THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANT ON BILL’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN SEWARD’S THE MACNEILS OF TOKYO
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANT ON BILL’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
IN SEWARD’S THE MACNEILS OF TOKYO AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By HADIARTO KURNIAWAN
Student Number: 034214055
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2008
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANT ON BILL’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
IN SEWARD’S THE MACNEILS OF TOKYO AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By HADIARTO KURNIAWAN
Student Number: 034214055
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2008
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
‘ Be t he best of anyt hing t hat you get int o. If you want t o be a
whore, it ’ s your l if e. Be a damn good one’ (Maya Angelou)How can one be wise man, if he does not know any better how to live than other man. (Henry David Thoreau) Ne ve r think tha t yo u a lre a d y kno w a ll.
Ho we ve r hig hly yo u a re a p p ra ise d , Alwa ys ha ve the c o ura g e to sa y to yo urse lf – I a m ig no ra nt
(Iva n Pa vlo v)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to: My Lord, Jesus Christ My beloved parents My dearest sister
My ‘Kakure Tenshi’
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
Praise to God that finally I finished my thesis. I would like to thank Jesus
Christ for his blessing throughout my life and for guiding me in writing and
completing my undergraduate thesis.My deepest gratitude goes to G. Fajar Sasmita Aji, S.S., M. Hum. for his help, guidance, patience, suggestions and time during the writing of my thesis. I also thank Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S., M. Hum., my co-advisor, for reading my undergraduate thesis and giving me suggestions in order to make it better.
Moreover, I thank all my lecturers for their guidance and their time to share their knowledge during years of my study and thanks to all staff of English Letters department, Sanata Dharma University library’s staff for all the help.
My deepest gratitude also goes for my beloved parents, Bapak Sumanto W.H. and Ibu Muryati W.H. Thank you for your love, prayer and patience.
Thanks to my beloved sister, Christmastuti Nur who always supports me to finish this thesis. Thanks a lot sis!.
My special thanks goes to Winning Eleven Community and Sastra FC especially Yeri, Cosmas, Lala, Ryan, Hemong, Yabes, Bayu, Thanks for all tricks and joy during the football game. Thank you so much for We Won’t Pay
crew, Prita, Susiet, Chubby, Wayan, Boim, Mbendhol, Dodi, Bayang, Tio, Novi, Rensi, Ella, Widhy, and Vallone. Thanks also to Nyot, Danik, Stella and English Letters students of 2003.
Hadiarto Kurniawan.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS…………………………………………….. 24 A. Characterization of Bill Macneil………………………………….
49 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………………. 54
C. The Most Significant Aspect which Influences Bill Macneil’s Personality Development…………………………………………..
4. Peer………………………………………………………………. 45
3. Family…………………………………………………………… 41
2. Social class……………………………………………………… 40
1. Culture………………………………………………………….. 37
29 B. Aspects of Environmental Determinants in Bill Macneil’s Personality Development…………………………………………. 37
24 2. During and After Bill Experienced World War II .………… ….
1. Before Bill Experienced World War II………..…………………
24
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………. i
APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………….. ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………. iii
MOTTO PAGE…………………………………………………………….. iv
DEDICATION PAGE……………………………………………………… v ACKNOWLEGEMENTS…………………………………………………. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….. vii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………… ix ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………. xCHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………. 1 A. Background of the Study……………………………………………
20 B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………
20 A. Object of the Study………………………………………………..
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………
13 C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………… 19
12 3. Theory on Personality and Personality Development………….
8 2. Theory on Relation between Psychology and Literature……..
8 1. Theory on Character and Characterization…………………….
6 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………….
4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW…………………………… 6 A. Review of Related Studies………………………………………….
3 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………….
1 B. Problem Formulation……………………………………………… 3 C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………………..
21 C. Method of the Study………………………………………………
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………. 57
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………. 59
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
HADIARTO KURNIAWAN. The Influence of Environmental Determinant on
Bill’s Personality Development in Seward’s the Macneils of Tokyo.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.In human personality, there is nobody in this world who shares the same personality. The diversity of the personalities can be influenced by heredity and environment. Environment determinants give the biggest contribution in shaping someone’s personality. The environmental determinants can be culture, social class, family and peer environment. Related with the statements above, the analysis will be focused on the influence of environmental determinants on Bill’s personality development. Bill’s traumatic incident in the past which is related to war is revealed after he faces the World War II and those conditions become the trigger of his personality development.
The objectives of the study are to answer three main problems. First, it is meant to identify Bill Macneil’s characteristics described in the novel. Second, it is meant to analyze what aspects of environmental determinant which influence Bill Macneil’s personality development presented in the novel. Third, it is meant to identify the most significant aspect of environmental determinant which influences his personality development.
This study applies library research to collect data relating to the topic of the study. This study also applies some theories to answer the questions stated in the problem formulation. They are the theory on character and characterization and the theory on personality and personality development. The writer also uses psychological approach because the focus of the study is analyzing the character’s personality development.
The analysis result shows Bill’s characteristics before and after the World War II. His characteristics before World War II can be described as a smart, humorous, and stubborn person. His characteristics during and after World War II can be described as a high tempered person, full of hatred and vengeance. He is also described as person who is able to read the situation well, a loyal and brave person. Bill Macneil’s personality development is influenced by the environmental determinant. Two aspects which give significant influences on Bill Macneil’s personality development are the family and peer environment, but the most significant aspect is the peer environment.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
HADIARTO KURNIAWAN. The Influence of Environmental Determinant on
Bill’s Personality Development in Seward’s the Macneils of Tokyo.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.Kepribadian manusia tidak ada yang sama didunia ini. Berbagai macam kepribadian dipengaruhi oleh faktor keturunan dan pengaruh dari lingkungan sekitarnya. Pengaruh-pengaruh lingkungan memberikan kontribusi terbesar dalam pembentukan kepribadian seseorang. Pengaruh-pengaruh lingkungan tersebut dapat berupa kebudayaan, strata sosial, keluarga dan teman. Berkaitan dengan pernyataan diatas, analisis ini akan dititikberatkan pada pengaruh lingkungan terhadap perkembangan kepribadian dari tokoh Bill Macneil. Pengalaman traumatis di masa lalu dari tokoh Bill Macneil yang berhubungan dengan perang akhirnya terkuak setelah Bill mengalami Perang Dunia ke 2. Kedua hal tersebut menjadi penyebab dari perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menjawab tiga permasalahan utama. Pertama, studi ini dimaksudkan untuk menggambarkan tokoh Bill Macneil di novel. Kedua, studi ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisa aspek-aspek dari pengaruh lingkungan yang mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian dari tokoh Bill Macneil seperti yang muncul di novel. Ketiga, studi ini dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi aspek dari pengaruh lingkungan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan kepribadian dari tokoh Bill Macneil.
Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka untuk menggumpukan data yang berhubungan dengan topik dari studi ini. Studi ini juga menggunakan beberapa teori yang digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang ada di rumusan masalah. Teori-teori yang digunakan adalah teori tentang tokoh dan penokohan dan teori tentang kepribadaian dan perkembangan kepribadian. Penulis juga menggunakan pendekatan psikologis karena fokus dari studi ini adalah untuk menganalisa perkembangan kepribadian dari seorang tokoh.
Hasil analisa menunjukan karakteristik dari tokoh Bill sebelum dan sesudah Perang Dunia ke 2. Karakter Bill sebelum Perang Dunia ke 2 dapat didiskripsikan sebagai orang yang cerdik, humoris, dan keras kepala. Karakter tokoh Bill selama dan sesudah Perang Dunia ke 2 dapat didiskripsikan sebagai pemarah, penuh kebencian dan dendam. Dia juga digambarkan sebagai seseorang yang pandai membaca keadaan, setia, dan pemberani. Perkembangan kepribadian dari tokoh Bill Macneil dipengaruhi oleh pengaruh lingkungan. Dua aspek yang memberikan pengaruh yang cukup signifikan terhadap perkembangan kepribadian dari tokoh Bill Macneil yaitu aspek keluarga dan teman, tapi yang paling sigifikan adalah aspek teman.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literature is affecting us in many things such as to entertain us, to please
us and to enrich our experiences of life. Literature also reflects the society of certain place and time and it has also the implication of human lives. Novel as a branch of literature also reflects life. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen:
An Introduction to English Poetry and Novel for Overseas Students states that just
as life is a mixture of joy, disappointment, hope, sorrow, humor, suffering, success, so the greatest novels reflect life (1972: 133). By reading novels, we can learn new things in order to enrich our experiences in life. Moreover, there are many aspects that we can learn, one of them is about the variety of human personalities through the characters in novel.
In human personality, there is nobody in this world who shares the same personality. Each person has his or her own personality, and it will be different from one another. Consequently, an author of a literary work will not create characters with the same personalities. Every character has his or her own personality, and this kind of idea makes each character has his or her uniqueness. The diversity of the personalities may be shaped by several psychological aspects such as heredity and environment. According to Pervin and John in their book
th
Personality Theory and Research 7 edition state that there are two determinants;
they are genetic and environmental determinant. Environmental determinant gives
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2 the biggest contribution towards someone’s personality. Environmental determinant consists of culture, social class, family and peers (1997: 9).
The Macneils of Tokyo written by Jack Seward, depicts how the environmental determinant plays an important role in the character’s personality.
The setting of the novel is in 1941 until 1945 or during World War II era especially in Tokyo, Japan and the novel tells the story of some Macneil descendants, especially Bill Macneil, the oldest son of Neil Macneil. Bill Macneil is an American who lives in Japan since he was a child and until his adolescence.
He has a family which is a mixture of American and Japanese. He has a Japanese step mother, a Japanese American sister and brother. Bill speaks Japanese as fluent as he speaks English. The combination of these two cultures gives significant effects in shaping his personality.
Bill Macneil as one of the dynamic characters in the novel is described as a person with unique personality. Bill is the son and the heir of a successful Family Corporation in Japan. In general, he can be considered as a person who has high social class. Another environmental determinant which influences Bill Macneil’s personality is the family. Each member of the Macneil family gives their contribution in shaping Bill’s personality.
The last environmental determinant that plays an important role in shaping Bill’s personality is peer environment. Peer environment can be an experience outside home. The experience itself can be in the past or in the present. In his past life, Bill has a traumatic experience, his childhood’s lover; Ellen Wood is raped by the Japanese soldier. The incident changes Bill Macneil’s view towards the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3 Japanese, Bill’s hatred towards the Japanese starts to grow. In other words, Bill Macneil’s traumatic experience and his experience during World War II have changed his belief and attitude especially towards the Japanese. In the war, Bill sees the cruelty of the Japanese soldier and it only increases his hatred on the Japanese.
By reading Jack Seward’s The Macneils of Tokyo, the reader can learn that the environmental determinant is the main role in shaping someone’s personality.
In this thesis, the writer wants to analyze the influence of the environmental determinant towards Bill Macneil’s personality development.
B. Problem Formulation
There are three problems raised in this analysis. They are:
1. How is Bill Macneil characterized in the novel?
2. What are the aspects of environmental determinant which influence Bill Macneil’s personality development?
3. What is the most significant aspect of environmental determinant that greatly shapes Bill Macneil’s personality?
C. Objectives of the Study
This thesis furthermore, aims to give and provide the answer of the questions that is stated in the problem formulation above. First, it is meant to identify Bill Macneil’s characteristic described in the novel. Second, it is meant to analyze what aspects of environmental determinant which influences Bill
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4 Macneil’s personality development presented in the novel. Third, it is meant to identify the most significant aspect of environmental determinant which influences his personality development.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Personality and Personality Development
Personality is somebody’s set of characteristics, the totality of somebody’s attitudes, interests, behavioral patterns, emotional responses, social roles, and other individual traits that endure over long period of time (Webster, 2005:1083). According to International Encyclopedia of Psychology, personality is defined as the unique combination of thought, feelings, and behavior that make the individual distinct from others (1996: 1228). In Hurlock’s Personality Development, Allport defines that personality development is a stage in growth of constantly changing and evoking processes within an individual. Furthermore, it determines his or her uniqueness in speech, in relations to people and things, in mannerism, in fantasy, and in other ways directed towards the specific goal to adjust to his or her environment (1974:7).
2. Environmental Determinant
Environmental is something related to the environment (Webster, 2005: 479). While determinant is the factor that causes or influences something (Webster, 2005: 392).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5 According to Pervin and John in their book Personality Theory and
th
Research 7 edition state that there are two determinants, they are genetic and
environmental determinant. Environmental determinant gives the biggest contribution towards someone’s personality. Environmental determinant consists of culture, social class, family and peers (1997: 9)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies In the absorbing, epic tradition of The Winds of War, the Macneils of Tokyo is novel of war, passion, and divided family loyalties. The Macneil family
is torn apart by the horrors of war, which is consuming Asia as strife, intrigue, and romance inevitably follow. The Macneils of Tokyo is a storytelling gem from a prolific author, a perfect beach read for all lovers of family sagas, historical fiction, and gripping adventure novels.
<http://www.powells.com/biblio?show=TRADE%20PAPER:NEW:97808048323 66:14.95# reviews> (13 March 2008)
The Macneils of Tokyo is a compelling story of the victims caught in the
maelstrom, and a sad testimony of the survivors who have managed to endure and it is about the Macneil family who is torn by war. The Macneils of Tokyo is mostly about the Japanese tradition, culture and society. Furthermore, Seward combines intrigue, romance, and adventure in World War II especially in Japan. (Editor’s Note on The Macneils of Tokyo).
A review about the author can be seen from Raymond G. Wilson. He says that living more than 25 years in Japan, Seward knows it all well and has a lively gift with words. The Macneils of Tokyo sets the stage for this later period and is equally delightful, maybe better. The Macneils of Tokyo will be appreciated especially by those who have walked the streets and alleys of Tokyo; but watch
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7 out for the myth of Japan's atomic bomb. It's an inspiring book and it will be wonderful if young people read it.
<http://www.amazon.ca/gp/cdp/member-reviews/AJ8UX2AWXM45Q/Raymond
G. Wilson> (28 January 2008) Asima Yuliana Hutajulu (2005), in her undergraduate thesis, analyzes about the influence of family towards Button Franzon’s personality development in Thyra Ferre Bjorn’s Papa’s Daughter. Her thesis has similar topic with the writer, but it is on the different novel. She says that personality development especially Button Franzon’s is influenced by her family’s background. Button is described as an introvert and melancholic person, but after she experiences personality development because of her family background, Button becomes an extrovert and sanguine person.
This study will try to find out that there are many aspects that can influence someone’s personality. In other word, this study is meant to reveal Bill Macneil’s personality development and the factors which influence his personality development. Since the novel is about the story of some Macneil descendants especially Bill Macneil, his participation in World War II, and how he sees Japanese after his past experiences that happened to him in Nanking. Bill Macneil is a unique character; his personality develops after facing several events in his life. There are many factors which can influence someone’s personality; one of them is through environmental determinant. In this study, the writer wants to show the aspects of environmental determinant which influence Bill Macneil’s personality development.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
B. Review on Related Theories
1. Theory on Character and Characterization
In his book, A Glossary of Literary Terms, M.H. Abrams defines that as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by the readers as being endowed with a moral and disposition quality that are expressed in what they say (through dialogue), and by what they do (through actions) (1981:20). From the definition, the writer’s intention is to see the character’s quality through his speech and actions towards the other characters in the novel.
The author sometimes do not simply tell the readers what the characters in the work of art really are, but they give the reader chances to observe it by themselves.
According to Little is his book Approach of Literature, states that there are three steps to study character. First is from a person’s basic characteristics. These can be seen from physical condition of the character including a person age, social relationship that means the personal relationship with other characters, and the mental qualities, which is the typical ways of thinking, feeling, and acting (1981: 93).
Second is from a person’s appearance from various points of view. These include how a character sees himself, how various other characters see him, and how a person develops or fails to develop during the course of the story.
Third is from a person’s place in the works. It means the treatment of the author (sketched or fully rounded, a portrayed descriptively or dramatically,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9 treated sympathetically or unsympathetically), a person’s place in the story (a leading character or minor one), and a person’s relationship to theme.
Perrine in his book Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry divides character based on their development or changes. There are some characters that are capable to grow or develop they are called dynamic characters. The developments of these characters include personalities or outlooks from the beginning to the end of the story. The change maybe for better or worse, large or small, but it is something important or basic. There are also some stories in which the characters remain stable and have the same role at the end of the story as the beginning. They are described without any details and they are not changed by circumstances. They are called static characters (1974:71).
While characterization, according to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods in Reading and Writing about Literature is a character which has particular personalities and physical attributes that differs them from other characters, that is shaped by the process of an author creates a characters themselves (1971:20)
M.J. Murphy, in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to
English Poetry and Novel for Overseas Students describes some examples of a
few of the ways in which the author attempts to make his characters more understandable, and come alive, for readers, so that the readers know and understand what sort of people they are (1972:161-173):
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10 a. Personal description.
The author can describe a person’s physical appearance and clothes. Here the readers are given the telling details, for example about the face, skin, eyes, and the clothing, a description of a certain character springs immediately into focus in reader’s mind and eyes.
b. Character as seen by another.
Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him trough the eyes and opinions of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image.
c. Speech.
The author can give the reader an insight into the character of one of the person in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the reader some clue to his character.
d. Past life.
By letting the reader learn about a person’s past life, the author can give the reader a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or by the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of others.
The author can give the reader clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things that they say about them.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11 f. Reactions.
The reader also can get the person’s character by knowing how that person reacts to various situations and events.
g. Direct comment.
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.
h. Thoughts.
The author can give the reader the direct knowledge of what person is thinking of. In this aspect he is able to do what the reader can not do in real life which is he can tell the reader what different people are thinking. In the novel, we accept this. The reader then is in privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in the novel. i. Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerisms or habits which may also tell us something about his character.
According to Richard M. Eastman in his book entitled A guide to the
Novel, characterization is divided into three elements, which are the selective
development, the moral stature and the psychology.Selective development refers to the way the author describes the characters. It is done through the term “flatness” and “roundness”. The flatness of character intends for portraying a character when he is more a type than an individual (1965: 17). The flat character is not likely to engage in inner conflicts, he is unlikely to change, he is static, and his responses are predictable. A round
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12 character acquires his own traits that define him as a person. He is in tension, he is also dynamic (1965: 18). The roundness of the character aims to gain the readers’ sympathy because they illustrate the uncertainly, the sufferings, and the needs they face.
Moral stature is the element within the characters that involve the readers’ attentions. The goodness and the badness of the characters are measured by the readers through popular morality as a reference. It depends on the tendency towards such virtues and vices and the powers or the properties that the characters can bring to bear in doing good or evil (1965: 20).
Psychology is the element of the character in which a character must be described to have a mental life from which his choices are generated in some connected way. The traits of the character‘s mental life have much to do with his vitally and authenticity, and it affects the reader’s engagement with him. In analyzing the character’s mental life, the precise questions to rise refer to the main desires or traits that move him and the opposing traits that put him under strain (1965: 23).
2. Theory on the Relation between Psychology and Literature
According to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in their book Theory of
Literature define the psychology of literature as “the psychological study of the
writer as a type of individual, or the study of the psychological types and laws presented within the works of literature, or finally, the effects of literature upon its readers”(1956: 81). They also state that the psychology can enlighten the creative
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 process of a work of literature. Characters in novels and plays are judged to be ‘physiologically’ true. In other words that the characters need to be depicted as real creatures that have real personalities.
Kalish states in The Psychology of Human Behavior that literature holds the mirror up to the man. This sentence means that an author make the characters seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the psychologist attempt to describe. The authors can use the understanding provided by psychologist to enrich the characteristics of the characters and psychologist can gain their understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity from good author (1974: 8). From the statements above, the relationship between literature and psychology is closely related, because the characters in the literature have psychological side. In other words, it can be said that the analysis of literary works may reflect certain psychological aspects. There are many psychological aspects which we can learn from characters in the literature especially in novel, but in this study, the writer only focuses on one psychological aspect which is personality development caused by the environmental determinant.
3. Theory on Personality and Personality Development
According Hurlock in his book Personality Development, she stated that personality is derived from Latin word, persona, which means ‘mask’. Among the Greeks, actors used mask to hide their identity on stage. This dramatic technique
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 was later adopted by the Romans to whom persona denoted ‘as one appears to others,’ not as one actually is (1974: 6).
As Hall and Lindzey state in Theories of Personality, an adequate understanding of human behaviors will develop from the study of the whole person. An individual personality can be assessed by the effectiveness with which he is able to conduct positive reaction from variety of person under different circumstances. These statements assure us that personality may be comprehended by examining an individual’s behavior (1957: 6).
Medinnus and Johnson state in their book Child and Adolescent
Psychology: Behavior and Development, Personality development is ‘the
changing of basic attitudes and beliefs’. When an individual lives in the family and environment, he or she happens to deal with the morals or values in the society. He or she considers the ethics of his community and larger society, the wishes of the family, and the attitudes of his friends to be applied to him or herself. Sometimes the casual opinions of family and society or others greatly disturb this person, and after considering the views of others and trying out roles, this person may change his attitudes or views. This happens to be the development of someone’s personality (1969:550).
According to Allport in Hurlock’s Personality Development, personality development is a stage in growth of constantly changing and evoking processes within an individual. Furthermore, it determines his or her uniqueness in speech, in relations to people and things, in mannerism, in fantasy, and in other ways directed towards the specific goal to adjust to his or her environment (1974: 7).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 Hurlock in Personality Development states that human life consists of two aspects, which are individual and social aspects. For the individual aspects, it is concerned with physical changes and human’s personality development. Human’s personality development itself is influenced by two factors. First is human’s early experience within family. Second is important events happening outside the home (1974: 19-20).
Cole in his book entitled Psychology of Adolescence states that personality is not merely fixed by heredity. Sometimes, it is influenced and supported by the environmental pressures. It is also quickly affected by illness, decease or unusual emotional strain (1956: 156). His opinion about the personality is not merely fixed by the heredity is supported by Pervin and John. They state in their book
th
Personality Theory and Research 7 edition state that there are two determinants;
they are genetic or heredity and environmental determinant. There are difficulties in fundamental scientific study on human heredity since the experiments are barred by our moral code. Environmental determinant gives the biggest contribution towards someone’s personality. Environmental determinant consists of culture, social class, family and peers (1997: 9) First is culture. Someone’s experiences in a particular culture are significant environmental determinant. By having these experiences, someone will have a certain personality characteristic. It is because of cultural diversity influences every aspects of our existence. For examples, it influences the way we define our needs, our experiences of different emotions, the way we express what we are feeling, also our relationship with others and with ourselves (1997: 11). All
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16 that a person does is culturally determined. This powerful influence of culture has attained maximum effect. Frustrations and negative feelings often occur as they face cultural rules and expectations. The significance of a culture in determining behavior is seen in the concept of ‘social clocks’. Not only culturally determined behavior become a part of the individual in certain time (Corsini, 1994: 369).
Second is social class. Social classes, whether lower class or upper class, working class or professional, also has an important role in shaping our personality. Social class factors help people to determine their own status, the roles they perform, the duties they are bound to, and the privileges they enjoy.
These factors influence how individuals see themselves and how they recognize members of other social classes. The same as cultural factors, social factors also influence the way people define situations and the way they respond to them (1997: 11). All known societies have some type of stratification system that represents the hierarchical arrangement of status, prestige, resources, privileges, and power within society. Social classes are the relatively homogenous groupings that share similar levels of status and resources in the stratification system. Each class tends to develop its own ideology and social norms. As a result, social classes may differ on characteristics ranging from parenting style to political ideas.
Third is family. Parents may be warm and loving or hostile and rejecting, overprotective or possessive or aware of their children’s need for freedom and autonomy. Parents may also influence their children’s behavior through three ways; through their own behavior, they serve as role models for identification, and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17 they selectively reward behavior. Home or family is a person primary environment from the day he was born until the day he dies. While it may change over the years, marriage, divorce, death, and birth of new members, the family unit and pattern of living that meets the needs of its members remain relatively constant. Directly, the family influences come from identification, from unconscious imitation of attitudes, behavior patterns, and from the mirror image of self one develops by viewing oneself through the eyes of family members (1997: 12). According to Kalish in his book The Psychology of Human Behavior states that family’s influence could be observed in these both direct and indirect influences. (i) Direct influence
The direct influence came from the child training methods which were used by the parents to shape the personality patterns or form communication of interesting attitudes and values between family members. Parents might direct their children to adapt to their new situations and told them to behave well towards people or other living thing around him (1974: 352). (ii) Indirect influence The indirect influence came from the identification with the family members whom the children admire, respect, and love. It also came from people whom the children either consciously or unconsciously imitate. It happened commonly during early years of life when the children were still in young ages.
Children might easily imitate their parents whom they were constantly associated with (1974: 353).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18 The last environmental determinant is peer environment. Sometimes we find that people from the same family have different personality. It is because they have different experiences outside home (1997: 13). Someone’s experience can be in the past or in the present and the experience itself can be good or bad. The past time experience which can influence someone’s personality can be the traumatic one, such as being a victim of sexual abuse or facing a horrible event like world war. Variety of traumatic experiences may leave their impressions on a child’s future development. Freud in Pervin and John’s Personality Theory and Research
th
7 edition states that one’s early events in life are important for his personality
development (1997: 104). People might find that the effects of traumatic experiences are different from one to another. It is because those effects depend on personal characteristic.
However, the role of early experiences might also depend on the intensity of particular experiences, their duration, and the level to which contradictory experiences occurred earlier and later. Besides influencing someone’s personality, past experiences are also influencing someone’s behavior. Someone’s present behavior can be influenced by experiences in the remote past or the recent past, and those experiences might have long lasting effects in shaping someone’s personality (1997: 107).
In this study, the writer will use those theories of personality and personality development to analyze Bill Macneil’s personality development and what aspects of environmental determinant which influences his personality development.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
C. Theoretical Framework
In the previous chapter, there are three problems to analyze in order to discuss the personality development of the character Bill Macneil in Jack Seward’s The Macneils of Tokyo. The first problem formulation is about the characteristics of Bill Macneil. In order to answer this question, the theories of character and characterization are used to describe Bill Macneil’s character.
The theories of personality and personality development will be used to analyze Bill Macneil’s personality development and to identify the aspects of environmental determinant that influences his personality development.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of Study The novel is written by Jack Seward entitled The Macneils of Tokyo. It
consists of 34 chapters and one chapter of prologue and epilogue. In the novel the author presents the story in 247 pages. It was published in 2000 by Tuttle Publishing Boston. The Macneils of Tokyo is a novel of intrigue, romance, and adventure in World War II Japan and China, is a lively continuation of Jack Seward’s acclaimed novel The Macneils of Nagasaki. Treading the fine line between historical fiction and historical interpretation, Seward follows the Macneil family, long established in Japan, through the World War II fires of conflicting loyalties and allegiances, duties and desires, violence and destruction.
In Seward’s biography, the author of the Macneils of Tokyo, Jack Seward an American who lives in Japan for 55 years, has written 44 books, including textbooks, novels, travel guides, and cultural commentaries on Japan. In 1986, the Emperor of Japan awarded him the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Third Class, for a lifetime of contribution to Japanese-American friendship.
The story is started when Bill Macneil, an American who is born and spends most his time in Japan, has a terrible incident. The Japanese soldier rapes his childhood’s lover, Ellen Wood. After the incident, Bill thinks only about revenge towards the Japanese. He hates the Japanese although he has born and spends most of his time in Japan. After the United States declares war against