SUSTAINABLE URBAN TOURISM IN AN ASIAN ME

SUSTAINABLE URBAN TOURISM IN AN ASIAN MEGA-CITY:
A CASE STUDY OF KA WA SAN JALAN JAKSA
(JAKSA STREET AREA) JAKARTA, INDONESIA

by

Hendra Yusran Siry

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Examination Committee:

Prof. Walter Jamieson (Chairman)
Prof. Dr. John C. S. Tang
Dr. L.A.S. Ranjith Perera

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Indonesia
Bachelor of Science in Marine Science

University of Riau
Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Scholarship Donors:

AIT Partial Scholarship
The Ford Foundation - Jakarta

Research Donors:

Canadian Universities Consortium (CUC)/
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
The Ford Foundation Jakarta
-

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
Trough the range of complex and interacting issues surrounding tourism in Asian megacities is
vast; research on these issues is rare and limited. The challenge is to examine and to explore the
sustainability of tourism activities in Asian megacities. This study focuses on tourism activities
in Jakarta, with using Jalan Jaksa, a central backpackers’ and youth independent tourist district
as the study area. The study examines how Jalan Jaksa exists within the context increasing
demand for quality tourism and barriers to sustainable tourism. A SWOT analysis and SWOT
matrix as well some other considerations are used to develop recommendations.
On the basis of the fact finding and community needs, the study recommends that (i)
improvement of the urban design, (ii) sustainable marketing and (iii) sustainable event are
determining factors for pursuing sustainable tourism in Jalan Jaksa, Jakarta. A simple cost
benefit table shows that all the proposed recommendations point to economic, social and
environmental. The study also argues that the achievement of all recommendations relies
heavily on the policy of local government to support tourism activities in Jalan Jaksa, and strong
community support.

TOWARDS THE REHABILITATION OF THE OPEN SPACE AND FOOTPATHS
IN A RESIDENTIAL ESTATE: THE CASE OF KHLONG CHAN
RESIDENTIAL ESTATE, BANGKOK, THAILAND

by

Sukumaporn Jongpukdee

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Examination Committee:

Professor. Walter Jamieson (Chairman)
Dr. Willi Zimmermann
Dr. Yongtanit Pimonsathean

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Thai
Bachelor of Architecture
Chulalongkom University
Bangkok, Thailand

Scholarship Donors:

Canadian International Development Agency!
Asian Institute of Technology-Canadian
Universities Consortium/Partnership Project
(CIDA/AIT-CUC/PP)
Asian Institute of Technology
National Housing Authority, Thailand

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
The basic unit of a city is a neighborhood. A neighborhood environment is an
important domain of the quality of life. Good neighborhood environments enhance
life’s satisfaction, and the individual’s overall sense of well being. It also supports
effective and efficient improvement of physical and moral health of neighborhood’
inhabitants; therefore, it must be well designed and well maintain. The most

significant neighborhood environment is open space that includes street. The study
aims at exploring the present mechanisms and present rehabilitation processes and to
recommend suitable mechanisms and processes in a neighborhood rehabilitation
program in which neighborhood’s citizen play a role of professional about life in the
community, while professionals play a crucial role of technical support and feasibility
of such rehabilitation program.
Khlong Chan Residential Estate is a government-built neighborhood that has been
housed low and middle-income people of Bangkok since 1953. The physical
environments especially open space and footpaths have been deteriorating and
dilapidating. The daily needs of inhabitants for having recreational space near their
accommodation did not meet. Additionally, the encroachment of the footpaths by
some neighborhood’s residents for operating their businesses causes difficulties for
walking pedestrians especially children, elderly and disabled people.
Responsible government agencies have been cooperating with community
organizations to relocate street vendors and rehabilitate the open space and footpaths.
However, the process is very slow. Furthermore, the rehabilitation program did not
effectively involve all of the inhabitants-especially tenants, which is now half of the
neighborhood’s residents, in the process resulting the dissatisfied-product and absence
of commitment from the inhabitants to maintain the rehabilitation’s outcome. The low
management skills of the community organizations’ members and ineffective

corporation among government agencies are among the reasons. It was also found that
different types of inhabitants have different needs and preferences towards the open
space and footpaths development especially children.
Hence, the provision of training in management skills for community organizations’
members is recommended. The establishment of tenants’ representative at community
organization’s level is introduced to involve all of the inhabitants in the rehabilitation
process. In addition, the establishment of the “Advisory for Neighborhood
Rehabilitation” is initiated to assist community’s people in planning and designing
aspect. The rehabilitation programs should be arranged in a series of workshops to
gather requirements and desires of each peer group of the inhabitants. Eventually, it
needed integrated programs that are the environmental campaigns, good physical
design and good rehabilitation process to enhance good open space and footpaths of
this community.

STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE COMPOSTING IN NAMDINH, VIETNAM

By

Tran Ngoc Quang

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.

Examination Committee

Prof. A.T.M. Nurul Amin (Chair)
Dr. Willi Zimmermann
Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh

Nationality
Previous Degree(s)

Vietnamese
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Hanoi University of Civil Engineering
Vietnam

Scholarship Donor
Research Donor

Swiss Agency for Development and

Cooperation (SDC)
Canadian International Development
Agency/Canadian
Universities Consortium (CUC-CIDA)
Canadian International Development
Agency/Canadian Universities Consortium
(CUC-CIDA)

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
Like other developing cities, Namdinh is faced with solid waste management problems. Solid
waste is, with high proportion of organic matter, increasing rapidly. Due to the various
limitations, Namdinh Urban Environmental Company (URENCO) cannot manage the solid
waste properly. It leads to many environmental problems. Because of high proportion of
organic waste in solid waste, composting is considered a practical solution to deal with this
problem. Yet, the market of compost is still limited. With this in view, this research aims to

study the factors that affect the compost market and then to propose strategies to promote
composting in order to solve the solid waste problem in Namdinh.
To carry out this research, the primary data were collected by questionnaire survey, observation
and interview. The necessary secondary data were also collected. SPSS software was used as
the main tool to analyse the data. The multiple regression was used to determine the factors that
affect the compost demand and estimate the potential demand of compost in the rural area of
Namdinh.
On the supply side (urban area), it is clear, from the field survey, that quantity of organic waste
is large (30,090 ton/year). Fortunately, Namdinh people usually segregate food waste and
recyclable waste. It is a good foundation for separating organic waste at source and undertaking
composting program. However, public awareness on the organic waste management is rather
low. At the same time, waste collection service, as offered by Namdinh URENCO, strongly
determine waste separation. Hence, for success of waste separation and composting program,
educational campaign for all Namdinh citizens is essential. Similarly, the local municipality
should create more economic incentives to encourage the people to do the waste separation.
More importantly, Namdinh URENCO has to provide basic facilities such as separate waste
bins to facilitate waste separation and collection.
On the demand side (rural area), the potential use of compost for farming is found large (50,054
ton/year). The local farmers presently use organic fertilizer. Their use of compost fertilizer is
still limited due to high price, inadequate information of compost quality and application, and

lack of compost advertisement and compost use campaign. Therefore, to promote compost
market, appropriate quality and affordable price of compost need to be set up. At the same time,
the propagation, campaign and application guideline for farmers are very important and
necessary.
Based on the findings from the research, strategies to promote composting in Namdinh are
proposed. These are: (1) waste separation strategy, (2) compost production strategy, (3)
compost quality standard establishment strategy, (4) composting price setting up strategy, and
(5) compost marketing strategy. To implement these strategies, a major requirement is
cooperation of all stakeholders (i.e. national government, local government, concerned
organizations, local residents, specially, Namdinh URENCO) and their sustained efforts.

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AT LOCAL LEVEL:
A CASE STUDY OF TWO INDUSTRIAL ESTATES IN YANGON, MYANMAR

by

Aung May Oo

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science

Examination Committee

Prof. A.T.M. Nurul Amin (Chairman)
Dr. Willi Zimmermann
Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh

Nationality

Myanmar

Previous Degrees

Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Diploma in Environmental Engineering
Yangon Institute of Technology
Yangon, Myanmar

Scholarship Donor

Swiss Agency for Development and
Cooperation (SDC)

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August, 2001

Abstract
The study aims at introducing pollution control measures for industrial wastewater into the industrial
estates developed by the Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development located within
Yangon City boundary. These measures are based on theoretical knowledge as well as practical
experience on the application of regulatory instruments, economic instruments and suasive measures.
The study focuses on two industrial estates (Hlaingthayar & Shwepyitha) to assess the existing
infrastructure conditions and seriousness of the pollution in order to point out internal situations
(within the study area) that need to be improved. The study reviews the present legal and institutional
framework for industrial wastewater pollution control in Myanmar to compare with other countries’
practices in order to highlight external actions that need to be modified. Here, external actions mean
the legal instruments and responsible institutions for pollution control at industrial estate level.
The country studies are patterned on a format of legal framework, institutional framework, effluent
standards, permitting systems, and monitoring and enforcement. According to these studies, it can be
seen that the United States Environment Protection Agency the example of an environmental agency
of a developed country — carry out all the tasks that fulfill the requirements for implementing
pollution control at all levels. In case of Thailand, the National Environment Board the example of an
environmental agency of a developing country — has to share the duties of pollution control to other
ministries and agencies in order to implement pollution control measures at both national and local
(industrial estate) levels.
In Myanmar, in terms of legal provision, the city-level law (basic requirement to promulgate standards,
rules, and regulations for controlling pollution in the industrial estates) already does exist though
specific standards and detail regulations that can cope with the pollution problem are not in place yet.
The National Commission for Environmental Affairs can not perform satisfactorily the tasks on
industrial pollution control. It needs to collaborate with other relevant agencies. Neither the Pollution
Control & Cleansing Department, (PCCD) — which resembles with Publicly Owned Treatment Works
in US nor the Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development, (DHSHD) — which
resembles with Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand — provides services for industrial wastewater
collection, treatment and disposal in the industrial estates. The coordination between PCCD and
DHSHD is essential for implementing pollution control measures at industrial estate level according to
their current roles and responsibilities (i.e., PCCD as a service provider and DHSHD as a developer of
the study area). They also need technical assistance that can be obtained from the Department of
Regional Industrial Coordination & Inspection and the Myanmar Scientific & Technological Research
Department.
Finally, a local level program (Industrial Estate Pollution Control Program — IEPCP) for pollution
control purpose in the industrial estates (the study area) is proposed. The program is mainly based on
regulatory measures such as permitting and licensing, inspection, and enforcement, though economic
measures such as user charges, low interest loans, and tax incentives are also employed. The
objectives, organizational structure, and components of the program are presented together with the
supporting framework needed for developing the program and the preparatory measures to be
undertaken for implementing the program.

WASTE WATER AUDIT IN RIBBED SMOKED SHEET FACTORY

by

Arthapong Saicharoen

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Engineering.

Examination Committee:

Prof. Samom Muttamara (Chairman)
Dr. Preeda Parkpian
Dr. Per H. Nielsen

Nationality
Previous Degree:

Thai
B. Eng. (Civil)
Royal Thai Air Force Academy,
Don-muang, Bangkok, Thailand.

Scholarship Donor:

Royal Thai Government-Queen Scholarship

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract

The factory “A” is a small scale Ribbed Smoked Sheet industry, located in Songkhla,
Thailand. The average production of ribbed smoked sheet is 1.5 tons RSS/ day. The average
water consumption is 3.38m3/ ton field latex and producing 3.82m3 wastewater. The
wastewater contains high organic of rubber composition and chemical used in the processing.
Characteristic of wastewater are 2,250 mg/L BOD, 3,427 mg/L COD, 126 mg/L TKN, 13.5
mg/L NH3-N, 21 mg/L TP, 20 mg/L Sulfate, 280 mg/L SS, 5,708 mg/L TS and pH 4.7-5.0.
The fluctuate flow rate of wastewater enter to treatment plant depend on amount of field latex
supplied to the factory. The existing wastewater treatment system comprised of 1-anaerobic
pond, 1-aerated lagoon, and 1-polishing pond but the system is failure because an area that the
factory located has no electricity and there have not treatment plant operator or the worker
who has knowledge about their treatment system. The effluent from the treatment plant is not
met Thailand industrial effluent standard.
Laboratory scale experiment of aerated lagoon system and waste stabilization pond system
was conducted to investigate the efficiency of both systems to treat wastewater from Ribbed
Smoked Sheet factory. The result of laboratory scale experiment, efficiency of aerated lagoon
is 98.4% BOD and 96.0% COD removal at 4 days HRT. And the efficiency of baffle waste
stabilization pond is 96.2% BOD and 93.0% COD removal at 15 days HRT.
In this study to improvement the treatment plant, baffle waste stabilization pond system was
used instead of aerated lagoon system in the existing treatment plant. This will be an option to
reach effluent standard and wastewater can be reused in the production line to reduce water
consumption in the factory. How to recycle the water from the treatment plant should be
transferred to the operator together with the monitoring of treatment system

HEAVY METAL LEACHING FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL BY ACETIC
ACID

by

Tran Hong Giang

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science

Examination Committee:

Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh (Chairman)
Dr. Kensuke Fukushi
Dr. Preeda Parkpian

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Vietnamese
Bachelor of Science (Chemistry)
Hanoi University of Sciences
Hanoi, Vietnam

Scholarship Donor:
CEC-DAAD

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate and determine the applicability of using acetic acid in
removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.
With acetic acid at pH 2.8, produced easily from organic wastes, soil was treated with the
highest efficiency. The acid solution was applied in column experiment by surface flooding to
increase to the solubility and mobility of metals in the soil, that is Cd and Ni were removed
from soil after estimated about 120 days of treatment.
When acetic acid solution at pH 2.8 was applied to treat the soil, soil pH was reduced from
initial value of 5.2 to 3.9. However, acetic acid can be a food source for microorganism in
soil, when organic acid reduced, soil pH was increased to initial values after 80 day, that may
not cause negative effect to plant growth. Because the treatment of the soil removes the large
part of available metals, so after a certain time, the population of microorganisms significantly
increased.
Bacteria were limited in acid habitats; the fungi dominated the microbial community in areas
of low pH, the number of fungi could increased 4 times with control when com. Some bacteria
were persisting for long periods in such unfavorable circumstance. Once the organic acids in
soil reduce fungi activities reduce, the bacteria will return rapidly to a position of importance.

PILOT SCALE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MEMBRANE
FILTRATION FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER REUSE

by

Suwanna Kitpati

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Engineering.

Examination Committee:

Prof. C. Visvanathan (Chairman)
Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre
Dr. Preeda Parkpian
Dr. Seung-Hwan Lee

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Thai
Bachelor of Industrial Engineering
Thammasat University, Bangkok,
Thailand.

Scholarship Donor:

Asian Institute of Technology-Partial
Scholarship

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
The increasing industrial production in Asia leads to over exploitation of water resources and
discharge of significant pollution load. Water and wastewater reuse is the solution to conserve
the fresh water resources of many countries. Membrane filtration is an advanced technology,
which has been improving in design and decreasing in capital cost. It offers the superior
quality water for reuse, than the conventional systems.
Pilot scale microfiltration membrane experiments were conducted to investigate stability and
reliability of surface water and treated wastewater treatment. Bench scale chemical cleaning
experiments were carried out to study on effect of chemical composition and concentration.
Finally, financial analysis and reuse potential were also discussed.
These experimental results indicate that: a) Permeate flow and backwash method is the
significant operating condition factors to prolong the duration time of running. b) Inorganic
matters such as clay are not much effect to stability of membrane filtration, while organic
matter is the significant factor for flux declined. c) Microfiltration system has a high ability to
handle high turbidity and suspended solid loading but less effective for organic matters
removal. Turbidity removal efficiency was 98-99 % and suspended solid removal efficiency
was 100 %. In case of organic removal, COD removal efficiency for surface water and treated
wastewater was 40-70 % and 65-80 %, respectively. d) The combination of caustic and
oxidant is the most effective method for this particular surface water and treated wastewater.
There is a threshold concentration for both chemical reagents, which the excessive
concentration will not significantly improve in the flux recovery. The threshold concentration
for NaClO was between 200-400 ppm for both feed water. Increase of NaGH concentration
from 0.075 N to be 0.15 N was insignificant flux recovery improving for surface water but in
case of treated wastewater; flux recovery improving was 20-25%. e) This membrane filtration
system was found to be an attractive economic alternative to conventional treatment process.
Product water was better in quality and less in problem of disinfection-by-products and
disinfection-resistant pathogens, than the conventional treatment process. The system has a
potential to widely reuse in all application especially potable water and industrial activities
reuse.

LEVELS AND PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF AIRBORNE POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS (PCBs) IN THE BANGKOK METROPOLITAN REGION

by

Prapat Pentamwa

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science.

Examination
Committee:

Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Chairman)
Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana
Dr. Preeda Parkpian
Dr. Seung-Hwan, Lee

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Thai
Bachelor of Science (Public Health)
Khon Kaen University,
Khon Kaen, Thailand

Scholarship Donor:

Royal Thai Government

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environmental, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
In this study, the airborne PCBs in Bangkok urban area (tropical climate) was evaluated. The
two major tasks were undertaken: (1) the evaluation level and phase distribution of airborne
PCBs by using active sampling method, and (2) the evaluation levels of airborne PCBs by
using passive sampling method and comparison of levels of airborne gas phase PCBs obtained
by active and passive sampling method.
The active sampling method employed an 8 stages size fractionating cascade impactor
(Anderson low volume sampler) in combination with PUF adsorbent tube connected in series.
Out of 12 PCB analyzed only seven congeners were detected (PCB 28, 31, 52, 101, 138, 153,
and 180) by GC/ECD. The Anderson low volume sampler connecting with PUF cartridge
proved to be a suitable alternative monitoring methods providing the PCBs both in gas and
particulate phase (fine and coarse). The concentration of suspended particulate matters (SPM)
with diameter size range over 2.1 µm (coarse particle) were ranging from 74-189 µg/m3 and
less than 2.1 µm (fine particle) were ranging from 45-148 µg/m3. A bimodal form
demonstrated the mass size distribution with high accumulation in coarse size range. Total
PCB (sum of 7 detected congeners) was found to be ranged 0.77-3.3 ng/m3. The lighter and
lower chlorinated PCB species such as PCB 31 and 52 presented at higher concentration than
higher chlorinated PCB species such as PCB1O1, 138, 153, and 180. The PCBs was presented
mainly in gas phase particularly lower molecular weight PCBs such as PCB28, 31, 52, 101,
and 138 (62.5%, 80.7%, 70.3%, 63.4%, and 75.6%, respectively) while PCB 153 and 180
were detected only in particulate phase. PCBs content were abundant in fine particle phase
(0.03-3.51 pg/µg). Concentrations of PCBs were higher at Din Deang city center (3.3 ng/m3)
than in BKK U.2 suburban area (0.77 ng/m3).
The passive sampling method by Semipermeable membranes Devices (SPMDs) was used in
parallel with the PUF cartridge. Total detected PCBs (sum of 5 PCBs) by the passive method
ranged 2.81-14.05 ng/m3 with high contribution from lighter PCB (PCB 31 and 52). The
levels found by the passive method were higher than active method and suggested that high
temperature may contribute to the increased collection efficiency of SPMD.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL
ACTION PLAN FOR CHROMALLOY (THAILAND) LTD.

by

Harnpon Phungrassami

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Engineering.

Examination Committee:

Prof. C. Visvanathan (Chairman)
Dr. S. Kumar
Dr. P. H. Nielsen

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Thai
B. Chemical Engineering, Thammasat
University, Thailand

Scholarship Donor:

General Chavalit Yongchaiyodh Scholarship

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
This study was conducted at Chromalloy (Thailand) Ltd, which is a jet engine component
repair factory. This factory has already obtained ISO 9002 and IS014001 certification.
In view of the environmental management performance of the factory, this study was
conducted using the Eco-mapping. It was found that there were two major problems which
affected the workers had the negative thinking. One problem was Air pollution and another
one was Noise pollution in the work place.
The produced airborne particulate matter satisfies the Thailand standard. Noise level in the
building is not higher than standard. However, the factory should create a strict rule for all the
workers who work in dangerous areas, such as: Blending, Vibro room and LPT (Low Pressure
Turbine) blade area.
After conducting a pollution prevention in the chemical room, This study shows that a spray
system which can reduce water used could be employed. 90% of rinsing water can be saved.
Energy used could be reduced by 3 kWh per tank if the labourers open the tank heater less
than 1 hour in the current operation. The simple in-plant modifications such as: closing of tap
water after using, repair of leaky valves and connections and avoiding plastic bags and rubber
ring from entering the wastewater stream could be adopt.
The wastewater generated from rinsing operation, fluorescent penetrant solution and chemical
use in the factory. Currently the factory generates 17 m3/day from domestic wastewater and
15 m3/day from industrial wastewater. Domestic wastewater treatment plant and industrial
wastewater treatment plant are over designed by 2 times and 10 times, respectively. The
removal efficiencies of industrial sedimentation tank were 38% of SS and 62% of Ni,
indicating very low removal efficiency.
Life cycle analysis presented that the acidification and nutrient enrichment of after
modification have lower environmental impact values than before modification. Therefore
after the modification, the factory can be environmentally more friendly than before.

RESPONSE OF NITRIFYING BIOFILM TO INHIBITORY SHOCK LOADS

by

Binod Kumar Rajbhandari

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Engineering.

Examination Committee:

Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre (Chairperson)
Prof. Chongrak Polprasert
Dr. Ole Mark

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Nepalese
Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons.)
University of Roorkee,
Roorkee, India

Scholarship Donor:
Her Majesty the Queen of Thailand

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environmental, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
Response of nitrifying biofilm to inhibitory shock loads was investigated using aniline as an
inhibitory compound. Effect of bulk aniline concentration as well as exposure time on activity
of nitrifying biofilm was investigated. A lab scale continuous down flow biofilm reactor with
flow rate of 20 ml/min and hydraulic retention time of 32.55 mm was operated for this
purpose. Experiment were conducted under the conditions where ammonium and DO were
not limiting factor. While inhibitor concentration in feed was varied to quantify the inhibitory
effects on nitrifying biofilm. Synthetic wastewater containing constant NH4-N concentration
of about 25 mg/l was used as feeding solution. pH of the system was maintained between 6.8
to 7.5. Pure oxygen was supplied and maintained DO between 9 to 18 mg/l. Recirculation
ratio of 1:6 was applied to achieve completely mix condition.
Experiments were conducted with various possible combinations of feed aniline concentration
varied between 2-10 mg/l and exposure time of 6-18 times of HRT (space-time). The
experimental results revealed that the degree of inhibition to nitrifiers depends upon
concentration as well as exposure time of toxic compound. Aniline concentration higher than
6 mg/l was found to be significantly toxic to nitrifiers. The maximum observed reduction in
nitrification rate due to aniline application rate of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/l exposed to 12 HRT
were around 9, 20, 25, 62 and 80% respectively. Effluent nitrate concentration was found to
be varying exponentially during exposure as well as recovery phase.
It was observed that lower concentration of aniline with long exposure might have higher
degree of inhibition than higher aniline concentration with short exposure. In case of 6mg/I of
feed aniline exposed to 18HRT effluent N03-N concentration was reduced by about 11 .2mg/l.
While about 8.7mg/l reduction in effluent N03-N was observed at 8mg/l of feed aniline
exposed to 6HRT. Maximum effluent N03-N reduction of about l3mg/l and 15.5mg/l was
found due to feed aniline concentration of 8mg/l exposed to 9HRT and 12 HRT respectively.
While the reduction was about 10.lmg/l due to feed aniline concentration of 10mg/l exposed
to 6HRT.
Empirical models with exponential reduction and recovery of biofilm activity during exposure
and recovery stage were found to yield satisfactory results.

EFFECT OF CYANIDE FISHING ON CORALS

by

Ulla Luhtasela

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science, Inter-University Program in a field of Environmental Toxicology, Technology and
Management.

Examination Committee:

Dr. Preeda Parkpian(Chairman)
Dr. Hansa Chansang
Dr. Jutamaad Satayavivad
Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Finnish
Equivalent studies of the Bachelor in
Chemistry
University of Turku
Turku, Finland

Scholarship Donor

European Union, PTS programme

Asian Institute of Technology,
Chulabhorn Research Institute,
And Mahidol University
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract

Cyanide fishing is an illegal fishing method widely used in a number of countries in Southeast
Asia. It is used to stun the fish to make them easier to catch. As this deadly poison spreads
around the coral reef, it has an adverse impact on marine life, including fish, corals and other
invertebrates. Initial, high concentration of sodium cyanide (NaCN) is known to kill coral
polyps. As the cyanide dilutes and spreads around the reef, corals are exposed to low
concentrations of free cyanide for prolonged periods of time, causing chronic effects.
In this experiment, corals were exposed to NaCN in two concentrations (10-5 and 10-6 mol/l)
for 6 hours and given 2 weeks recovery period after the exposure. Treatment was repeated
twice in this experiment. Changes in chlorophyll —a and -c2 concentrations and zooxanthellae
density were measured in the laboratory. Bleaching is the discoloration phenomenon of
stressed corals. It can be caused by the loss of symbiotic algae, chlorophyll concentrations or
both together.
No significant changes were found in zooxanthellae densities after any treatments, indicating
that the selected coral species, Porites lutea does not expulse its symbiotic algae from its
tissue at these concentrations and duration of cyanide exposure.
Significant changes of chlorophyll -a and -c2 concentrations were found in a group a (10-5
mol/l) immediately after both exposures. After 2 weeks of recovery, concentrations returned
to normal levels as compared with the control groups. Group b (10-6 mol/l) did not show any
significant changes in either of the analysis.
Cyanide fishing has a high potency to stress large coral reef areas, as the initial, used
concentration can be up to 1010 times higher than the studied concentration. Environmental
parameters, such as pH, temperature, solar radiation, and current velocities determine the
severity of the damage caused by cyanide fishing activities.

STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES AND THE EMERGING HOUSING MARKET IN
HANOI, VIETNAM

by

Hoang Long

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science

Examination committee:

Dr. Seisuke Watanabe (Chairman)
Prof. Hans Detlef Kammeier
Dr. Willi Zimmermann

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Vietnamese
Bachelor of Architecture
Hanoi Architectural University, Vietnam

Scholarship Donor:

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
(Sida)

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract

Ten years after the “Doimoi” policy, ten years laying aside its main role to private sector,
recently State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) return as an important actor in creating housing in
Hanoi. However, several SOEs inefficient performance in housing projects generates
difficulty for achieving the housing development target of Hanoi city.
Taking into account case studies in Nghia Do Dich Vong housing project and corporate
analysis, this study focuses on investigating special circumstances and constraints, which are
common to the project implementation. Through the case study analysis the monopoly,
lacking of transparency m implementation process and delaying in compensation turned out to
be the main obstacles of the SOEs housing projects. Finally, recommendations for specific
policies to enhance, sustain improve the SOEs performance are offered.
The first three chapters give the detail of basic concepts in housing and SOEs reform. The
forth and the fifth chapter point out the factors affect the SOEs performance by review the
current land law, land administration and housing management system. Chapter six
enumerates the problems and weakness of SOEs themselves through the case study in and the
last chapter gives the recommendation for improving the SOEs performance and enhancing
effectiveness of the housing development project.

IMPACTS OF URBAN SPRAWL ON HOUSEHOLDS: A CASE STUDY OF TWO
HOUSING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN PATHUMTHANI, THAILAND

by

Pornkasem Laudhittirut

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science

Examination Committee

Dr. Seisuke Watanabe (Chairman)
Prof. A.T.M. Nurul Amin
Prof. Yap Kioe Sheng
Dr. Orapan Na Bangchang

Nationality
Previous Degree

Thai
Bachelor of Architecture
King Mongkut’ s Institute of Technology
Lad Krabang, Bangkok, Thailand

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment. Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract
Due to rapid economic growth before economic crisis in 1997, the population in Bangkok
Metropolitan Area (BMA) experienced the economic acceleration that led to the city
expansion and housing demand in urban fringe area where land and housing price were
cheaper with better transportation route. Combined with the promotion of decentralization and
deconcentration of Bangkok to other areas especially its vicinity, the creation of commercial
and industrial sector directly increased the settlements in those areas led to sprawl
development in suburban area with lack of development control and complete provision of
urban infrastructure, facility and service from related authorities.
As the people decided to live in the suburban area, it created the new community with
infrastructure, facility and service in the area with concentration of settlement and good
accessibility which can be considered as urban area for that location. As most of the residents
moved from the city, Bangkok, they still travel daily and work in the city. Those with lower
income have to live in the housing project with further distance from the urban area due to
their low affordability. So, they did trade-off between low cost housing and additional
distance of location. This additional distance results in their extra cost for transportation with
difficulty of living as the housing project is located beyond serviced coverage area of various
urban facility and service. These contribute the problems not only to the individual household
units but also to the society in various issues; i.e. economic, social and environmental issue, in
macro level.
Regarding this issue, this research study attempts to depict those problems effected to the
residents due to the additional distance and the lack of infrastructure, facility and service. It
also includes the residents’ behaviour as well as attitude towards housing with statistical data
support. This helps to illustrate the weaknesses of location for living with the limitation of
urban service and the behaviour of homebuyers with less concern of those problems which
can affect their living in long run. As the problems and facts are shown, this research provides
the recommendations which aim to manage sprawl development and maintain the good living
condition for the residents which can help to solve the problems and led to more efficient
urban land management with better development.

RESPONSE OF NITRIFYING BIOFILM TO INHIBITORY SHOCK LOADS

by

Binod Kumar Rajbhandari

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Engineering.

Examination Committee:

Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre (Chairperson)
Prof. Chongrak Polprasert
Dr. Ole Mark

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Nepalese
Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons.)
University of Roorkee,
Roorkee, India

Scholarship Donor:

Her Majesty the Queen of Thailand

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environmental, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract

Response of nitrifying biofilm to inhibitory shock loads was investigated using aniline as an
inhibitory compound. Effect of bulk aniline concentration as well as exposure time on activity
of nitrifying biofilm was investigated. A lab scale continuous down flow biofilm reactor with
flow rate of 20 ml/min and hydraulic retention time of 32.55 min was operated for this
purpose. Experiment were conducted under the conditions where ammonium and DO were
not limiting factor. While inhibitor concentration in feed was varied to quantify the inhibitory
effects on nitrifying biofilm. Synthetic wastewater containing constant NH4-N concentration
of about 25 mg/l was used as feeding solution. pH of the system was maintained between 6.8
to 7.5. Pure oxygen was supplied and maintained DO between 9 to 18 mg/l. Recirculation
ratio of 1:6 was applied to achieve completely mix condition.
Experiments were conducted with various possible combinations of feed aniline concentration
varied between 2-10 mg/l and exposure time of 6-18 times of HRT (space-time). The
experimental results revealed that the degree of inhibition to nitrifiers depends upon
concentration as well as exposure time of toxic compound. Aniline concentration higher than
6 mg/l was found to be significantly toxic to nitrifiers. The maximum observed reduction in
nitrification rate due to aniline application rate of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/l exposed to 12 HRT
were around 9, 20, 25, 62 and 80% respectively. Effluent nitrate concentration was found to
be varying exponentially during exposure as well as recovery phase.
It was observed that lower concentration of aniline with long exposure might have higher
degree of inhibition than higher aniline concentration with short exposure. In case of 6mg/l of
feed aniline exposed to 18HRT effluent NO3-N concentration was reduced by about 11.2mg/l.
While about 8.7mg/l reduction in effluent NO3-N was observed at 8mg/l of feed aniline
exposed to 6HRT. Maximum effluent NO3-N reduction of about 13mg/l and 15.5mg/l was
found due to feed aniline concentration of 8mg/l exposed to 9HRT and 12 HRT respectively.
While the reduction was about 10.1mg/l due to feed aniline concentration of 10mg/l exposed
to 6HRT.
Empirical models with exponential reduction and recovery of biofilm activity during exposure
and recovery stage were found to yield satisfactory results.

EFFECT OF CYANIDE FISHING ON CORALS

by

Ulla Luhtasela

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science, Inter-University Program in a field of Environmental Toxicology, Technology and
Management.

Examination Committee:

Dr. Preeda Parkpian(Chairman)
Dr. Hansa Chansang
Dr. Jutamaad Satayavivad
Prof. Nguyen Cong Thanh

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Finnish
Equivalent studies of the Bachelor in Chemistry
University of Turku
Turku, Finland

Scholarship Donor

European Union, PTS programme

Asian Institute of Technology,
Chulabhorn Research Institute,
And Mahidol UniversityBangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract

Cyanide fishing is an illegal fishing method widely used in a number of countries in
Southeast Asia. It is used to stun the fish to make them easier to catch. As this deadly
poison spreads around the coral reef, it has an adverse impact on marine life, including
fish, corals and other invertebrates. Initial, high concentration of sodium cyanide (NaCN)
is known to kill coral polyps. As the cyanide dilutes and spreads around the reef, corals are
exposed to low concentrations of free cyanide for prolonged periods of time, causing
chronic effects.
In this experiment, corals were exposed to NaCN in two concentrations (10-5 and 10-6
mol/l) for 6 hours and given 2 weeks recovery period after the exposure. Treatment was
repeated twice in this experiment. Changes in chlorophyll –a and -c2 concentrations and
zooxanthellae density were measured in the laboratory. Bleaching is the discoloration
phenomenon of stressed corals. It can be caused by the loss of symbiotic algae, chlorophyll
concentrations or both together.
No significant changes were found in zooxanthellae densities after any treatments,
indicating that the selected coral species, Porites lutea does not expulse its symbiotic algae
from its tissue at these concentrations and duration of cyanide exposure.
Significant changes of chlorophyll –a and -c2 concentrations were found in a group a (10-5
mol/l) immediately after both exposures. After 2 weeks of recovery, concentrations
returned to normal levels as compared with the control groups. Group b (10-6 mol/l) did not
show any significant changes in either of the analysis.
Cyanide fishing has a high potency to stress large coral reef areas, as the initial, used
concentration can be up to 1010 times higher than the studied concentration. Environmental
parameters, such as pH, temperature, solar radiation, and current velocities determine the
severity of the damage caused by cyanide fishing activities.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL
ACTION PLAN FOR CHROMALLOY (THAILAND) LTD.

by

Harnpon

Phungrassami

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Engineering.

Examination Committee:

Prof. C. Visvanathan (Chairman)

Dr. S. Kumar
Dr. P. H. Nielsen

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Thai
B. Chemical Engineering,
Thammasat University, Thailand

Scholarship Donor:

General Chavalit Yongchaiyodh Scholarship

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract

This study was conducted at Chromalloy (Thailand) Ltd, which is a jet engine component
repair factory. This factory has already obtained ISO 9002 and ISO14001 certification.
In view of the environmental management performance of the factory, this study was
conducted using the Eco-mapping. It was found that there were two major problems which affected
the workers had the negative thinking. One problem was Air pollution and another one was Noise
pollution in the work place.

The produced airborne particulate matter satisfies the Thailand standard. Noise
level in the building is not higher than standard. However, the factory should create a strict
rule for all the workers who work in dangerous areas, such as: Blending, Vibro room and
LPT (Low Pressure Turbine) blade area.
After conducting a pollution prevention in the chemical room, This study shows
that a spray system which can reduce water used could be employed. 90% of rinsing water
can be saved. Energy used could be reduced by 3 kWh per tank if the labourers open the
tank heater less than 1 hour in the current operation. The simple in-plant modifications
such as: closing of tap water after using, repair of leaky valves and connections and
avoiding plastic bags and rubber ring from entering the wastewater stream could be adopt.
The wastewater generated from rinsing operation, fluorescent penetrant solution
and chemical use in the factory. Currently the factory generates 17 m3/day from domestic
wastewater and 15 m3/day from industrial wastewater. Domestic wastewater treatment
plant and industrial wastewater treatment plant are over designed by 2 times and 10 times,
respectively. The removal efficiencies of industrial sedimentation tank were 38% of SS
and 62% of Ni, indicating very low removal efficiency.
Life cycle analysis presented that the acidification and nutrient enrichment of after
modification have lower environmental impact values than before modification. Therefore
after the modification, the factory can be environmentally more friendly than before.

LEVELS AND PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF AIRBORNE POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS (PCBs) IN THE BANGKOK METROPOLITAN REGION

by

Prapat Pentamwa

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Science.

Examination Committee:

Nationality:
Previous Degree :

Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Chairman)
Dr. Supat Wangwongwatana
Dr. Preeda Parkpian
Dr. Seung-Hwan, Lee

Thai
Bachelor of Science (Public Health)
Khon Kaen University,
Khon Kaen, Thailand

Scholarship Donor:

Royal Thai Government

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environmental, Resources and Development
Bangkok, Thailand
August 2001

Abstract

In this study, the airborne PCBs in Bangkok urban area (tropical climate) was evaluated. The
two major tasks were undertaken: (1) the evaluation level and phase distribution of airborne
PCBs by using active sampling method, and (2) the evaluation levels of airborne PCBs by
using passive sampling method and comparison of levels of airborne gas phase PCBs obtained
by active and passive sampling method.
The active sampling method employed an 8 stages size fractionating cascade impactor
(Anderson low volume sampler) in combination with PUF adsorbent tube connected in series.
Out of 12 PCB analyzed only seven congeners were detected (PCB 28, 31, 52, 101, 138, 153,
and 180) by GC/ECD. The Anderson low volume sampler connecting with PUF cartridge
proved to be a suitable alternative monitoring methods providing the PCBs both in gas and
particulate phase (fine and coarse). The concentration of suspended particulate matters (SPM)
with diameter size range over 2.1 µm (coarse particle) were ranging from 74-189 µg/m3 and
less than 2.1 µm (fine particle) were ranging from 45-148 µg/m3. A bimodal form
demonstrated the mass size distribution with high accumulation in coarse size range. Total
PCB (sum of 7 detected congeners) was found to be ranged 0.77-3.3 ng/m3. The lighter and
lower chlorinated PCB species such as PCB 31 and 52 presented at higher concentration than
higher chlorinated PCB species such as PCB101, 138, 153, and 180. The PCBs was presented
mainly in gas phase particularly lower molecular weight PCBs such as PCB28, 31, 52, 101,
and 138 (62.5%, 80.7%, 70.3%, 63.4%, and 75.6%, respectively) while PCB153 and 180 were
detected only in particulate phase. PCBs content were abundant in fine particle phase
(0.03-3.51 pg/µg). Concentrations of PCBs were higher at Din Deang city center (3.3 ng/m3)
than in BKK U.2 suburban area (0.77 ng/m3).
The passive sampling method by Semipermeable membranes Devices (SPMDs) was used in
parallel with the PUF cartridge. Total detected PCBs (sum of 5 PCBs) by the passive method
ranged 2.81-14.05 ng/m3 with high contribution from lighter PCB (PCB 31 and 52). The
levels found by the passive method were higher than active method and suggested that high
temperature may contribute to the increased collection efficiency of SPMD.

PILOT SCALE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MEMBRANE
FILTRATION FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER REUSE

by

Suwanna Kitpati

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Engineering.

Examination Committee:

Prof. C. Visvanathan (Chairman)
Dr. Ajit P. Annachhatre
Dr. Preeda Parkpian
Dr. Seung-Hwan Lee

Nationality:
Previous Degree:

Thai
Bachelor of Industrial Engineering
Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Scholarship Donor:

Asian Institute of TechnologyPartial Scholarship

Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Thailand
August 2001

Abstract

The increasing industrial production in Asia leads to over exploitation of water
resources and discharge of significant pollution load. Water and wastewater reuse is the
solution to conserve the fresh water resources of many countries. Membrane filtration is an
advanced technology, which has been improving in design and decreasing in capital cost. It
offers the superior quality water for reuse, than the conventional systems.
Pilot scale microfiltration membrane experiments were conducted to investigate
stability and reliability of surface water and treated wastewater treatment. Bench scale
chemical cleaning experiments were carried