Feminism as seen through the character of Jessica Brennan in Lyn Andrews` When Daylight Comes - USD Repository

  

FEMINISM AS SEEN THROUGH THE CHARACTER OF

JESSICA BRENNAN IN LYN ANDREWS’

  

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  By

RINA FITRI MARYANTI

Student Number: 001214049

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

  I honestly declare that this thesis which I wrote does not contain the works or part of the works of other people, except those which are cited in the quotations and bibliography, as a scientific paper should.

  Yogyakarta, January 12, 2007 The writer

  Rina Fitri Maryanti

  

You show me t hat you care

When I am really down

You never t urn away

Nor show me a saddened f rown

  

Even when you are sad and blue

And lif e is hard on you

You always spare me one more

smile

  (anonymous)

  This thesis is dedicated to My beloved husband Alexander Dany Brammasta and my little son Agustinus Maheswara Brammasta

  Both of you become my great spirit in finishing this thesis

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ for the miracle He sends and for giving me the strength during the process of writing this thesis. I would like to thank for His love and blessings. I realize that He is always on my side and I would not have been able to finish this thesis without Him.

  I wish to convey my appreciation to Dra. Wigati Yektiningtyas-

  

Modouw, M.Hum., my major sponsor, for the guidance and encouragement. I

  would like to thank for her advice and patience. I also would like thank to

  

Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., M.Ed., who has given her time to correct

  my thesis. I thank her for the careful correction and helpful comments in the process of writing this thesis.

  My special gratitude goes to my beloved husband Alexander Dany

  

Brammasta for his endless love and patience. He always encourages me when I

  give up in the process of writing the thesis. I thank him for his care when I am really down. He is always beside me when I am sad and happy. I thank him for accepting me just the way I am and wonderful time we share together. It is not the end of our battle but we just start a new life that must be faced together.

  My special gratitude also goes to my beloved little son, Agustinus

  

Maheswara Brammasta. Your born becomes the wonderful thing in my life. He

becomes my great spirit in finishing this thesis.

  My heartfelt gratitude goes to my mother Ibu Sri Wuryanti who always gives her love. I will always be grateful for her support, patience and prayers. Now, I know how hard to be a mother. I also wish to thank to my late

  

father Bapak Martoyo, on whom I learned how to be wise and patient. I also

  would like to thank my sisters and brother and their families for giving me the support.

  I also would like to address my special thanks to Ibu Titik, Bapak

  

Murjiman , Mbak Betzy , Mas Eksan , Mbak Nana, Mas Budi, Dinda and Arya

  I must say thanks to Yona ‘Nining’ for becoming my best friend and always gives me advice. I also thank to Doni and family, Teddy Tejo, Adi,

  

Monita, Edi, Danang , Ephi, Tari, Ika, Anton, Elis, Nenny ‘Iding’, who are

  always be great friends I have. Do not forget me guys! I wish also to thank to PMB crew 2005, Rijal , Nia, Tina, Agi, Citra,

  

Bobby, Wawan, Eka and Yulia for their best cooperation during PMB. I also

thank Pak Devi for his advice and help.

  Last but not least, I thank those whose names I cannot me ntion here one by one. May god bless them all.

  Rina Fitri Maryanti

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………... . i PAGE OF APPROVAL ………………………………………………………. ii PAGE OF BOARD OF EXAMINERS ………………………………………. iii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ………………………………. iv PAGE OF DEDICATION …………………………………………………… v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………….. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………….. viii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………. x

  

ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………….. xi

  CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… 1 1. 1 Background of the Study ………………………………………….. 1 1. 2 Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………. 4 1. 3 Problem Formulation ………………………………………………. 4 1. 4 Benefits of the Study ………………………………………………. 5 1. 5 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………... 5

  CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………………….... 7 2. 1 Theoretical Review ……………………………………………….... 7

  2. 1. 1 The Theory of Critical Approach …………………………. 7 2. 1. 2 Theory of Character and Characterization ………………... 9

  2. 1. 2. 1 Theory of Character ……………………………. 9 2. 1. 2. 2 Theory of Characterization …………………….. 10

  2. 2 Theory of Feminism ……………………………………………….. 12 2. 3 Criticism …………………………………………………………… 18 2. 4 Theoretical Framework …………………………………………….. 18

  CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY …………………………………………… 20 3. 1 Subject Matter ……………………………………………………... 20

  3. 3 Procedure …………………………………………………………… 21

  CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS …………………………………………………… 23 4. 1 The Character of Jessica Brennan ………………………………….. 23

  4. 1. 1 Stubborn …………………………………………………... 25 4. 1. 2 Confident ………………………………………………….. 27 4. 1. 3 Optimistic …………………………………………………. 29 4. 1. 4 Independent ……………………………………………….. 30 4. 1. 5 Strong ……………………………………………………… 32 4. 1. 6 Hard Working ……………………………………………... 35

  4. 2 Feminism Revealed through Jessica Brennan’s Character ………… 37

  CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION ……………………... 46 5. 1 Conclusions ………………………………………………………… 46 5. 2 Suggestions ………………………………………………………… 47

  5. 2. 1 Suggestions for Future Researchers ………………………. 48 5. 2. 2 Suggestions to Teachers …………………………………... 48

  5. 2. 2. 1 The Implementation of Teaching Extensive Reading …………………… 48

  5. 2. 2. 2 The Implementation of Teaching Speaking ……………………………… 53

  BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………. 55 APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………... 57

  

ABSTRACT

Rina Fitri Maryanti. 2007. Feminism as Seen through The Character of Jessica

  Brennan in Lyn Andrews’ When Daylight Comes. Yogyakarta: Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study discusses a novel by Lyn Andrews entitled When Daylight

  

Comes which was written in 2003. The novel tells about a young woman named

  Jessica Brennan. Her father has lost at sea when the ship got an accident. The house is mortgaged and the family’s finance is in a bad condition and they cannot pay the debt. Her mother was killed by a runaway horse. Her brother, Patrick, has troublesome behaviour and he chooses to leave her sister and live in a club with his friend. Jessica has to make something for her future. She starts her own business with all her efforts. She wants to regain the happiness she once had.

  This study contains two problems to be analyzed. The first is how Jessica Brennan character is portrayed and the second problem is how the feminism appear through Jessica Brennan’s character.

  The method used in this study is library research. The approach used is feminist literary crticism. The sources that are needed to support this study contains the theories of literature and theory of feminism in terms of books and internet.

  Based on the analysis, the results of the study are as follows. First, I can conclude that Jessica Brennan is described as a person who is stubborn, confident, optimistic, independent, strong, and hard working. Second, the feminism is clearly reflected through Jessica Brennan’s character. Through her confidence, optimism, independence, strength, and hard working, she can prove that as a woman she can develop her ability in the men’s world. She is still young and inexperienced. She dares to be the leader of a company of her own eventhough she is a woman. She is able to do what men do. She faces the hard life alone until she becomes a successful woman.

  

ABSTRAK

Rina Fitri Maryanti. 2007. Feminism as Seen through The Character of Jessica

  Brennan in Lyn Andrews’ When Daylight Comes. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Studi ini membahas sebuah novel karya Lyn Andrews berjudul When

  

Daylight Comes yang ditulis pada tahun 2003. Novel ini bercerita tentang seorang

  wanita muda bernama Jessica Brennan. Ayahnya hilang di laut ketika kapalnya mengalami kecelakaan. Rumahnya digadaikan dan keuangan keluarga dalam kondisi yang buruk dan mereka tidak mampu membayar hutang mereka. Ibunya terbunuh oleh seekor kuda liar. Kakaknya, Patrick, memiliki tingkah laku yang mengganggu dan dia memilih untuk meninggalkan adiknya dan hidup di sebuah klub bersama temannya. Jessica harus berbuat sesuatu untuk masa depannya. Dengan segala usahanya, Jessica memulai bisnis yang ia dirikan. Dia ingin meraih kembali kebahagiaan yang pernah dia miliki.

  Studi ini membahas dua permasalahan. Yang pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Jessica Brennan digambarkan dan yang kedua adalah feminisme yang muncul melalui karakter Jessica Brennan.

  Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah studi pustaka. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kritik sastra feminis. Data -data yang diperlukan untuk mendukung studi ini terdiri dari teori literatur dan teori feminisme.

  Berdasarkan analisis , hasil temuan studi ini adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, disimpulkan bahwa Jessica Brennan digambarkan se bagai seseorang yang keras kepala, percaya diri, optimistik, mandiri, kuat, dan bekerja keras.

  Kedua, sikap feminisme nyata tercermin dari karakter Jessica Brennan. Melalui kepercayaan diri, optimistik, kemandirian, kekuatan, dan kerja kerasnya, dia mampu membuktikan bahwa Jessica bisa mengembangkan kemampuannya dalam dunia laki-laki. Dia masih muda dan tidak berpengalaman. Jessica berani menjadi seorang pimpinan sebuah perusahaan yang didirikannya meskipun dia seorang wanita. Jessica mampu mengerjakan apa yang laki-laki kerjakan. Dia menghadapi sulitnya hidup seorang diri sampai ia menjadi seorang wanita yang sukses. objective of the study, problem formulation, benefit of the s tudy, and definition of terms. The background of the study contains the reasons why the novel When

  

Daylight Comes by Lyn Andrews is used as the subject of this study. The

  objectives of the study deal with the goal of the study. I state two problems in the problem formulation. The benefits of the study give some advantages the readers can get from this study. The last is definition of terms, which explains some significant terms used in this study.

  1. 1 Background of the Study

  Novel is one of the literary works that is extended works of fiction written in a prose. The author pours their idea about life through a novel. The idea may come from a particular real event that happens in the author’s daily life or merely a reflectio n of human life. From the novel we can enrich our knowledge and learn the positive things from the character’s experience We will find that reading a novel gives not only pleasure but also valuable things about life.

  Feminism , as one of the issues in literary work always becomes an interesting issue to be discussed. Feminism concerns the inequality between men and women. It talks about women’s existence, women’s struggles to be independent and to have the same right as men. The problems related to gender also become one of the topics in a literary work.

  In the past, women’s space was restricted. Women’s opportunities seemed hard to be achieved. Their opportunities were restricted by the assumption that wome n were regarded as a weak creature.

  The traditionalist notes that historically women have always less power, less influence, and fewer resources than men, and assumes this must accord with some natural order (Freeman, 1984: xiii).

  I can see from the culture around me, I have found that many people see women as “konco wingking ”. It means that women have the second position after men. They have to stay at home and become a house wife. Women must do the house keeping and it becomes their responsibility. They have to sweep the floor, wash the clothes and dishes, and prepare the food for their husband and children. This culture also views that women should not have high education. They think that their high education would be useless. After they get married they wiil not use their academic achievement for lo oking for a job. Their husband do not allow them to work outside. They have to take care of the house and the children.

  Based on the thought above, I am interested in studying the topic of feminism that appears in the novel of Lyn Andrews’ When Daylight Comes. I am interested in Jessica Brennan's character because she is a wonderful female character. She has a great spirit to reach her dream. Jessica is an inexperienced young woman. She dares to take actions for her life although it takes high risk for herself. Without supports from her family, she can survive her life by her own leave anything to support her life. Her only brother has left her and chose n his own way. Jessica refuses her aunt’s offering to live with her and her family. She chooses to support her own life. She wants to be independent and strong although she is an inexperienced young woman. She wants to be like her mother who was a very strong, thoughtful, and generous woman.

  Although Jessica has lost her family and her house, she never gives up. She does not want to depend her life on others. She has refused to live with aunt. She chooses to live alone although she has to stay in a stable. Jess hardly tries to earn money with her own effort. She wants to reach her happiness and security she once had. She wants to regain the prosperity so she can make her mother’s dream come true. Her mother has promised to give a few pounds for every family who has lost their breadwinner.

  Another reason why I want to analyze the novel When Daylight Comes is that the author, Lyn Andrews teaches us how strong Jessica faces her hard life. It gives an important lesson for us. The novel gives a message that life is full of choices, problems, and obstacles to its readers.

  1. 2 Objectives of the Study

  This study has two objectives. The first objective focuses the attention on describing Jessica’s character in the novel. The second objective is to find the feminism that appears through Jessica Brennan’s character in When Daylight

  

Comes. I would like to explain the society’s point of view toward feminism and to

study deeply about feminism through Jessica’s character.

  1. 3 Problem Formulation

  Referring to the background of the study, there are two questions that will lead the study of feminism that appears through Jessica Brennan. The two questions are formulated as follows: 1.

  How is Jessica Brennan’s character portrayed? 2. How does feminism appear through Jessica Brennan’s character in When

  Daylight Comes ? 1. 4 Benefits of the Study

  This study will give advantages for both readers and the students of the English Language Education Study Program. For the readers, this study is expected to enrich and open the readers’ mind and point of view toward women reflected in Andrews’ work. The readers will get a better understanding toward a novel. Besides those advantages, the readers also get pleasure by reading a novel.

  For the students of the English Language Education Study Program, the study may inspire them who are interested in analyzing this novel from the other point of view. They can use the novel as the resource of language teaching. The novel also gives moral values and knowledge. By reading the novel, they also master the vocabulary and language skills.

  1. 4 Definition of Terms

  This part provides the definition of some significant terms frequently clarified in this part. These terms are feminist, feminism, character, and characterization. The explanations are as follows:

  1 . Feminist

  To avoid misunderstanding between feminism and feminist, first I would like to define the term feminist. A feminist is a woman who recognises herelf and is recognised by others as a feminist. The awareness depends on knowledge of women’s oppression and the recognition of women’s differences and communalities (Humm, 1990: 75-76).

  2 . Feminism

  According to Humm (1990: 74) the definition of ‘feminism’ incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for a woman (the organized movement to attain women’s right) and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for woman beyond simple society. In this study, feminism deals with the equality between man and woman. It is about how a woman’s struggles to be independent and to have the same right and opportunity as man.

  3 . Character

  According to Abrams (1981: 20), “characte rs” are defined as the persons presented in dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with the moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue, and by what they do-the action. In this st udy, character means the actor and the actor’s traits of the novel. It is focused on the main

  4 . Characterization

  According to Holman and Harmon characterization is the creation of imaginary persons so that they exist for the reader as life like (1986: 84). In this study, characterization is how the characters act in the novel. cha pter into four parts, namely theoretical review, theory of feminism, criticism, and theoretical framework. The theoretical review consists of the theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization. The theory of feminism is used in this study because it deals with feminism. The criticism contains some comments about Andrews and her work. Theoretical framework gives guidance to focus on analysis the subject of the study.

  2. 1 Theoretical Review

  In this part, I discuss the theories of literature to support and guide my analysis toward the novel. The theories are the theory of critical approach and the theory of character and characterization.

  2. 1. 1 The Theory of Critical Approach

  People give comment on the work of literature in order to gain deeper understanding about it. They may express their response either in written or spoken form. In this study, the critical approach is used in order to be the guidance in analyzing the novel and to gain a deeper understanding about it. In this study, the critical approach helps to express the idea toward the novel. It also helps to get a better understanding a literary work, in this case a novel. According to Kennedy and Gioia (1999: 1932-1974),the critic toward literary workis not an abstract. It is natural for human to give response to the work of literature. They also suggest that literary criticism is related to human thought, since it gives an opportunity to people to express their idea or critic on it (1999: 1931). The critical approach will be the guidance in analyzing the novel. I use gender criticism by Kennedy and Gioia and feminist criticism by Humm.

  Feminist criticism gives more adequate attention to women writers, a space to the women critic, and space to the idea of women theorists (Humm, 1986: 4-5). According to Humm, feminist criticism shares three basic assumptions. The first is that literature and crit icism are ideological since writing manipulates gender for symbolic purposes. This means that gender influences the writing style and the ideology of each gender can be seen from a literary work.

  The style shows the ideology of each gender. For this reason, feminist criticism needs to include general interpretations of the cultural theory or ideology of each individual writer (1986: 6-7). The second major assumption is that there are sex- related writing strategies. Men and women use language in different ways on writing their literary work. They use different vocabularies and different kinds of sentences (1986: 7-8). The last assumption is that even if some male critics acknowledge the first two criticism above, the continuing traditions of which it is a part, uses male norms to exclude or undervalue female writing and scholarship.

  Showalter in Kennedy’s book states that feminist criticism can be divided into two distinct varieties. The first type is concerned with wome n as a reader.

  This means that women is the consumers of male literary products. The second type is concerned with wome n as a writer. It means that women as the producer of a literary work with the history, themes, genres, and structures of literature by woman (Kennedy, 1999: 1960). This study is the second type of feminist criticism in which the author is a woman.

  In this study, I use the feminist criticism because the growth of feminism cannot be separated from feminist criticism. It gives more space for women writers to express their idea about feminism.

  2. 1 . 2 Theory of Character and Characterization

  We can get a better understanding about a novel, especially its hidden meaning through character. We can also get certain values or the author’s point of view from the cha racter’s life. Therefore, I use the theory of character in order to know the kinds of characters and how the characters in the novel are characterized.

  2. 1. 2. 1 Theory of Character

  Abrams (1981: 20) divides character into two kinds of character. They are flat and round character. Flat character is described in a general way. While round character is more complex one. It has more than one characteristics and it changes from one characteristic to another one.

  According to Holman and Harmon (1986: 83), there are also two kinds of character but they are in different term. They are static and dynamic character. A character are limited and has a little bit change. A dynamic character has more changes than static one. It changes the characteristic or personality by actions or experience s that influence to change.

  Stanton (1975: 17) defines the term character in two ways. First, character may designate the individual who appears in the story. Second, it refers to the description of attitude, interest, desires, emotion and moral principles of individual. Therefore, the meaning of character can be both the actor and the actor’s characteristic s. The actor and the actor’s characteristic s are interrelated to one another.

  2. 1. 2. 2 Theory of Characterization

  Jessica Brennan is the main character of the novel. The theory characterization is used in this study in order to understand how the characters act and how the author describes the charac ter in the novel. It makes us easy to understand the characterization. To know her characterization, there are some ways proposes by Murphy. Murphy (1972: 161-173) proposes nine ways to make the character in the story understandable and comes alive for the readers. They are the personal description, character is seen by others, the character’s speech, the character’s past life, the conversation of others, the character’s reaction, the author’s direct comment, the character’s thought, and mannerism. The explanation of each way will be given as follows:

  1 . Personal Description clothes. The author uses adjective in describing his character. The description of the character should be detailed. It means that the description covers more than one parts of the body. They are the character’s face, skin, body, hair, clothes, and other distinctive features.

  2 . Character as Seen by Another

  The character is described through other eyes and opinion. The reader may see the character as a reflected image.

  3 . Speech

  The character is described through what the person says. The reader will get the description of the person whenever the person speaks and puts forward an opinion and whenever he is in a conve rsation with other.

  4 . Past Life

  A person’s character can be learnt through a person’s past life. It can be a direct comment from the author, through the person’s thoughts, the conversation or through the medium of another person.

  5 . Conversation of Others

  Through the conversation of other people and the things they say about the character, the author can give some clues to the reader.

  6 . Reactions

  The person’s character is described through the person’s reaction to various situation and events.

  7 . Direct Comment The author gives comment on the person’s character directly.

  8 . Thoughts

  The author gives the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. He tells us what different people are thinking.

  9 . Mannerism

  The author describes a person’s mannerism and habits that may also tell the readers something about his character.

  2. 2 Theory of Feminism

  In order to reveal the idea of feminism, I would like to discuss the theory of feminism. When we are talking about feminism, what will come up into our mind is that feminism relates to a social value. Montagu says that in the society there is conditioned the norm, which states what women can do and cannot do.

  They are not given the chances to develop their intelligence and skills and they have different opportunities to men (1958: 38). The statement means that women are conditioned as weak creatures. Women’s positions are always under the men’s positions in every aspect of life. People believe that women do not have abilities to do the work better than men. Therefore, feminism believes that women and men’s position in society are the result of social factor, not natural or biological factors. Feminism tries to see women to be equal to men.

  Feminist theory reveals the importance of women’s individual and shares experiences and women struggles. Women struggle for equal opportunities and for equal rights. They realize that they have the same opportunities and rights as men. Women try to fight against this condition and strive for their rights.

  Fakih explains about the feminist struggle. The most important thing about feminist struggle is finding out the equality, dignity and freedom (1996: 99).

  The ideas of feminism are: 1 .

Equality

  The definition of feminism deals with both equal rights for women and in a way to create a world for women beyond social equality. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Men and women should have equal rights. Because of the equality, there is no difference between human beings.

  2 . Liberty

  Women have the rights to live, work, and liberty. Women have their own freedom and rights to do anything they want. The main point is that women are born free and equal to men. They are supposed to be subjected to men. Therefore, women are no longer put up of being dependent on men.

  3 . Wome n’s Right to be Herself

  Feminism believes that wom en’s first right is to be a woman. It means that they do not imitate the men when they develop their ability.

  4 . Opportunity of Career

  Feminism means freedom for all aspects of women’s active expression. It is the elimination of all structural and psychological handicaps to women’s independence. Feminism demands for the women equality in education and equal in accessing the profession. The women should have an equal role with man in achieving her satisfaction through her own abilities. of superior feeling. Actually women are not inferior as men and people say. Women have many superior characters. The feeling of superiority can make women realize their power. It is true that women are more emotional than men but they can handle their feelings. Women have good abilities in expressing their feelings. This fact makes them more realist than men. They are better in handling the bad conditions they face in their life, like starvation, exposure, fatigue, shock, and illness (Montagu, 1953: 83-84). Women do not only have the superior feeling but they also know what is good and bad in the way they use their feeling of superiority. Montagu says that women know their power and use them for good deeds (1953: 143). From her statement we can conclude that women are more realistic. They can control their feelings effectively and use their power for good purposes.

  The development of feminism cannot be separa ted from its history. There are two movements of feminism, namely First Wave Feminism and Second Wave Feminism.

  According to Humm (1992: 14), the First Wave Feminism is concerned with the equality between men and women. It creates a new political identity of women and won for women legal advances and public emancipation. In the past, the position of women in the society was very different to that of men. Montagu says that t he myth of female inferiority is so old, and has been for so long a part of ideas and institutions of men that it has been generalized for almost every as pect of female being (1953: 60). The myth states that female is ’weaker’ than male. The first wave feminist criticism claims that all women should be equal to men.

  The Second Wave Feminism is concerned with the women’s differences from men to oppose the ‘legalities’ of patriarchal world (Humm, 1992: 11). It means that the second wave feminism attempts to break the old assumption of patriarchy that is legalized by society. In patriarchal world, men have higher position and priority in the society. The pioneer of the second wave feminism, Simone de Beauvior , concludes that women are constructed differently from men and somehow those differences between women and men become roots of the society to pla ce women in inferior position. Society sets up male as a positive norm and woman as the negative , second sex or other (Humm, 1992: 44).

  There are also other kinds of feminism which cause different issues in each movement as well as having their own characteristics in struggling for women’s rights. Humm (1992, 87-181) proposes four kinds of feminisms.

  A Marxist feminism distinguishes societies by their own forms of productivity and characterizes the history of any society in terms of changes in production. A Marxist answers to the question of ‘woman’ would point to the sexual division for power differentials between women and men”. A central point of socialist and Marxist feminism is to determine the ways in which the institution of the family and wom en’s labour are structured by and ‘reproduce’, the sexual division of labour.

  A Marxist idea can be applied specifically to women’s situation, for example , whether women from a distinct sex-class and how patriarchy continues to reproduce itself in a similar way over time. By widening the Marxist concept of reproduction as to includethe household labor and childcare, feminists give a major contribution on the interaction of gender and economy.

  Socialist feminism highlights the relationship between paid work and domestic labour in which it reveals the impact of the sexual division of labour, by pointing out that women in the home do more of the work. Another crucial soc ialist feminist debate concerns ‘the reserve army of labour’, a term used to explain gender inequality in work (Humm, 1992: 87-88).

  Black, Asian, and coloured women feminism issue is also a race issue. Racism haunts sexism and this relationship should not be ignored. But it is all too easy to argue, as do white feminists, that reproductive control and the family and legal inequalities are the major features of patriarchy. Race cannot be added to other sides of social institutions and as additional variable, for black feminist argues that race, class and gender are interlocking system of oppression not additive system.

  Most take feminism to involve recognition of ‘multiple identities’. The basic components of Asian and black feminist thought – its themes and methods are shaped by a black woman’s or a woman of colour’s position as an insider/outsider and by her “imbeddedness’ in Afro-American or Asian culture (Humm, 1992: 122).

  Lesbian feminism is seen as a definable cultural phenomenon with an articulate theory. Their term ‘woman identifies woman’ is as an important ide a of Second Wave Feminism and gives ‘lesbianism’ a broad definition characterized by desires, experiences and self-perceptions rather than social categories.

  “Radicalesbian argue that ‘lesbianism’ is shaped by ideological and political preferences as much as by explic it sexual practices. ‘Lesbianism’ is no longer to be limited to one form of sexual activity”. It ca n contain many meanings, for example , a socio-political conception of society and recognition that it is heterosexuality not simply male economic power (Humm, 1992: 163).

  Liberal feminism aims to achieve equal legal, political, and social rights for women. It wishes to bring women equally into public institutions and to extend the creation of knowledge so that women’s issues can no longer be ignored. Contemporary liberal feminists campaign to eradicate gender stereotyping but do not campaign for alternatives to traditional forms of gender relations such as heterosexual marriage.

  Liberal feminism has always informed American feminism much more than British feminism, perhaps because programmes of positive discrimination (the selection of women over men if equally qualified) accord with American democratic values (Humm, 1992: 181).

  For analyzing the novel I use socialist feminism. It highlights the relationship between paid work and domestic labour in which it reveals the impact of the sexual division of labour, by pointing out that women in the home do more of the work. I also apply second wave feminism as the main basic in feminism.

  2. 3 Criticism

  In this section, I discuss the criticisms. The criticisms are taken from the internet and the back cover of the novel. It means that Andrews is a famous author whom many people have known about her and her novels. Woman’s Realm also says that her novel is a brilliant novel.

  Her novel has an interesting story in which the author pours her very good idea. “Lyn Andrews presents her readers with more than just another saga of romance and family strife. She has a … realism that is almosttangible.” (authorpages.hoddersystems.com). From the comment, it means that her novel is more than just a fiction whose story about romance and family conflict but the story in the novel is almost real as the real life happens in our surrounding. The same opinion is from Best, it is said that the story is “a vivid portrayal of life at the time”.

  Gutsy … a vivid picture of a hard-up, hard working community … will keep the pages turning (authorpages.hoddersystems.com). The statement means that the novel has very clear and strong story about the hard working society. The story makes the readers unbored and they will enjoy the story. Another opinion says that the novel is “a compelling read”. It means the story is convincing to read.

  2. 4 Theoretical Framework

  This part explain s some theories used to analyze the problem formulation of the study. It also explains the reason why the theories are used to analyze the study and how this study will apply the theories in the analysis. The theories are the theory of literature, which consists of theory of character by Abrams , and characterization by Murphy and theory of feminism by Humm, Fakih, and Montagu.

  The theory of character and characterization are applied to explore more about the character and characterization of the main character. Then I apply the theory of feminism in analyzing the feminism through the main character.

  Those theories, which I stated above, help me gain more knowledge in conducting this study. Besides, I also try to find other sources from the internet and other related books related to those theories tocomprehend the novel as well to have a better understanding in analyzing the novel.

  Conclusion

  2. Theory of characterization

  Confident 3. Optimistic 4. Independent 5. Strong 6.

  1. How is Jessica Brennan’s character portrayed?

  2. How does feminism appear through Jessica Brennan’s character? Theory of Feminism

  Found that feminism is reflected through Jessica’s character.

Hard Working Problem Formulation

  and procedures. The subject matter deals with the subject of the study. Then, the approaches concern with the literature approaches I use to analyze the novel. The last is the procedure which consists of the steps used in completing the thesis.

  3. 1 Subject Matter

  In this study, the subject matter is When Daylight Comes, a novel written by Lyn Andrews. It was published in London in 2003. This novel consists of 439 pages and it is divided into twenty nine chapters. The story of the novel is about a young woman’s struggle named Jessica Brennan. As a woman, she does not just want to stay at home depending on others. She does something that is seen strange for a woman at that time. She is doing a business which is usually done by men.

  She has a great spirit to reach her dream. Jessica is an inexperienced young woman. She dares to take actions for her life although it takes high risk for herself. Without supports fr om anyone, she can survive her life by her own effort. She wants to realize her mother’s dream.

  Jessica is still young when both her parents died tragically. They do not leave anything to support her life. Her only brother left her and chose his own way. Jessica refuses her aunt offering live with her and her family. She chooses to support her own life. She wants to be independent and strong although she is a woman and she is still young. She wants to be like her mother.

  In this novel, women are regarde d as inferior creature. Men (husbands and sons) were the breadwinners of the family. Women depend on them. Jessica does not give up although it is hard to find a job. Many jobs are for a man and a woman is low paid if she works. Jess hardly tries to earn money with her own effort.

  3. 2 Approach

  The focus of this study is on feminism as seen through Jessica Brennan’s character. In order to reveal feminism in Jessica’s character, I use feminist criticism because the growth of feminism cannot be separated fr om feminist criticism. Feminist criticism gives more adequate attention to women writers, a space to the women critic, and space to the idea of women theorists (Humm, 1986: 4-5).

  3. 3 Procedure