITY ON BELLA SWAN’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT ON MEYER’S TWILIGHT
THE INFLUENCE OF EDWARD AND ALICE CULLEN’S PERSONALITY ON BELLA SWAN’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT ON MEYER’S TWILIGHT AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
NURVITA WIJAYANTI
Student Number: 07 4214 083
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
THE INFLUENCE OF EDWARD AND ALICE CULLEN’S PERSONALITY ON BELLA SWAN’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT ON MEYER’S TWILIGHT AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
NURVITA WIJAYANTI
Student Number: 07 4214 083
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
(Anonymous)
For My Beloved Family
Ibu, Putra, Danti
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to thank Allah SWT whom she believes always guide her through the finishing her thesis. The writer’s deepest gratitude goes to her beloved parents: Martini Lastianingsih, S.H. for her unconditional love, prayer, patience, and support; and (alm) Pranoto, S.H. for his inspiring figure.
The writer is heartily thankful to her advisor, Drs. Hirmawan
Wijanarka, M.Hum., whose encouragement, guidance and support from the
initial to the final step enabled her to develop an understanding of the subject. Her deepest gratitude also goes to her co-advisor Modesta Luluk Artika Windrasti,
S.S. without their knowledge and assistance this study would not have been
successful.Special thanks are given to people who directly or indirectly are involved in the making of this thesis. Thanks to her best-ever friends: Hafsyah, Edwin Sugara, Josephine Dewi Utami, Billy Talusakata, Sabina Pristiwati, and Redys Febrianti who always give their best wishes for her. Thanks to her siblings and cousins: Fajar Putra P., Yudanti K.D, Artika Diah, Henriono Harugraha, Retnaning Pratiwi, Lavisesa K, Diora I.D, and Nuvi G. who never forget to give their spirit for her. Last but not least, the writer would like to thanks to the super lecturers, the kind librarians and her classmates of 2007 who are always in the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...................................................................................... iii
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ ix
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study................................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation....................................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................... 4 D. Definition of Terms......................................................................................... 4CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ..................................................... 6
A. Review of Related Studies .................................................................. 6 B. Review of Related Theories................................................................ 81. Theory of Character and Characterization .................................... 8
2. Theory of the Relation between Literature and Psychology......... 12
3. Theory of Traits ............................................................................ 13
4. Theory of Personality Development ............................................. 14
C. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 19
A. Object of the Study ............................................................................. 19 B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................ 20 C. Method of the Study............................................................................ 21CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 23
A. The Personality of Bella Swan before and after Minglingwith Edward Cullen and Alice Cullen ................................................ 23
1. Personality of Bella Swan before Mingling with the Cullen ........ 24
2. Personality of Bella Swan after Mingling with the Cullen ........... 31
B. The Personality of the Cullen ............................................................. 34
1. The Personality of Edward Cullen ................................................ 34
2. The Personality of Alice Cullen.................................................... 39
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION.......................................................................... 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 58APPENDIX: The Summary of Meyer’s Twilight................................................ 61
ABSTRACT
NURVITA WIJAYANTI. The Influence of Edward and Alice Cullen’s
Personality on Bella Swan’s Personality Development on Meyer’s Twilight.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.This thesis discusses Meyer’s novel entitled Twilight. This novel tells about Bella Swan’s experiences; meeting and mingling with vampires. She is the main character who narrates the story so that all of the thoughts come from her. Her interaction with the vampires named Edward and Alice Cullen who make her personality develop. Therefore, the writer wants to prove that personality is not always in a stable belief. It can develop through the influence of others’ personalities.
There are three problems in the form of questions concerning the topic of the thesis. The first is to find out the personality of Bella Swan and her personality that develops. The second is to describe Edward Cullen and Alice Cullen’s personality that will influence Bella Swan’s personality. The last will show Edward and Alice Cullen’s personality influence Bella Swan’s personality development.
The method of this study is library research, using a novel entitled
Twilight by Stephenie Meyer as the primary source of the analysis. The secondary
sources used to find the theories and the references are psychological theories and literature theories. Since the thesis deals with personality, the writer uses psychological approach to analyze the personality development on the main character.
From the analysis, the writer finds three points of answer. The first point is about Bella Swan’s personality before and after mingling with the Cullen. Bella Swan who at first has an inferior personality becomes a confident personality. In addition, an inferior personality has characteristics as shy, awkward, and coward, while a confident characteristics has expressive, curious, and brave characteristics. On the second point, the writer studies the persons who influence Bella Swan’s personality development. Edward Cullen’s personality is described as a charming person who has characteristics as mysterious, caring, protective, and curious. Another person is Alice Cullen who has a supportive personality that is characterized as wise, friendly, caring, and protective. From the third problem, the writer finds that Bella Swan’s personality is developed from an inferior girl to a confident one under the influence of the other strong personalities; Edward and Alice Cullen.
ABSTRAK
NURVITA WIJAYANTI. The Influence of Edward and Alice Cullen’s
Personality on Bella Swan’s Personality Development on Meyer’s Twilight.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011.Skripsi ini mendiskusikan mengenai sebuah novel oleh Meyer berjudul
Twilight. Novel ini bercerita tentang pengalaman Bella Swan bertemu dan bergaul
dengan para vampir. Dia adalah karakter utama yang menarasikan cerita itu sendiri sehingga semua pikiran-pikiran datang darinya. Interaksinya dengan para vampir yang bernama Edward dan Alice Cullen membuat kepribadiannya berkembang. Oleh karena itu, penulis ingin membuktikan bahwa kepribadian adalah sesuatu yang tidak selalu stabil. Kepribadian dapat berkembang melalui pengaruh dari kepribadian-kepribadian lainnya.
Dalam skripsi ini ada tiga masalah dalam bentuk pertanyaan menyangkut tentang topik yang diambil. Pertanyaan pertama untuk menganalisa kepribadian Bella Swan dan kepribadiannya yang berkembang. Pertanyaan kedua adalah untuk mendiskripsikan kepribadian dari Edward dan Alice Cullen yang akan mempengaruhi kepribadian Bella Swan. Pertanyaan terakhir akan menganalisa tentang bagaimana kepribadian Edward dan Alice Cullen mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Bella Swan.
Metode dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian pustaka menggunakan novel berjudul Twilight karangan Stephenie Meyer sebagai sumber utama dari analisis. Buku-buku pendukung yang digunakan untuk mencari teori-teori dan referensi- referensi adalah buku teori psikologi dan teori sastra. Dikarenakan skripsi ini berhubungan dengan istilah kepribadian, penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisis perkembangan kepribadian terhadap karakter utama.
Penulis menemukan tiga poin jawaban. Poin pertama mengenai kepribadian Bella Swan sebelum dan sesudah bergaul dengan Edward dan Alice Cullen. Bella Swan yang sebelumnya berkepribadian inferior menjadi kepribadian percaya diri. Ditambahkan, kepribadian inferior mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai seorang pemalu, kaku, dan penakut. Sementara itu, kepribadian percaya diri dicirikan sebagai seorang yang ekspresif, ingin tahu, dan berani. Poin kedua, penulis mempelajari orang-orang yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Bella Swan. Kepribadian Edward Cullen digambarkan sebagai kepribadian yang mempesona memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai seorang yang misterius, perhatian, protektif, dan ingin tahu. Kepribadian Alice Cullen yang mempunyai kepribadian yang suportif yang dicirikan sebagai seorang yang bijak, ramah, perhatian, dan protektif. Ketiga, penulis menemukan bahwa kepribadian Bella Swan berkembang
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Graham Little mentions in his book entitled Approach to Literature: An Introduction to Critical Study of Content and Method in Writing that the existence
of characters is important in literary pieces, particularly prose. An author uses its complexity and other elements to shape a story (1981: 93). Characters in a novel or a fiction give the story become meaningful. Without knowing the character, pieces of literature cannot be perfect. Characters help the story reveal the conflict and its resolution. Then, each character should have characteristics in order to get the detail of the story.
Described in the first person point of view, Bella Swan’s characteristics are described well and detail comparing to the other characters. It is seen from the way she thinks about herself, behavior, and thought about the other characters. It is important to note that the writer will only analyze Bella Swan’s characteristics because this story was written in her point of view. As Peter Verdonk in his book
Stylistics says that any change in perspective or point of view from which a
fictional world is presented will result in a different story and give rise to a different interpretation (2002: 30). Therefore, since this novel is narrated in the first point of view, the story will be about Bella Swan’s interpretation to see her environment and to judge the other characters.
The judge or the interpreter is always Bella Swan, meaning that the detail and the objectivity will be unconvincing when the writer just put another character.
From the reason, the writer has chosen Bella Swan to be analyzed in her characteristics since she will know everything about herself despite her subjectivity toward herself and other characters.
Other reasons why the writer chooses this topic are because being described as the first person in the novel, Bella’s characteristics are characterized in detail rather than other characters. From this point, the writer could see that the uniqueness is revealed from the character itself and the writer wants to explore more about Bella and her personalities, which is in the form of psychological term. The writer uses the term ‘personality’ rather than ‘characteristic’ because it will be analyzed through the psychological point of view, which means Bella Swan will be analyzed through the psyche study. As William Samuel says in
Personality: Searching for the Sources of Human Behaviour , the word
‘personality’ is used rather than ‘characteristics’ as it is stated “Both definitions use the words “characteristics” or “characterize”, and there appears to be agreement that personality implies some degree of individual uniqueness” (Samuel, 1981: 324).
From the psychological view, the writer tries to find the changes about Bella’s personality in her life facing many impossible things that is possible for her and how Bella Swan can change her personalities after mingling with that kind related to the psychological field, the topic was chosen to show the development of Bella Swan’s personality through the analysis.
This novel is worthwhile to discuss because it talks about a character, named Bella Swan who lives in the extraordinary environment. It is called so because that environment is about mingle with vampires. On the other hand, Bella who is from ordinary family has to mingle with her father. From those environments, the writer wants to study more deeply about changing personality of Bella Swan. However, the writer’s concern is not about the development from childhood to teenager, but more like to prove that the term personality as most define as stable beliefs (1962: 211), meaning that it will change in a long period of age, actually can be flexible based on which environment that a person faced. In this case, Bella will face two kinds of strong personalities and how these personalities might change her personality. Since this study talks about personality development, the writer uses psychology aspect to relate it to the human psyche. Through this approach, the writer will prove the changes of the character’s personality.
A. Problem Formulation
1. How are Bella Swan’s personality and its development described?
2. How are Edward and Alice Cullen’s personalities described?
3. How do Edward and Alice Cullen’s personalities influence Bella Swan’s
B. Objectives of the Study
The purpose of the study is to describe and to give the answer of the three problem formulation above.
Since the study has a purpose to analyze the personality development of the major character, the main purpose is firstly to describe the personality and personality that develops of Bella Swan as the major character.
The second purpose is to describe other personalities, in this case, Edward and Alice Cullen who have strong influence toward Bella Swan’s personality development.
The third is to show the influencing from Edward and Alice Cullen’s personalities toward Bella Swan’s personality development.
C. Definition of Term
There are some terms that support the analysis. Those terms are personality, development, and influence. The purpose is to make an agreement in the using of those terms.
Personality has many definitions by the experts in psychology, as the theory by Robert A Baron states that personality can be defined as an individual’s unique and relatively stable patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions. In daily life, we generally act as though personality is a fact. We expect others to demonstrate consistency in their behavior across different situations and over long
Kagan in Birth to Maturity says development refers to the way in which humans grow and change over the course of their lives. Developmental processes include learning (nurture), which refers to environmental influence on the growth process (1962: 211). The important thing is the environmental influence by surrounding to maintain the development process.
Influence, as in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, is defined as to have an effect on the way someone or something develops, behaves, think etc without directly forcing or commanding them (1995: 933).
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Twilight becomes the best-seller novel since published in 2005 and
therefore makes many responses from its reader. There are many studies of analyzing character in this novel. Twilight is one of the literary work containing the unique character and environment. Every character has its own personality that affect each other therefore the personality will be developed. A personality study is always interesting to analyze since it deals with human characteristics that is unique and different from each other. This novel describes the development of each character well. Every character is described in well proportional way. Since it is fiction, including vampire as the characters, the author describes every character in believable ways. Therefore, according to Karen Rosenthal in the author’s official website might consider the vampires as the natural creatures as human.
The main character is extremely compelling. The protagonist is so consumed with her crush on him that she blocks everything else, and the fact that he's a vampire adds a whole other level. It really is the perfect crossover book. It's a riveting action book but thoughtful as well. Sometimes teen books can be plot-driven and the quality of the writing goes out the window, but this one has both (Rosenthal,
stepheniemeyer.com , 2010).
Meyer can describe every character commonly and does not give Edward is described as a mysterious boy who has supernatural power as a vampire, while Mike is a cute and an ordinary boy who admires Bella Swan and Jacob is the minor character who is also ordinary but mysterious. These three different characters can mingle well as it is not about mingle with vampire world.
The main character, Bella Swan, is also described as a teenager who has tendency to be introvert by hiding her sad feeling that actually she does not want to move to Forks. But she wants her mother to be happy with her new husband though she really does not want to live with her father in Forks.
Bella, a teenage girl hailing from Phoenix, makes the decision to leave her beloved home town and all of her friends. She heroically sacrifices her happiness for that of her mother, because her new and adored step-father Phil, is a professional baseball player. She moves to a town called Forks, on the dreary Olympic Peninsula to live with her father, Charlie, so that her mother can be free to travel with her new husband Phil (Andrew, ezinearticles.com , 2009).
In this quotation, we can see that Bella is a girl who makes sacrifice to make the other people happy, though she has to sacrifice her own happiness. In this case, she sacrifices her happiness to make her mother live comfortably with her new husband who has to travel a lot. Therefore, this is about Bella’s struggle to get a start with a new environment that later will affect her personality.
The review about the unique character is also stated by Nicole Foulger: “Meyer’s characters are well defined; they have personality traits you can relate to. They have strengths and weaknesses. It’s a nice twist to have a Vampire who is complex rather than a fairy-tail villain. Bella, accident prone and drawn to danger, is someone who every girl can relate to. Meyer writes from Bella’s perspective; a seventeen year old girl, recently moved to a new town completely different to her own; having to make new Nicole Foulger says that the way Meyer describes all of the characters is unique. It is unique because the extraordinary creature such a vampire can live socially with ordinary human rather than being a villain, sucking the blood from human. The most important character, Bella Swan, is unique with her nature as an inferior girl toward her environment, especially when she met Edward and finally knows his ‘world’. She is a convincing major character because Meyer wrote the novel based on the first person point of view.
The study about character is also analyzed by another author. It is Emily Reynold who wrote Scream, Vampires, Werewolves, and Autographs: An
Exploration of the Twilight Phenomenon in her thesis submitted to the faculty of
Brigham Young University in Master Art degree who has a point about character development. She states that as fans read and reread they gain greater understanding of a literary character. Increased understanding comes with increased exposure. As they reread they come to understand character development more and increase predictability, they also have the direction for the plot and know what to expect (Reynold, 2009: 47).
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Character becomes one of the important things in literature as Kennedy in
An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama says that characters either remain characters); but in any case they usually remain consistent in their basic nature (1999:124).
Character as the person or personalize figure can be changed its characteristics, as we called it the dynamic character. As the main character, Bella has a tendency to change her personality when she mingles with Edward and Alice Cullen, who have many contributions into the development in Bella’s personality. Is it possible that people can, under the pressure of certain experiences, actually end up becoming fundamentally different than they started out as being? Can people "reformulate" their "identity"? These questions are at the heart of one of the great inventions in the genre of the novel, the so-called
Bildungsroman , or "novel of education," as they are in one of the major focuses of
psychology in the last hundred years, the theorizing and study of "personality development." On a smaller scale, they are the staple of "initiation" stories, though they are by no means restricted to this (Baker, k-state.edu.com, 2010).
According to M.J. Murphy (1972 : 161-173), there are nine ways to represent the characters.
a. Personal Description Personal description means that the author tries to describe the character through his physical appearances. The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes such as his build, his skin-colour, his hair or his face.
b. Character as seen by another what character is like. Their opinions can help the readers to understand a character.
c. Speech The author can give the reader insight into the character of one of the person in the book through what the character says. Whenever a person is speaking, he is giving the reader some clue to his character.
d. Past Life The author can give the reader a clue to even that has helped to shape a person’s character by learning about a person’s past life. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through the conversation or the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of Others It means that the author can give the reader clues to a person’s character through conversations and things they say about him. People talk about other people and things they say often give the reader a clue to the character of the person spoken about.
f. Reaction The readers will know a person’s character through seeing how he reacts to various situation and events.
g. Direct Comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. h. Thoughts The author gives the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.
In this respect, he is able to do what we can not do in the real life. He can tell the reader what different people are thinking. In the novel we accept this. The reader then is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. i. Mannerism The author may describe a person’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies that may also tell the reader something about his character.
In his book A Glossary of Literary Terms, M.H Abram says that the alternative ways to characterize is using the term characterizing by showing and telling. In showing, the author presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the reader to infer what motives and dispositions lie behind what they say and do. In telling, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters (1985: 24). Therefore, these theories help the writer to give information about the description of every character by these certain ways.
2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology
A work of literature actually is the general topic to discuss in every aspect study of human and his psyche can be used to analyze the element of a work of literature that is character. Although a character in a novel is fictive, however, it represents the real human that could be analyzed through the psychology field. In general, psychology is about the study of human characteristics through the study of mind and how it works. It can be related to the literature that also deals with the analysis with the characters through their characteristics and how they are characterized, since the differences are just about fiction and non-fiction. Robert Stanton in Introduction to Fiction implies that literature is a unique imitation of life. In life, on the other hand, there are no stereotypes, no mere copies: every person is an individual to those who know him; every love affair is a unique experience to the lover. The serious author takes life as his model. Instead of writing a “typical story” or a “typical war story”, he writes of particular individual in particular situation. The result, paradoxically, is that his story is typical – typical of life (1965: 7).
In Theory of Literature, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren explain that there are four aspects that can be learned in literature from psychological point of view (1956: 81). The four aspects are the writer, as type and as individual, the creative process, the psychological types and law presented within the work of literature, and the effect of literature upon its reader.
As psychology is a body of knowledge which study human psyche, the
Composition that a character is a figure with specifics mental and moral qualities,
it is obvious that characters are observable through psychology, in terms that they consist of unique mental qualities (1988: 71).
3. Theory of Traits
The writer uses personality instead of characteristic because of the using of the approach is psychology. According to Jess and Gregory Feist in their book
Theories of Personality, characteristics are defined as unique qualities of an
individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence (2006: 4). In psychology term as it is stated by William Samuel in Personality:
Searching for the Sources of Human Behaviour , the word ‘personality’ is used
rather than ‘characteristics’ as it is stated “Both definitions use the words “characteristics” or “characterize”, and there appears to be agreement that personality implies some degree of individual uniqueness” (1981: 324).
Beside the use of the term, the relation between characteristics and personality are that personality is the main part and characteristics is the sub part.
It is said by Gerald Mathews in his book titled Personality Traits that if there is to be a specialty called personality, its unique and therefore defining characteristic is traits (2004: 325).
According to Larry A. Hjele and Daniel J. Ziegler’s book, any one person behaves in a consistent and different fashion from all others. Allport’s explanation of analysis” for representing what people are like and how they differ from one another behaviorally. In Allport’s system, traits themselves may be said to have “traits” or defining characteristics (1992: 287-289).
4. Theory of Personality Development Psychologists differ among themselves as to the meaning of personality.
Most agree that the world “personality” originated from the Latin persona, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. These ancient Roman actors wore a mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance. It is stated in Theories of Personality by Jess Gregory Feist (2006: 3). This surface view of personality, of course, is not an acceptable definition. When psychologists use the term “personality”, they are referring to something more than the role people play.
A person has stable personality and does not change easily and becomes the mark of that person as in Birth to Maturity, Kagan said that the concept of personality refers to the profile of stable beliefs, moods, and behaviors that differentiate among children (and adults) who live in a particular society (1962 : 211). This theory is as the same as the theory by Robert A Baron in Psychology defines personality as an individual’s unique and relatively stable patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions. In daily life, we generally act as though personality is a fact. We expect others to
However, some of psychologists try to argue those theories by making question like the quotation “Does such consistency really exist? Some psychologist have argued that is does not – that behavior is largely determined by external factors rather than by a stable traits or disposition” (1995: 342).
Therefore, the writer can conclude that the term personality has big possibility to be changed in different situation and might ignore the consistency.
Personality is “the distinctive patterns of behavior (including thoughts and emotions) that characterize each individual’s adaptation to the situation of his or her life.” (1981: 146). This theory wants to say that environment is the main part of the development of personality. People can change differently because of different environment.
When a person experiences kind of new environment, it is possible for her/him to develop her/his personality. This person actually can change. To support this theory, the writer also takes the quotation from Mischel and Soda in their article titled A Cognitive-Affective System Theory of Personality: Reconceptualizing the
Invariances in Personality and the Role of Situations, that far for being simply
encoded in the genes, much of personality is a flexible and dynamic thing that changes over the life span and is shaped by experience (1995 : 246).
In talk about literature, this has led to the development of a crude but useful terminological distinction of two sorts of characterization: "static" and "dynamic"(Lyman A. Baker, k-state.edu.com, 2010). This quotation shows the relation of literature and psychology that try to find the change in identity related to personality development in the main character. A character, so that it is not needed to be changed. Therefore, the dynamic character is useful to prove there might be a change of personality or just the development.
As Larry A. Hjelle and Daniel J. Ziegler state that most definitions emphasize the importance of viewing personality in terms of a life history, or developmental, perspective. Personality represents an evolving process subject to a variety of internal and external influences, including genetic and biological propensities, social experiences, and changing environmental circumstances. It shows that the word personality can be developed through the social experiences and changing environmental circumstances. The writer also finds the supporting theory by Carver and Scheier in Perspective on Personality say that personality is a dynamic organization, inside the person of psychophysical systems that create a person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings (2000: 5). In this study later on, the writer will prove it through the development of Bella Swan’s personality after mingle with Edward and Alice Cullen. In this case, we need the definition of development relating to the term of personality.
Kagan in Birth to Maturity states that “Development refers to the way in which humans grow and change over the course of their lives. Developmental processes include learning (nurture), which refers to environmental influence on the growth process”(1962: 211). In addition, Justin Pikunas in his book titled
Human Development: an Emergence Science also said that “development is a kind of process of growth, maturation, learning and achievement” (1976: 23). theory, the writer would like to prove Bella’s personality development is influenced by the environment surround her.
As Elizabeth B. Hurlock says, environmental sources of personality molding include the family, the school, the peer group, mass media, religion, and the person’s occupation. The relative importance of these molding sources varies from one age group to another and from one person to another (1974: 105).. In this case, Bella Swan is influenced by her peer. It is supported by Larry A. Hjelle and Daniel J. Ziegler that there is a personality formation including constitutional determinants, group membership determinants, role determinants, and situational determinants. The writer uses situational determinants as it says that the group of personality determinants is made up of the day-to-day experiences of the individual, which for the most part are capricious and unpredictable. Situational determinants may include things that have happened a thousand times as well as those that happen only once --- provided they are not uniform for a whole group.
Accordingly, this is an omnibus category of factors shaping personality. Including such diverse elements as interpersonal contacts of brief duration, family constellation (e. g., oldest in five-child family), friendships with particular individuals, and divorced parents (1981: 169).
In addition, the theory of personality development is stated by Elizabeth B. Hurlock that changes result not from physical changes per se, as the traditional belief imply, but rather from social and environmental conditions from the the writer concludes that personality development refers to process of growth, maturation, learning, and achievement from human’s uniqueness of their behavior.
C. Theoretical Framework
From the three problem formulations, the writer has some theory to support those problem formulations. The first and second questions try to find the answer about the description of personalities in those three characters; Bella Swan, Edward Cullen, and Alice Cullen. Therefore, the writer uses theory of character, as it tells about the static and dynamic character that will reveals Bella Swan, Edward, and Alice Cullen’s personalities.
How those three characters characterized will be helped by the theory of characterization and character. Another theory is the theory of psychology. The writer uses theory of traits. Theory of traits will help the writer to differentiate the term personality and characteristics. The word ‘traits’ is the same as the word ‘characteristics’. Theory of personality development will help the writer to prove the personality development of Bella Swan as the result of Edward and Alice’s Cullen’s influences.
In the third question, the writer uses theory of personality development as this theory will help the writer to describe the process of the influence of other characters toward Bella’s personality development. In the theories of personality
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The novel analyzed in the study is Twilight, which have gained worldwide
recognition and sold over 100 million copies globally, with translations into 37 different languages, such as Indonesian, Finland, Norway, Korean, Russian, Chinese, Thailand, The Czech Republic, Dutch, German, Japanese, Danish, and many more. This novel published by Hachette Book Group USA in 2005 (stepheniemeyer.com, 2010).
In 2008, the novel became film staring Kristen Stewart (Bella Swan) and Robert Pattinson (Edward Cullen) and won some awards, one of those are as the best movie according to 2009 MTV Movie Awards (stepheniemeyer.com, 2010)
Twilight tells about the girl named Bella Swan as the main character and
the narrator who has to move in Forks to live with her father. She finally meets boy named Edward who is actually a vampire. And the conflict occurs when Bella has to choose whether she wants to be vampire and living immortality or still be an ordinary human. The other conflict is that she has to fight with the other vampire named James who has purpose to revenge his friend’s murder. The significant thing in this story is about how Bella changes her personalities when she met Cullen’s family through her extraordinary experience with them.
B. Approach of the Study
The writer studies about the development characteristics through the novel as the representation and imitation of the reality as Huffman in Psychology in
Action says that the analysis of work of literature will concern about the belief that
great literature truthfully reflects life and is a realistic representation of human motivation and behavior. Psychological critics also focus on the creative process of the artist, the artist's motivation or behavior, or analyze fictional characters' motivations and behaviors. (1994: 10). Since it deals with characteristics development and the process in it, the writer will have to study the work of literature from the psychological point of view by analyzing the main character’s characteristics and the development. Related to psychological term, the writer will use the term personality instead of characteristics. Further, Huffman also stated that Psychological critics might choose to focus on the creative process of the artist, the artist's motivation or behavior, or analyze fictional characters' motivations and behaviors (1994: 10). Therefore, the writer will analyze the main character’s personality development as one of the concern of this criticism by using the psychological approach. In Reading and Writing about Literature, according to Rohrberger and Woods, the psychological approach is focused on psychological interpretation for entrancing the understanding and appreciation of literature (1971: 13).
This criticism is chosen to analyze this novel to see the personality development that happens toward Bella as the main character. The changing personality has relation with psychological term, that people have their own personality and that their personalities might change in the different circumstances. By using this approach, the writer also can describe the changing systematically.
C. Method of the Study
In collecting data and some theories, the writer used library research by choosing appropriate books and visiting library. The books being used are both from the field of literature and psychology to find the appropriate theories. Therefore, the writer used A Glossary of Literary Terms; Literature for
Composition: Essay, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama; Seventh Edition; Psychology in
Action ; Human Development: An Emergence Science; Birth to Maturity; An
Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama; Development in Adulthood;
Approach to Literature: An Introduction to Critical Study of Content and Method
in Writing; Personality: searching for the sources of human behavior;
Psychology ; Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the
English Novel for Overseas Students; Theory of Literature; Personality Traits,
Theory of Personality, Personality Theories: Basic Assumption, Research and
Applications; Personality Development; The Adolescent: Development,
In analyzing this study, there were some steps being used. The first step was by deciding the element being studied and later on the writer chose the characteristics development of Bella Swan. The second step was deciding the approach of the study. Since the writer focuses on the characteristics development, the approach being used was the psychological approach and the writer preferred to use the term “personality” to “characteristics”. The third step was making problem formulation. Those problems being formulated were the description of Bella’s personality development, the description of Edward and Alice Cullen’s personalities, and the influence of Edward and Alice Cullen toward Bella’s personality development. The next step was analyzing the problem formulation by elaborating the process of personality development as the result of the influence of other characters. The last step was making conclusion from the analysis.
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS In this chapter, the writer will elaborate the three problem formulations by
dividing those problems into three parts. The first part is to analyze Bella Swan’s personality and her personality development as well. Therefore, in this part, it will be divided into two parts; Bella Swan’s personality before and after mingling with the Cullens. The purpose is to show the previous personality and recent personality so that it can be easily compared. Answering the second problem formulation, the writer will analyze Edward and Alice Cullen’s each personality that will influence on Bella Swan’s personality development. This part will also be divided into two parts; Edward Cullen’s personality and Alice Cullen’s personality. The purpose is to differentiate the personality of Edward and Alice Cullen. The last problem formulation will be analyzed through the process how Edward and Alice Cullen’s personality influence Bella Swan’s personality development.
A. Bella Swan’s Personality before and after Mingling with Edward and
Alice CullenWilliam Samuel says the word ‘personality’ used rather than ‘characteristics’ as it is stated “Both definitions use the words “characteristics” or
Personality, as the conclusion, is someone’s character that has some characteristics as its support. Therefore, rather than talking about Bella Swan’s characteristics, this part will discuss about Bella Swan’s personality. The writer divides this part into two parts; it is Bella Swan’s personality before she meets Edward and Alice Cullen and Bella Swan’s personality after she meets Edward and Alice Cullen. The purpose is to make the comparison of time when Bella Swan has not yet mingled with Edward and Alice Cullen and finally has relationship with them. The writer will just put the personality that is developed in the end of the story.
1. Personality of Bella Swan before Mingling with Edward and Alice Cullen
Bella Swan is the major character in this novel. Since this novel is narrated by the first person point of view, Bella Swan becomes the most knowing person in the story. Therefore, it is easy to find her personality, mostly, through her thought as M.J. Murphy says in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to