The power of Chiyo in Arthur Golden's Memoir of a Gheisha.

THE POWER OF CHIYO IN ARTHUR GOLDEN’S

MEMOIRS OF A

GEISHA

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

MOH. IMRONI A93213156

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

2017

ABSTRACT

Imroni, Muhammad. 2017. The Power of Chiyo in Arthur Golden’sMemoirs of a Geisha. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The advisor: Abu Fanani, SS, M.Pd,196906152007011051, Key words: Existence, Freedom, Responsibility.

In this study, the researcher analyzes the main character especially woman character in Memoirs of a Geisha novel. This analysis is viewed from the existence point of view. The freedom and responsibility from the woman character, the name is Sakamoto Chiyo becomes an issue in the analysis. In this analysis, the researcher presents the problem of the struggle of a woman to get freedom. In accordance with the problems the researcher uses existence as the main theory and new criticism as a supporting theory. This researcher finds that Chiyo uses her existence to get love from Chairman. She decides to become a geisha as the way to get her love. In the choice to become a geisha she get some suffering and discrimination from the senior geisha. The freedom and responsibility of Chiyo becomes a focus in this analysis.

INTISARI

Imroni, Muhammad. 2017. The Power of Chiyo in Arthur Golden’sMemoirs of a Geisha. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Dosen pembimbing: Abu Fanani, SS, M.Pd,196906152007011051, Kata Kunci: Existensi, Kebebasan, Tanggung Jawab.

Di dalam analisa ini, peneliti menganalisa peran utama terutama peran seorang wanita di dalam novelMemoirs of a Geisha. Analisa ini dapat di lihat dari sudut pandang eksistensi. Kebebasan dan tanggung jawab dari tokoh perempuan yang bernama Sakamoto Chiyo menjadi sebuah masalah dalam analisa. Di dalam analisa ini, peneliti menyajikan sebuah masalah perjuangan seorang wanita untuk memperoleh

kebebasan. Sesuai dengan masalah tersebut peneliti menggunakan eksistensi sebagai teori utama dan new criticism sebagai teori pendukung. Peneliti menemukan bahwa Chiyo menggunakan keeksisannya untuk mendapatkan cintanya seorang ketua. Dia memutuskan untuk menjadi geisha sebagai jalan untuk mendapatkan cintanya. Dalam pilihannya menjadi geisha dia mendapatkan beberapa penderitaan dan diskriminasi dari geisha senior. Kebebasan dan tanggung jawab Chiyo menjadi focus didalam analisa ini.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover Page ... i

Tittle page ... ii

Advisor’s Approval Page ... iii Examiner’s Approval Page ... iv

Declaration Page ... v

Motto ... vi

Dedication Page ... vii

Acknowledgement ... viii

Table of Contents ...x

Abstract ... xii

Intisari ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems ... 4

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 5

1.4 Scope and Limitation ... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 5

1.6 Method of the Study... 6

1.7 Organization of the Study ... 7

1.8 Definition of the Key Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 9

2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 9

2.1.1 Jean Paul Sartre’s Existentialism... 9

2.1.2 New Criticism ... 16

2.1.5 Characterization ... 18

2.2 Review of Related Study ... 19

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS ... 21

3.1 Chiyo’s Characterization ... 21

3.1.1 Smart ... 21

3.1.2 Brave ... 25

3.1.3 Self-Determined ... 28

3.1.4 Tough ... 30

3.2 Chiyo’s Existence... 32

3.2.1 Chiyo’s freedom ... 33

3.2.2 Chiyo’s responsibility ... 36

3.2.3 Chiyo’s self-reliance ... 41

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 45

4.1 Conclusion ... 46

WORKS CITED ... 48

APPENDICES ... 50

Appendix 1: The Synopsis of Memoirs of a Geisha ... 51

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

As the writer know that literature is an activity of imagination, creative, and refined. Literature can be read, comfort, and appresiation. According to De Bonald, literature is an expression of society. To illustrate the phenomenon of literature, we have to know the condition of economic, social, and politic that become the factor of the history. Actually, literature reflect and express the life (Wellek and Warren 7).

Literary works consists of fiction and nonfiction. Fiction means that the literary works are related to the imagination and the invention of the author. Fiction works is a literary work that the story is unreal. Whereas nonfiction is a literary work that related to the real condition. Nonfiction is written form that are related to data and factual. It is not related to the imagination of the author. It consists of announcement, speech text, reports, journals, biography, scientific articles, etc. (Gutkind 8).

Based on Eagleton, Literature has a very close relation with human life. It reflects what really happen in the real life. So it is no doubt to find out various kinds of problem taking place in our daily life and the emotional sense on

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that they cannot give us a knowledge of the social formation; but they do give us something of equal importance in analyzing culture, an imaginary representation of real relations. There are many authors who cover their conditional surroundings into their works. Thus there must be found a very close relation between one literary work and the era when it is made (Eagleton and Milne 329).

The writer has known that literature is a part of the human life that reflects the reality in what happened in each aspect of live. Literature represents the life which deals with internal and external factors of human life. It will be interesting to criticize it, because the writer will get a lot of knowledge by this criticism. To criticize literary works, the writer need some understandings about literary criticism. Peck and Coyle define that Literary criticism is the analysis, interpretation and evaluation of literary works. It does not mean that literary criticism is to find the fault in literary works. Analyzing literature means

analyzing human life as experiences, ideas, motivations, emotions or expectations which are expressed in the words (Peck and Coyle 150).

Literary work is an author’s creative thinking. The author writes the

literary based on what they feels, sees, and the experiences in real life. Literature is the represents of life (social reality). Even though the natural world and subjective world of the individual have also been the objects of the literary

“imitation‟ (Wellek and Waren 94). In other way, literature is one of the subject which deals with inner and outer factors of human life which are described

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There are many literary works that tell about a struggle. One of the literary work that tell about struggle is Memoirs Of A Geishawritten by Arthur Golden.

Arthur Golden was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, America. Many people believe that he was born in 1952. In 1980 when he was in University of Colombia, he wrote a novel about the life of Geisha. The idea appeared after he talked over with a businessman in Tokyo. Five years later he produced 800 pages about Geisha in Tokyo with a background of world war II. (Aulia 36-37)

Memoirs Of AGeishatells us about Chiyo (9 years old). She was sold by his father and his sister named Satsu to an Okkiya named Okkiya Nitta in Gion. Unfortunately, Satsu does not qualify as a geisha so even employed in a brothel. Chiyo suffered enough in life Okkiya because of a geisha named Hatsumomo jealous of her beauty. Hatsumomo does everything possible in order to Chiyo only serve as a lifetimewaiters. She is trying to leave the Okkiya in order to get a freedom. But, her planning is found out by Hatsumomo and tells to Mother. Because of that she has a punishment from Mother. She has to become a servant all of the day. When she bewail her destiny, Chairman come and try to entertain her. At that time, Chiyo determined to become a geisha. She wants to become a geisha because she wants to have a chance to meet Chairman.As an adult she changed her name to Sayuri. She became a geisha of the most beautiful and increasingly make Hatsumomo envious. Hatsumomo choses the best geisha to fight Sayuri, but can not match the beauty of Sayuri. When she becomes a geisha, she has to face Mizuage. Mizuage is a ceremony undergone by a Japanese maiko (apprentice geisha) to signify her coming of age. It is a ceremony to unscrewed

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virginity. The virginity will be unscrewed to a danna who have the highest

offered. Chiyo hopes that the Chairman becomes her danna. The fact is Dr. Crab’s becomes her danna with the highest offered. Actually she does not want her virginity taken by Dr. Crab’s because she does not love him. She just love the Chairman since she meet him. But, she can not refuse the mizuage because she has not enough power. Meanwhile she feels guilty to the Chairman and lose her chance to get the Chairman’s love. One day she meet with the Chairman in a tea house and declare her love to him. Finally, she get the Chairman’s love and leave the Okkiya with the Chairman. She is moving to New York and opening a tea house there.

Based on the story, the novel tells about human existence that is revealed by Chiyo. We can see the human existence when Chiyo fight against her life suffered. She tried to become a Geisha and beat a Geisha that envious to her.

Because of the background explained above, the writer intends to study thenovel. Thereason that the writer conducst the study because the novel tells about the struggle to fight her lifebecoming the most explosive issue in the novel that is perfomed by the main character (Chiyo).

1.2 Statement of the Problems

Based on the background of the study above, this study is conducted to answer the problems formulated in the following questions:

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2. What is the impact of Chiyo’s existence to her life? 1.3 Objective of the Study

Based on the statement problems above, the objectives of the study are aimed:

1. To describeChiyo’s way to show her existence

2. To reveal the impact of Chiyo’s existence

1.4 Scope and Limitation

This research would take more discussion about existentialism. Moreover, this study just focus on the main character in the novel (Chiyo) and about the side of existentialism on Chiyo. It means that the writer will only discuss about the struggle of Chiyo.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The researcher hopes that the finding of the study will give direct contribution to the existing knowledge in the field of literature. Practically, the researcher aims to enrich to the theory based on literary studies, especially related to the existentialism.

Practically, the reader will know how to analyze literary work use

existentialism theory. In this case the students will get information about struggle to get a freedom in the novel Memoirs Of A Geisha. Furthermore, the result of this

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study is expected to be useful as reference and alternative information for others especially English literature students who conduct the similar research.

1.6 Method of the Study

In presenting the analysis, the writer mainly uses descriptive method.The core of descriptive analysis relates to the processes of describing phenomena, classifying it, and seeing how the concepts interconnect. Some steps that used by writer to analyze the novel:

1. Reading the novel to get complete and well understanding of the whole

story.

2. Collecting some books that related with existentialism theory.

2. Find the data in the novel to find the word that is related.

3. Selecting and collecting data in form of narration and conversation from the novel related to the existence point.

4. Analyzing the data collected by firstly categorizing them into two points, dealing with the statement of problems. Then, each point is analyzed using existentialism theory, which refers to the objectives of the study.

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1.7 Organization of the Study

There are four chapters to present the study. The first chapter is

introduction. Introduction is divided into eight points. Those are background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, scope and limitation, significance of the study, method of the study, organization of the study, and definition of the Key Term.

The second chapter is theoritical frame work. Theory that is used in this research and previous study are included in theoritical frame work.

The third chapter is analysis the data. The analysis data explain about the problem that will be discussed in the research. It will show and answer the research problem and it will become the material of the conclusion of this research.

The last chapter is conclusion. This chapter will find the characterization of Chiyo and the existence of Chiyo in the novel.

1.8 Definition of the Key Terms

Struggle : The ability to do something or act in a particular way, the capacity to influence the behavior of others, the emotions, or the course of events. (Ratna 187)

Freedom : The need for independence and spontaneity. It is also the need to

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Oppression : The unjustifiable placing of a burden on someone or some group,

by interfering with their powers, interests, or opportunities. Or, the condition in which people feels unhappy and hardship because of something. (Deborah 87)

Existentialism: An ideology of philosophy whose center of understanding is a human that is responsibile for her/his choice without knowing true or falls. (Sartre 25)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

1.1 Theoretical Framework

To help the readers in understanding this research, the writer will analyze the novel that related to this study by some theories. The writer uses existentialism and new criticism theory. In using of existentialism, the writer employ Jean Paul Sarter theori. The theory will be explained as follows:

1.1.1 Jean Paul Sarte’s Existentialism

Existentialism is an ideology of philosophy whose center of understanding is a human that is responsibile to her/his wish without knowing true or falls. Actually, instead of not knowing what is right and what is not true, but an existentialist aware that truth is relative, and therefore each individual is free to determine what he said is true. Existentialism was applied in 19th- and 20th-century by European philosophers and Existentialism became popular in the years after second World War and many disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychologystrongly influence.(Anderson 19)

Existentialism is a philosophical school that sees all and sundry to be based on the existence. Epistemologically, the word existentialism is derived from the Greek word Existere with the meaning ex (outside) and sistere (the way of standing), it refers to the meaning as something which is able to go out from the

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way ofstanding or something which is able to exceed its presence (Baird and Kaufman 54).

The term of existence can be applied just to humans, or more precisely to concrete individual. Just a concrete individual who can do the existence. So, individual can not be reduced to others reality. Existence is not living based on abstract and mechanical patterns, but existence continuously make new choices in a personal and subjective way. Individual is a life actor who dares to make a basic decision for his own life direction, not a mere of spectator of life. (Baid and Kaufman 54)

Sartre said that Man is nothing else but he has to be responsible forthe choices that is taken by himself. For existentialists, when freedom is the only human universality, then the restriction of the freedom of each individual is the freedom of other individuals. Becoming existentialists not just have to be different from others, conscious that the existence of the world is something which is beyond the control of people, but not to create something unique or new is the essence of existentialism. The essence will be visible toexistentialism if human make a selection on the basis of their own desires, and be aware of their

responsibilities in the future (Howard 456).

Existentialists advised us to let whatever we examine, whether the objects, feelings, thoughts, or even human existence itself to reveal itself to us. This can be done by opening up to the experience, to accept it, although not in accordance with the philosoph, theory, or our beliefs (Hardiman 250).

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There are some philosophers whose thought are about existentialism. One of the philosophers whose thought is about existentialism is Jean Paul Sartre. According to Sartre, the existentialist is those who believe and act upon "existence precedes essence". The existence of human is created before essence because human is created by god. Different from a thing that created by human. A thing that created by human is “essence precedes existence”. The essence precedes existence because the essence from a thing that will be created by human had been existed before (Sartre 25) .

Human as an existence who precedes the essence means that human has to be responsible for their act or their choice made. The responsibility is not for his/her self, but responsible for all of people who get the impact of his/her act. Human choose for himself means that he/she choose for everyone. As a statement of Jean Paul that a man who commits himself, and who realizes that he is not only the individual that he chooses to be, but also a legislator choosing at the same time what humanity as a whole should be, cannot help escape the feeling of his own full and profound responsibility (Sartre 25).

Sartre said that “exist” is devided in to two point. Those are l’etre-en-soi (being-in-itself) and l’etre-pour-soi (being-for-itself). Being-in-itself mean that exist as a thing (object) and being-for-itself mean that exist as a awareness.

Human as being-for-itself mean that human have a freedom to form their self with their will and their action. (Dagun 100-102)

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Base on the explanation above, the writer will use Jean Paul Sartre’s existentialism to analyze the object in the next chapter. It is chosen because his thought about existence is suitable to analyze the main character in the novel Memoirs of a Geisha. Sartre’s existentialism emphasize every individual freedom and responsibility (Sartre 16).Meanwhile, to clearly clarify about existentialism by Jean Paul Sartre, it will be explained in this research. Some point of Jean Paul Sartre’s are:

1. Existence preceds the essence

It means that the existence of human is created before essence because human is created by god. The essensiality of human appear when they have done something. Different from a thing that created by human, a thing that is created by human is “essence precedes existence”. The

essence precedes existence because the essence from a thing that will be created by human had existed before (Sartre 25).

Existentialism started through the existence of a premise precedes essence. Existentialism does not discuss about human essence in

abstraction. Meanwhile it discusses about the concrete reality of human in specification, through existence of human being in the world. Then, it will describe the existence of human being as it has been experienced by human being. An essence refers to general, abstract, static, so that it rejects to concrete, individual, and dynamic. On other hand, an existence refers to concrete, individual, and dynamic (Baid and Kaufman 54).

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2. Human is condemned to be free

It means that human reality is free, basically and completely free. (Sartre 11). In this situation, human has to endeavor to change their position.This effort is accompanied by decisions on choices that human beings can choose by themselves. This choice in the determination of life is a form of a project which man endeavors both to himself and to

others.Human has to strive to achieve the possibility in their existence. (Montolalu 12)

In a principle, freedom is burdened to every man in specific situation in the world, and it is not his choice. Human is free in a very free situation to mean his situation through the deeds and efforts chosen and determined by himself. The world situation is burdened to every man (example in the form of bad environment, war and died), exactly it becomes a requirement of freedom. Principally, freedom is impossible to realize if there is no available situations, the stage does not choose itself in this world. (Abidin 201)

I say that man is condemned to be free. Condemned, because he did not create himself, yet is nevertheless at liberty, and from the moment that he is thrown into this world he is responsible for everything he does. .... (Satre 16)

From the text above, the writer can know that human is condemned to be free. Sartre’s view emphasize that freedom is a foundation toward all of action that choosen by human (Sartre 14).Human is free to do anything, anywhere and human is also free to act and be themselves.

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3. The choice brings it with responsibility

“I am condemned to be free. This means that no limits to my freedom can be found except the freedom itself” (Sartre 567).Human is free to do anything and anywhere, human is also free to act and be

themselves.Human has a freedom to determine what they will do to get the essence. And this determination is done by making choices. However, a freedom to make a choice is accompanied by a deep fear. Because, with the choiceshuman declare their responsibility not only to themselves but also to others.Acoordingto sartre, human realizes that they exist. It means that human realizes that they face the future, and realize what they do. It pressures on human responsibility. (Howard 456)

Man should not claim anyone else when he face some problems in his way. The true man is responsible for himself. Man has a commitment and responsibility. He pays attention to his satisfaction and feeling which is showed by his dream. There is nothing able to control everyone to face the future. Human has to have free feeling to make a choice. Even

anything of risk come true, human has to be responsible for the choice(Barnes256). So, human has a freedom to do anything, make choices and responsible for the choices.

4. Self-Reliance

Self-reliance is the term suggests an independent action, a reliance on one’s own resources as opposed to dependence on others.For Emerson, the concept of self-reliance refers more significantly tothe commitment to

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intelligent and imaginative independence and freedom whereby one has the courage and enthusiasm to think and to express one’s own thoughts, ideas and dreams rather than a fearful or careful reiteration of popular opinion or traditional “truth”. It emerges from a belief that one is capable of self guidance and self-determination. Emerson’s message is to “trust theyself”, to dare to see the world with your own eyes, to experience life from your own heart and to trust your own instincts. This is the attitude towards life which may be observed in infants and small children, before they have been clapped into jail by their consciousness” (Emerson134). It means that human has to have an independent action and trust theyself.

Emerson’s view about self reliance explains that life changes and grow, and can always learn something new. Man’s life is a progress and not a station (Emerson169).In self-reliance, Emerson always resounds to everyone’s ability. According to him wisdom and truth are not the

prerogative of the learned and the scholarly; each individual has access to his/her own truth, and this truth has a validity which may be honoured if we share it with the world: The learned and the studious of thought have no monopoly of wisdom.

5. No choice means bad faith.

Bad Faith is a form of self-deception. It refers to behaviors that human employ and choose. Human tries to deny their freedom. It is in bad faith when human tries to escape the responsibility of freedom and rid themselves from the anguish that they feel. In existence, there is no

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choice.No choicemeans bad faith because in existence human has to be responsibile for their choices and consider the freedom of others. (Weij 149-150)

1.1.2 New Criticism

New criticism is a name that applied to a vary and extremely energetic effort among Anglo-American writers to focus in a critical attention on literature. New Criticism emerged after World war I. The term of new criticism is firstly introduced by John Crowe Ransom and supported by I.A. Richard and T.S. Eliot (Searle 1). The opponents of New Critics have frequently charged that they ignore the history, ideology, politics, philosophy, or other factors that compose literary experience.

The institutional dimension of the New Criticism is particularly clear in this respect, in the creation of enermously influential textbooks and the writing of histories not merely of literature but also critic the literature it self. The force of the New Criticism as a movement is evident in the pervasive sense that literary study was strongly implicated in the formation and continuation of cultural values that precisely at the time when those values perceived to be in peril (Searle 2).

New criticism is clearly characterized in premise and practiced: it is not concerned with context- historical, biographical, intellectual, and so on; it is not interested in fallacies of intention or affect; it is concerned solely with the text in itself, with its language and its organization; it does not seek the text meaning, but how it speaks itself. (Selden 19).Literary language is formed by formal elements

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of literary work. The formal elements are consist of images, symbols, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, character, plot and so on (Tyson 137).

1.1.3 Character

Character is the agent in a literary work. Character created by the author to help the plot of the literary work. According to Jones, character is the

describing a real person that shows in the story. The reader can appreciate the literary work from the character and we can know the history of the literary work from the character (Sayuti 68).A character in a story almost true life, thus a

successful author recreates the actual throughout life itself roomates particular that is able to make the reader to see a presentation of real life (Jacobs 135).

Actually, there are some types of character in literary work. Those are

major and minor character. Major character is an important character in a story that appeared continually. Actually, major character dominates the story. Supporting of the major character is minor character. Minor character is a character of less importance than the major character (Nurgiyantoro 176).

Major character somtimes called protagonist character who have conflict

with antagonist character. Protagonist is a central character in a story. The story is generally revolved around a problem that faced by the protagonist and how the protagonist find the solution of the problems. Protagonist character can be more than one in a story. (DiYanni 64)

Antagonist character is the opposite of protagonist character. Though

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character who try to stand in the way of the villainous protagonist as well. Antagonist does not necessarily have to be one character. It can be a group of character, an institution, a concept that stands in the way of the protagonist. (DiYanni 65)

From the explanation above, the writer knowssome character’selements in

a literary work. There are two types of character. That are major and minor character. Major character is a main character who manage all of situations in a literary work and minor character is the supporting character who attend to the literary work.

According to Abrams, Character seen from complexity divides into two

kinds. Those are round character and flat character. Round character is a character who change the attitude because of some factors that make a different character at the beginning and the end of the story. While the flat character is a character who does not change the attitude from the beginning and the end of the story.

Generally flat character played by protagonist player. (31)

1.1.4 Characterization

Character and characterization are very important in a story. Both of character and characterization can not to be separated in a story. Characterization is the image of character. Characterization tells us how is the character in the story/novel. We can know the characterization of the character from their action that there is in the novel. Characterization refers to the way of an author to

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develops the fictional people who populate in a story. With characterization, the reader can know all of characters in the story/novel.Characterization is very important when the reader can explore the novel by paying attention on the character’s speeches, actions and comments.Characterization of some character are offered by the author in order to make some understandingto the reader about the idea of the story (Holman 2).

According to Holman, there are three fundamental methods of characterization in fiction: (1) the explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct exposition, either in an introductory block or more often piecemeal throughout the work, illustrated by action; (2) the presentation of the character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author, in the expectation that the reader will be able to deduce the attributes of the actor from the actions; and (3) the representation from within a character, without comment on the character by the author, of the impact of action and emotions upon the character’s inner self, with the expectation that reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes of the character (Holman 76).

2.2 Review of Related Studies

The writer finds some previous study that has similar object. The first is from Nanang Muhammad Mahfud, a student from Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. The title is Women’s Position in Memoirs of a Geisha Written by Arthur Golden (1997): A Feminist Approach. His thesis focus on feminist

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The second is from Diyah Ayu Saptoningrum, a student from Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. She wrote thesis under the title “Simbolism in Arthur Golden’s Memoirs of Geisha”. Her thesis focus on symbol that there is in the novel. The aim of her thesis are analyze the novel in terms of its structure (structural analysis) and identify symbolism used by Arthur Golden in his novel Memoirs of a Geisha.

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CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer will analyze the novel “Memoirs of a Geisha” with some theory. The analysis will focus on the first character (Chiyo). For the first, the writer will be used character and characterization that include in new

criticism theory. It gives some representation of Chiyo’s life in the novel. Finally,

to close the writer use Jean Paul Sartre’s existentialism to analyze the existence values that applied by Chiyo in novel Memoirs of a Geisha. The existence values are freedom and responsibility.

3.1 Chiyo’s Characterization

Characterization is the image of character. Characterization tells us how is the character in the story/novel. We can know the characterization of the character from their action that there is in the novel. Characterization refers to the way of an author to develops the fictional people who populate in a story. With

characterization, the reader can know all of characters in the story/novel (Kusomo 15).

3.1.1 Smart

Chiyo is a smart young women. She has inteligence when she was child. Before she become a geisha, she lived in fisher village, Yorido. She is a daughter of poor fishing man. She is very smart to give a name for something that happen

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in her social condition. She calls her house with “a tipsy house”. She call her house with “a tpsy house” because the house stood near a cliff where the wind off the ocean was always blowing. She said that the ocean had caught a terrible cold, because it was always wheezing and there would be spells when it let out a huge sneeze-which is to say there was a burst of wind with a tremendous spray. It is described in the following quotation:

In our little fishing village of Yoroido, I lived in what I called a "tipsy house." It stood near a cliff where the wind off the ocean was always blowing. As a child it seemed to me as if the ocean had caught a terrible cold, because it was always wheezing and there would be spells when it let out a huge sneeze-which is to say there was a burst of wind with a

tremendous spray. I decided our tiny house must have been offended by the ocean sneezing in its face from time to time, and took to leaning back because it wanted to get out of the way. Probably it would have collapsed if my father hadn't cut a timber from a wrecked fishing boat to prop up the eaves, which made the house look like a tipsy old man leaning on his crutch. (Chapter 1)

The text above tells that Chiyo gives a name to her house “a tipsy house”

and call the ocean had caught a terrible cold. When Mr. Tanaka ask her house, she says that she lived in the little tipsy house up on the cliffs. She says tipsy house because her house is the one that leans to the side, like it's had too much to drink. She also says to Mr. Tanaka that she has a type of eyes like her mother. It is show indicated in the text:

"You've got an eggplant on your face, little daughter of Sakamoto." He went to a drawer and took out a small mirror to show it to me. My lip was swollen and blue, just as he'd said.

"But what I really want to know," he went on, "is how you came to have such extraordinary eyes, and why you don't look more like your father?"

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"The eyes are my mother's," I said. "But as for my father, he's so wrinkled I've never known what he really looks like." (Chapter 1)

Following the text, Chiyo said that her eyes is like her mother. As a young daughter she know about something that she has. Unconsciously her father and

Mr. Tanaka sold her and Satsu (Chiyo’s oldersister) to Mr. Bekku an assistant of

Nitta Okkiya. She sold by her father because her economic condition. In Nitta Okkiya, she meets Hatsumomo as a success geisha. Chiyo has to help her in order to she becomes a famous geisha. Chiyo cleaned her cloth and room all of the day. Hatsumomo have some tricky to make Chiyo restless in the Okkiya. Because of

Chiyo’s smartness, One day Chiyo take a reverenges to Hatsumomo for

something that make Chiyo have a punishment. It is illustrated in the following quotation:

I decided I had no choice but to wait until my fifty-day confinement was over. In the meantime, I put my efforts into finding ways to repay

Hatsumomo and Granny for their cruelty. Hatsumomo I repaid by scraping up pigeon droppings whenever I was supposed to clean them from the stepping-stones in the courtyard and mixing them in with her face cream. The cream already contained unguent of nightingale droppings, as I've mentioned; so maybe it did her no harm, but it did give me satisfaction. Granny I repaid by wiping the toilet rag around on the inside of her sleeping robe; and I was very pleased to see her sniffing at it in puzzlement, though she never took it off. Soon I discovered that the cook had taken it upon herself to punish me further over the kimono incident-even though no one had asked her to-by cutting back on my twice-monthly portions of dried fish. I couldn't think of how to repay her for this until one day I saw her chasing a mouse down the corridor with a mallet. She hated mice worse than cats did, as it turned out. So I swept mouse droppings from under the foundation of the main house and scattered them here and there in the kitchen. I even took a chopstick one day and gouged a hole in the bottom of a canvas bag of rice, so she'd have to take everything out of all the cabinets and search for signs of rodents. (Chapter 7)

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The quotation above describes Chiyo’s ways to repay Hatsumomo and

Granny for their cruelty. Not only their cruelty, as a geisha she has to learn

Japanese art such as musical instruments, traditional dancing, noh theatre, ikebana and flower arrangement, and chanoyu or tea ceremony. All of Jepanese arts are very difficult to be learned by Chiyo. To overcome the difficulities, Chiyo finds some tricks. One of the tricks is shown by Chiyo when she practicing shamisen.

Chiyo’s trick in practicing shamisen described in the following text:

Then after that, I began to discover little tricks that made everything go more smoothly. For example, I found a way of practicing the shamisen while running errands. I did this by practicing a song in my mind while picturing clearly how my left hand should shift on the neck and how the plectrum should strike the string. (Chapter 12)

The text above show how Chiyo get a trick in practicing the shamisen. It shows that she is very clever. Her clever is avowed by Auntie as a senior member in the Okkiya. Auntie said to Granny that Chiyo is very clever girl which can be

seen from the shape of Chiyo’s ears.

"Oh, I'm sure you're right," Auntie said. "Probably she's just as you say. But she looks to me like a very clever girl, and adaptable; you can see that from the shape of her ears." (Chapter 3).

The dialogue tells that Chiyo is very clever and adaptable girl. It can be seen from the shape of her ears. Not only Auntie who says that Chiyo is clever but

also teacher Mouse as Chiyo’s shamisen teacher. When teacher Mouse sees her,

she says that Chiyo has to help Pumpkin with Chiyo’s lessons. It is illustrated in chapter 4:

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Teacher Mouse didn't speak for a long while, but just looked me over and then said, "You're a clever girl. I can see it just from looking at you. Perhaps you can help your older sister with her lessons." (Chapter 4).

Her clevers is also shown by Chiyo when she decided to leave the Okkiya. She asks to Mother to let her go from the Okkiya and lives with the Chairman. She decides to leave the Okkiya because she wants to be an independence woman. Not only independence woman but also she moving to New York and opening a tea house. Chiyo’s proposes her idea to the Chairman that she wants to be opening a tea house and he agrees with her. It is illustrated in the following dialogue:

"Have I mentioned to Danna-sama," I began, "that I've had the strangest feeling lately?"

I glanced at him, but I could see no sign that he was even listening. "I keep thinking of the Ichiriki Teahouse," I went on, "and truthfully, I'm beginning to recognize how much I miss entertaining."

The Chairman just took a bite of his ice cream, and then set his spoon down on the dish again.

"Of course, I can never go back to work in Gion; I know that perfectly well. And yet I wonder, Dannasama. . . isn't there a place for a small teahouse in New York City?" (Chapter 35)

The dialogue above described that Chiyo will be opening a tea house in New York City. It is done by Chiyo because of her smartness.

3.1.2 Brave

Chiyo’s brave character also presents through her action. As a young

women who separated with her older sister, she has to obey to Hatsumomo in order to meet with her older sister.She does all of Hatsumomo’s command with

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Mameha’s kimono. Hatsumomo is very jealous to Mameha as a success geisha. So that, she makes Mameha’s kimono broken. It was done by Chiyo with her bravery because she wants to know where her older sister live. It is described in the following quotation:

...When it was good and black, she dipped a brush in it and smoothed its tip against the stone-so that all the ink was absorbed in the brush and none of it would drip. Then she put it into my hand, and held my hand over the lovely kimono, and said to me: "Practice your calligraphy, little Chiyo."

This kimono belonging to the geisha named Mameha-whom I'd never heard of at the time-was a work of art. Weaving its way from the hem up to the waist was a beautiful vine made of heavily lacquered threads bunched together like a tiny cable and sewn into place. It was a part of the fabric, yet it seemed so much like an actual vine growing there, I had the feeling I could take it in my fingers, if I wished, and tear it away like a weed from the soil. The leaves curling from it seemed to be fading and drying in the

autumn weather, and even taking on tints of yellow. (Chapter 6)

The quotation above describe that Chiyo practice to make a calligraphy in

Mameha’s kimono with her braveness. She does that because she wants to know

where her older sister live. When she knows where her older sister live, she leaves the Okkiya to meet her older sister. Although it is forbidden for her to leave the Okkiya without permission. It is stated by Mother in the following dialogue:

"Well, little girl," Mother told me, "you're in Kyoto now. You'll learn to behave or get a beating. And it's Granny gives the beatings around here, so you'll be sorry. My advice to you is: work very hard, and never leave the okiya without permission. Do as you're told; don't be too much trouble; and you might begin learning the arts of a geisha two or three months from now. I didn't bring you here to be a maid. I'll throw you out, if it comes to

that."(Chapter 3)

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leaves the Okkiya without permission. She meets with her older sister can be seen in the following dialogue between Chiyo and her older sister:

"Oh, Chiyo," she said, and then she reached up to scratch her face. Or at least, I thought she was scratching her face, for I couldn't see well. It took me a moment to understand she was crying. After this I could do nothing to hold back my own tears.

"I'm so sorry, Satsu!" I told her. "It's all my fault." Somehow or other we stumbled toward each other in the dark until we were hugging. I found that all I could think about was how bony she'd grown. She stroked my hair in a way that made me think of my mother, which caused my eyes to well up so much I might as well have been underwater.

"Quiet, Chiyo-chan," she whispered to me. With her face so close to mine, her breath had a pungent odor when she spoke. "I'll get a beating if the mistress finds out you were here. Why did it take you so long!" "Oh, Satsu, I'm so sorry! I know you came to my okiya . . ." "Months ago." (Chapter 7)

The dialogue above tells that Chiyo meets her older sister. Her older sister and her make a plan to run off the Okkiya. She awares that her planning is a risk when she is found out by her Mother. Finally, she makes a deal with her older sister to run off the Okkiya. She will leave the Okkiya on Tuesday night and meet her older sister in the area of Minamiza theatre. Her planning to run off the Okkiya told by text:

"I have to run away, Chiyo. I can't stay here in this place any longer."

"I'll come with you!"

"I have a train schedule hidden under the tatami mats upstairs. I've been stealing money whenever I can. I have enough to pay off Mrs. Kishino. She gets beaten whenever a girl escapes. She won't let me go unless I pay her first." (Chapter 7)

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She makes a plan with her older sister to run awayfrom the Okkiya. But, her planning is detected by Hatsumomo. Meanwhile, Hatsumomo tells her planning to Mother. Because of that, her plan is failed and she get a punishment from Mother. All of the plan was done by Chiyo with her brave.

3.1.3 Self-Determined

Actually every body has to be determined for their better life. It also applied by Chiyo to make her life better than before. When she feels suppressed in the Okkiya, she is determined to run away from the Okkiya. She decided to meet with her older sister and make a plan to run away from the Okkiya. But, her planning is found out and get a punishment from her Mother in Nitta Okkiya. She is threatened to become a servant all of the time. When she is bewail her sadness, a Chairman comes and entertains her. Meanwhile she feels his kindness, she decided to become a geisha. She decides to become a geisha in order to she can meet with him. Actually, she does not want to become a geisha. It can be seen in the following sentences:

To become a geisha ... well, that was hardly a purpose in life. But to be a geisha ... I could see it now as a stepping-stone to something else. With my eyes squeezed tightly shut and my hands together, I prayed that they permit me to become a geisha somehow. I would suffer through any training, bear up under any hardship, for a chance to attract the notice of a man like the Chairman again. (Chapter 9)

From the text above Chiyo prayed in order to she can become a geisha. It is her determined to become a geisha in order to meet with a man like the Chairman. Not only meet with a man like the Chairman but also she will change her social

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condition. Since she lives in Okkiya, she is become a maid. So that she wants to become a geisha.

I don't think Hatsumomo could have found anything crueler to say to me. For a year and a half now, I'd been condemned to the drudgery of a maid. I felt my life stretching out before me like a long path leading nowhere. I won't say I wanted to become a geisha; but I certainly didn't want to remain a maid. I stood in the garden of the school a long while, watching the young girls my age chat with one another as they streamed past. They may only have been heading back for lunch, but to me they were going from one important thing to another with lives of purpose, while I on the other hand would go back to nothing more glamorous than scrubbing the stones in the courtyard. (Chapter 9)

To become a geisha . . . well, that was hardly a purpose in life. But to be a geisha ... I could see it now as a stepping-stone to something else. If I was right about the Chairman's age, he was probably no more than forty-five. Plenty of geisha had achieved tremendous success by the age of twenty. (Chapter 9)

On the text above, Chiyo wanted to become a geisha and did not want to remain her maid. Unexpectedly when she wanted to become a geisha, Mameha as a success geisha come to the Okkiya. At that time, Chiyo says to Mameha that she wants to become a geisha. She will do anything to be a geisha. It can be seen in Chiyo’s speech:

'My goodness, she can't even keep her own maids from running away!' That sort of thing. But what will you do with yourself now, Chiyo? You don't look to me like a girl who wants to live her life as a maid."

"Oh, ma'am ... I'd give anything to undo my mistakes," I said. "It's been more than two years now. I've waited so patiently in the hopes that some opportunity might come along." (Chapter 10)

From Chiyo’s speech, it can be said that she has strong determation to become a geisha. She wanted to become a geisha in order to have a better life

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than what she has at that time. She will do anything to get an opportunity to become a geisha. She thinks her life will be better that before when she becomes a geisha. When she becomes geisha, she has an opportunity to meet with the

Chairman. It is related to the existence of her danna.

When she is success become a geisha, she declares her love to the

Chairman. Although her virginity was taken by Dr. Crab’s. She is express her love to the Chairman even then she gets a punishment. As a geisha, she is forbidden to love a man and express her love.

"What I did on Amami, I did because of my feelings for you, Chairman. Every step I have taken in my life since I was a child in Gion, I have taken in the hope of bringing myself closer to you." (Chapter 34)

From the quotation above, it means that Chiyo has a strong determination to have a better life, to get an opportunity to become a geisha, and get the Chaiman’s love.

3.1.4 Tough

Chiyo faces her difficult condition since she was 12 years old. Her mother is sick and she will die. But, it does not make Chiyo surrendered. She does anything for her mother.

"I haven't the money, Doctor," my father said.

"We've all grown poorer lately. I understand what you're saying. But you owe it to your wife. She shouldn't die in that tattered robe she's wearing." "So she's going to die soon?"

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Because of Chiyo’s social condition, her older sister and she are sold by her father to an Okkiya. She can not meet her mother again. Not only that but also she lives separately with her older sister. Her sister and her live in different Okkiya. It makes Chiyo lives without her family. Actually she has a feeling that she is going to live separately with her older sister and may not to meet each other. It is illustrated in the following quotation:

When we came to a halt before a doorway, Mr. Bekku instructed me to get out. He climbed out behind me, and then as if the day hadn't been difficult enough, the worst thing of all happened. For when Satsu tried to get out as well, Mr. Bekku turned and pushed her back with his long arm.

"Stay there," he said to her. "You're going elsewhere."

I looked at Satsu, and Satsu looked at me. It may have been the first time we'd ever completely understood each other's feelings. But it lasted only a moment, for the next thing I knew my eyes had welled up with tears so much I could scarcely see. (Chapter 3)

The quotation above saysthat Chiyo is affraid to leave separately with her older sister. Since her older sister leaving the Okkiya, she tries to survive her life in the Okkiya as a maid. She can not live without her family. When she lives in the Okkiya, she gets some mistreatment from Hatsumomo. She dislikes Chiyo because she does not want Chiyo becomes a geisha. One day she gets an opportunity to become a geisha. She has to study hard about geisha because geisha’s training is not simple. But, she has to learn even though geisha’s training is very difficult. It is illustratedin the following quotation:

What make a geisha's training- so difficult isn't simply the arts she must learn, but how hectic her life becomes. After spending all morning in lessons, she is still expected to work during the afternoon and evening very

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much as she always has. And still, she sleeps no more than three to five hours every night. (Chapter 11)

The quotation above described that geisha’s training is not simple. But, chiyo is success to pass the training. Some years ago she is success become a geisha. As a geisha, Chiyo has to unscrew her virginity to the danna. She hopes that her secret love become her danna. The fact is Dr. Crab’s becomes her danna as a man who has the highest offered.

When Mameha noticed at the sumo tournament that Nobu seemed taken with me, she thought at once of how much Nobu resembled Fujikadoself-made and, to a man like Dr. Crab, repulsive. Ther was what Mameha

hadmeant by "catching Hatsumomo off-balance." Hatsumomo was delighted that Nobu found me attractive;what she didn't realize was that my popularity with Nobu would very likely drive up the price of mymizuage. (Chapter 19) Clearly we had to reclaim Dr. Crab's affections. Without him Nobu could offer what he wanted for my mizuage that is, if he turned out to have any interest in it at all. I wasn't sure he would, but Mameha assured me that a man doesn't cultivate a relationship with a fifteen-year-old apprentice geisha unless hehas her mizuage in mind. (Chapter 19)

The quotation above tells that Dr. Crab’s becomes the winner of the

mizuage ceremony. She feel sad because her danna is not the Chairman. She will lose her opportunity to get the Chairman’s love. But, she is strong with the difficult condition and prove herself as a tough women.

3.2 Chiyo’s Existence

Based onJean Paul Sartre’s theory in existentialism“I am condemned to be free. This means that no limits to my freedom can be found except the freedom itself” (Sartre 567).Human is free to do anything and anywhere, human is also

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willdo to get the essence. And this determination is done by making choices. However, a freedom to make a choice is accompanied by a deep fear. Because, with the choiceshuman declare their responsibility not only to themselves but also to others. Acoording to sartre, human realizes that they exist. It means that human realizes that they face the future, and realize what they do. It pressures on human responsibility (Tafsir 226-227). Meanwhile on the analysis below, it will explain about the existence of the main character (Chiyo) in novel Memoirs of a Geisha. It is about his freedom and responsibility.

3.2.1 Chiyo’s Freedom

Chiyo’s freedom starts when Chiyo was ten years old. She has mother who can only lie down in her bed every single time.Their economic condition is very poor which is being the main reason why her father sell her and her older sister (Satsu) to Mr. Tanaka the factory owners of Japan Coastal Seafood Company fabric from Senzuru. She was sold by her father with her sister to an Okkiya (House of Geisha training) in Gion district on Kyoto province. She is very sad because she can not meet her parents.

We all watched her float away, and then Mr. Bekku handed me over to the older women in the entryway. He climbed back into the rickshaw with my sister, and the driver raised the poles. But I never saw them leave, because I was slumped down in the entryway in tears. The older women must have taken pity on me; for a long I lay there sobbing in my misery without anyone touching me. (Chapter 2)

The text above shows that Chiyo is very sad. Chiyo cries because she has to face a nightmare because she is loosing her family. She solds to the largest

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Okkiya in Gion district which name Okkiya Nitta. Nitta is name of the owner of Okkiya. Because of she is very sad, she decides to run off the Okkiya with her older sister. It is become the freedom of Chiyo to run off the Okiya. She does that because she wants to be free although she knows the risk when she is found out. It is discribed in the following narration:

"I have to run away, Chiyo. I can't stay here in this place any longer." "I'll come with you!"

"I have a train schedule hidden under the tatami mats upstairs. I've been stealing money whenever I can. I have enough to pay off Mrs. Kishino. She gets beaten whenever a girl escapes. She won't let me go unless I pay her first." (Chapter 7)

Chiyo decided to run away with her older sister. She is promise that she will meet her older sister on Tuesday. She decided to meet in across of river in

Minamiza theatre. Like in a text in the novel:

"Tuesday. We'll run away Tuesday late at night, five days from now. I have to go upstairs, Chiyo. A man has come for me."

"But wait, Satsu. Where will we meet? What time?"

"I don't know . . . one in the morning. But I don't know where."

I suggested we meet near the Minamiza Theater, but Satsu thought it would be too easy for people to find us. We agreed to meet at a spot exactly across the river from it. (Chapter 7)

When Chiyo runs a way from the Okkiya, she is found out. She is very sad because she can not go out of the Okkiya all of time. In a sad state, she meets with the Chairman in the area of Shirakawa. Chairman then gave encouragement to little Chiyo so as not to be sad. Since then Chiyo has the power that is able to

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“I only ever saw the Chairman in a short time once in my life, but since then I missed a lot of time thinking about him...” (Chapter 17).

...The entire goal in everything I did during the ten last years is to win the affection of the chairman...(Chapter 29).

Based on the text above, the researcher knows that since her meeting with the Chairman, she loves him. Chiyo loves the Chairman because he is very kind. Meanwhile Chiyo decides to become a geisha in order to become a famous woman and meet the Chairman. Only famous man and woman who can meet the Chairman. It is done by Chiyo because she is very love to the Chairman. Because of that, she decides to become a geisha in order to meet with him and have a chance to get the Chaiman’s love. It is illustrated by Chiyo in the following dialogue:

To become a geisha ... well, that was hardly a purpose in life. But to be a geisha ... I could see it now as a stepping-stone to something else. With my eyes squeezed tightly shut and my hands together, I prayed that they permit me to become a geisha somehow. I would suffer through any training, bear up under any hardship, for a chance to attract the notice of a man like the Chairman again. (Chapter 9)

From the text above means that Chiyo wants to become a geisha for a chanceto attract the notice man like the Chairman. It means that she loves him. To get the Chairman’s love she decides to become a geisha. She is responsible for her choice. As a woman who wants to become a geisha, she has to study hard and work hard.

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3.2.2 Chiyo’s Responsibility

Chiyo has to be responsible toward her choices that choosen. Befor she decides to become a geisha she is very sad because her condition. She hasto become a servant in Okkiya without her family. She can not life without her family. Because of that, she decides to run away from the Okkiya. She has to be responsible and face the risk when she founds out. It is illustrated in the following narration:

Well, little girl,‖ Mother told to me, ―you are in Kyoto now. You’ll learn to behave or get a beating. And it is Granny gives the beatings around here, so you’ll be sorry. My advice to you is: work very hard, and never leave okiya without permission. Do as you’re told, don’t be too much trouble, and you might begin learning the arts of a geisha two or three months from now. I didn’t bring you here to be a maid. I’ll throw you out if it comes to that. (Chapter 2)

When Chiyo runs away from the Okkiya, she falls and her arm is broke. To repair her leg, a doctor comes and takes her to a clinic nearby. All of

administration in clinic are pay by mother of okkiya. It needs seventy five yen that becomes a debt of Chiyo to Okkiya. Because of that, Chiyo has to be paying when she become Geisha.

"I suppose you could repay it after ten or fifteen years as a geisha," she went on, "if you happened to be a success. But who would invest another sen in a girl who runs away?" (Chapter 9)

The text above tells that Sayuri has to repay all of debt to Okkiya. When she is bewail her matter because of an intention to run away, she gets a latter from Mr. Tanaka Ichiro and Auntie reading the latter for Chiyo. Mr. Tanaka said in the message that her parents passed away and her sister runs away from Yorido with

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Sugi’s son. She is very sad to hear that. When she is bewail her destiny, she meets with a Chairman and entertain her. The dialogue can be see in Chapter 9:

"Here you are ... a beautiful girl with nothing on earth to be ashamed of," he said. "And yet you're afraid to look at me. Someone has been cruel to you ... or perhaps life has been cruel."

"I don't know, sir," I said, though of course I knew perfectly well.

"We none of us find as much kindness in this world as we should," he told me, and he narrowed his eyes a moment as if to say I should think seriously about what he'd just said. (Chapter 9)

From the moment, Chiyo has a new spirit and tries to become a geisha. It is a choice of Chiyo to become a famous geisha and she has to be responsible for her choice. To become a famous geisha she has to be leraning hard. But, Chiyo is put to be a maid and Mother makes her chances to be a geisha lose as a

punishment of her escaping effort from Okkiya. Surprisingly, a very popular geisha comes to Nitta Okkiya and ask to Mother that she wants to train Sayuri to become a geisha. The name is Mameha. Meanwhile Chiyo promises to Mameha that she will learn and work hard to be geisha. Sayuri’s promises is discribe in the following dialogue:

"Mameha-san, I promise you, such a thing will never happen with me," I said. "Thanks to you, I feel like a ship encountering its first taste of the ocean. I would never forgive myself for disappointing you."

"Yes, well, that's all fine, but I'm not just talking about how hard you work. You'll have to be careful not to let Hatsumomo trick you. And for heaven's sake, don't do anything to make your debts worse than they are. Don't break even a teacup!" (Chapter 10).

Because her promises, she learns and works hard everyday. Geisha’s

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difficult. Not only training but also she has to work during the afternoon and evening very much as she always has. She sleeps no more than three to five hours every night. No matter how hard she has to do. She is very happy because the opportunity to become a geisha is widely open now. The difficult of geisha’s training is described in the following naration:

What make a geisha's training- so difficult isn't simply the arts she must learn, but how hectic her life becomes. After spending all morning in lessons, she is still expected to work during the afternoon and evening very much as she always has. And still, she sleeps no more than three to five hours every night. During these years of training, if I'd been two people my life would probably still have been too busy. I would have been grateful if Mother had freed me from my chores as she had Pumpkin; but considering her bet with Mameha, I don't think she ever considered offering me more time for practice. Some of my chores were given to the maids, but most days I was responsible for more than I could manage, while still being expected to practice shamisen for an hour or more during the afternoon. In winter, both Pumpkin and I were made to toughen up our hands by holding them in ice water until we cried from pain, and then practice outside in the frigid air of the courtyard. I know it sounds terribly cruel, but it's the way things were done back then (Chapter 11).

The text above tells that geisha’s training is very difficult and it is not simply. Besides geisha’s training that very difficult, she has to face senior geisha who hate her. The name is Hatsumomo. Hatsumomo is a popular geisha in Gion and the only one successful geisha in Nitta Okkiya. She is a beautifull geisha which has no humanity and very cruel. All of people in Nitta Okkiya help her everyday in order to she become the best geisha in the Gion. One day she asks

Chiyo to make Mameha’s kimono stolen. She does that because she is jealousto

Mameha as a success geisha. Because of that, Chiyo has to be responsible for something that she does. She gets a punishmentfrom Grandmother. Because of

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she makes Mameha’s kimono stolen, she has to repay and get punchfrom Grandmother. It can see from the illustration:

"We've talked about that enough," Granny said. "The girl should be beaten and made to repay the cost of the kimono, and that's that. Where's the bamboo pole?"

"I'll beat her myself," Auntie said. "I won't have your joints flaring up again, Granny. Come along, Chiyo."

"What have you done to Hatsumomo? She's bent on destroying you. There must be a reason, and I wantto know what it is."

"I promise you, Auntie, she's treated me ther way since I arrived. I don't know what I ever did to her." I didn't much care whether she beat me or not; it seemed to me that nothing could make my situation worse. Every time my body jolted under the pole, I wailed as loudly as I dared, and pictured

Hatsumomo's lovely face smiling down at me. (Chapter 6)

The illustration above tells that Chiyo has to repay the cost of Mameha’s kimono and she get punch from Grandmother. Actually, she does that because of Hatsumomo’s compulsion.Hatsumomo does not want Chiyo become a geisha. She does not want there is new geisha in Nitta Okkiya. Hatsumomo often trickies her in order that she will be expelled from the Okkiya and does not harm her position in the Okkiya. The text that Hatsumomo wants Sayuri to be expelled from the Okkiya are illustrated in the narration:

"I don't understand ..." I said, "about debt'?"

"Hatsumomo's little trick with that kimono is going to cost you more money than you've ever imagined in your life. That's what I mean about debt." Auntie had told me never to trust Hatsumomo, even if she offered to help me. But when I reminded myself how much Hatsumomo hated me, I

understood that she wasn't really helping me at all; she washelping herself to be rid of me. (Chapter 6)

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In the text above, Auntie tells her that Hatsumomo’s little trick with Mameha’s kimono is going to cost her more money and she will be expelled from Okkiya. Hatsumomo does that because she predicts that Chiyo’s beauty will make her an exist geisha in Gion. Meanwhile, Hatsumomo does some trick in order to make Chiyo expelled from the Okkiya and she become a singglegeisha in the Okkiya. When Chiyo is success become a geisha, Mameha change her name from Chiyo become Sayuri. Chiyo is success to become a famous geisha. When she is success to become a geisha, she has to unscrewedher virginity to a danna who has a higher price. Unscrewed of virginity is called mizuage in Japan. Mizuage was a ceremony undergone by a Japanese maiko (apprentice geisha) to signify her coming of age. Mizuage is described in the following dialogue:

"We call what 'mizuage''?"

"The first time a women's cave is explored by a man's eel. That is what we call mizuage.

Now, mizu means "water" and age means "raise up" or "place on"; so that the term mizuage sounds as ifit might have something to do with raising up water or placing something on the water. If you get three geisha in a room, all of them will have different ideas about where the term comes from. Now thatMameha had finished her explanation, I felt only more confused, though I tried to pretend it all made acertain amount of sense. (Chapter 19)

The text above tells that mizuage has to be done by Chiyo. Mameha will make Chiyo’s mizuage is the highest price in the history of geisha all of time. Chiyo hopes the Chairman whose she loves become a danna of her. The fact is Dr. Crab’s is the winner with the highest mizuage’s price. So, Dr. Crab’s become her dannaautomatically. It can see on the text:

I m r o n i | 41

When Mameha noticed at the sumo tournament that Nobu seemed taken with me, she thought at once of how much Nobu resembled Fujikadoself-made and, to a man like Dr. Crab, repulsive. Ther was what Mameha

hadmeant by "catching Hatsumomo off-balance." Hatsumomo was delighted that Nobu found me attractive;what she didn't realize was that my popularity with Nobu would very likely drive up the price of mymizuage. (Chapter 19) Clearly we had to reclaim Dr. Crab's affections. Without him Nobu could offer what he wanted for my mizuage that is, if he turned out to have any interest in it at all. I wasn't sure he would, but Mameha assured me that a man doesn't cultivate a relationship with a fifteen-year-old apprentice geisha unless hehas her mizuage in mind. (Chapter 19)

In the text above, Dr. Crab’s becomes the winner of the highest mizuage’s price. Chiyo’s virginity are taken by Dr. Crab’s. Chiyo has no power to refuse the mizuage. Event though she dislike Dr. Crab’s, she has to be willing her virginity taken by him. She is very sad and she thinks over about the Chairman and feels guilty to him. She is very sad because she does not doing her first sexual with the Chairman as a man who she love. But, because of that she find her self-reliance.

3.2.3 Chiyo’s Self-Reliance

Chiyo’s identity starts when she was in mizuage events. Her virginity was taken by Dr. Crab’s. Actually, she dislikes Dr. Crab’s but she has no power to refuse the mizuage. She has to obey the rules of a geisha even though she

unconscious that her virginity will be taken by Dr. Crab’s. Although her virginity wastaken by Dr. Crab’s, she is still loving the Chairman. It is illustrated in following quotation:

...The entire goal in everything I did during the ten last years is to win the affection of the chairman...(Chap.29).

I m r o n i | 42

The quotation above said that she loves the Chairman. She loved him when she was 12 years old. Chiyo does not care even though her age are younger 33 years than him. Because of that she decided to become a geisha in order to meet and get his love. The following quotation that shows Sayuri’s promise to herself:

To become a geisha ... well, that was hardly a purpose in life. But to be a geisha ... I could see it now as a stepping-stone to something else. With my eyes squeezed tightly shut and my hands together, I prayed that they permit me to become a geisha somehow. I would suffer through any training, bear up under any hardship, for a chance to attract the notice of a man like the Chairman again. (Chapter 9)

The quatation above tells that Chiyo wants to become a geisha in order to have a chance to attract of a man like the Chairman. Her secret love continues until she becomes a successful geisha. But, her choice makes her loss her virginity unconsciously. She feels loss her chance to get the Chairman’s love. Sayuri thinks that there is no way for her to get love from the Chairman anymore. One day she meets with the Chairman in a tea house. She does not want loss a chance to declare her love to him. So, Chiyo comes to the Chairman and say that she loved him since she met him when she was 12 years old. The declaration of Chiyo’s love describe in the following dialog:

"Please forgive me for what I am about to say," I finally managed to begin. I tried to continue, but somehow my throat made up its mind to swallow though I can't think what I was swallowing, unless it was a little knot of emotion I pushed back down because there was no room in my face for any more.

I m r o n i | 43

"What I did on Amami, I did because of my feelings for you, Chairman. Every step I have taken in my life since I was a child in Gion, I have taken in the hope of bringing myself closer to you."

When I said these words, all the heat in my body seemed to rise to my face. I felt I might float up into the air, just like a piece of ash from a fire, unless I could focus on something in the room. I tried to find a smudge on the tabletop, but already the table itself was glazing over and disappearing in my vision. (Chapter 34)

The dialog above tells that Chiyo declares her love to the Chairman. Actually, a geisha is forbidden to fall in love and express her love. Chiyo breaks the rule because she very loved him. Unconsciously the Chairman has the same feeling to him. He loves Chiyo for a long time and he is jealous when Chiyo gets closer to another man. The Chairman’s statement illsustrated in the following quotation:

"When I saw you there with the Minister, you had a look in your eyes just like the one I saw so many years ago at the Shirakawa Stream," he told me. "You seemed so desperate, like you might drown if someone didn't save you. After Pumpkin told me you'd intended that encounter for Nobu's eyes, I made up my mind to tell him what I'd seen. And when he reacted so angrily ... well, if he couldn't forgive you for what you'd done, it was clear to me he was never truly your destiny." But then the Chairman leaned back away from me again, with one of his hands upon my neck. He was so close, I could see the moisture glistening on his lip, and still smell the kiss we'd just ended. (Chapter 34)

The dialoge above tells that the Chairman loves her fo a long time. Chiyo is very happy to hear that. Finally, the Chairman asks to Mother to become Chiyo’s danna. When she gets the Chairman’ love, Chiyo arranges a plan to get her independence. Chiyo asks to Mother to let her go from the Okkiya and lives with the Chairman. But, Mother does not allow her to let her leaving the Okkiya. Finally she is success to leave the Okkiya when the Chairman repays the cost of

I m r o n i | 44

her life in Okkiya. Then she is struggling to life independents. She is moving to New York and opening Japanes Tea House Busines. She proposes her idea to the Chaiman and he agrees to her planning. Chiyo’s propose described in the

following dialog:

"Have I mentioned to Danna-sama," I began, "that I've had the strangest feeling lately?"

I glanced at him, but I could see no sign that he was even listening. "I keep thinking of the Ichiriki Teahouse," I went on, "and truthfully, I'm beginning to recognize how much I miss entertaining."

The Chairman just took a bite of his ice cream, and then set his spoon down on the dish again.

"Of course, I can never go back to work in Gion; I know that perfectly well. And yet I wonder, Dannasama. . . isn't there a place for a small teahouse in New York City?" (Chapter 35)

The dialogue above stated that Chiyo’s propose her idea to the Chairman that she wants to be opening a tea house. She does that because she wants to be independent woman by starting her own business. Her tea house is opened in 1952 in Park Avenue, New York. Those are very crucial action of a woman who is exploited as a geisha to get her love and being an independent woman with her own freedom.

I m r o n i| 45

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION

After presenting the result of analysis in the previous chapter, the conclusion is taken in this part. It is about existentialism that applied by Chiyo as the main character. The conclusion presents the answer of the formulated question.

4.1 Conclusion

From the result of data analysis, first of all the researcher finding all of Chiyo’s characterization in novel Memoirs of a Geishabased on analysis character and uses existentialism theory. Chiyo is a smart and brave woman and she uses her smart to become a struggle woman. She faces her life with her determined and she becomes a tough woman to confront her difficult life. She is very love a Chairman since she meets him. Existent accompany her to face her life and get her love.Based on the analysis in the previous chapter, the researcher uses existentialim as the supporting theory.

Chiyo uses her freedom and shows her existence to get love from Chairman. She does anything to make success her planning. She decides to become a geisha in order to get a chance to meet the Chairman. Not only meet with Chairman but also make her become a famous woman and change her social condition. Since she decides to become a geisha, she has to be

responsible for her choice. She has to study and work hard to become a geisha. because geisha’s training is so difficult and it is not simple. Besides geisha’s training that very difficult, she has to be face senior geisha who has been hated

I m r o n i| 46

her. The name is Hatsumomo. Hatsumomo is a popular geisha in Gion and the only one successful geisha in Nitta Okkiya. She is a beautifull geisha which has no humanity and very cruel. All of people in Nitta Okkiya help her everyday in order to she become the best geisha in the Gion.

Because Chiyo’s struggle, she is successful to become a geisha. When she becomes a geisha, she faces a difficult thing. She has to unscrew her virginity to a man who has the biggest offered for her. A man who has the biggest offered will become her danna. Unscrewed of virginity is called mizuage in Japan. Mizuage was a ceremony undergone by a Japanese maiko (apprentice geisha) to signify her coming of age. She hopes that the Chairman as her secret love become her danna. But, she has to allow her virginity taken by Dr. Crab’s who has the highest offered for her virginity. She very sad to face that because she will loss her opportunity to get the Chairman’s love.

All of the condition are the result of her choices. She decided to become a geisha and she has to responsible for her choise. Because of the mizuage she find her self-identity. She express her love to the Chairman. Although a geisha forbidden to fall in love and express the love, Chiyo breaks the rule because she is very loved him. Unconsciously the Chairman has the same feeling to him. Finally she get the Chairman’s love. Since she get the Chairman’s love, she decided to leave the Okkiya.Chiyo ask to Mother to let her go from the Okkiya and lives with the Chairman. But, Mother does not allow her to let her leaving the Okkiya. Finally she success to leave the Okkiya when she asks the Chairman to repay the cost of her life in Okkiya. Then she is struggling to life

I m r o n i| 47

independents. She want to be free from others people and she wants to be free from a geisha. Because of that she is moving to New York and opening Japanes Tea House Busines. Those are very crucial action of a woman who is exploited as a geisha to get her love and being an independent woman with her own freedom.

WORKS CITED

Babbie, Earl. 2013. The Basic of Social Research. USA: Cengange Learning. Carter, David. The Pocket Essential Literary Theory. Britain: Great Britain, 2006. Dagun, M. Filsafat Existentialisme. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1990.

Golden, Arthur. Memoirs of A Geisha. Random House. 2005.

Gutkin, Lee. The Art of Creative NonfictionWritting and Sellig the Literature of

Reality. Amazon Noir. 2006.

Holman, C. Hugh. A Hand Book to Literature. Indianpolis: ITT Bobbs-Merril Educational Publishing Company, Inc,1985.

K.S, Yudiono.2009. Pengkajian Kritik Sastra. Jakarta: Grasindo.

Mahfud, Nanang. M. Women’s Position in Memoirs of a Geisha Written by Arthur

Golden (1997): A Feminist Approach. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University

of Surakarta, 2009.

Muhammad, Aulia. Bayang Baur Sejarah Sketsa Hidup Penulis-Penulis Besar Dunia. Solo: Tiga Serangkai.

Muzairi. Eksistentialisme Jean Paul Sartre (Sumur Tanpa Dasar Kebebasan

Manusia). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2002.

Peck, Coyle. 1984. The Gender Phenomena (Woman Voice and Feminist Thought).

New York: Oreon State University.

Ratna, Nyoman. Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 2011.

Ratna, Nyoman. Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 2013.

Saptoningrum, Diyah. A. Simbolism in Arthur Golden’s Memoirs of Geisha. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, 2009.

Satre, Jean Paul. Existentialism Is a Huamism, translated y Carol Macomber. Yale University Press, New Heaven, 2007.

Selden, Raman and Widdowson, Peter. 2005. A Reader Guide to Contempory

Literary Theory Fifth Edition. UK: Pearson Education Limited.

Suhartono, Suparlan. 2005. Sejarah Pemikiran Filsafat Modern. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media

Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren (translated by Melani Budianta). Teori

Kesusastraan. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1995.

her life in Okkiya. Then she is struggling to life independents. She is moving to

New York and opening Japanes Tea House Busines. She proposes her idea to the

Chaiman and he agrees to her planning. Chiyo’s propose described in the

following dialog:

"Have I mentioned to Danna-sama," I began, "that I've had the strangest feeling lately?"

I glanced at him, but I could see no sign that he was even listening. "I keep thinking of the Ichiriki Teahouse," I went on, "and truthfully, I'm beginning to recognize how much I miss entertaining."

The Chairman just took a bite of his ice cream, and then set his spoon down on the dish again.

"Of course, I can never go back to work in Gion; I know that perfectly well. And yet I wonder, Dannasama. . . isn't there a place for a small teahouse in New York City?" (Chapter 35)

The dialogue above stated that Chiyo’s propose her idea to the Chairman

that she wants to be opening a tea house. She does that because she wants to be

independent woman by starting her own business. Her tea house is opened in 1952

in Park Avenue, New York. Those are very crucial action of a woman who is

exploited as a geisha to get her love and being an independent woman with her

I m r o n i| 45

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION

After presenting the result of analysis in the previous chapter, the conclusion is taken in this part. It is about existentialism that applied by Chiyo as the main character. The conclusion presents the answer of the formulated question.

4.1 Conclusion

From the result of data analysis, first of all the researcher finding all of Chiyo’s characterization in novel Memoirs of a Geishabased on analysis character and uses existentialism theory. Chiyo is a smart and brave woman and she uses her smart to become a struggle woman. She faces her life with her determined and she becomes a tough woman to confront her difficult life. She is very love a Chairman since she meets him. Existent accompany her to face her life and get her love.Based on the analysis in the previous chapter, the researcher uses existentialim as the supporting theory.

Chiyo uses her freedom and shows her existence to get love from Chairman. She does anything to make success her planning. She decides to become a geisha in order to get a chance to meet the Chairman. Not only meet with Chairman but also make her become a famous woman and change her social condition. Since she decides to become a geisha, she has to be

responsible for her choice. She has to study and work hard to become a geisha.

because geisha’s training is so difficult and it is not simple. Besides geisha’s

her. The name is Hatsumomo. Hatsumomo is a popular geisha in Gion and the

only one successful geisha in Nitta Okkiya. She is a beautifull geisha which has

no humanity and very cruel. All of people in Nitta Okkiya help her everyday in

order to she become the best geisha in the Gion.

Because Chiyo’s struggle, she is successful to become a geisha. When

she becomes a geisha, she faces a difficult thing. She has to unscrew her

virginity to a man who has the biggest offered for her. A man who has the

biggest offered will become her danna. Unscrewed of virginity is called

mizuage in Japan. Mizuage was a ceremony undergone by a Japanese maiko

(apprentice geisha) to signify her coming of age. She hopes that the Chairman

as her secret love become her danna. But, she has to allow her virginity taken

by Dr. Crab’s who has the highest offered for her virginity. She very sad to face that because she will loss her opportunity to get the Chairman’s love.

All of the condition are the result of her choices. She decided to become

a geisha and she has to responsible for her choise. Because of the mizuage she

find her self-identity. She express her love to the Chairman. Although a geisha

forbidden to fall in love and express the love, Chiyo breaks the rule because

she is very loved him. Unconsciously the Chairman has the same feeling to

him. Finally she get the Chairman’s love. Since she get the Chairman’s love,

she decided to leave the Okkiya.Chiyo ask to Mother to let her go from the

Okkiya and lives with the Chairman. But, Mother does not allow her to let her

leaving the Okkiya. Finally she success to leave the Okkiya when she asks the

I m r o n i| 47

independents. She want to be free from others people and she wants to be free

from a geisha. Because of that she is moving to New York and opening

Japanes Tea House Busines. Those are very crucial action of a woman who is

exploited as a geisha to get her love and being an independent woman with her

WORKS CITED

Babbie, Earl. 2013. The Basic of Social Research. USA: Cengange Learning. Carter, David. The Pocket Essential Literary Theory. Britain: Great Britain, 2006. Dagun, M. Filsafat Existentialisme. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1990.

Golden, Arthur. Memoirs of A Geisha. Random House. 2005.

Gutkin, Lee. The Art of Creative NonfictionWritting and Sellig the Literature of Reality. Amazon Noir. 2006.

Holman, C. Hugh. A Hand Book to Literature. Indianpolis: ITT Bobbs-Merril Educational Publishing Company, Inc,1985.

K.S, Yudiono.2009. Pengkajian Kritik Sastra. Jakarta: Grasindo.

Mahfud, Nanang. M. Women’s Position in Memoirs of a Geisha Written by Arthur Golden (1997): A Feminist Approach. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, 2009.

Muhammad, Aulia. Bayang Baur Sejarah Sketsa Hidup Penulis-Penulis Besar Dunia. Solo: Tiga Serangkai.

Muzairi. Eksistentialisme Jean Paul Sartre (Sumur Tanpa Dasar Kebebasan Manusia). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2002.

Peck, Coyle. 1984. The Gender Phenomena (Woman Voice and Feminist Thought). New York: Oreon State University.

Ratna, Nyoman. Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 2011.

Ratna, Nyoman. Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 2013.

Saptoningrum, Diyah. A. Simbolism in Arthur Golden’s Memoirs of Geisha. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, 2009.

Satre, Jean Paul. Existentialism Is a Huamism, translated y Carol Macomber. Yale University Press, New Heaven, 2007.

Selden, Raman and Widdowson, Peter. 2005. A Reader Guide to Contempory Literary Theory Fifth Edition. UK: Pearson Education Limited.

Suhartono, Suparlan. 2005. Sejarah Pemikiran Filsafat Modern. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media

Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren (translated by Melani Budianta). Teori Kesusastraan. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1995.