ANTI BACTERIAL POTENCY OF CHITOSAN OLIGOMER PRODUCED BY Bacillus liceniformis MB 2 CHITOSANASE
www.p4ksi.litbang.kkp.go.id
ISSN 0853 - 8980
INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Volume 14 Number 2 December 2008
Acreditation Number: 101/Akred-LIPI/P2MBI/10/2007
(Period: November 2007-November 2010)
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is the English edition of
fisheries research journal. The first published in 1994 with publishing frequently is
once a year. Since 2005, this journal published twice on JUNE and DECEMBER.
Head of Editor Board:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, M.Sc.
Members of Editor Board:
Prof. Dr. John Haluan
Dr. Ir. Subhat Nurhakim, M.S.
Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc.
Dr. Ir. Indra Jaya
Refrees for this Number:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Ari Purbayanto, M.Sc. (Bogor Agriculture Institute)
Dr. Ir. Setyo Budi Susilo, M.Sc. (Bogor Agriculture Institute)
Dr. Ir. Augy Syahailatua (Research Center for Oceanography-Indonesian Institute for of Science)
Managing Editors:
Dra. Endang Sriyati
Arvy Herdianto Firmansyah
Published by:
Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research
Manuscript send to the publisher:
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal
Research Center for Capture Fisheries
Jl. Pasir Putih I Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430 Indonesia
Phone (021) 64711940
Fax: (021) 6402640
Email: rccf_office@indo.net.id
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is published by Research Center for Capture
Fisheries. Budgeting F.Y. 2008.
PREFACE
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal Volume 14 No.2 December 2008 is the second publising English Journal
of Research Center for Capture Fisheries in 2008. This journal is one of media for communication of fisheries
scientiest. This publication is supported by the financial budget of Research Center for Capture Fisheries, fy 2008.
This number contains six scientific papers concerning one article of inland waters, three papers of marine resources,
and two papers of post harvest technology fisheries.
We deeply thank to the editorial boards for their highly contribution in evaluating the papers before published.
Their effort had increased the quality of the journal. Finally, we hope this journal would contribute to fisheries science
as well as development of fisheries in Indonesia.
Editor
i
ISSN 0853 - 8980
INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Vol.14 No.2 - December 2008
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………………........................
i
CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………..….....………..
iii
Fish Community Structure in Relation to Water Quality of the Down Stream of Musi River, South Sumatera,
Indonesia
By: Husnah, Eko Prianto, Makri, and Hilda Z. Dahlan …………………………………….....…………..……
51-65
Demersal Fish Resources Result of MV. SEAFDEC 2 Survey in the South China Sea of Indonesia
By: Wudianto and Bambang Sumiono …………………………………………………………......…………..
67-74
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) in the Indian Ocean
Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia
By: Fayakun Satria, John Haluan, Eko Sri Wiyono, and Wudianto …………….....………………….…….
75-82
Additional Valid Record of Marbled Hawkfish, Cirrhites pinnulatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Perciformes:
Cirrhitidae) from North Sulawesi
By: Teguh Peristiwady …………………………………………………………........…………………………….
83-89
Antibacterial Potency of Chitosan Oligomer Produced by Bacillus Licheniformis MB-2 Chitosanase
By: Ekowati Chasanah, Meidina, and Maggy T. Suhartono ……………………........………………………..
91-95
Use of Aspergillus repens in the Moulding Process of Dried Fish Stick Made from Little Tuna
(Euthynnus affinis)
By: Hari Eko Irianto, Fran Santoso, Jamal Basmal, and Ninoek Indriati …….......…………………….……
97-101
iii
www.p4ksi.litbang.kkp.go.id
Antibacterial Potency of Chitosan ..... by Bacillus Licheniformis MB-2 Chitosanase (Chasanah, E., et al.)
ANTIBACTERIAL POTENCY OF CHITOSAN OLIGOMER PRODUCED
BY Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 CHITOSANASE
Ekowati Chasanah1), Meidina2), and Maggy T. Suhartono3)
1) Marine Biotechnology Lab, Center for Marine and Fisheries Product Processing and
Biotechnology Research-Petamburan, Jakarta
2) Food Science Program, Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University-Bogor, Indonesia
3) Department of Food Science Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University-Bogor, Indonesia
Received September 26-2007; Received in revised form March 25-2008;
Accepted October 24-2008
ABSTRACT
Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 chitosanase isolated from hot spring water in Manado, Indonesia,
was used to produce chitosan oligomers. Both crude and pure Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 chitosanase
were used to prepare chitosan oligomers, and the antibacterial activity of the resulting oligomers
were tested towards 6 pathogenic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aerugenusa, Salmonella
typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus.
By contact method, the oligomers, at the MIC value (Salmonella typhymurium of 321 ppm, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli (MIC of 402 ppm) and the contact time of 24
h, were able to reduce all pathogenic bacteria tested by 2 to 5 log cycles. Using Pseudomonas
aeruginosa protease, the oligomers were capable of reducing the protease activity by 64%, indicating
that antiprotease might be involved in the antibacterial mechanism by these oligomers.
KEYWORDS:
Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 chitosanase, oligomer, antibacterial agent, protease
inhibitor
INTRODUCTION
Chitosan is a natural polymer containing N-acetylD-glucosamine and D-glucosamine residues. Having
biodegradable and biocompatible properties, this
deacetylated form of chitin polymer has been used
widely at various industries such as food, agricultural,
pharmaceutical, and waste water treatments. To
improve its application, i.e enhancing the water
solubility properties, the polymer is usually modified
by substituting the functional groups with chemical
substances or partially hydrolyzed chemically or
enzymatically. Application of enzyme for partially
degrading chitosan was more preferable because of
the mild and safe process as well as specific reaction,
resulting in high quality oligomer products. Specific
size oligomer was reported to maintain various
prominent biological activities such as antimicrobial
properties.
Study on antimicrobial properties of chitosan has
been reported by a number of scientists (Sagoo et
al., 2002; Helander, 2001; Rhoades & Roller, 2000;
Muzarelli et al., 1990; El-Ghaouth et al., 1992). At
low pH (
ISSN 0853 - 8980
INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Volume 14 Number 2 December 2008
Acreditation Number: 101/Akred-LIPI/P2MBI/10/2007
(Period: November 2007-November 2010)
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is the English edition of
fisheries research journal. The first published in 1994 with publishing frequently is
once a year. Since 2005, this journal published twice on JUNE and DECEMBER.
Head of Editor Board:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, M.Sc.
Members of Editor Board:
Prof. Dr. John Haluan
Dr. Ir. Subhat Nurhakim, M.S.
Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc.
Dr. Ir. Indra Jaya
Refrees for this Number:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Ari Purbayanto, M.Sc. (Bogor Agriculture Institute)
Dr. Ir. Setyo Budi Susilo, M.Sc. (Bogor Agriculture Institute)
Dr. Ir. Augy Syahailatua (Research Center for Oceanography-Indonesian Institute for of Science)
Managing Editors:
Dra. Endang Sriyati
Arvy Herdianto Firmansyah
Published by:
Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research
Manuscript send to the publisher:
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal
Research Center for Capture Fisheries
Jl. Pasir Putih I Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430 Indonesia
Phone (021) 64711940
Fax: (021) 6402640
Email: rccf_office@indo.net.id
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is published by Research Center for Capture
Fisheries. Budgeting F.Y. 2008.
PREFACE
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal Volume 14 No.2 December 2008 is the second publising English Journal
of Research Center for Capture Fisheries in 2008. This journal is one of media for communication of fisheries
scientiest. This publication is supported by the financial budget of Research Center for Capture Fisheries, fy 2008.
This number contains six scientific papers concerning one article of inland waters, three papers of marine resources,
and two papers of post harvest technology fisheries.
We deeply thank to the editorial boards for their highly contribution in evaluating the papers before published.
Their effort had increased the quality of the journal. Finally, we hope this journal would contribute to fisheries science
as well as development of fisheries in Indonesia.
Editor
i
ISSN 0853 - 8980
INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Vol.14 No.2 - December 2008
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………………........................
i
CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………..….....………..
iii
Fish Community Structure in Relation to Water Quality of the Down Stream of Musi River, South Sumatera,
Indonesia
By: Husnah, Eko Prianto, Makri, and Hilda Z. Dahlan …………………………………….....…………..……
51-65
Demersal Fish Resources Result of MV. SEAFDEC 2 Survey in the South China Sea of Indonesia
By: Wudianto and Bambang Sumiono …………………………………………………………......…………..
67-74
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) in the Indian Ocean
Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia
By: Fayakun Satria, John Haluan, Eko Sri Wiyono, and Wudianto …………….....………………….…….
75-82
Additional Valid Record of Marbled Hawkfish, Cirrhites pinnulatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Perciformes:
Cirrhitidae) from North Sulawesi
By: Teguh Peristiwady …………………………………………………………........…………………………….
83-89
Antibacterial Potency of Chitosan Oligomer Produced by Bacillus Licheniformis MB-2 Chitosanase
By: Ekowati Chasanah, Meidina, and Maggy T. Suhartono ……………………........………………………..
91-95
Use of Aspergillus repens in the Moulding Process of Dried Fish Stick Made from Little Tuna
(Euthynnus affinis)
By: Hari Eko Irianto, Fran Santoso, Jamal Basmal, and Ninoek Indriati …….......…………………….……
97-101
iii
www.p4ksi.litbang.kkp.go.id
Antibacterial Potency of Chitosan ..... by Bacillus Licheniformis MB-2 Chitosanase (Chasanah, E., et al.)
ANTIBACTERIAL POTENCY OF CHITOSAN OLIGOMER PRODUCED
BY Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 CHITOSANASE
Ekowati Chasanah1), Meidina2), and Maggy T. Suhartono3)
1) Marine Biotechnology Lab, Center for Marine and Fisheries Product Processing and
Biotechnology Research-Petamburan, Jakarta
2) Food Science Program, Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University-Bogor, Indonesia
3) Department of Food Science Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Bogor Agricultural University-Bogor, Indonesia
Received September 26-2007; Received in revised form March 25-2008;
Accepted October 24-2008
ABSTRACT
Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 chitosanase isolated from hot spring water in Manado, Indonesia,
was used to produce chitosan oligomers. Both crude and pure Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 chitosanase
were used to prepare chitosan oligomers, and the antibacterial activity of the resulting oligomers
were tested towards 6 pathogenic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aerugenusa, Salmonella
typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus.
By contact method, the oligomers, at the MIC value (Salmonella typhymurium of 321 ppm, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli (MIC of 402 ppm) and the contact time of 24
h, were able to reduce all pathogenic bacteria tested by 2 to 5 log cycles. Using Pseudomonas
aeruginosa protease, the oligomers were capable of reducing the protease activity by 64%, indicating
that antiprotease might be involved in the antibacterial mechanism by these oligomers.
KEYWORDS:
Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 chitosanase, oligomer, antibacterial agent, protease
inhibitor
INTRODUCTION
Chitosan is a natural polymer containing N-acetylD-glucosamine and D-glucosamine residues. Having
biodegradable and biocompatible properties, this
deacetylated form of chitin polymer has been used
widely at various industries such as food, agricultural,
pharmaceutical, and waste water treatments. To
improve its application, i.e enhancing the water
solubility properties, the polymer is usually modified
by substituting the functional groups with chemical
substances or partially hydrolyzed chemically or
enzymatically. Application of enzyme for partially
degrading chitosan was more preferable because of
the mild and safe process as well as specific reaction,
resulting in high quality oligomer products. Specific
size oligomer was reported to maintain various
prominent biological activities such as antimicrobial
properties.
Study on antimicrobial properties of chitosan has
been reported by a number of scientists (Sagoo et
al., 2002; Helander, 2001; Rhoades & Roller, 2000;
Muzarelli et al., 1990; El-Ghaouth et al., 1992). At
low pH (