Comparison Vickers hardness of Welding Aluminium MG 5083 with Welder for Metal Inert gas (MIG) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG).
ii.
?;19!:E!!'19!!
ql
;
.!+,
,
:lt;
lsBN 9?8 - 602 , 7?76 - 06 -7
2012
PROCEEDN{GS
2"'r inleurational Colfcr enc,: orr
SLrstrinlrblc Technology Dcvclor)rlcltl
(ratsTD)
'
D, tcl, 1'tt,p Su.rtttinahi, lr.11.1. tneI
.for A llctter Futut c
Bati. October 31'' 201?
INIVIRSITY PRF\\
II
PP.OCEEDINCS
2'r lnremarional C.nfercDcc on
Su
-
nanrabl e TecluoloAy Deve l.pnr
De te lopi ti e S t6 t o i n ab I e
7
c D
ec htn
/brlRenerF tut.
r
to gt
B:ti, Ocrob€r115,,2ntl
scicntific connnree:
rr,ol r ..v"rrr Ren.ni(uday?na un,veFiry lndoss,r)
Por. sa!,qh (Pcidetrorwodd Renevable En.r$,)
I'nf. I)rl Kue Choi lchonbuk NarioMl Unrvc6n),, Sou$ (ora)
l,rf tsudhiro IndBatu(Uriviv6iry of wolrongons, AunEtia)
frof. ,ae Klm Lin (Chonbuk N.ridal Unimnr Soull) Kora)
o'o' tr r R rihud r Hurch- Un:v6try ot s4ene ,rc I 6 \- .tvey. .hmj
Pof MonkserDewidar(s.urhvatlcy Univ€6ny, Ecypr)
Pror lcxandc.Cufiben0Jni!6iryoaNe* souh wat6, AdjRtia)
Parf TJokGd. Tina Nindhia (Ud,yana UniEsny, lndonera)
Pnf r M .dc Ab I Karyawan s (udayana unilm n,, Indones ia )
P'oa I l\ Gdantari (Uday,m Uni16iry, I'rlons'a)
trr vu Cons Hc (Ho chi Mirh Ciry Univ$iry of l c.hnology. Vidnan)
Dr (' A M Sudik(Uday,n, Unilcniry. tMon.:ia)
rt tr .jcde AJi:nim (Udayd Unn rsny,bd.icsia)
Dll l,ryanrlEW.(Uday,n.Unilccirx rdon6ii)
Dr rK (i Dharn'r Pnrn (LJdayana Ljmvtr\iry. tr oncsr)
Or
Publish.dby,
Uday:nr Umvdary PE-5'
K.mpus Un,vefn.s Udayana Ds'pivr
N{ECtl,l^_lCAl, ENCINIiERINC
N4
0r
fuzzy
PID ltrrio ( (rn'fllo ot An
Elrcrni \tlrtr,, rn.,t
oJ) Conri ounr- vJ'irhlf liansmissor tar \trrnjrii\.
^mlrcariitr,
MO?
(ID
I
09)
(Dt
/-
'Ihe lariaron ol6ltulc ntrnrbcr rnd ihe tuhti.ral ol'.rr.r n, rr
rarious wnd occurr.nc. (iiiriburi.N of tlrc clcan antl r1i.\xl.1.
\dd po*crmichmc. ... ...
M.l
fF,..,p!,f hr' \'
Mll
i'..t\pont'ol.r\
Pcrfonnatue olD'ir!r,l Cu(nrg lbol id
Srai'ncssSrcel aoDf.r idd Alumirium
'l': Iul
i,
-
1,
!.
,'
(ID
I
20)
(lD
I
ll)
arD
aoDfaiis.i vi.l.:r H.,,dr.\! ofwelding AluNnrLr: I \tC ifl
l]si wilh weldrn tf. Nl.r.l Lt( Cas (Mlc) Jnd lungnrf tDeLr Cr\
Tnnc Studr
tTlG)
.\ml\:rr .l
I-ooJ SeNic.\ Using iUjr,
l
\Tr!trrt
..
10 Psrom;n{.oaReiarniv€rtit!-tTtoe'sDc"lturikt\'nnE+
ilrr I'nl frnn' (reet.i,p, \rd
M
M 12
A Creen Manufidurins Proccss For Smrtt vcrliclt
IrD la') Iu'binc blode ..
Ml3
oD
rll)
,\\n \riid
Sludy Plr)siqlrdd Mc.fianical Propd,€ of vcAdat Md.r
o'rpo.ire !tu, r
r
or
M16 CFDas AidiDE ltrlro lr.dr.l Airflowrnd ThcnnrtpolnnfrDre
(lDl5a) of tsuilr]rngs. CJr SruJy: Airllow Paller .n1] th.nrr
Perrnmaice ir Classnr.r. I IDivc6iry
otArDrliy!
!l l7
Eltur .l chenr.rl rcihnc.b on rhe r.nllc n,ri, tr .Ltrl
,lL ,. rl..'1bl'
. \
'.,rt t1 rt '.rr{"("-,.
11 lS
lne Ass.nbltrrs I'r\cnigdi(ni ofTlrr* wtre(l\ B,.\rtr tjr!
lJ
th.\t,.L, F \'.dr\\
M l9
r.nsllf A d lnrp&r sr$slh.t B3nlboo Frbo ltej rl,trlfJ I I \\
(lD lS3l Co rrlrrr.s A\ \hrn rn. \rr.'rr| for Aho\. K ..l'.\,trr!
NI8J
\t
tol
M 0r (tD t25)
COIIIPARISON VICKllllS IIARDNDSS Of WnLDIh_G ALUlllINlfli\'l-MG
5083 WI'I'II WELDED FOR METAL IN'RTCAS(NIIG) ANDI'TJNGSTEN
INERTCAS(TI(D
ICus(iNg!r.[A'n0trar.Tjoko'.licde li'laNindhia].lMadeNidiy.n.l
Abnmd: wirh nany developne.t bcins done in lems ol weldins lshnology.
wclding Gchnology {eldins .luninud is pan of thar requnes precision and skill
Aluminuir and rlu.rinun alloys, inclnding lidltweighr det.l thar hs, hiell stEnEh,
Fsishnr ro corosion dd is a fairly good elecGcal conductor welding is atr
irdispensablc pa'1oflhe groMh oflhe indusrry incesed, bduse the nrain rolc in
enginccrin3 and Epa; ot neral poduclion. So ir rakes a research orienred and
scieDiinc $o& ro imFov€$e quahyofweldedjoinb lbmarion hish efiiciency, lov
cod. energy salinss rnd €nersy sali.ss as Fssible Ihis $ud) uses-llc \relding
(rlDgsrcn in.n gas) and MIC weldinc (M€r.l lnen Od). Nelding of ihe resulLs
bctw€etr ihc t*o dinecnr $eld ndd hardnes is aho obrainrd diflerent. spccinrens
usd in lhis nudy is .luninum Ms 508:i plat witn a dickn.ss of rmn.
K.y Nords: weidins, brd.6s,aluninuh Mg508l
I.INTRODUCTION
developm€nr b.ing done in lems ol weldiq l(bnoloBy, weldi.g
*cldins
alunirrn is p.n of lhal rcquircs pNision and skill. Aluninum
t€cnnolder
and aluninun alloys, imludine lighrweiShr h€l'l lhal has a hieh sEnedr. Esislant lo
comsion md i a fanly s@d elecdctl conducror. ?\lun .um has good duclilily in
cold cond'rnrns and have hish corcsion *sisc.cc. welding aluminuh n onc of lhe
eraarine rechniquc to nch some nelals in rhe paanr ncbl and fillcr mcral snh or
sirliour preisLr..nd wi$ or *irhout metal €nhancei and produces a conlinuous
wirh d&y
connecrion ofrhnnnun can also be connected lvnh th€ $ called high specd wcldin8
rnd srn weded jojnts produced a prclly good. Wirb manyd€relopmenr beingdone in
remrs ol$eldi.a rechnolosy, Elding tchnology velding aluminun is p,n of thar
rcqunes pr€cisioD and skill. Aluninum and aluminun alloys. incLlding lighrveighr
nreral thxr lrN a high nrengh, icsGbr lo oiiosion and k a iairly good electrical
conlucro. ,\lunridunr hd good ducrilny in cold conditions .id halc hi-.h comsion
re\isr.oce Whil. {he Dchl ,s rypic,lly used,s elemena ol rlu'nmunr allols are:
coprcr(Cu).silLcon (si).niasnesium (Ms), manganese(Nlt. zinc (Zn). mn(Fe)..nd
so fdn, Tb. addnnr olcoppti ro alumrnum elemens ro Inm ch.nricd compounds,
increGe. lhc conposnion oi$r rl0DriNn allo]
so lhar rlrd d,(hrrrrl nrcngrh
trilh
rhe required tol€nies on Ih. xtplic.rjon of a
r.cordanc.
can b. \lricJ
ii
\ill
for c\anrtlc the nt.d dla coDnrucrion mlrerial lirr.ndxli and crli.e componenrs
ihlr h,vc chrr(rcrisrics of high slrengd and htrdness, cotuiion resnknce. and lisht.
uminum hJ r o b,.' J..eoped $ rlrr rr
JLm ,., \!t.i
' erJtt,.
prd
bJildins i teryir rfotun' rou
rJ'.J in er.Jrer derdr'
n
'da
'tr n,c, n
\
lnro r Jnd
\,.e.d,d,r.pL? r ol Li r.'J.\. od4enil
't-ra.oot
j,
1 trs
1 l't'r ru I'c.h@, r tU' rn t vp, r r.,,,.,Ili,ii
d Ln'rlm qe.dtr'.
2,THDORY
alrmrnum n a lg\r$e.shr Terdl hd, emd .uro ron rc.n'Jnc".,nJ jo d .rlbi
coldu.dvny &d orher prcpenie, tu
pmpenres ot borh
t1 aJd ron ;'h. b) rhe add'lion mekt,
(
m6hd(al sknsrh i. SRarly
ot u. vs. n, Mr .l;
'nc'eaed
dc , indnidualb or oge'le'. g:!'ng
rle sood pdpenres such 6..*.,"",..,.,,
l@!resisrsre.lor (o"ir,c'enr or erp"tuion andsoon. thFm eriJtI \-r)tr(
use nor onty tor hoGehold applieces bd at$ tbe nDreial us.a ro. rt" pu.pos,
diRrcfr..d...h'p.. @n.rru,rio' mo o'odh Fhh.n'. -..2 o' aor.;,,e,r
alun num ha . punty of up b 99 96% od a ijnimum ot gel" tenqo;
sul.nr.r 6fdc clcnenrs Fc -nd j. Ium.nJmJ.to).hJlcJ\,a..,, . io..
.ontmt oamcjo. el.henF rmlrol an,l mino' trOio' .t"-...
-, r, vc r,rni
'he
Zn. Cu.ad Si $h€F6nr,or (lemenrssuch a\.' .c. Pb Ae,Ie. sn /, ",I b mi
oLheF. A lloyine ele menK n
aluminm majorrnLlude:
2.5
ll
'
L Coppd (Cn), incree strensrh sd hardness. but lower etonsarion (he tcnlrh
pull.d' Aluh'FUm ronrenr orr u n
mo{ opr'r,ti. brN+n L oo
'he
2. Zinc ortnc (zn), incres erensile valu€.
3. Mmeee* (Mn), iicisc sbgrh in hish remperarure.
Mrgd€iu (Mg), alminnn pow€r Ei$ dd lower lhe vatw of ns ducrjlity.
comsion 6inec€ &d wrdabiliry m ale g@d.
silicon (Si),ledine ro ince&d haidncsof:lunnrn alo]s.
B6ed on the dendnion of Deurche lndustn€ NorDen (DtN) welding is r m.r. uqicrt
bond !t tic junction of mdal or heral alloy is cadied our in a notlen o. tiquid jaL.
This denniftn €n b€ funnd chbordred rhar rhc weld is $e tcat coMecbo. ori
meral od. In lhe nO welding p@edures have b€€r desisned in accordancc rviri
AwS, ils slanddds of qlalfuy re$ed wnh a lziely oa €srins borh lh. NDt (Non
Destrucdf'fso md the m€chanical rei rcsull. as evidenced by a qMtiricari.n c.u.d
lhe quarificarion pceduE. Inplemcnbrn,n ofdeq!.ljficatiois tr by Ljin! dFm.l
cncrgy. ASME srandard lX secr. Weldin! ofrhe mosl popular in IndoDesi( nanrly,
cl.cti. ,lane dc wclding \ynh (sNt\w), in somc indunn€s nDr b! rdrDc.d
r€chnolosy. have bee using rhis qpc olwetdil]s Ttc_ Mtc and etecric r.!i$nca
seld (ERw). a \eths,
?;19!:E!!'19!!
ql
;
.!+,
,
:lt;
lsBN 9?8 - 602 , 7?76 - 06 -7
2012
PROCEEDN{GS
2"'r inleurational Colfcr enc,: orr
SLrstrinlrblc Technology Dcvclor)rlcltl
(ratsTD)
'
D, tcl, 1'tt,p Su.rtttinahi, lr.11.1. tneI
.for A llctter Futut c
Bati. October 31'' 201?
INIVIRSITY PRF\\
II
PP.OCEEDINCS
2'r lnremarional C.nfercDcc on
Su
-
nanrabl e TecluoloAy Deve l.pnr
De te lopi ti e S t6 t o i n ab I e
7
c D
ec htn
/brlRenerF tut.
r
to gt
B:ti, Ocrob€r115,,2ntl
scicntific connnree:
rr,ol r ..v"rrr Ren.ni(uday?na un,veFiry lndoss,r)
Por. sa!,qh (Pcidetrorwodd Renevable En.r$,)
I'nf. I)rl Kue Choi lchonbuk NarioMl Unrvc6n),, Sou$ (ora)
l,rf tsudhiro IndBatu(Uriviv6iry of wolrongons, AunEtia)
frof. ,ae Klm Lin (Chonbuk N.ridal Unimnr Soull) Kora)
o'o' tr r R rihud r Hurch- Un:v6try ot s4ene ,rc I 6 \- .tvey. .hmj
Pof MonkserDewidar(s.urhvatlcy Univ€6ny, Ecypr)
Pror lcxandc.Cufiben0Jni!6iryoaNe* souh wat6, AdjRtia)
Parf TJokGd. Tina Nindhia (Ud,yana UniEsny, lndonera)
Pnf r M .dc Ab I Karyawan s (udayana unilm n,, Indones ia )
P'oa I l\ Gdantari (Uday,m Uni16iry, I'rlons'a)
trr vu Cons Hc (Ho chi Mirh Ciry Univ$iry of l c.hnology. Vidnan)
Dr (' A M Sudik(Uday,n, Unilcniry. tMon.:ia)
rt tr .jcde AJi:nim (Udayd Unn rsny,bd.icsia)
Dll l,ryanrlEW.(Uday,n.Unilccirx rdon6ii)
Dr rK (i Dharn'r Pnrn (LJdayana Ljmvtr\iry. tr oncsr)
Or
Publish.dby,
Uday:nr Umvdary PE-5'
K.mpus Un,vefn.s Udayana Ds'pivr
N{ECtl,l^_lCAl, ENCINIiERINC
N4
0r
fuzzy
PID ltrrio ( (rn'fllo ot An
Elrcrni \tlrtr,, rn.,t
oJ) Conri ounr- vJ'irhlf liansmissor tar \trrnjrii\.
^mlrcariitr,
MO?
(ID
I
09)
(Dt
/-
'Ihe lariaron ol6ltulc ntrnrbcr rnd ihe tuhti.ral ol'.rr.r n, rr
rarious wnd occurr.nc. (iiiriburi.N of tlrc clcan antl r1i.\xl.1.
\dd po*crmichmc. ... ...
M.l
fF,..,p!,f hr' \'
Mll
i'..t\pont'ol.r\
Pcrfonnatue olD'ir!r,l Cu(nrg lbol id
Srai'ncssSrcel aoDf.r idd Alumirium
'l': Iul
i,
-
1,
!.
,'
(ID
I
20)
(lD
I
ll)
arD
aoDfaiis.i vi.l.:r H.,,dr.\! ofwelding AluNnrLr: I \tC ifl
l]si wilh weldrn tf. Nl.r.l Lt( Cas (Mlc) Jnd lungnrf tDeLr Cr\
Tnnc Studr
tTlG)
.\ml\:rr .l
I-ooJ SeNic.\ Using iUjr,
l
\Tr!trrt
..
10 Psrom;n{.oaReiarniv€rtit!-tTtoe'sDc"lturikt\'nnE+
ilrr I'nl frnn' (reet.i,p, \rd
M
M 12
A Creen Manufidurins Proccss For Smrtt vcrliclt
IrD la') Iu'binc blode ..
Ml3
oD
rll)
,\\n \riid
Sludy Plr)siqlrdd Mc.fianical Propd,€ of vcAdat Md.r
o'rpo.ire !tu, r
r
or
M16 CFDas AidiDE ltrlro lr.dr.l Airflowrnd ThcnnrtpolnnfrDre
(lDl5a) of tsuilr]rngs. CJr SruJy: Airllow Paller .n1] th.nrr
Perrnmaice ir Classnr.r. I IDivc6iry
otArDrliy!
!l l7
Eltur .l chenr.rl rcihnc.b on rhe r.nllc n,ri, tr .Ltrl
,lL ,. rl..'1bl'
. \
'.,rt t1 rt '.rr{"("-,.
11 lS
lne Ass.nbltrrs I'r\cnigdi(ni ofTlrr* wtre(l\ B,.\rtr tjr!
lJ
th.\t,.L, F \'.dr\\
M l9
r.nsllf A d lnrp&r sr$slh.t B3nlboo Frbo ltej rl,trlfJ I I \\
(lD lS3l Co rrlrrr.s A\ \hrn rn. \rr.'rr| for Aho\. K ..l'.\,trr!
NI8J
\t
tol
M 0r (tD t25)
COIIIPARISON VICKllllS IIARDNDSS Of WnLDIh_G ALUlllINlfli\'l-MG
5083 WI'I'II WELDED FOR METAL IN'RTCAS(NIIG) ANDI'TJNGSTEN
INERTCAS(TI(D
ICus(iNg!r.[A'n0trar.Tjoko'.licde li'laNindhia].lMadeNidiy.n.l
Abnmd: wirh nany developne.t bcins done in lems ol weldins lshnology.
wclding Gchnology {eldins .luninud is pan of thar requnes precision and skill
Aluminuir and rlu.rinun alloys, inclnding lidltweighr det.l thar hs, hiell stEnEh,
Fsishnr ro corosion dd is a fairly good elecGcal conductor welding is atr
irdispensablc pa'1oflhe groMh oflhe indusrry incesed, bduse the nrain rolc in
enginccrin3 and Epa; ot neral poduclion. So ir rakes a research orienred and
scieDiinc $o& ro imFov€$e quahyofweldedjoinb lbmarion hish efiiciency, lov
cod. energy salinss rnd €nersy sali.ss as Fssible Ihis $ud) uses-llc \relding
(rlDgsrcn in.n gas) and MIC weldinc (M€r.l lnen Od). Nelding of ihe resulLs
bctw€etr ihc t*o dinecnr $eld ndd hardnes is aho obrainrd diflerent. spccinrens
usd in lhis nudy is .luninum Ms 508:i plat witn a dickn.ss of rmn.
K.y Nords: weidins, brd.6s,aluninuh Mg508l
I.INTRODUCTION
developm€nr b.ing done in lems ol weldiq l(bnoloBy, weldi.g
*cldins
alunirrn is p.n of lhal rcquircs pNision and skill. Aluninum
t€cnnolder
and aluninun alloys, imludine lighrweiShr h€l'l lhal has a hieh sEnedr. Esislant lo
comsion md i a fanly s@d elecdctl conducror. ?\lun .um has good duclilily in
cold cond'rnrns and have hish corcsion *sisc.cc. welding aluminuh n onc of lhe
eraarine rechniquc to nch some nelals in rhe paanr ncbl and fillcr mcral snh or
sirliour preisLr..nd wi$ or *irhout metal €nhancei and produces a conlinuous
wirh d&y
connecrion ofrhnnnun can also be connected lvnh th€ $ called high specd wcldin8
rnd srn weded jojnts produced a prclly good. Wirb manyd€relopmenr beingdone in
remrs ol$eldi.a rechnolosy, Elding tchnology velding aluminun is p,n of thar
rcqunes pr€cisioD and skill. Aluninum and aluminun alloys. incLlding lighrveighr
nreral thxr lrN a high nrengh, icsGbr lo oiiosion and k a iairly good electrical
conlucro. ,\lunridunr hd good ducrilny in cold conditions .id halc hi-.h comsion
re\isr.oce Whil. {he Dchl ,s rypic,lly used,s elemena ol rlu'nmunr allols are:
coprcr(Cu).silLcon (si).niasnesium (Ms), manganese(Nlt. zinc (Zn). mn(Fe)..nd
so fdn, Tb. addnnr olcoppti ro alumrnum elemens ro Inm ch.nricd compounds,
increGe. lhc conposnion oi$r rl0DriNn allo]
so lhar rlrd d,(hrrrrl nrcngrh
trilh
rhe required tol€nies on Ih. xtplic.rjon of a
r.cordanc.
can b. \lricJ
ii
\ill
for c\anrtlc the nt.d dla coDnrucrion mlrerial lirr.ndxli and crli.e componenrs
ihlr h,vc chrr(rcrisrics of high slrengd and htrdness, cotuiion resnknce. and lisht.
uminum hJ r o b,.' J..eoped $ rlrr rr
JLm ,., \!t.i
' erJtt,.
prd
bJildins i teryir rfotun' rou
rJ'.J in er.Jrer derdr'
n
'da
'tr n,c, n
\
lnro r Jnd
\,.e.d,d,r.pL? r ol Li r.'J.\. od4enil
't-ra.oot
j,
1 trs
1 l't'r ru I'c.h@, r tU' rn t vp, r r.,,,.,Ili,ii
d Ln'rlm qe.dtr'.
2,THDORY
alrmrnum n a lg\r$e.shr Terdl hd, emd .uro ron rc.n'Jnc".,nJ jo d .rlbi
coldu.dvny &d orher prcpenie, tu
pmpenres ot borh
t1 aJd ron ;'h. b) rhe add'lion mekt,
(
m6hd(al sknsrh i. SRarly
ot u. vs. n, Mr .l;
'nc'eaed
dc , indnidualb or oge'le'. g:!'ng
rle sood pdpenres such 6..*.,"",..,.,,
l@!resisrsre.lor (o"ir,c'enr or erp"tuion andsoon. thFm eriJtI \-r)tr(
use nor onty tor hoGehold applieces bd at$ tbe nDreial us.a ro. rt" pu.pos,
diRrcfr..d...h'p.. @n.rru,rio' mo o'odh Fhh.n'. -..2 o' aor.;,,e,r
alun num ha . punty of up b 99 96% od a ijnimum ot gel" tenqo;
sul.nr.r 6fdc clcnenrs Fc -nd j. Ium.nJmJ.to).hJlcJ\,a..,, . io..
.ontmt oamcjo. el.henF rmlrol an,l mino' trOio' .t"-...
-, r, vc r,rni
'he
Zn. Cu.ad Si $h€F6nr,or (lemenrssuch a\.' .c. Pb Ae,Ie. sn /, ",I b mi
oLheF. A lloyine ele menK n
aluminm majorrnLlude:
2.5
ll
'
L Coppd (Cn), incree strensrh sd hardness. but lower etonsarion (he tcnlrh
pull.d' Aluh'FUm ronrenr orr u n
mo{ opr'r,ti. brN+n L oo
'he
2. Zinc ortnc (zn), incres erensile valu€.
3. Mmeee* (Mn), iicisc sbgrh in hish remperarure.
Mrgd€iu (Mg), alminnn pow€r Ei$ dd lower lhe vatw of ns ducrjlity.
comsion 6inec€ &d wrdabiliry m ale g@d.
silicon (Si),ledine ro ince&d haidncsof:lunnrn alo]s.
B6ed on the dendnion of Deurche lndustn€ NorDen (DtN) welding is r m.r. uqicrt
bond !t tic junction of mdal or heral alloy is cadied our in a notlen o. tiquid jaL.
This denniftn €n b€ funnd chbordred rhar rhc weld is $e tcat coMecbo. ori
meral od. In lhe nO welding p@edures have b€€r desisned in accordancc rviri
AwS, ils slanddds of qlalfuy re$ed wnh a lziely oa €srins borh lh. NDt (Non
Destrucdf'fso md the m€chanical rei rcsull. as evidenced by a qMtiricari.n c.u.d
lhe quarificarion pceduE. Inplemcnbrn,n ofdeq!.ljficatiois tr by Ljin! dFm.l
cncrgy. ASME srandard lX secr. Weldin! ofrhe mosl popular in IndoDesi( nanrly,
cl.cti. ,lane dc wclding \ynh (sNt\w), in somc indunn€s nDr b! rdrDc.d
r€chnolosy. have bee using rhis qpc olwetdil]s Ttc_ Mtc and etecric r.!i$nca
seld (ERw). a \eths,