A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING IN PULSA TABLOID A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  

A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

  

IN PULSA TABLOID

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho

Student Number: 041214063

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  

A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

  

IN PULSA TABLOID

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho

Student Number: 041214063

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  

A Thesis on

A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

IN PULSA TABLOID

  

By

Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho

Student Number: 041214063

  

Approved by

Sponsor

Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd. Date 23 May 2011

  

A Thesis on

A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

  IN PULSA TABLOID

  

By

ANTONIUS YULISTYO ADI NUGROHO

Student Number: 041214063

Defended before the Board of Examiners

on 8 June 2011

and Declared Acceptable

  

Board of Examiners

Chairperson :

  C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. ____________

Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. ____________

Member : Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd. ____________

Member : Christina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd. ____________

Member :

  C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. ____________ Yogyakarta, 8 June 2011 Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University

Dean,

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work

or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the

references, as a scientific paper should.

  

Yogyakarta, 20 May 2011

The Writer

Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho

041214063 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho

  Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214063

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

A STUDY ON BAHASA INDONESIA-ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING

  

IN PULSA TABLOID

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya

maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 12 Juni 2011 Yang menyatakan (Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

Nugroho, Antonius Yulistyo Adi. 2011. A Study on Bahasa Indonesia-English

Code-Switching in Pulsa Tabloid. Yogyakarta: English Language Education

Study Programme, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of

Teachers Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University.

  This study was conducted to analyze a sociolinguistic phenomenon,

namely, Bahasa Indonesia-English code-switching in Pulsa tabloid. This study

attempted to solve two research problems. They were (1a) what are the types of

code-switching used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition

163? (1b) what is the type of code-switching that is most frequently used by the

writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163? And (2) what are the

possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers in

the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163?

  This study was classified as a document or content analysis and it used

qualitative approach to analyse the data because the analyzed data were in form of

descriptive explanation. This study used statistical data as a help in describing the

research data.

  The source of the research data was the feature article of Pulsa tabloid

edition 163. The selection of the source of the data was based on the highest

frequency of code-switching cases in Pulsa tabloid edition 163. The data used in

the study was the code-switching cases in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid

edition 163.

  To solve the first research problem, this study used the theory from

McCormick (2001). Two tables were created based on McCormick’s theory

(1994). The first table (see table 3.1) was used to identify the types of code-

switching and the second table (see table 3.2) was used to show the frequency of

the discovered code-switching type. For the first research problem, it was

discovered that there were five types of code-switching, namely, single-word

code-switching, phrase code-switching, sentence code-switching, diglossic code-

switching and integrated loanwords code-switching. It was also discovered that

the single-word code-switching was the type of code-switching that was most

frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.

  To solve the second research problem, a guideline was created (see table

3.3). This guideline was adopted from Hoffman (1991). There were seven reasons

based on the Hoffmann’s theory (1991). This guideline was used to calculate the

occurrences of the possible reasons for the type of code-switching that was most

frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.

Besides that, to determine the possible reasons, the verification of one of the

writers of Pulsa tabloid was also used. For the research problem number two, it

was discovered that there were only three possible reasons. They were (1) a

particular topic that can trigger to the use of code-switching, (2) quoting

somebody else, and (3) code-switching was used to express solidarity and group identity. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

Nugroho, Antonius Yulistyo Adi. 2011. A Study on Bahasa Indonesia-English

Code-Switching in Pulsa Tabloid. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa

Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu

Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa sebuah fenomena sosiolinguistik, yaitu alih-kode Bahasa Indonesia-Bahasa Inggris di tabloid Pulsa. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab dua pokok permasalahan, yaitu: (1a) apa tipe-tipe alih-kode yang digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa

edisi 163? (1b) apa tipe alih-kode yang paling sering digunakan oleh penulis di

artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163? Dan (2) apa saja kemungkinan alasan

untuk alih-kode yang paling sering digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163?

  Penelitian ini diklasifikasikan sebagai dokumen atau konten analisis dan

menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisis data. Penelitian ini

menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif karena data yang dianalisis adalah dalam

bentuk penjelasan deskriptif. Studi ini menggunakan data statistik sebagai bantuan untuk mendeskripsikan data penelitian.

  Sumber data yang digunakan adalah artikel feature dari tabloid Pulsa edisi

163. Pemilihan sumber data ini berdasarkan dari frekuensi tertinggi dari kasus

alih-kode yang ada di tabloid Pulsa edisi 163. Data yang digunakan dalam studi

ini adalah kasus-kasus alih-kode yang ada di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163.

  Untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama, penelitian ini menggunakan teori

dari McCormick (2001). Dua tabel dibuat berdasarkan teori dari McCormick

(2001). Tabel pertama (lihat tabel 3.1) digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe

alih-kode dan tabel kedua (lihat tabel 3.2) digunakan untuk memperlihatkan

frekuensi dari tipe-tipe alih-kode yang ditemukan. Untuk permasalahan pertama, ditemukan bahwa ada lima tipe alih-kode, yaitu, single-word code-switching,

phrase code-switching, sentence code-switching, diglossic code-switching and

integrated loanwords code-switching . Ditemukan juga bahwa tipe single-word

code-switching adalah tipe alih-kode yang paling sering digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163.

  Untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua, sebuah pedoman dibuat (lihat tabel 3.3) yang diadopsi dari Hoffmann (1991). Ada tujuh alasan berdasarkan teori dari

Hoffmann (1991). Pedoman ini digunakan untuk menghitung kemunculan dari

kemungkinan alasan untuk tipe alih-kode yang sering digunakan oleh penulis di artikel feature tabloid Pulsa edisi 163. Selain itu, untuk menentukan kemungkinan alasan, verifikasi dari salah satu penulis tabloid Pulsa juga digunakan. Untuk permasalahan nomor dua, ditemukan bahwa hanya ada tiga kemungkinan alasan,

yaitu: (1) topik tertentu yang dapat memicu penggunaan alih-kode, (2) mengutip

orang lain, dan (3) alih-kode digunakan untuk menunjukan solidaritas dan identitas kelompok. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank God because of his blessings I can finish

my thesis. I would like to address my deepest gratitude to my parents, Bapak

  

Sebastianus Sunarto (Alm.) and Ibu Christina Srinulari. I would like to thank

them for the supports during my days when I was working on my thesis. I would

like to give a special thank to my mother who has been patiently waiting for my

graduation. I thank my sisters, Armela Hantinawati for encouraging me to finish

my thesis and Theodula Betty Vebriliana for giving me a lot of ideas during the

completion of my thesis. I thank my brother, Yustinus Lastiko Putro for giving

me the spirit to keep struggling with my thesis. I thank my brothers in law,

Yohanes Endy Purnama and Immanuel Herry Susanto for the support given to

me.

  My deepest gratitude also goes to my thesis sponsor, Dr. Retno Muljani,

M.Pd. I would like to thank her for the discussion, patience, guidance,

suggestions, criticism, and the willingness to spare the time during her busy days.

  

I thank Drs. Concilianus Laos Mbato, M.A., who had become my previous

thesis sponsor. I also thank Ouda Teda Ena, S.Pd., M.Pd., for giving me the

enlightenment.

  I also would like to thank all the lecturers and secretary staffs of the

English Language Education Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University for

the valuable lectures and the warm services. I also thank all library and Lembaga

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  

Bahasa staffs of Sanata Dharma University for their services during my study and

my days finishing the thesis.

  I would like to thank all my friends in English Language Education Study

Programme of Sanata Dharma University class of 2004 for the unforgettable,

surprising and wonderful moments. I send my best regard to MOSS group

(Kenyar, Putri, Retha, Festy, Haris, and Vonny) for the great and valuable

experience. I also would like to thank the play performance teammates (Hana

Yuditha, Flora, Danti, Retha, Dede, Haris, Dias, Dito, Mbak Varo, Siska,

Prima, Vonny, Heni, Hyacintha, Witri, Twedy, Orly, Anas, Agung, Marshel,

and Berta) “Cleopatra” for the togetherness and the precious moments. I would

like to express my gratitude to Agung, Ana and Prima for sharing information

and suggestion during the completion of my thesis. I also thank my Muntilan

friend Hana Fitria for every step that we are through together.

  I do not forget to send my thanks to the headmistress, teachers, staffs and

the students of SMP Marganingsih Muntilan for giving me the chance to teach

there. It was a very valuable experience to develop my teaching skill.

  I would like to thank the family of SMKK Pius X Magelang for giving me and my mother a place to stay during the eruption of Merapi Volcano.

  Finally, I would like to show my gratitude to everyone who has involved during my time finishing my study.

  Antonius Yulistyo Adi Nugroho

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE.................................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGES...................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY............................................... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ........................................................... v ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... vi ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................... xiii LIST OF APPENDICES................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................

  1 A. Background of the Study....................................................

  1 B. Problem Formulation..........................................................

  6 C. Problem Limitation.............................................................

  6 D. Research Objectives...........................................................

  8 E. Research Benefits...............................................................

  8 F. Definition of Terms............................................................

  9

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..............................

  10 A. Theoretical Description......................................................

  10 1. Sociolinguistics.............................................................

  10 2. Code-Switching............................................................

  12 a. Definitions of Code-Switching...............................

  12 b. Types of Code-Switching.......................................

  14 c. Reasons for Code-Switching..................................

  17 B. Theoretical Framework.......................................................

  17 C. Description of Pulsa Tabloid..............................................

  18 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY................................................................

  21 A. Research Method................................................................

  21 B. Research Sources of the Data.............................................

  23 C. Research Instruments..........................................................

  23 D. Data Gathering Technique..................................................

  24 E. Data Analysis Technique....................................................

  24 F. Research Procedures...........................................................

  27 CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS..................

  29 A. Data Presentation................................................................

  29

  1. The Types of Code-Switching Used by the Writers in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163....................................………………………….....

  29

  2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching that is Most

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Frequently Used by the Writers in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163...............………..….…...

  31 B. Data Discussion..................................................................

  33

  1. The Types of Code-Switching Used by the Writers in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163…………………............................................…….

  33

  2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching that is Most Frequently Used by the Writers in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163..............................……

  40 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS..............................

  45 A. Conclusions........................................................................

  45 B. Suggestions.........................................................................

  48 REFERENCES...............................................................................................

  50 APPENDICES................................................................................................

  52

  

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Table of the Types of Code-Switching……………………..……........

  3.2 Table of the Frequency of Code-Switching Cases…………..….….....

  3.3 The Guideline to Calculate the Occurrences of the Possible Reasons

for Code-Switching in the Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition

163 (Adapted from Hoffmann, 1991)……………………..…....….....

  4.1 The frequency of code-Switching cases in the feature articles….........

  4.2 The Occurrences of the Possible Reasons for Code-Switching in the

Feature Article of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163 (Adapted from

Hoffmann, 1991)……………………………………………......….....

  25

  25

  26

  31

  32 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page Appendix 1 Copy of the Cover Page of Pulsa Tabloid Edition 163...........

  53 Appendix 2 Copy of One of the Feature Articles of Pulsa Tabloid edition 163............................................................................................

  54 Appendix 3 Copy of the Verification of One of the Writers of Pulsa Tabloid.....................................................................................

  55 Appendix 4 The Summary of Data Analysis...............................................

  56

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter presents detailed information about six main points. The first

  

is the background of the problems that leads to the study. The second is the

formulation of the problems addressed in the study. The third is the limitation of

the problems that will make this study more specific. The fourth is the research

objectives of the study. The fifth is the benefits of the study that tell us about the

advantages of this study, and the last one is the definition of terms used in this

study.

A. Background of the Study

  In this century, technology has developed further. It has developed far

enough and people in this century obtain the positive benefit of it. With

technology, people are able to have a practical and orderly life. One of the

technologies that have developed further is mobile phone. Mobile phone helps

people to stay connected with the person they know. It also enables them to

communicate with others wirelessly. Today, mobile phone has been growing

further and it has become sophisticated technology with further innovation, such

as to play mp3 files, videos files, to record videos, and many others. In other

words, mobile phone has become one of the important things in human’s life

because mobile phone can function to replace several devices such as digital

camera and mp3 player without leaving its main function that is to communicate.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  With the fast growing of mobile phone technology and variety, there

should be a third party to provide information about it. The third party is

important for the makers of mobile phones to promote their newest device to their

consumers. In Indonesia, one of the third parties providing the information about

mobile phones is Pulsa tabloid. Pulsa tabloid gives people the information about

the latest technology, variety, and the prices and specification of mobile phones

hitting the Indonesian market. Since the content of Pulsa tabloid is about mobile

phones information, the target readers of Pulsa tabloid then are people who need a

reliable source for mobile phone specification and price also detail information

about new mobile phones. They can be teenagers or middle-age people. In this

study, the subject of the study is Pulsa tabloid. It becomes the subject of the study

because it is popular in Indonesia and it uses many English words in the articles

compared to the other tabloids that serve information about mobile phone.

  There are many reasons why people are eager to read Pulsa tabloid. First,

it can be the needs of the readers to find reliable information about mobile phone

specification and price. Second, it can be the presentation of Pulsa tabloid that

uses colourful visualization to attract the readers. Third, it can be the content of

Pulsa tabloid that contains valuable articles of mobile phones that are so

interesting for the readers. Fourth, it can be the language used by the writers of

Pulsa tabloid to attract the readers to read Pulsa tabloid, and so on. In addition,

there are still many interesting features to attract the readers to read Pulsa tabloid.

  There is an interesting feature in Pulsa tabloid. The interesting feature is

the use of language of the writer of Pulsa tabloid in writing the articles. There will

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  

be words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences from the English language

juxtaposed with the Indonesian words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences to

construct a new language expression. For examples, 1. “Khusus saat weekend, jumlah pembeli naik lebih besar dari biasanya”

  (2009: 21). 2. “Let me do facebook, MSN, push email, you tube, flickr, internet browser, and GPS faster” (2009: 21).

  There are two examples that are presented. The two examples are taken

from Pulsa tabloid edition 166. For the first example, there is an English word

juxtaposes with sentence in Bahasa Indonesia. For the second example, the

researcher finds the example in the advertisement of Pulsa tabloid edition 166. It

shows that it is completely using English sentence to promote a product. From the

two examples, it can be highlighted that the juxtaposition action needs at least two

different languages. In this case, the languages are English and Bahasa Indonesia.

  In bilingual or multilingual situation, a person has the ability to use two or

more languages in daily life communication. This situation is similar to what

happens in Indonesia. Indonesia, as a developing country that has various cultures

and races, is expected to have the characteristics of bilingual or multilingual

situation. For example, Tanner (1967) says “there is a small group of Indonesian

graduate students and their families living in United States. Among them these

students knew nine different languages, with nearly everyone knowing Indonesian

(Bahasa Indonesia), Javanese, Dutch, and English.” More, Tanner (1967) says

that the students use English to discuss their academic work and use Bahasa

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Indonesia for the common activities. Tanner (1967), through his example,

describes that Indonesia has the characteristics of bilingual or multilingual

situation. He takes an example from Indonesian graduate students that know

Bahasa Indonesia , English, Javanese, and Dutch. They use each language for

different situation. This example indicates that the community in Indonesia has

the characteristic of multilingual situation.

  To be a bilingual or multilingual permits a person to switch language. This

may happen because one person can speak two or more languages and in a certain

situation someone may switch a code for a different situation. Code-switching

occurs between the first language and the second language or other languages the

person acquired. In Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia acts as a first language and

English acts as a foreign language. In such situation, Indonesian native speakers

prefer to juxtapose words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences from English to

words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences from Indonesia to create an effective

communication and to smooth the information transfer. In recognizing this

phenomenon, the researcher refers to sociolinguistics to obtain the exact term for

this phenomenon. In sociolinguistics, this phenomenon is recognized as code-

switching.

  In Indonesia, there are many code-switching implementations in printed

mass media such as newspaper, tabloid, magazine, etc. Pulsa tabloid is one of the

printed mass media representing tabloids in Indonesia that has the implementation

of code-switching. There is an idea that the use of code-switching in printed mass

media such as Pulsa tabloid is “to build intimate interpersonal relationships”

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(Sert, 2005) with the readers. There is also an idea that by “modifying language”

(Sert, 2005), printed mass media such as Pulsa tabloid can achieve the goal for

effective communication. Another idea is that it can be used to attract the readers

so that the language that is read by the readers looks gorgeous and interesting.

  In conclusion, there are three reasons for the researcher to conduct a study

on code-switching. First, the researcher finds that code-switching helps people “to

build intimate interpersonal relationships” (Sert, 2005) with others by “modifying

language” (Sert, 2005). Second, the researcher finds that there are many code-

switching cases in printed mass media such as Pulsa tabloid. Third, the researcher

assumes that for a long period of time, code-switching will change the use of

English and Bahasa Indonesia especially for teenagers who are still students and

are still learning about languages, such as English and Bahasa Indonesia.

  Furthermore, it is important to carry a study on code-switching since code-

switching has become a trend in Indonesia. It is indicated by the use of words,

phrases, clauses, or sentences from English language juxtapose with words,

phrases, clauses, or sentences from Bahasa Indonesia in printed mass media such

as Pulsa tabloid. Also, it will give detail information to English language learners

especially in Indonesia on how code-switching has affected the use of Bahasa

Indonesia and English in written expression.

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  B. Problem Formulation Based on the background of the study, there are two research problems addressed in the study. The formulation of the problems are as follows.

  1.

  

a. What are the types of code-switching used by the writers in the

feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163? b. What is the type of code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163?

  2. What are the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163? C. Problem Limitation

  The limitation of the research is to discover the answers of the two

research problems addressed in the study. The two problems are the types of and

the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers

of Pulsa tabloid edition 163. This research is limited only in types of and reasons

for code-switching due to the limited time and budget of the researcher.

  In this study, the researcher predicts that there will be enormous amount of

code-switching cases in Pulsa tabloid edition 163, especially in the feature

articles. The researcher then limits the study in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid

edition 163 to solve the research problems addressed in the study. The researcher

also predicts that there will be enormous cases of code-switching for the single-

word code-switching type. The same as in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid, the

researcher predicts that the single-word type of code-switching will have the

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biggest number of occurrence compared to the other types. Therefore, the

researcher limits to use the single-word type of code-switching to solve the

research problem number two. This assumption is based on McCormick’s theory

(1994). On the next two paragraphs, the researcher explains the reasons for

choosing Pulsa tabloid and Pulsa tabloid edition 163.

  To decide Pulsa tabloid as the subject of the study, the researcher has the

reasons. First, the researcher finds that Pulsa tabloid uses words, phrases, clauses,

or sentences from English language juxtaposed with words, phrases, clauses, or

sentences from Bahasa Indonesia. It means that Pulsa tabloid has a lot of cases of

code-switching. Second, as a printed mass media, Pulsa tabloid is popular in

Indonesia. Pulsa tabloid is also targeting teenagers and middle age people as the

readers. From the previous two statements, it means that Pulsa tabloid could

influence the way of people using the languages, in this case English and Bahasa

Indonesia , especially for teenagers who are also students.

  In addition, for the primary source of data, the researcher decides to use

Pulsa tabloid edition 163. The reasons to use Pulsa tabloid edition 163 are as

follows. First, Pulsa tabloid edition 163 has the biggest number of cases of code-

switching and it provides enough data to solve the research problems of the study.

  Second, Pulsa tabloid edition 163 has been published publicly.

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D. Research Objectives

  Based on the problem formulation, there are two research objectives of the study. Those two research objectives are as follows.

  1.

  

a. To identify the types of code-switching used by the writers in the

feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.

  b. To identify the type of code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.

2. To identify the possible reasons for code-switching that is most frequently used by the writers in the feature article of Pulsa tabloid edition 163.

E. Research Benefits 1. To English Language Learners

  By reading this thesis, the researcher hopes that it will give clearer

understanding about the use of code-switching in tabloids, magazines, or other

printed media especially on types of and reasons for code-switching. Also, it will

give valuable information of how the English words, phrases, clauses, and

sentences placed together with words, phrases, clauses and sentences from Bahasa

Indonesia in order to create a new expression in a certain language.

2. To Future researchers

  The researcher hopes that this thesis will give an idea to the other

researchers who want to have a research in sociolinguistics area. In addition, the

research will give valuable information to the next researcher about the idea and

framework about code-switching, also the other sides of the use of language

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especially in the juxtaposition action of English and Bahasa Indonesia to

communicate in written expression.

F. Definition of Terms 1. Code-switching

  According to McCormick (1994: 581), “the term ‘code-switching’ refers to

the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects.”

Furthermore, Asher (1994: 578) states, “Code-switching then is the switching

from one variety, either of the same language or of different languages, in speech

or writing.” From both definitions, it implies that code-switching is the alternate

use of two languages or dialects involving two different languages. In this study,

English and Bahasa Indonesia become the main subjects. The research will show

the juxtaposition of English and Bahasa Indonesia in written expression.

2. Pulsa Tabloid

  Pulsa tabloid is one of local cellular tabloids in Indonesia. Pulsa tabloid is

a biweekly tabloid. The content of the tabloid is various such as the specification

of mobile phones, mobile phones test, mobile phones comparisons, etc. In this

study, Pulsa tabloid refers to the edition 163 issued on the fifth to eighteen of

August 2009. This edition provides plenty of code-switching cases, one thousand

two hundred and thirty one in precise, especially in written expression.

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The content of this chapter will attempt to explain some important theories

  

related to the research. There are two main parts in this chapter: theoretical

description and theoretical review. The theoretical description presents a number

of theories of code-switching which become the foundation of the research. The

theoretical framework is the description of the main theories to solve the research

problem.

A. Theoretical Description

  This section discusses four main parts. They are sociolinguistics, code- switching, Pulsa tabloid, and the feature article of Pulsa tabloid.

a. Sociolinguistics

  According to Gumperz (1971: 223), “Sociolinguistics is an attempt to find

correlations between social; structure and linguistic structure and to observe any

changes that occur.” Further, Wardaugh (2002: 12) says that sociolinguistics “is

concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with

the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how

languages function in communication.” Changes always happen globally

especially in the use of language to communicate. Through sociolinguistics,

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people can study the language phenomena that are happening in the past, present,

or may be the future.

  Human beings have used language to exchange information with others

since centuries ago. In addition, in using the language, people may use different