Common-core Grammar for the Third Year of English Department Students
Workbook
STRUCTURE 3
Material for Semester Three of the
English Department Structure Series
Developed from the Common-core Grammar
Bambang Sugeng
English Department
Faculty of Languages and Arts
Yogyakarta State University
2010
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................
FOREWORD ...............................................................................
CONTENTS ................................................................................
ii
iii
iv
TO THE USER.............................................................................. vii
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS ....................................................... viii
LESSON
ONE
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE: REVIEW ..............
The Sentence ..................................................
The Subject .....................................................
The Predicate ..................................................
Punctuation ......................................................
1
1
2
3
4
TWO
VERBS: FORMS .................................................
Finite and Non-finite Verbs ..............................
Verb Forms ......................................................
Regular Verbs ...........................................
Irregular Verbs ..........................................
7
7
9
10
10
THREE
VERBS: TENSES ................................................
Review .............................................................
The Simple Present Actual ..............................
The Simple Present Actual .......................
The Simple Present Neutral ......................
The Simple Present Habitual ....................
The Simple Present Future .......................
Frequency .................................................
The Simple Past Tense ....................................
The Simple Past Narrative .......................
The Simple Past Actual .............................
The Simple Past Neutral ...........................
The Simple Past Habitual .........................
Frequency .................................................
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
18
18
18
19
20
20
FOUR
SUBJECTS: PRONOUNS AND NOUNS ............
Review .............................................................
Pronouns .........................................................
Nouns ..............................................................
Characterizing Nouns ...............................
Classifying Nouns .....................................
23
23
24
27
27
29
FIVE
VERBS AND VERB GROUPS .............................
Verb Groups ....................................................
Questions ........................................................
Verbal Questions .......................................
The Question Mark ...................................
Pronominal Questions .............................
Pronominal Subject Questions ................
31
31
34
35
36
37
38
The Question Mark ...................................
Negative Statements .......................................
38
39
SIX
ARTICLES ............................................................
Review .............................................................
Omission of a/an or the ....................................
The Meaning of a/an ........................................
Numerical a/an ...........................................
Individualizing a/an ....................................
Classifying a/an .........................................
The as D-item ..................................................
Classifying a/an and the a/an ..........................
41
41
41
43
44
44
44
45
47
SEVEN
THE TREE DIAGRAM .........................................
The Diagram ....................................................
Simple Sentences ............................................
Compound Sentences .....................................
Complex Sentences ..........................................
51
51
51
53
54
EIGHT
NOUN GROUPS ...................................................
The Form .........................................................
M Items .............................................................
Q Items ............................................................
57
57
59
62
NINE
NOUN GROUPS: D AND Q ITEMS.......................
D Items ............................................................
Some and Such ................................................
Q Items .............................................................
65
65
67
69
TEN
THE RELATIVE CLAUSES ...................................
The Complex Sentence ....................................
The Sub-clause .................................................
The Form ...........................................................
The Functions ....................................................
Subject ........................................................
Object .......................................................
D item .........................................................
After Preposition .......................................
73
73
73
74
76
76
77
78
78
ELEVEN
RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES
Review ............................................................. 81
The Two Types of Relative Clauses ................. 82
Restrictive Relative Clauses ........................ 83
Non-restrictive Relative Clauses.................... 83
Omission of the Relative Pronoun .................... 84
The Tree Diagram ........................................... 85
81
Some Ambiguity ..............................................
86
TWELVE
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ......................................
The Form .........................................................
Types of Adverbial Clauses...............................
Adverbial Clause of Time .........................
Adverbial Clause of Place ........................
Adverbial Clause of Cause or Reason .....
Adverbial Clause of Purpose ...................
Adverbial Clause of Result ......................
Adverbial Clause of Condition .................
Adverbial Clause of Contrast ...................
Adverbial Clause of Comparison .............
89
89
90
90
91
91
91
92
92
92
92
THIRTEEN
NOUN CLAUSES .................................................
Subject .............................................................
Object ..............................................................
Complement ....................................................
Object of Preposition ........................................
Content Clauses .............................................
95
95
96
97
97
99
FOURTEEN INDIRECT CONSTRUCTIONS ............................
The Form .........................................................
Statements ......................................................
The Omission of that ........................................
Questions ........................................................
Imperatives ......................................................
101
101
102
102
103
104
FIFTEEN
CO-ORDINATION: AND ......................................
Review .............................................................
The Co-ordinator And ......................................
Words ......................................................
Phrases ...................................................
Clauses.......................................................
Sentences ................................................
Co-ordination and Sub-ordination ...................
107
107
108
108
109
110
110
111
SIXTEEN
CO-ORDINATION: BUT, OR, AND NOR ............
But ...................................................................
Or ....................................................................
Nor ..................................................................
Listing ..............................................................
Punctuation .....................................................
For ..................................................................
113
113
114
115
117
117
117
REFERENCES ............................................................................ 119
STRUCTURE 3
Material for Semester Three of the
English Department Structure Series
Developed from the Common-core Grammar
Bambang Sugeng
English Department
Faculty of Languages and Arts
Yogyakarta State University
2010
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................
FOREWORD ...............................................................................
CONTENTS ................................................................................
ii
iii
iv
TO THE USER.............................................................................. vii
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS ....................................................... viii
LESSON
ONE
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE: REVIEW ..............
The Sentence ..................................................
The Subject .....................................................
The Predicate ..................................................
Punctuation ......................................................
1
1
2
3
4
TWO
VERBS: FORMS .................................................
Finite and Non-finite Verbs ..............................
Verb Forms ......................................................
Regular Verbs ...........................................
Irregular Verbs ..........................................
7
7
9
10
10
THREE
VERBS: TENSES ................................................
Review .............................................................
The Simple Present Actual ..............................
The Simple Present Actual .......................
The Simple Present Neutral ......................
The Simple Present Habitual ....................
The Simple Present Future .......................
Frequency .................................................
The Simple Past Tense ....................................
The Simple Past Narrative .......................
The Simple Past Actual .............................
The Simple Past Neutral ...........................
The Simple Past Habitual .........................
Frequency .................................................
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
18
18
18
19
20
20
FOUR
SUBJECTS: PRONOUNS AND NOUNS ............
Review .............................................................
Pronouns .........................................................
Nouns ..............................................................
Characterizing Nouns ...............................
Classifying Nouns .....................................
23
23
24
27
27
29
FIVE
VERBS AND VERB GROUPS .............................
Verb Groups ....................................................
Questions ........................................................
Verbal Questions .......................................
The Question Mark ...................................
Pronominal Questions .............................
Pronominal Subject Questions ................
31
31
34
35
36
37
38
The Question Mark ...................................
Negative Statements .......................................
38
39
SIX
ARTICLES ............................................................
Review .............................................................
Omission of a/an or the ....................................
The Meaning of a/an ........................................
Numerical a/an ...........................................
Individualizing a/an ....................................
Classifying a/an .........................................
The as D-item ..................................................
Classifying a/an and the a/an ..........................
41
41
41
43
44
44
44
45
47
SEVEN
THE TREE DIAGRAM .........................................
The Diagram ....................................................
Simple Sentences ............................................
Compound Sentences .....................................
Complex Sentences ..........................................
51
51
51
53
54
EIGHT
NOUN GROUPS ...................................................
The Form .........................................................
M Items .............................................................
Q Items ............................................................
57
57
59
62
NINE
NOUN GROUPS: D AND Q ITEMS.......................
D Items ............................................................
Some and Such ................................................
Q Items .............................................................
65
65
67
69
TEN
THE RELATIVE CLAUSES ...................................
The Complex Sentence ....................................
The Sub-clause .................................................
The Form ...........................................................
The Functions ....................................................
Subject ........................................................
Object .......................................................
D item .........................................................
After Preposition .......................................
73
73
73
74
76
76
77
78
78
ELEVEN
RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSES
Review ............................................................. 81
The Two Types of Relative Clauses ................. 82
Restrictive Relative Clauses ........................ 83
Non-restrictive Relative Clauses.................... 83
Omission of the Relative Pronoun .................... 84
The Tree Diagram ........................................... 85
81
Some Ambiguity ..............................................
86
TWELVE
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ......................................
The Form .........................................................
Types of Adverbial Clauses...............................
Adverbial Clause of Time .........................
Adverbial Clause of Place ........................
Adverbial Clause of Cause or Reason .....
Adverbial Clause of Purpose ...................
Adverbial Clause of Result ......................
Adverbial Clause of Condition .................
Adverbial Clause of Contrast ...................
Adverbial Clause of Comparison .............
89
89
90
90
91
91
91
92
92
92
92
THIRTEEN
NOUN CLAUSES .................................................
Subject .............................................................
Object ..............................................................
Complement ....................................................
Object of Preposition ........................................
Content Clauses .............................................
95
95
96
97
97
99
FOURTEEN INDIRECT CONSTRUCTIONS ............................
The Form .........................................................
Statements ......................................................
The Omission of that ........................................
Questions ........................................................
Imperatives ......................................................
101
101
102
102
103
104
FIFTEEN
CO-ORDINATION: AND ......................................
Review .............................................................
The Co-ordinator And ......................................
Words ......................................................
Phrases ...................................................
Clauses.......................................................
Sentences ................................................
Co-ordination and Sub-ordination ...................
107
107
108
108
109
110
110
111
SIXTEEN
CO-ORDINATION: BUT, OR, AND NOR ............
But ...................................................................
Or ....................................................................
Nor ..................................................................
Listing ..............................................................
Punctuation .....................................................
For ..................................................................
113
113
114
115
117
117
117
REFERENCES ............................................................................ 119