Common-core Grammar for the Second Year of English Department Students
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ iii
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................... iv
TO THE USER ....................................................................................................... v
CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. vi
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................... viii
LESSON
ONE
PUNCTUATION ................................................................................
The Punctuation of Complex Sentences .....................................
The Capital Letters ......................................................................
The Possessive Apostrophe ........................................................
1
2
3
4
TWO
IDENTIFYING NOUNS .....................................................................
The Four Marks ...........................................................................
Changeable Forms ...............................................................
Preceding Items ...................................................................
Sentence Position ................................................................
Group Position .....................................................................
Summary ....................................................................................
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
THREE
CLASSIFYING NOUNS ....................................................................
Review ........................................................................................
Types of Nouns ...........................................................................
A-Type Nouns .........................................................................
B-Type Nouns .........................................................................
C-Type Nouns .........................................................................
D-Type Nouns .........................................................................
E-Type Nouns .........................................................................
Summary ....................................................................................
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
17
FOUR
COUNTABLE NOUNS ......................................................................
Review ........................................................................................
Singular and Plural Forms ...........................................................
D-Items .......................................................................................
Summary ....................................................................................
19
19
20
20
23
FIVE
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS .................................................................
Review ........................................................................................
C-Type Nouns .............................................................................
Characteristics of C-Type Nouns ..................................................
Substances ...........................................................................
Abstract Nouns ......................................................................
25
25
26
27
28
29
SIX
COUNTABLE-UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ..........................................
Review ........................................................................................
D-Type Nouns .............................................................................
Characteristics of D-Type Nouns .................................................
Selected List of D-Type Nouns ....................................................
31
31
32
32
33
vi
SEVEN
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE .....................................................
Review ........................................................................................
The Forms ...................................................................................
The Meanings .............................................................................
The Simple Present Actual Tense ..........................................
The Simple Present Neutral Tense ........................................
The Simple Present Habitual Tense ......................................
The Simple Present Future Tense .........................................
The Frequency .............................................................................
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
44
EIGHT
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NARRATIVE AND ACTUAL ...............
Review ........................................................................................
The Forms ...................................................................................
The Meanings .............................................................................
The Simple Fast Narrative .....................................................
The Simple Past Actual .........................................................
The Frequency .............................................................................
47
47
48
49
49
50
52
NINE
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NEUTRAL AND HABITUAL ...............
Review ........................................................................................
The Simple Past Neutral ..............................................................
The Simple Past Habitual .............................................................
The Frequency .............................................................................
55
55
56
57
59
TEN
VERB GROUPS .................................................................................
Review .........................................................................................
About Verb Groups ......................................................................
The Forms ....................................................................................
The Rule .......................................................................................
5 1 should stem ......................................................................
4 1 have stem+ed ...................................................................
3 1 be stem+ing ......................................................................
2 1 be stem+ed .......................................................................
61
61
62
62
64
64
65
65
66
ELEVEN
QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS ..................................
Review ........................................................................................
Questions ....................................................................................
Verbal Questions ...................................................................
Pronominal Questions .........................................................
Negative Statements ..................................................................
71
71
72
72
73
76
TWELVE
FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERB GROUPS ......................................
Review ........................................................................................
Finite Verb Groups ......................................................................
Non-Finite Verb Groups .............................................................
79
79
80
82
THIRTEEN
5-1 VERB GROUPS : CAN, CAN’T, CANNOT ................................
Review ........................................................................................
The Meaning of Can, Can’t .........................................................
Characteristic Ability ...............................................................
Occasional Ability ...................................................................
Immediate Ability .....................................................................
Summary ....................................................................................
85
85
86
86
87
87
88
vii
FOURTEEN 5-1 VERB GROUPS : CAN AND COULD ........................................
Review ........................................................................................
Can Meaning Possibility and Impossibility ...................................
Could in Reported Speech ...........................................................
91
91
92
94
FIFTEEN
5-1 VERB GROUPS: WILL AND WOULD ....................................... 97
Future Reference ........................................................................ 97
Will referring to Future ................................................................ 98
Would in Reported Speech ........................................................ 100
SIXTEEN
SPELLING: THE DOUBLING OF CONSONANTS ..........................
Long and Short Vowels ...............................................................
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables ............................................
The Rules ...................................................................................
The Consonant [l] .......................................................................
101
101
102
103
104
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 107
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ iii
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................... iv
TO THE USER ....................................................................................................... v
CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. vi
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................... viii
LESSON
ONE
PUNCTUATION ................................................................................
The Punctuation of Complex Sentences .....................................
The Capital Letters ......................................................................
The Possessive Apostrophe ........................................................
1
2
3
4
TWO
IDENTIFYING NOUNS .....................................................................
The Four Marks ...........................................................................
Changeable Forms ...............................................................
Preceding Items ...................................................................
Sentence Position ................................................................
Group Position .....................................................................
Summary ....................................................................................
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
THREE
CLASSIFYING NOUNS ....................................................................
Review ........................................................................................
Types of Nouns ...........................................................................
A-Type Nouns .........................................................................
B-Type Nouns .........................................................................
C-Type Nouns .........................................................................
D-Type Nouns .........................................................................
E-Type Nouns .........................................................................
Summary ....................................................................................
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
17
FOUR
COUNTABLE NOUNS ......................................................................
Review ........................................................................................
Singular and Plural Forms ...........................................................
D-Items .......................................................................................
Summary ....................................................................................
19
19
20
20
23
FIVE
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS .................................................................
Review ........................................................................................
C-Type Nouns .............................................................................
Characteristics of C-Type Nouns ..................................................
Substances ...........................................................................
Abstract Nouns ......................................................................
25
25
26
27
28
29
SIX
COUNTABLE-UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ..........................................
Review ........................................................................................
D-Type Nouns .............................................................................
Characteristics of D-Type Nouns .................................................
Selected List of D-Type Nouns ....................................................
31
31
32
32
33
vi
SEVEN
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE .....................................................
Review ........................................................................................
The Forms ...................................................................................
The Meanings .............................................................................
The Simple Present Actual Tense ..........................................
The Simple Present Neutral Tense ........................................
The Simple Present Habitual Tense ......................................
The Simple Present Future Tense .........................................
The Frequency .............................................................................
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
44
EIGHT
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NARRATIVE AND ACTUAL ...............
Review ........................................................................................
The Forms ...................................................................................
The Meanings .............................................................................
The Simple Fast Narrative .....................................................
The Simple Past Actual .........................................................
The Frequency .............................................................................
47
47
48
49
49
50
52
NINE
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: NEUTRAL AND HABITUAL ...............
Review ........................................................................................
The Simple Past Neutral ..............................................................
The Simple Past Habitual .............................................................
The Frequency .............................................................................
55
55
56
57
59
TEN
VERB GROUPS .................................................................................
Review .........................................................................................
About Verb Groups ......................................................................
The Forms ....................................................................................
The Rule .......................................................................................
5 1 should stem ......................................................................
4 1 have stem+ed ...................................................................
3 1 be stem+ing ......................................................................
2 1 be stem+ed .......................................................................
61
61
62
62
64
64
65
65
66
ELEVEN
QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS ..................................
Review ........................................................................................
Questions ....................................................................................
Verbal Questions ...................................................................
Pronominal Questions .........................................................
Negative Statements ..................................................................
71
71
72
72
73
76
TWELVE
FINITE AND NON-FINITE VERB GROUPS ......................................
Review ........................................................................................
Finite Verb Groups ......................................................................
Non-Finite Verb Groups .............................................................
79
79
80
82
THIRTEEN
5-1 VERB GROUPS : CAN, CAN’T, CANNOT ................................
Review ........................................................................................
The Meaning of Can, Can’t .........................................................
Characteristic Ability ...............................................................
Occasional Ability ...................................................................
Immediate Ability .....................................................................
Summary ....................................................................................
85
85
86
86
87
87
88
vii
FOURTEEN 5-1 VERB GROUPS : CAN AND COULD ........................................
Review ........................................................................................
Can Meaning Possibility and Impossibility ...................................
Could in Reported Speech ...........................................................
91
91
92
94
FIFTEEN
5-1 VERB GROUPS: WILL AND WOULD ....................................... 97
Future Reference ........................................................................ 97
Will referring to Future ................................................................ 98
Would in Reported Speech ........................................................ 100
SIXTEEN
SPELLING: THE DOUBLING OF CONSONANTS ..........................
Long and Short Vowels ...............................................................
Stressed and Unstressed Syllables ............................................
The Rules ...................................................................................
The Consonant [l] .......................................................................
101
101
102
103
104
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 107
viii