The influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara`s personality development as seen in Minfong Ho`s The Clay Marble
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF JANTU AND CHNAY ON DARA’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN
MINFONG HO’S THE CLAY MARBLE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yuanita Kusumardani
Student Number: 081214007
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF JANTU AND CHNAY ON DARA’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN
MINFONG HO’S THE CLAY MARBLE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yuanita Kusumardani
Student Number: 081214007
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
- If such thing as a miracle exists, then it's
another name for hardwork Kang Tae Joon – To the Beautiful You
2012
This thesis
Is dedicated
To my beloved:
Papa Tupon Margono,
Mama Any Supriyanti,
and Adek Marsa Nurlita Wijayanti.
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotation and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, February 5th, 2013
The Writer
Yuanita Kusumardani
081214007
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Yuanita Kusumardani
: 081214007
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE INFLUENCE OF JANTU AND CHNAY ON DARA’S PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN MINFONG HO’S THE CLAY MARBLE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada perpustakaan Universitas sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian Pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 5 Februari 2013
Yang menyatakan,
Yuanita Kusumardani
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ABSTRACT
Kusumardani, Yuanita (2013). The Influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara's
Personality Development as seen in Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of
Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata
Dharma University.
This study analyses a novel by Minfong Ho entitled The Clay Marble. This
novel is very touching due to the fascinating depiction of human life. This novel
also describes the characters clearly through the physical appearances, social-life,
attitudes, behaviors, and thoughts. The writer chooses to analyse personality
development of Dara, as a major character, who develops from time to time
because of some significant people in Dara's life; they are Jantu and Chnay.
There are two problems analysed in this thesis: (1) How are the
characteristics of Jantu and Chnay described in the novel? (2) How do Jantu and
Chnay influence Dara's personality development in the novel?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
personality development. Psychological approach focuses on the psychological
side of human beings. The characters’ thought and behavior can be understood
more appropriate by using psychological approach since this approach intends to
comprehend the patterns of human personality and behavior. The implementation
of psychological approach in this study was necessary since it was aimed to
portray Dara's personality development and see how the significant people
influence her development. The writer used library research as the method in
conducting this study. A novel entitled The Clay Marble becomes primary source
in this study. The secondary sources are taken from books and journal which
discuss character, characterization, psychological approach and personality
development.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn from
this study. The first point is how the characters of Jantu and Chnay are described
in the novel. Jantu is described as a caring, mature and imaginative 13-year-old
girl. Chnay is described as an independent, tough and mean person. The second
point is the influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara's personality development.
Jantu and Chnay influence Dara's maturity, bravery, independence, persistence,
compassion, understanding of the values of family, and understanding of the
values of food. Jantu and Chnay influence Dara's personality development
through their pattern of attitudes and behavior, beliefs and values.
This study provides suggestions for future researchers who are interested
in analysing Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble. This study also provides suggestions
for English teachers to teach English by using The Clay Marble. Moreover, this
study provides lesson plan for teaching English for X grade students in Senior
High School by using excerpt from chapter 7 of The Clay Marble as a teaching
material.
Keywords: Influence, The Clay Marble, Personality Development.
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ABSTRAK
Kusumardani, Yuanita (2013). The Influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara's
Personality Development as seen in Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni,
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini menganalisis sebuah novel dari Minfong Ho yang berjudul The
Clay Marble. Novel ini menarik karena ada penggambaran kehidupan manusia
yang menarik. Novel ini juga menggambarkan karakternya dengan jelas melalui
penampilan, kehidupan sosial, sikap, tingkah laku dan pemikiran. Penulis memilih
untuk menganalisis perkembangan kepribadian dari Dara, Sang tokoh utama, yang
mengalami perkembangan dari waktu ke waktu karena adanya orang – orang
penting dalam kehidupan Dara. Mereka adalah Jantu dan Chnay.
Didalam studi ini, terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dianalisis: (1)
Bagaimana tokoh Jantu dan Chnay digambarkan di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana
Jantu dan Chnay mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Dara di dalam novel?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini mengacu
pada perkembangan kepribadian. Pendekatan psikologi berfokus pada sisi
psikologis dari makhluk hidup. Tingkah laku dan pemikiran karakter-karakter
lebih sesuai untuk di pahami dengan menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena
pendekatan ini bertujuan untuk memahami pola kepribadian dan tingkah laku
manusia. Penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka dalam melakukan analisis.
Novel yang berjudul The Clay Marble adalah sumber utama dalam studi ini.
Sementara sumber sekundernya berupa buku dan artikel yang membahas karakter,
karakterisasi, pendekatan psikologi dan perkembangan kepribadian.
Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, terdapat dua kesimpulan utama dari
analisis yang dilakukan. Hal yang pertama adalah bagaimana tokoh Jantu dan
Chnay digambarkan dalam novel ini. Jantu digambarkan sebagai seorang gadis
berusia 13 tahun yang penyayang, dewasa dan imajinatif. Sedangkan Chnay
digambarkan sebagai seorang anak laki-laki yang mandiri, tabah dan sedikit kasar.
Jantu dan Chnay mempengaruhi Dara dalam hal kedewasaan, keberanian,
kemandirian, kegigihan, kepedulian, pengertian terhadap nilai-nilai kekeluargaan,
dan pengertian dalam nilai-nilai makanan. Jantu dan Chnay mempengaruhi
perkembangan kepribadian Dara melalui perilaku dan sikap mereka, nilai-nilai
serta keyakinan mereka.
Studi ini menyediakan saran bagi penelitian lebih lanjut yang
menggunakan novel The Clay Marble. Studi ini juga menyediakan saran bagi para
guru bahasa Inggris dalam mengajar kemampuan membaca menggunakan novel
The Clay Marble. Terlebih, studi ini menyediakan rencana mengajar untuk
mengajar Bahasa Inggris bagi siswa kelas X Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA)
dengan menggunakan cuplikan dari novel The Clay Marble bab 7 sebagai bahan
mengajar.
Kata Kunci: Pengaruh, The Clay Marble, Perkembangan Kepribadian.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God, for
His blessing and guidance through the years especially in the process of finishing
my thesis.
My deep gratitude goes to my advisor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum.
for her kindness, patience, suggestions, and encouragement in finishing this thesis.
Her continuous and valuable guidance have motivated me during the completion
of my study.
My greatest gratitude is also dedicated to my beloved parents, Tupon
Margono and Any Supriyanti, for their unlimited love, trust, prayer, and support.
For my beloved little sister, Marsa Nurlita Wijayanti, for her support, assistance
and kindness in finishing this thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to
my big family in Klaten and Jakarta for motivating me in finishing my study.
I would like to thank all of the lecturers in the English Education Study
Program for their lectures and for sharing their knowledge. Sincere thanks also go
to Fx. Risang Baskara S.S. for his patience in helping me to correct and proofread
my thesis. I would also like to show my proper appreciation to all of the
secretarial, library staff, and all employees in Sanata Dharma University for
helping me during my study.
I would like to thank my friends in PBI 2008, especially Gilang, Brian,
Clara, Jastia, Phyta, Delis, Desya, Sr. Klarina, Arinto, Dimas, Mary, Nala, Kristin,
Wanda, Vita, Levyn, Dhinda, Monik, Irine and all of my best friends from other
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faculties in Sanata Dharma University that I cannot mention one by one. I thank
them for being my friends. I thank them for their support in my study.
I would like to thank my best friends who live in Jakarta, Palembang,
Surabaya, London, The Philippines, Canada, Pakistan and Malaysia. Kak Dhee,
Cici Molen, Natalia, Nisa, Ranni, Laiza, Jenex, Sabrina, Fani, 'Silver', 'Gold',
'Green', Ci Khosin, Ika, Amel and all EQ Family. I thank them for their support
and love to me although we live far from each other. I thank them for coloring my
life into such a beautiful color.
I thank my best friend and partner in Seoul, Kim Jung Hoon and Lee Ju
Yeon. I thank them for their love and never-ending support during my hardships in
making this thesis. My best sisters Kak Mala, Kak Stevi, and Cici Cindy, I thank
them for the support, love and guidance during the finishing of this thesis. My
partners-in-crime Anissaa Fitri, Marina, Grace, Yuko, Satria and Sita I thank them
for their support and love.
My best partner in Yogya, Yohanes de Cruce Artdo Mahardhika, I thank
him for the patience and support when I feel depressed and messy in the making
of this thesis.
Lastly, I earnestly would like to thank all of the great people whom I
cannot mention one by one. I thank them for helping and supporting me in
finishing my thesis. May God always bless them.
Yuanita Kusumardani
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE...........................................................................................
i
APPROVAL PAGE................................................................................
ii
DEDICATION PAGE.............................................................................
iv
STATEMENT OF WORKS ORIGINALITY......................................
v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI..................................
vi
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................
vii
ABSTRAK...............................................................................................
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES........................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...........................................................
1
A. Background of the Study.......................................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation............................................................................
3
C. Objective of the Study..........................................................................
4
D. Benefits of the Study............................................................................
4
E. Definition of Terms..............................................................................
4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................
6
A. Review of Related Studies...................................................................
6
B. Review of Related Theories.................................................................
7
1. Psychological approach...................................................................
7
2. Character and Characterization.......................................................
9
3. Personality Development……………...........................................
12
a. Categories of Change in Personality………………..................
13
b. Three Variations in Personality Change......................................... 14
c. Conditions which are Responsible in Personality Changes........
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4. The Influence of Significant People……………………………….
17
C. Theoretical Framework........................................................................
18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY.......................................................
17
A. Object of the Study..............................................................................
20
B. Approach of the Study.........................................................................
21
C. Method of the Study............................................................................
21
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS...................................................................
23
A. The Characters of Jantu and Chnay.....................................................
23
1. Jantu………………………............................................................
24
a. Physical and Social Description………………………………
24
b. Personality Description……………………………………….
25
1) Caring…………………………………………………….
25
2) Mature……………………………………………………
26
3) Imaginative……………………………………………….
28
2. The Characteristics of Chnay……………………………………..
30
a. Physical and Social Description………………………………
30
b. Personality Description……………………………………….
31
1) Rude………………………………………………………
31
2) Tough……………………………………………………..
32
3. The Characteristics of Dara……………………………………….
33
B. The Influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara’s Personality Development 33
1. Attitudes and Behavior……………………………………………
35
2. Beliefs…………………………………………………………….
41
3. Values……………...……………………………………………...
48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS......................
56
A. Conclusions............................................................................................ 56
B. Suggestions............................................................................................ 58
REFERENCES.......................................................................................... 62
APPENDICES..........................................................................................
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A : The Summary of The Clay Marble .........................................
64
Appendix B : Minfong Ho's Biography ........................................................
66
Appendix C : Lesson Plan ............................................................................
74
Appendix D : Handouts (for teacher) ...........................................................
81
Appendix E : Handouts (for students) ..........................................................
85
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is the background of the
study. In this part, the writer provides the reasons why the writer chooses Minfong
Ho's The Clay Marble and rationale the topic. The second part is the problem
formulation. This part deals with the formulation of problems to be discussed in
the form of questions. The third part is the objectives of the study. This part
presents the objective of the study which is attained in this study. The fourth part
is the benefits of the study. This part consists of the benefits for readers, English
teachers and future researchers. The last part of this chapter talks about the
definition of terms which explains the specific, important or the key terms used in
this study. It provides explanations about some principal terms.
A. Background of the Study
People in real life experience what the characters in the novel have
experienced. Robert and Jacob (1987) states, “Literature helps to make us human”
(p. 3). People can enrich their knowledge by reading literary works. Moreover,
people can also have some opportunities to learn about the values of life.
Literature is a reflection of human life which brings their values. A novel deals
with human relationship. The author uses it as a place to express the life
experience, hopes of life, thoughts and feelings. They can bring some special
messages to the reader.
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2
Abrams (1999) states in that “Literature is an imitation, or reflection, or
representation of the world and human life” (p. 36). Thus, literature can be said as
a portrait of human life. The portrayal of human life is depicted in various types of
literary works such as novels, poems, and short stories. People try to communicate
their creative thought and feelings in a form of literature, such as drama, novels,
poems, or short story. This study focuses on The Clay Marble by Minfong Ho as
an object to be discussed.
There are some reasons underlying the selection of this novel. The first
reason, this novel was chosen because of its interesting story. This novel raises the
issue of Cambodian's life during the war. Minfong Ho is known for her literary
works emphasizing the fascinating depiction of human life. The second is the
aspects of the novel are well-described. There are good portraits of characters in
this novel. This novel describes each character in a good way through the
characters' physical appearances, social-life, attitudes, behaviors, and thoughts.
The third reason is there are some values we can take from this novel. They are
the values of family, friendship and food.
Minfong Ho, the writer, grew up in Thailand and Singapore, neighbours
of Cambodia. She graduated of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where she
wrote her first novel, Sing to the Dawn, which won first prize from the Council of
Interracial Books for Children in 1973. Her literary works mostly talked about
strong female protagonists with their families and friends against the backdrop of
real events. Sing to the Dawn and her second novel, Rice without Rain, are set in
the country of childhood. Her third book, The Clay Marble, is the result of her
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
sojourn in Thai-Cambodian border as a nutritionist with thousands of refugees.
After reading the novel several times, there is one interesting issue related
to the personality as a topic to be discussed further in this study. The Clay Marble
is a historical novel addressing the suffering of war. It takes place in the early
1980s, mostly in an area on the border between Cambodia and Thailand where the
war occurred. This is the location of several crowded Cambodian refugee camps.
At this time, life for average Cambodians has long been troubled by violence and
unstable political conditions. This novel deals mostly with Dara's characteristic as
a young girl who is travelling as a refugee from camp to camp until she is
separated from her family. Dara grows into a good girl after she gets separated
from her family. Dara's personality development is caused by other significant
characters. They are Jantu and Chnay. Jantu is her friend when she lives in a
refugee camp after she leaves Siem Reap when her village is bombed. Because of
Jantu's personality and behaviour, Dara experiences some developments. Then,
Chnay also influences her to survive her life after being separated from her family.
Hence, this study intends to discuss the influence of Jantu and Chnay on
Dara's personality development in Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble.
B. Problem Formulation
This study focuses on two problems which are required to be answered.
1. How are the characteristics of Jantu and Chnay described in the novel?
2. How do Jantu and Chnay influence Dara's personality development in the
novel?
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4
C.
Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are obtained from the problem formulations
above. The first objective is to find out the characteristics of Jantu and Chnay as
described in the novel. The second objective is to find out the influences of Jantu
and Chnay on Dara's personality development.
D. Benefits of the Study
This study is expected to have some beneficial values. This study can help
the readers to get some information about the cause and the way in analyzing
one's personality development. This study is expected to provide more
understanding toward human personality. More understanding about human
personality and its development will make the readers easier to accept many
aspects of human life and enhance the appreciation of their own life and other
people's life.
This study is also expected to provide helpful information and contribution
to other study on Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble. Thus, the further writer can
attain the goals of the study and give incentive for further study, especially in
literary study.
E. Definition of Terms
Some of the terms in this study have several meanings. To avoid
misunderstanding of some words such as influence, personality, development and
the term personality development itself, there are brief explanation about those
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
words.
Daver (1965) defines influence as “Any past or present condition,
experienced as or actually playing a part in determining one's behaviour, or course
of thought, in the present” (p. 137). In this study, the writer defines Jantu and
Chnay are playing a part in determining Dara's behaviour or thoughts.
Allport (1961) states, “Personality is a dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychological systems that determine his characteristics,
behaviour and thought” (as cited in Engler, 2008, p. 264). In this study, the writer
defines Dara is not a static individual but she is constantly changing.
Schiamberg and Smith state that development refers to changes happening
to human being during their lifetime (1982, p. 5). It has a relationship to some
aspects such as character and attitude. In this study, the term “development”
describes Dara's changes happening to her life during the war.
Hurlock defines personality development as a stage in growth of a
constantly changing and evolving process within an individual (1976, p. 7-8).
Therefore, personality development in this study means the process of changing
and evolving a process which happens to Dara.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes some theories which are related to the study. It is
divided into three parts. The first is review of related study which deals with the
previous study that is related with the object and the topic of this study. The
second part is review of related theories which explains theories which support the
study the third part is theoretical framework which explains brief summary about
the theories which are used in this study.
A. Review of Related Studies
The analysis of Dara's personality development, in Minfong Ho's The Clay
Marble has been done before by an alumnus of English Education Study Program
in Sanata Dharma University named Widya Warasita Rahajeng Adi. She writes a
thesis titled A Study of Dara's Personality Development As Seen in Minfong Ho's
The Clay Marble/. Widya is interested in how Dara, as the major character in the
novel develop during the hardships of the war (2012, pp 4-5).
Widya, in her thesis finds out that Dara is influenced by some factors.
Later on, she finds out that Dara is influenced by three conditions, which are the
changes in significant people, changes in roles and strong motivation. This study
can be said as the further research of Widya's thesis. There are two points which
differentiate this study with hers. First, the writer is focused on the influence of
significant people, Jantu and Chnay, who influence Dara's personality
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
development. The writer gives broader information on how Jantu and Chnay as
Dara's friends influence Dara to develop her personality during the hardships of
war. The writer sees that Widya concerns her study only on Dara's personality
development, while the influences of significant people have not been explored
well. Therefore, the writer conducts this study as the further analysis on the topic
that Widya has discussed before.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this chapter, the writer explains theories related to the topic about Dara's
personality development during the war in the novel The Clay Marble by Minfong
Ho. The theories are the theory of character and characterization, the theory of
personality and the theory of personality development.
1.
Psychological Approach
Among those five approaches, psychological approach is the one which
the writer applied in this study. The psychological approach is an approach which
uses psychological point of view as the main criticism to analyze the story and the
character's personality. Psychology itself is the scientific which studies mainly on
human behaviour. The psychological approach investigates the character's
behaviour as a human being. In this study, the approach is applied to analyze the
main character's personality and its development.
The Clay Marble has already been critized by some critics by using their
point of view and approach to reveal the idea inside the story. The critics show
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
what the story of the novel is about and the meaning of the story to the people
who read it through their view and understanding.
To help in conducting the discussion of the story, some ideas from other
experts are used in order to reveal the ideas of the story, such as how to describe
the character of Dara through the theory of character and characterization, the
personality development and approaches to see the development of Dara in case
of her personality.
In 2005, Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and Willingham have
concluded that according to Rohrberger and Woods psychological approach comes
from the exploration of human mind.
The psychological approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious of
the human mind, which lead to the conclusion that it is this area that is the
wellspring of man rich imagination, his capacity for creation and the com
plexity of this thought, behavior, and that the contents of his region of the
mind find expression in symbolic words, thoughts and action (p. 13).
Psychological approach is an approach which uses psychology area as the
main entrance in analyzing certain character, story, or habit, as many people
believe that human mind is the center of every thought and action that people
have.
According to Rohberger and Woods (1971), psychological approach is an
approach that focuses on the psychological side of human beings. The characters’
thought and behavior can be understood more appropriate by using psychological
approach since this approach intends to comprehend the patterns of human
personality and behavior (p. 13). The psychological approach is used to discuss
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
how the significant people in the novel influence the major character's personality
development. Psychological approach is the most appropriate approach which
consists of various theories of psychology in order to analyze the character's
personality and personality development written in the novel.
In this study, psychological approach is used to explore all the information
related to the personality of the central character in the novel as well as the
theories that are used in analysing the novel.
2.
Character and Characterization
Abrams (1999) states in a book entitled A Glossary of Literary Terms that
characters are:
Persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, which are interpreted
by the readers as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and
emotional qualities by inferences from what the person say and their
distinctive ways of saying it – dialogue- and from what they do – action.
(p.33)
Frow (2011) states, “Usually a character has a name; it speaks; it performs
an action or a series of actions, on the basis of which we impute intentionality to it
(as cited in Logan George, Hegema and Kristal, p. 170).” It can be said that a
character has a name and it performs some traits. Forster (2002) divides character
into two categories namely flat characters and round characters. Flat characters
are those who embody or represent a single characteristic, trait or idea, or at most
very limited number of such qualities. The flat characters are usually minor
characters although it is not always. While round characters are more complex
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than flat characters. Round characters are the characters which have complex
characteristics and a number of qualities. The round characters are usually the
major characters in the fiction (pp. 49-55).
Pickering and Hoeper (1986) also divide characters into static characters
and dynamic characters. Static characters do not have the capability to develop or
change. Round characters have the capability to develop or change because of
experiences (p. 29).
Barnet (1988) says that the author will make his or her own characters to
be presented in the works (p. 722). In brief, the character has his or her own types
and qualities. They might be good or bad. To know deeper about the character of
Jantu, Chnay and Dara, this study needs some theories how a character is
characterized to help in analyzing this research. According to Murphy (1972,
pp.161-173), there are nine ways of how an author reveals the character
personalities and traits to the reader. Those nine ways can be explained as follows:
The first is through personal description. Using personal description, the
writer tries to describe the person’s appearance and clothes. The description of the
person’s appearance and clothes will give the reader a clue about the characteristic
of a character. The second is through the characters as seen by another. Using this
way, instead of describing character directly, the author describe the character
through the eyes and opinions of others. The reader will get a reflected image. The
opinions from the character itself, directly or not, will affect the reader ’s thought
about a particular character.
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The third way for an author to present a character in the story is through
speech. The author can give the reader an insight into the character through the
speech of other character. When a character speaks, has a conversation with others
or put forward an opinion, the reader will get some clues from the character.
The fourth is the past life. By letting the reader learns something about a
character ’s past life, the author can give the reader a clue to events that have
helped to shape a person’s character. The fifth is through conversation of others.
The author can give the reader clues through the conversation of other people and
the things they say about him or her. People often talk about other people and the
things they talk about can be used as the clues to the characters of the person
talked about.
The sixth is through reactions, the author can also give the reader a clue to
a person’s character by letting the reader know how that person reacts to various
situations and events. The way a character reacts toward a various kinds of
situation will reveal the characteristic within him or her.
The seventh is through direct comment; this is the simplest form because
the author gives a direct comment on the character. The eighth is through
thoughts. The author can give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is
thinking about. The last or the ninth is through manners. The author can describe a
person’s mannerism, habits or idiocies, which may also tell us something about
his character.
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3.
Personality Development
Hjelle and Ziegler (1981) stated that personality comes from the word
Latin “persona” which means a mask and is associated with the ancient Greek
theatre (p. 6). Huffman and Vernoy define “personality as an individual's
relatively stable and enduring pattern of thought, feelings and actions”(2000, p.
464). Personality is a dynamic and organized characteristic which influences
behaviour, thought and motivation in various situations. A person is not a static
individual but he or she is constantly changing.
Allport (1961) stated that personality is a dynamic organisation within the
individual of those psychological systems that determine his characteristic
behaviour and thought (p. 10). The personality reflects who the human being is.
According to Schiamberg and Smith (1982), “Development refers to the
changes happening to human beings during their lifetimes” (p. 5). Therefore,
personality development means the action or a process where the dynamic
organization of characteristic attributes is developing or being developed. People
change throughout their lifetime. People are not really satisfied with their own
personality and change through the development of the things around them.
According to Hurlock (1976), the changes of personality do not occur by
themselves. Physical changes may come from maturity and decline from illness,
injuries, or some other conditions resulting from the person's life pattern (pp. 129
– 134).
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a.
Categories of Change in Personality
According to Hurlock (pp. 120-122), there are three categories of change
in personality. They are better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative, and
slow versus rapid changes.
Better versus worse means that personality can change for the better or
worse based on the adjustment which an individual make at any time. For
example, a successful adjustment makes someone have self-confidence, whereas a
failure adjustment makes someone feel inferior.
Quantitative and qualitative changes are different. A qualitative change
means “either the complete replacement of a desirable trait by an undesirable one
or vice versa, do not normally occur even in the early years of life” (Hurlock,
p.121). From the definition above, it means qualitative changes rarely happen
because a person who has a bad character will tend to fix or weaken the
characteristics, rather than to remove it. On the other hand, quantitative change
means “characteristics that is already present will be reinforced, strengthened or
weakened” (p. 121). The personality remains consistent, but it can be weakened or
strengthened.
Hurlock says that “changes are regarded as slow if they are barely
perceptible, while rapid changes are readily apparent to all” (pp. 121-122). The
personality changes are regarded as slow or rapid by seeing the process. The
personality changes are normally slow because it needs process to change from
the previous habit then learn the new habit. On the other hand, rapid changes may
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14
occur in a short duration which there is not much time for processing from the
previous habit to the new habit. For example: someone who is depressed may
change temporarily into a happy person under the influence of alcohol.
b. Three Variations in Personality Changes
According to Hurlock (pp.122-124), there are three variations in
personality changes. They are ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of
personality pattern. Ages of change means that age influences the personality
changes. The personality patterns are subject to change in the early years, yet it
may happen at any age during someone's whole life.
Kinds of people mean personality changes are based on the kinds of
people. There are other-directed people and inner-directed people. Other-directed
people are highly susceptible to social pressures and the significant people in their
lives. On the contrary, inner-directed people are people are people who tend not to
have many personality changes since they have had their own values and goals in
their lives. There are some areas of personality which cannot be changed, they are
“self-concept, attitude, belief, values and inspiration” (p. 123). While the other
areas which can be changed or remain stable is related to social relationship.
Personality development is the process of developing the qualities to make
somebody different and become attractive. Therefore, we could also say that each
person has their uniqueness and different from each other. It is because each
person has his or her own personality development to solve the problems in life.
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c.
Conditions which are Responsible in Personality Changes
There are some conditions which are responsible for someone's personality
development. According to Hurlock (pp. 124-130), there are eight conditions
which are personality development. They are physical changes, changes in
environment, changes in significant people, changes in social pressures, changes
in roles, strong motivation, changes in the self-concept and use of psychotherapy.
Firstly, someone's physical changes can change his/her personality.
Physical changes are caused by some aspects, such as illness, injuries or some
other conditions. When someone is at puberty, the physical changes also happen.
The changes can make someone's personality in self-concept is changed.
Secondly, changes in environment either physical or social environment
are also responsible for someone's personality development. Physical environment
is the place where a person lives. Various physical factors like climate, location,
size and convenience of home, continually affect the person in myriad ways.
Human beings are influenced by social environments. Richter (2006)
states, “our parents, siblings, friends, and neighbourhoods all influence us” (as
cited in Lahey, 2009, p. 101). Family, friends, siblings and neighbourhood may
give great influence for an individual's personality development.
Thirdly, some significant people in someone's life can influence someone's
personality development. Hurlock says, “When the significant people in an
individual's life change, and when he tries to adapt his pattern of behaviour and
his attitudes, beliefs, values, and aspirations to theirs, changes in their personality
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16
pattern are inevitable” (p.126).
Fourthly, changes in social pressures make someone changes his/her
personality in order to be accepted socially. In order to be accepted in the society,
an individual tries to adapt with the community where the social pressure is a part
of it. Hurlock states, “Strong social pressures to conform to a socially approved
personality pattern this encourage changes in certain aspects of the personality”
(p. 126).
Fifthly, changes in role within a group can lead to personality
development. Every individual in life has their own role. Someone's role may
change because of a change of the situation surround him. Hurlock states, “A
child changes from being a dependent to being economically independent person
when he is old enough to become a wage earner” (p. 127).
Sixthly, strong motivation also leads someone's personality development.
Motivation becomes one of important factors of someone's development. An
individual's personality development may be influenced by the strong motivation
which comes from him. According to Hurlock, “when the motivation to improve
the personality pattern is strong enough, changes can be effected” (p. 127).
Seventhly, changes in self-concept are the center of personality
development. According to Hurlock, “self concept is the core of the personality
pattern and, as such, determines the kind of adjustment the person will make, a
change in the self-concept will bring about a change in entire personality pattern”
(p. 128). Furthermore, Hurlock adds, “changing one's self concept requires
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tremendous self sight” (p. 128). An individual has to be able to see himself as the
way he is, not as he would like to be or other people expect him to be.
The last is the use of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is required to change
an individual's self-concept, to help him learning how to think just the way he is
and break the bad habits. Hurlock states that “psychotherapy is based on the
assumption that a poorly adjusted person can make better adjustments if he is
helped to develop a more favourable self concept” (p. 129)
4.
The Influence of Significant People
Personality development is seen from three aspects; they are the
characteristics of change in personality, variations in personality change and the
conditions responsible for personality change. Since this study discusses the
influence of significant people on the major character ’s personality development,
the writer concerns on exploring the aspect of the conditions responsible for
personality change which is the influence of significant people.
According to Hurlock (1976),
“When the significant people in an
individual's life change, and when he tries to adapt his pattern of behaviour and
his attitudes, beliefs, values, and aspirations to theirs, changes in their personality
pattern are inevitable” (p.126). A person has the capacity to adjust the changed
circumstances. A person tries to adapt another person's attitudes and behaviour,
beliefs, values, and aspirations. In addition, Hurlock (1976) also says that “The
extent to which changes in significant people bring about the personality changes
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18
will depend on how much their attitudes, values and so on differ from those if the
individual (p. 126). It means some significant people may bring influence to other
people through their pattern of behaviour and attitudes, beliefs, values and
aspirations. In this study, the influence of significant people is relevant to be used
in analyzing the influence of Jantu and Chnay, as the significant people, who
influence Dara’s personality development.
C. Theoretical Framework
This study discusses the influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara's
personality development by using some theories. This study formulates two
problems to be answered. It the first problem, it tries to find out the characteristics
of the characters as potrayed in the novel. The characters are Jantu and Chnay.
These characteristics of the characters are revealed by using theory of character
and characterization. By using Murphy's theory of characterization, this study
focuses on collecting the information of the characters through their personal
description, character as seen by others, speech, conversation of others, reaction,
thoughts and mannerism.
In the second problem, it finds out how the significant characters in the
novel influence the major character's personality development as seen in the
novel. The theory of personality development is employed to reveal how Jantu
and Chnay influence Dara's personality development considering her life
experience as described in the novel. Therefore, knowing how Jantu's and Chnay's
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personality in Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble can solve the problem of this study
to analyze how Jantu and Chnay influence Dara's personality development based
on her life experience as described in the novel.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts. They are the object of the study, the
approach and the method of the study. The first is the object of the study. It
explains the focus of the study which concerns with the primary data of the study.
The second part is the approach of the study which explains the use of approach in
analyzing the novel. The last part is the method of the study which explains the
steps taken in doing the analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The Clay Marble was written by Minfong Ho. She is a journalist in
Singapore, a teacher at a university in Thailand, a laborer at a plywood factory,
and a representative for a trade union. The Clay Marble was first published in
1991 and it was reprinted several times. The writer got the book which was
reprinted on 2006 by Times Printers Pte Ltd. The novel consists of 150 pages and
it is divided into 18 chapters. It is her third novel after Sing to the Dawn (1975)
and Rice without Rain (1986). The Clay Marble is a historical novel addressing
the sufferings of war. Dara, a major character in the novel, travelled as a refugee
from her village, Siem Reap, to other camps with her mother and brother. In Nong
Chan, she meets Jantu and Chnay who become her friends. Dara even ever gets
separated from her family. Finally, in the end of the story, Dara can reunite with
her family even she has to experience the hardships during the war.
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21
B. Approach of the Study
In this study, psychological approach was applied. Psychological approach
focuses on the psychological side of human beings. The characters’ thought and
behaviour can be understood more appropriate by using psychological approach
since this approach intends to comprehend the patterns of human personality and
behaviour.
This approach was applied in order to analyze Jantu's and Chnay's
personality and explain their behaviour pattern as the significant people who
influence Dara's personality development. Personality involves pattern of
behaviour, thought and feeling. The focus of this study was the influence of the
significant people on the main character ’s personality development as portrayed in
the novel. Psychological approach was applied to find out what was going on
within the main character and the significant people who influence her
personality.
C. Method of the Study
The method of the study used in this study was library research. The
primary data was the novel entitled The Clay Marble by Minfong Ho. The
secondary data were the books related to theory of characters and characterization,
theory of personality and theory of personality development.
There were some steps taken in conducting this study. Firstly, the writer
read the novel, The Clay Marble, several times. It was needed to be done in order
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
to have a good understanding of the story and the elements in the novel. Secondly,
after reading the novel, the writer found the topic to be discussed and formulated
the problem formulations. Thirdly, the writer also tried to find the other references
that were related to the study.
Fourthly, the writer did the analysis based on the references. The writer
uses mind map to help in taking notes so that no data is left out or lost. Mind map
gives a picture where to go and what to do first. Afterward, as the last step, the
writer drew the conclusion of this study and gave some suggestions which can be
used in the next study. The writer drew some general conclusions about the
characteristics of Jantu, Chnay and Dara and how Dara's personality developed by
the influence of Jantu and Chnay. Then, the writer gave some suggestions for
further study, especially to those who will do literary research. The writer also
gave a suggestion for English teaching learning process to use this novel as the
teaching material.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This study concerns about Jan
THE INFLUENCE OF JANTU AND CHNAY ON DARA’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN
MINFONG HO’S THE CLAY MARBLE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yuanita Kusumardani
Student Number: 081214007
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE INFLUENCE OF JANTU AND CHNAY ON DARA’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN
MINFONG HO’S THE CLAY MARBLE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yuanita Kusumardani
Student Number: 081214007
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
- If such thing as a miracle exists, then it's
another name for hardwork Kang Tae Joon – To the Beautiful You
2012
This thesis
Is dedicated
To my beloved:
Papa Tupon Margono,
Mama Any Supriyanti,
and Adek Marsa Nurlita Wijayanti.
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotation and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, February 5th, 2013
The Writer
Yuanita Kusumardani
081214007
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Yuanita Kusumardani
: 081214007
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE INFLUENCE OF JANTU AND CHNAY ON DARA’S PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN MINFONG HO’S THE CLAY MARBLE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada perpustakaan Universitas sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian Pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 5 Februari 2013
Yang menyatakan,
Yuanita Kusumardani
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Kusumardani, Yuanita (2013). The Influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara's
Personality Development as seen in Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of
Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata
Dharma University.
This study analyses a novel by Minfong Ho entitled The Clay Marble. This
novel is very touching due to the fascinating depiction of human life. This novel
also describes the characters clearly through the physical appearances, social-life,
attitudes, behaviors, and thoughts. The writer chooses to analyse personality
development of Dara, as a major character, who develops from time to time
because of some significant people in Dara's life; they are Jantu and Chnay.
There are two problems analysed in this thesis: (1) How are the
characteristics of Jantu and Chnay described in the novel? (2) How do Jantu and
Chnay influence Dara's personality development in the novel?
This study used psychological approach since this study focused on
personality development. Psychological approach focuses on the psychological
side of human beings. The characters’ thought and behavior can be understood
more appropriate by using psychological approach since this approach intends to
comprehend the patterns of human personality and behavior. The implementation
of psychological approach in this study was necessary since it was aimed to
portray Dara's personality development and see how the significant people
influence her development. The writer used library research as the method in
conducting this study. A novel entitled The Clay Marble becomes primary source
in this study. The secondary sources are taken from books and journal which
discuss character, characterization, psychological approach and personality
development.
Based on the analysis, there are two main points which can be drawn from
this study. The first point is how the characters of Jantu and Chnay are described
in the novel. Jantu is described as a caring, mature and imaginative 13-year-old
girl. Chnay is described as an independent, tough and mean person. The second
point is the influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara's personality development.
Jantu and Chnay influence Dara's maturity, bravery, independence, persistence,
compassion, understanding of the values of family, and understanding of the
values of food. Jantu and Chnay influence Dara's personality development
through their pattern of attitudes and behavior, beliefs and values.
This study provides suggestions for future researchers who are interested
in analysing Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble. This study also provides suggestions
for English teachers to teach English by using The Clay Marble. Moreover, this
study provides lesson plan for teaching English for X grade students in Senior
High School by using excerpt from chapter 7 of The Clay Marble as a teaching
material.
Keywords: Influence, The Clay Marble, Personality Development.
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ABSTRAK
Kusumardani, Yuanita (2013). The Influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara's
Personality Development as seen in Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Bahasa Inggris. Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni,
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini menganalisis sebuah novel dari Minfong Ho yang berjudul The
Clay Marble. Novel ini menarik karena ada penggambaran kehidupan manusia
yang menarik. Novel ini juga menggambarkan karakternya dengan jelas melalui
penampilan, kehidupan sosial, sikap, tingkah laku dan pemikiran. Penulis memilih
untuk menganalisis perkembangan kepribadian dari Dara, Sang tokoh utama, yang
mengalami perkembangan dari waktu ke waktu karena adanya orang – orang
penting dalam kehidupan Dara. Mereka adalah Jantu dan Chnay.
Didalam studi ini, terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dianalisis: (1)
Bagaimana tokoh Jantu dan Chnay digambarkan di dalam novel? (2) Bagaimana
Jantu dan Chnay mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Dara di dalam novel?
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena studi ini mengacu
pada perkembangan kepribadian. Pendekatan psikologi berfokus pada sisi
psikologis dari makhluk hidup. Tingkah laku dan pemikiran karakter-karakter
lebih sesuai untuk di pahami dengan menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena
pendekatan ini bertujuan untuk memahami pola kepribadian dan tingkah laku
manusia. Penulis menggunakan metode studi pustaka dalam melakukan analisis.
Novel yang berjudul The Clay Marble adalah sumber utama dalam studi ini.
Sementara sumber sekundernya berupa buku dan artikel yang membahas karakter,
karakterisasi, pendekatan psikologi dan perkembangan kepribadian.
Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, terdapat dua kesimpulan utama dari
analisis yang dilakukan. Hal yang pertama adalah bagaimana tokoh Jantu dan
Chnay digambarkan dalam novel ini. Jantu digambarkan sebagai seorang gadis
berusia 13 tahun yang penyayang, dewasa dan imajinatif. Sedangkan Chnay
digambarkan sebagai seorang anak laki-laki yang mandiri, tabah dan sedikit kasar.
Jantu dan Chnay mempengaruhi Dara dalam hal kedewasaan, keberanian,
kemandirian, kegigihan, kepedulian, pengertian terhadap nilai-nilai kekeluargaan,
dan pengertian dalam nilai-nilai makanan. Jantu dan Chnay mempengaruhi
perkembangan kepribadian Dara melalui perilaku dan sikap mereka, nilai-nilai
serta keyakinan mereka.
Studi ini menyediakan saran bagi penelitian lebih lanjut yang
menggunakan novel The Clay Marble. Studi ini juga menyediakan saran bagi para
guru bahasa Inggris dalam mengajar kemampuan membaca menggunakan novel
The Clay Marble. Terlebih, studi ini menyediakan rencana mengajar untuk
mengajar Bahasa Inggris bagi siswa kelas X Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA)
dengan menggunakan cuplikan dari novel The Clay Marble bab 7 sebagai bahan
mengajar.
Kata Kunci: Pengaruh, The Clay Marble, Perkembangan Kepribadian.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God, for
His blessing and guidance through the years especially in the process of finishing
my thesis.
My deep gratitude goes to my advisor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum.
for her kindness, patience, suggestions, and encouragement in finishing this thesis.
Her continuous and valuable guidance have motivated me during the completion
of my study.
My greatest gratitude is also dedicated to my beloved parents, Tupon
Margono and Any Supriyanti, for their unlimited love, trust, prayer, and support.
For my beloved little sister, Marsa Nurlita Wijayanti, for her support, assistance
and kindness in finishing this thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to
my big family in Klaten and Jakarta for motivating me in finishing my study.
I would like to thank all of the lecturers in the English Education Study
Program for their lectures and for sharing their knowledge. Sincere thanks also go
to Fx. Risang Baskara S.S. for his patience in helping me to correct and proofread
my thesis. I would also like to show my proper appreciation to all of the
secretarial, library staff, and all employees in Sanata Dharma University for
helping me during my study.
I would like to thank my friends in PBI 2008, especially Gilang, Brian,
Clara, Jastia, Phyta, Delis, Desya, Sr. Klarina, Arinto, Dimas, Mary, Nala, Kristin,
Wanda, Vita, Levyn, Dhinda, Monik, Irine and all of my best friends from other
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faculties in Sanata Dharma University that I cannot mention one by one. I thank
them for being my friends. I thank them for their support in my study.
I would like to thank my best friends who live in Jakarta, Palembang,
Surabaya, London, The Philippines, Canada, Pakistan and Malaysia. Kak Dhee,
Cici Molen, Natalia, Nisa, Ranni, Laiza, Jenex, Sabrina, Fani, 'Silver', 'Gold',
'Green', Ci Khosin, Ika, Amel and all EQ Family. I thank them for their support
and love to me although we live far from each other. I thank them for coloring my
life into such a beautiful color.
I thank my best friend and partner in Seoul, Kim Jung Hoon and Lee Ju
Yeon. I thank them for their love and never-ending support during my hardships in
making this thesis. My best sisters Kak Mala, Kak Stevi, and Cici Cindy, I thank
them for the support, love and guidance during the finishing of this thesis. My
partners-in-crime Anissaa Fitri, Marina, Grace, Yuko, Satria and Sita I thank them
for their support and love.
My best partner in Yogya, Yohanes de Cruce Artdo Mahardhika, I thank
him for the patience and support when I feel depressed and messy in the making
of this thesis.
Lastly, I earnestly would like to thank all of the great people whom I
cannot mention one by one. I thank them for helping and supporting me in
finishing my thesis. May God always bless them.
Yuanita Kusumardani
x
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE...........................................................................................
i
APPROVAL PAGE................................................................................
ii
DEDICATION PAGE.............................................................................
iv
STATEMENT OF WORKS ORIGINALITY......................................
v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI..................................
vi
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................
vii
ABSTRAK...............................................................................................
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES........................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...........................................................
1
A. Background of the Study.......................................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation............................................................................
3
C. Objective of the Study..........................................................................
4
D. Benefits of the Study............................................................................
4
E. Definition of Terms..............................................................................
4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................
6
A. Review of Related Studies...................................................................
6
B. Review of Related Theories.................................................................
7
1. Psychological approach...................................................................
7
2. Character and Characterization.......................................................
9
3. Personality Development……………...........................................
12
a. Categories of Change in Personality………………..................
13
b. Three Variations in Personality Change......................................... 14
c. Conditions which are Responsible in Personality Changes........
xi
15
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4. The Influence of Significant People……………………………….
17
C. Theoretical Framework........................................................................
18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY.......................................................
17
A. Object of the Study..............................................................................
20
B. Approach of the Study.........................................................................
21
C. Method of the Study............................................................................
21
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS...................................................................
23
A. The Characters of Jantu and Chnay.....................................................
23
1. Jantu………………………............................................................
24
a. Physical and Social Description………………………………
24
b. Personality Description……………………………………….
25
1) Caring…………………………………………………….
25
2) Mature……………………………………………………
26
3) Imaginative……………………………………………….
28
2. The Characteristics of Chnay……………………………………..
30
a. Physical and Social Description………………………………
30
b. Personality Description……………………………………….
31
1) Rude………………………………………………………
31
2) Tough……………………………………………………..
32
3. The Characteristics of Dara……………………………………….
33
B. The Influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara’s Personality Development 33
1. Attitudes and Behavior……………………………………………
35
2. Beliefs…………………………………………………………….
41
3. Values……………...……………………………………………...
48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS......................
56
A. Conclusions............................................................................................ 56
B. Suggestions............................................................................................ 58
REFERENCES.......................................................................................... 62
APPENDICES..........................................................................................
xii
64
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A : The Summary of The Clay Marble .........................................
64
Appendix B : Minfong Ho's Biography ........................................................
66
Appendix C : Lesson Plan ............................................................................
74
Appendix D : Handouts (for teacher) ...........................................................
81
Appendix E : Handouts (for students) ..........................................................
85
xiii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is the background of the
study. In this part, the writer provides the reasons why the writer chooses Minfong
Ho's The Clay Marble and rationale the topic. The second part is the problem
formulation. This part deals with the formulation of problems to be discussed in
the form of questions. The third part is the objectives of the study. This part
presents the objective of the study which is attained in this study. The fourth part
is the benefits of the study. This part consists of the benefits for readers, English
teachers and future researchers. The last part of this chapter talks about the
definition of terms which explains the specific, important or the key terms used in
this study. It provides explanations about some principal terms.
A. Background of the Study
People in real life experience what the characters in the novel have
experienced. Robert and Jacob (1987) states, “Literature helps to make us human”
(p. 3). People can enrich their knowledge by reading literary works. Moreover,
people can also have some opportunities to learn about the values of life.
Literature is a reflection of human life which brings their values. A novel deals
with human relationship. The author uses it as a place to express the life
experience, hopes of life, thoughts and feelings. They can bring some special
messages to the reader.
1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
Abrams (1999) states in that “Literature is an imitation, or reflection, or
representation of the world and human life” (p. 36). Thus, literature can be said as
a portrait of human life. The portrayal of human life is depicted in various types of
literary works such as novels, poems, and short stories. People try to communicate
their creative thought and feelings in a form of literature, such as drama, novels,
poems, or short story. This study focuses on The Clay Marble by Minfong Ho as
an object to be discussed.
There are some reasons underlying the selection of this novel. The first
reason, this novel was chosen because of its interesting story. This novel raises the
issue of Cambodian's life during the war. Minfong Ho is known for her literary
works emphasizing the fascinating depiction of human life. The second is the
aspects of the novel are well-described. There are good portraits of characters in
this novel. This novel describes each character in a good way through the
characters' physical appearances, social-life, attitudes, behaviors, and thoughts.
The third reason is there are some values we can take from this novel. They are
the values of family, friendship and food.
Minfong Ho, the writer, grew up in Thailand and Singapore, neighbours
of Cambodia. She graduated of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where she
wrote her first novel, Sing to the Dawn, which won first prize from the Council of
Interracial Books for Children in 1973. Her literary works mostly talked about
strong female protagonists with their families and friends against the backdrop of
real events. Sing to the Dawn and her second novel, Rice without Rain, are set in
the country of childhood. Her third book, The Clay Marble, is the result of her
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
sojourn in Thai-Cambodian border as a nutritionist with thousands of refugees.
After reading the novel several times, there is one interesting issue related
to the personality as a topic to be discussed further in this study. The Clay Marble
is a historical novel addressing the suffering of war. It takes place in the early
1980s, mostly in an area on the border between Cambodia and Thailand where the
war occurred. This is the location of several crowded Cambodian refugee camps.
At this time, life for average Cambodians has long been troubled by violence and
unstable political conditions. This novel deals mostly with Dara's characteristic as
a young girl who is travelling as a refugee from camp to camp until she is
separated from her family. Dara grows into a good girl after she gets separated
from her family. Dara's personality development is caused by other significant
characters. They are Jantu and Chnay. Jantu is her friend when she lives in a
refugee camp after she leaves Siem Reap when her village is bombed. Because of
Jantu's personality and behaviour, Dara experiences some developments. Then,
Chnay also influences her to survive her life after being separated from her family.
Hence, this study intends to discuss the influence of Jantu and Chnay on
Dara's personality development in Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble.
B. Problem Formulation
This study focuses on two problems which are required to be answered.
1. How are the characteristics of Jantu and Chnay described in the novel?
2. How do Jantu and Chnay influence Dara's personality development in the
novel?
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
C.
Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are obtained from the problem formulations
above. The first objective is to find out the characteristics of Jantu and Chnay as
described in the novel. The second objective is to find out the influences of Jantu
and Chnay on Dara's personality development.
D. Benefits of the Study
This study is expected to have some beneficial values. This study can help
the readers to get some information about the cause and the way in analyzing
one's personality development. This study is expected to provide more
understanding toward human personality. More understanding about human
personality and its development will make the readers easier to accept many
aspects of human life and enhance the appreciation of their own life and other
people's life.
This study is also expected to provide helpful information and contribution
to other study on Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble. Thus, the further writer can
attain the goals of the study and give incentive for further study, especially in
literary study.
E. Definition of Terms
Some of the terms in this study have several meanings. To avoid
misunderstanding of some words such as influence, personality, development and
the term personality development itself, there are brief explanation about those
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
words.
Daver (1965) defines influence as “Any past or present condition,
experienced as or actually playing a part in determining one's behaviour, or course
of thought, in the present” (p. 137). In this study, the writer defines Jantu and
Chnay are playing a part in determining Dara's behaviour or thoughts.
Allport (1961) states, “Personality is a dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychological systems that determine his characteristics,
behaviour and thought” (as cited in Engler, 2008, p. 264). In this study, the writer
defines Dara is not a static individual but she is constantly changing.
Schiamberg and Smith state that development refers to changes happening
to human being during their lifetime (1982, p. 5). It has a relationship to some
aspects such as character and attitude. In this study, the term “development”
describes Dara's changes happening to her life during the war.
Hurlock defines personality development as a stage in growth of a
constantly changing and evolving process within an individual (1976, p. 7-8).
Therefore, personality development in this study means the process of changing
and evolving a process which happens to Dara.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes some theories which are related to the study. It is
divided into three parts. The first is review of related study which deals with the
previous study that is related with the object and the topic of this study. The
second part is review of related theories which explains theories which support the
study the third part is theoretical framework which explains brief summary about
the theories which are used in this study.
A. Review of Related Studies
The analysis of Dara's personality development, in Minfong Ho's The Clay
Marble has been done before by an alumnus of English Education Study Program
in Sanata Dharma University named Widya Warasita Rahajeng Adi. She writes a
thesis titled A Study of Dara's Personality Development As Seen in Minfong Ho's
The Clay Marble/. Widya is interested in how Dara, as the major character in the
novel develop during the hardships of the war (2012, pp 4-5).
Widya, in her thesis finds out that Dara is influenced by some factors.
Later on, she finds out that Dara is influenced by three conditions, which are the
changes in significant people, changes in roles and strong motivation. This study
can be said as the further research of Widya's thesis. There are two points which
differentiate this study with hers. First, the writer is focused on the influence of
significant people, Jantu and Chnay, who influence Dara's personality
6
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
development. The writer gives broader information on how Jantu and Chnay as
Dara's friends influence Dara to develop her personality during the hardships of
war. The writer sees that Widya concerns her study only on Dara's personality
development, while the influences of significant people have not been explored
well. Therefore, the writer conducts this study as the further analysis on the topic
that Widya has discussed before.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this chapter, the writer explains theories related to the topic about Dara's
personality development during the war in the novel The Clay Marble by Minfong
Ho. The theories are the theory of character and characterization, the theory of
personality and the theory of personality development.
1.
Psychological Approach
Among those five approaches, psychological approach is the one which
the writer applied in this study. The psychological approach is an approach which
uses psychological point of view as the main criticism to analyze the story and the
character's personality. Psychology itself is the scientific which studies mainly on
human behaviour. The psychological approach investigates the character's
behaviour as a human being. In this study, the approach is applied to analyze the
main character's personality and its development.
The Clay Marble has already been critized by some critics by using their
point of view and approach to reveal the idea inside the story. The critics show
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
what the story of the novel is about and the meaning of the story to the people
who read it through their view and understanding.
To help in conducting the discussion of the story, some ideas from other
experts are used in order to reveal the ideas of the story, such as how to describe
the character of Dara through the theory of character and characterization, the
personality development and approaches to see the development of Dara in case
of her personality.
In 2005, Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, and Willingham have
concluded that according to Rohrberger and Woods psychological approach comes
from the exploration of human mind.
The psychological approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious of
the human mind, which lead to the conclusion that it is this area that is the
wellspring of man rich imagination, his capacity for creation and the com
plexity of this thought, behavior, and that the contents of his region of the
mind find expression in symbolic words, thoughts and action (p. 13).
Psychological approach is an approach which uses psychology area as the
main entrance in analyzing certain character, story, or habit, as many people
believe that human mind is the center of every thought and action that people
have.
According to Rohberger and Woods (1971), psychological approach is an
approach that focuses on the psychological side of human beings. The characters’
thought and behavior can be understood more appropriate by using psychological
approach since this approach intends to comprehend the patterns of human
personality and behavior (p. 13). The psychological approach is used to discuss
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
how the significant people in the novel influence the major character's personality
development. Psychological approach is the most appropriate approach which
consists of various theories of psychology in order to analyze the character's
personality and personality development written in the novel.
In this study, psychological approach is used to explore all the information
related to the personality of the central character in the novel as well as the
theories that are used in analysing the novel.
2.
Character and Characterization
Abrams (1999) states in a book entitled A Glossary of Literary Terms that
characters are:
Persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, which are interpreted
by the readers as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and
emotional qualities by inferences from what the person say and their
distinctive ways of saying it – dialogue- and from what they do – action.
(p.33)
Frow (2011) states, “Usually a character has a name; it speaks; it performs
an action or a series of actions, on the basis of which we impute intentionality to it
(as cited in Logan George, Hegema and Kristal, p. 170).” It can be said that a
character has a name and it performs some traits. Forster (2002) divides character
into two categories namely flat characters and round characters. Flat characters
are those who embody or represent a single characteristic, trait or idea, or at most
very limited number of such qualities. The flat characters are usually minor
characters although it is not always. While round characters are more complex
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
than flat characters. Round characters are the characters which have complex
characteristics and a number of qualities. The round characters are usually the
major characters in the fiction (pp. 49-55).
Pickering and Hoeper (1986) also divide characters into static characters
and dynamic characters. Static characters do not have the capability to develop or
change. Round characters have the capability to develop or change because of
experiences (p. 29).
Barnet (1988) says that the author will make his or her own characters to
be presented in the works (p. 722). In brief, the character has his or her own types
and qualities. They might be good or bad. To know deeper about the character of
Jantu, Chnay and Dara, this study needs some theories how a character is
characterized to help in analyzing this research. According to Murphy (1972,
pp.161-173), there are nine ways of how an author reveals the character
personalities and traits to the reader. Those nine ways can be explained as follows:
The first is through personal description. Using personal description, the
writer tries to describe the person’s appearance and clothes. The description of the
person’s appearance and clothes will give the reader a clue about the characteristic
of a character. The second is through the characters as seen by another. Using this
way, instead of describing character directly, the author describe the character
through the eyes and opinions of others. The reader will get a reflected image. The
opinions from the character itself, directly or not, will affect the reader ’s thought
about a particular character.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
The third way for an author to present a character in the story is through
speech. The author can give the reader an insight into the character through the
speech of other character. When a character speaks, has a conversation with others
or put forward an opinion, the reader will get some clues from the character.
The fourth is the past life. By letting the reader learns something about a
character ’s past life, the author can give the reader a clue to events that have
helped to shape a person’s character. The fifth is through conversation of others.
The author can give the reader clues through the conversation of other people and
the things they say about him or her. People often talk about other people and the
things they talk about can be used as the clues to the characters of the person
talked about.
The sixth is through reactions, the author can also give the reader a clue to
a person’s character by letting the reader know how that person reacts to various
situations and events. The way a character reacts toward a various kinds of
situation will reveal the characteristic within him or her.
The seventh is through direct comment; this is the simplest form because
the author gives a direct comment on the character. The eighth is through
thoughts. The author can give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is
thinking about. The last or the ninth is through manners. The author can describe a
person’s mannerism, habits or idiocies, which may also tell us something about
his character.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
3.
Personality Development
Hjelle and Ziegler (1981) stated that personality comes from the word
Latin “persona” which means a mask and is associated with the ancient Greek
theatre (p. 6). Huffman and Vernoy define “personality as an individual's
relatively stable and enduring pattern of thought, feelings and actions”(2000, p.
464). Personality is a dynamic and organized characteristic which influences
behaviour, thought and motivation in various situations. A person is not a static
individual but he or she is constantly changing.
Allport (1961) stated that personality is a dynamic organisation within the
individual of those psychological systems that determine his characteristic
behaviour and thought (p. 10). The personality reflects who the human being is.
According to Schiamberg and Smith (1982), “Development refers to the
changes happening to human beings during their lifetimes” (p. 5). Therefore,
personality development means the action or a process where the dynamic
organization of characteristic attributes is developing or being developed. People
change throughout their lifetime. People are not really satisfied with their own
personality and change through the development of the things around them.
According to Hurlock (1976), the changes of personality do not occur by
themselves. Physical changes may come from maturity and decline from illness,
injuries, or some other conditions resulting from the person's life pattern (pp. 129
– 134).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
a.
Categories of Change in Personality
According to Hurlock (pp. 120-122), there are three categories of change
in personality. They are better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative, and
slow versus rapid changes.
Better versus worse means that personality can change for the better or
worse based on the adjustment which an individual make at any time. For
example, a successful adjustment makes someone have self-confidence, whereas a
failure adjustment makes someone feel inferior.
Quantitative and qualitative changes are different. A qualitative change
means “either the complete replacement of a desirable trait by an undesirable one
or vice versa, do not normally occur even in the early years of life” (Hurlock,
p.121). From the definition above, it means qualitative changes rarely happen
because a person who has a bad character will tend to fix or weaken the
characteristics, rather than to remove it. On the other hand, quantitative change
means “characteristics that is already present will be reinforced, strengthened or
weakened” (p. 121). The personality remains consistent, but it can be weakened or
strengthened.
Hurlock says that “changes are regarded as slow if they are barely
perceptible, while rapid changes are readily apparent to all” (pp. 121-122). The
personality changes are regarded as slow or rapid by seeing the process. The
personality changes are normally slow because it needs process to change from
the previous habit then learn the new habit. On the other hand, rapid changes may
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
occur in a short duration which there is not much time for processing from the
previous habit to the new habit. For example: someone who is depressed may
change temporarily into a happy person under the influence of alcohol.
b. Three Variations in Personality Changes
According to Hurlock (pp.122-124), there are three variations in
personality changes. They are ages of change, kinds of people, and areas of
personality pattern. Ages of change means that age influences the personality
changes. The personality patterns are subject to change in the early years, yet it
may happen at any age during someone's whole life.
Kinds of people mean personality changes are based on the kinds of
people. There are other-directed people and inner-directed people. Other-directed
people are highly susceptible to social pressures and the significant people in their
lives. On the contrary, inner-directed people are people are people who tend not to
have many personality changes since they have had their own values and goals in
their lives. There are some areas of personality which cannot be changed, they are
“self-concept, attitude, belief, values and inspiration” (p. 123). While the other
areas which can be changed or remain stable is related to social relationship.
Personality development is the process of developing the qualities to make
somebody different and become attractive. Therefore, we could also say that each
person has their uniqueness and different from each other. It is because each
person has his or her own personality development to solve the problems in life.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
c.
Conditions which are Responsible in Personality Changes
There are some conditions which are responsible for someone's personality
development. According to Hurlock (pp. 124-130), there are eight conditions
which are personality development. They are physical changes, changes in
environment, changes in significant people, changes in social pressures, changes
in roles, strong motivation, changes in the self-concept and use of psychotherapy.
Firstly, someone's physical changes can change his/her personality.
Physical changes are caused by some aspects, such as illness, injuries or some
other conditions. When someone is at puberty, the physical changes also happen.
The changes can make someone's personality in self-concept is changed.
Secondly, changes in environment either physical or social environment
are also responsible for someone's personality development. Physical environment
is the place where a person lives. Various physical factors like climate, location,
size and convenience of home, continually affect the person in myriad ways.
Human beings are influenced by social environments. Richter (2006)
states, “our parents, siblings, friends, and neighbourhoods all influence us” (as
cited in Lahey, 2009, p. 101). Family, friends, siblings and neighbourhood may
give great influence for an individual's personality development.
Thirdly, some significant people in someone's life can influence someone's
personality development. Hurlock says, “When the significant people in an
individual's life change, and when he tries to adapt his pattern of behaviour and
his attitudes, beliefs, values, and aspirations to theirs, changes in their personality
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
pattern are inevitable” (p.126).
Fourthly, changes in social pressures make someone changes his/her
personality in order to be accepted socially. In order to be accepted in the society,
an individual tries to adapt with the community where the social pressure is a part
of it. Hurlock states, “Strong social pressures to conform to a socially approved
personality pattern this encourage changes in certain aspects of the personality”
(p. 126).
Fifthly, changes in role within a group can lead to personality
development. Every individual in life has their own role. Someone's role may
change because of a change of the situation surround him. Hurlock states, “A
child changes from being a dependent to being economically independent person
when he is old enough to become a wage earner” (p. 127).
Sixthly, strong motivation also leads someone's personality development.
Motivation becomes one of important factors of someone's development. An
individual's personality development may be influenced by the strong motivation
which comes from him. According to Hurlock, “when the motivation to improve
the personality pattern is strong enough, changes can be effected” (p. 127).
Seventhly, changes in self-concept are the center of personality
development. According to Hurlock, “self concept is the core of the personality
pattern and, as such, determines the kind of adjustment the person will make, a
change in the self-concept will bring about a change in entire personality pattern”
(p. 128). Furthermore, Hurlock adds, “changing one's self concept requires
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17
tremendous self sight” (p. 128). An individual has to be able to see himself as the
way he is, not as he would like to be or other people expect him to be.
The last is the use of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is required to change
an individual's self-concept, to help him learning how to think just the way he is
and break the bad habits. Hurlock states that “psychotherapy is based on the
assumption that a poorly adjusted person can make better adjustments if he is
helped to develop a more favourable self concept” (p. 129)
4.
The Influence of Significant People
Personality development is seen from three aspects; they are the
characteristics of change in personality, variations in personality change and the
conditions responsible for personality change. Since this study discusses the
influence of significant people on the major character ’s personality development,
the writer concerns on exploring the aspect of the conditions responsible for
personality change which is the influence of significant people.
According to Hurlock (1976),
“When the significant people in an
individual's life change, and when he tries to adapt his pattern of behaviour and
his attitudes, beliefs, values, and aspirations to theirs, changes in their personality
pattern are inevitable” (p.126). A person has the capacity to adjust the changed
circumstances. A person tries to adapt another person's attitudes and behaviour,
beliefs, values, and aspirations. In addition, Hurlock (1976) also says that “The
extent to which changes in significant people bring about the personality changes
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
will depend on how much their attitudes, values and so on differ from those if the
individual (p. 126). It means some significant people may bring influence to other
people through their pattern of behaviour and attitudes, beliefs, values and
aspirations. In this study, the influence of significant people is relevant to be used
in analyzing the influence of Jantu and Chnay, as the significant people, who
influence Dara’s personality development.
C. Theoretical Framework
This study discusses the influence of Jantu and Chnay on Dara's
personality development by using some theories. This study formulates two
problems to be answered. It the first problem, it tries to find out the characteristics
of the characters as potrayed in the novel. The characters are Jantu and Chnay.
These characteristics of the characters are revealed by using theory of character
and characterization. By using Murphy's theory of characterization, this study
focuses on collecting the information of the characters through their personal
description, character as seen by others, speech, conversation of others, reaction,
thoughts and mannerism.
In the second problem, it finds out how the significant characters in the
novel influence the major character's personality development as seen in the
novel. The theory of personality development is employed to reveal how Jantu
and Chnay influence Dara's personality development considering her life
experience as described in the novel. Therefore, knowing how Jantu's and Chnay's
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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personality in Minfong Ho's The Clay Marble can solve the problem of this study
to analyze how Jantu and Chnay influence Dara's personality development based
on her life experience as described in the novel.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts. They are the object of the study, the
approach and the method of the study. The first is the object of the study. It
explains the focus of the study which concerns with the primary data of the study.
The second part is the approach of the study which explains the use of approach in
analyzing the novel. The last part is the method of the study which explains the
steps taken in doing the analysis.
A. Object of the Study
The Clay Marble was written by Minfong Ho. She is a journalist in
Singapore, a teacher at a university in Thailand, a laborer at a plywood factory,
and a representative for a trade union. The Clay Marble was first published in
1991 and it was reprinted several times. The writer got the book which was
reprinted on 2006 by Times Printers Pte Ltd. The novel consists of 150 pages and
it is divided into 18 chapters. It is her third novel after Sing to the Dawn (1975)
and Rice without Rain (1986). The Clay Marble is a historical novel addressing
the sufferings of war. Dara, a major character in the novel, travelled as a refugee
from her village, Siem Reap, to other camps with her mother and brother. In Nong
Chan, she meets Jantu and Chnay who become her friends. Dara even ever gets
separated from her family. Finally, in the end of the story, Dara can reunite with
her family even she has to experience the hardships during the war.
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B. Approach of the Study
In this study, psychological approach was applied. Psychological approach
focuses on the psychological side of human beings. The characters’ thought and
behaviour can be understood more appropriate by using psychological approach
since this approach intends to comprehend the patterns of human personality and
behaviour.
This approach was applied in order to analyze Jantu's and Chnay's
personality and explain their behaviour pattern as the significant people who
influence Dara's personality development. Personality involves pattern of
behaviour, thought and feeling. The focus of this study was the influence of the
significant people on the main character ’s personality development as portrayed in
the novel. Psychological approach was applied to find out what was going on
within the main character and the significant people who influence her
personality.
C. Method of the Study
The method of the study used in this study was library research. The
primary data was the novel entitled The Clay Marble by Minfong Ho. The
secondary data were the books related to theory of characters and characterization,
theory of personality and theory of personality development.
There were some steps taken in conducting this study. Firstly, the writer
read the novel, The Clay Marble, several times. It was needed to be done in order
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to have a good understanding of the story and the elements in the novel. Secondly,
after reading the novel, the writer found the topic to be discussed and formulated
the problem formulations. Thirdly, the writer also tried to find the other references
that were related to the study.
Fourthly, the writer did the analysis based on the references. The writer
uses mind map to help in taking notes so that no data is left out or lost. Mind map
gives a picture where to go and what to do first. Afterward, as the last step, the
writer drew the conclusion of this study and gave some suggestions which can be
used in the next study. The writer drew some general conclusions about the
characteristics of Jantu, Chnay and Dara and how Dara's personality developed by
the influence of Jantu and Chnay. Then, the writer gave some suggestions for
further study, especially to those who will do literary research. The writer also
gave a suggestion for English teaching learning process to use this novel as the
teaching material.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This study concerns about Jan