S SEJ 1105630 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................................................... i
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................................... ii
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH ........................................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................................................. iv
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR GRAFIK ...................................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................................................. x
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Latar Belakang .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................................... 7
1.3
Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 7
1.4
Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................................ 8
1.5
Struktur Organisasi Skripsi.................................................................................................... 9
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................................................... 11
2.1
Pengertian Historical Thinking ........................................................................................... 11
2.2
Historical Comprehension ................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Pengertian Historical Comprehension................................................................................. 13
2.2.2 Indikator Historical Comprehension ................................................................................... 15
2.3
Fenomenografi ...................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.1 Pengertian Fenomenografi ................................................................................................... 18
2.3.2 Penerapan Fenomenografi dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah ................................................. 20
2.4
Fenomenografi dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah untuk Mengembangkan Historical
Comprehension Siswa .......................................................................................................... 22
2.5
Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................................... 24
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ................................................................................ 27
3.1
Metode Penelitian ....................................................................................................... 27
3.2
Desain Penelitian ........................................................................................................ 28
3.2.1 Perencanaan (plan)...................................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Pelaksanaan (act) ........................................................................................................ 31
3.2.3 Pengamatan (observe) ................................................................................................. 31
3.2.4 Refleksi (reflect) ......................................................................................................... 32
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
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3.3
Sasaran Penelitian dan Lokasi Penelitian .......................................................................... 32
3.4
Definisi Operasional ................................................................................................... 33
3.4.1 Historical Comprehension ................................................................................................... 33
3.4.2 Fenomenografi ............................................................................................................ 35
3.5
Prosedur Penelitian ..................................................................................................... 37
3.6
Instrumen Penelitian ................................................................................................... 37
3.6.1 Pedoman Observasi..................................................................................................... 38
3.6.2 Pedoman Wawancara .................................................................................................. 38
3.6.3 Catatan Lapangan........................................................................................................ 39
3.7
Teknik Pengumpulan Data .................................................................................................. 39
3.7.1 Observasi..................................................................................................................... 39
3.7.2 Wawancara .................................................................................................................. 40
3.7.3 Studi Dokumentasi ...................................................................................................... 40
3.8
Teknik Pengolahan dan Analisis Data ............................................................................... 41
3.8.1 Pengolahan Data ......................................................................................................... 41
3.8.2 Validitas Data.............................................................................................................. 42
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ......................................................... 44
4.1
Hasil Penelitian ........................................................................................................... 44
4.1.1 Deskripsi Observasi Awal Kelas XI IIS 2 pada Pembelajaran Sejarah ......................... 44
4.1.2 Pola-pola Pendekatan Belajar Siswa Kelas XI IIS 2 Dilihat dari Prespektif
Fenomenografi sebelum dilakukannya Tindakan ............................................................. 47
4.2
Deskripsi Pelaksanaan Penerapan Fenomenografi untuk Mengembangkan
Historical Coprehension Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah ........................................ 49
4.2.1 Deskripsi Tindakan I ................................................................................................... 49
4.2.2 Deskripsi Tindakan II ................................................................................................. 63
4.2.3 Deskripsi Tindakan III ......................................................................................................... 74
4.2.4 Deskripsi Tindakan IV ................................................................................................ 85
4.3
Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................................. 96
4.3.1 Deskripsi Hasil Pengolahan Data Penelitian Penerapan Fenomenografi untuk
Mengembangkan Historical Comprehension Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah ..... 96
4.3.2 Analisis Hasil Penerapan Fenomenografi untuk Mengembangkan Historical
Comprehension Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah .................................................... 125
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI ................................................................... 128
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
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5.1
Kesimpulan ............................................................................................................... 128
5.2
Rekomendasi ............................................................................................................. 130
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................................ 132
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR TABEL
2.1
Indikator Pencapaian Historical Comprehension Siswa ................................................. 16
3.1
Indikator Pencapaian Historical Comprehension Siswa ................................................. 34
4.1
Nama-nama Siswa Kelas XI IIS 2 ...................................................................................... 45
4.2
Rubrik Penilaian Historical Comprehension Siswa ......................................................... 55
4.3
Hasil Observasi dan Penilaian Hsitorical Comprehension Siswa pada saat
Pemaparan Kelompok Tindakan I ...................................................................................... 58
4.4
Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan I .............................................................................................................................. 60
4.5
Lembar Observasi Guru pada saat awal Pembelajaran hingga akhir Pembelajaran
Tindakan I .............................................................................................................................. 61
4.6
Hasil Observasi dan Penilaian Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat
Pemaparan Kelompok Tindakan II..................................................................................... 69
4.7
Presentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan II ............................................................................................................................ 71
4.8
Lembar Observasi Guru pada saat Pembelajaran Hingga Akhir Pembelajaran
Tindakan II ............................................................................................................................ 72
4.9
Hasil Observasi dan Penilaian Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat
Pemaparan Kelompok Tindakan III ................................................................................... 80
4.10 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan III ........................................................................................................................... 82
4.11 Lembar Observasi Guru pada saat Pembelajaran Hingga Akhir Pembelajaran
Tindakan III ........................................................................................................................... 83
4.12 Hasil Observasi dan Penilaian Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat
Pemaparan Kelompok Tindakan IV ................................................................................... 91
4.13 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan IV ........................................................................................................................... 93
4.14 Lembar Observasi Guru pada saat Pembelajaran Hingga Akhir Pembelajaran
Tindakan IV ........................................................................................................................... 94
4.15 Peresentase Pembelajaran Dangkal (Surface Learning) Tindakan I ........................... 104
4.16 Peresentase Pembelajaran Mendalam (Deep Learning) Tindakan I ........................... 105
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.17 Peresentase Pembelajaran Dangkal (Surface Learning) Tindakan II ......................... 107
4.18 Peresentase Pembelajaran Mendalam (Deep Learning) Tindakan II ......................... 107
4.19 Peresentase Pembelajaran Dangkal (Surface Learning) Tindakan III ........................ 109
4.20 Peresentase Pembelajaran Mendalam (Deep Learning) Tindakan III ........................ 109
4.21 Peresentase Pembelajaran Dangkal (Surface Learning) Tindakan IV........................ 111
4.22 Peresentase Pembelajaran Mendalaml (Deep Learning) Tindakan IV....................... 112
4.23 Hasil Pembelajaran Dilihat dari Prespektif Fenomenografi pada Pembelajaran
Sejarah ................................................................................................................................. 114
4.24 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan I ........................................................................................................................... 116
4.25 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan II ......................................................................................................................... 117
4.26 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan III ........................................................................................................................ 117
4.27 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan IV ........................................................................................................................ 118
4.28 Hasil Penilaian untuk Mengembangkan Historical Comprehension Siswa dalam
Pembelajaran Sejarah ........................................................................................................ 119
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR GRAFIK
4.1
Peresentase Hasil Pembelajaran Tindakan I................................................................... 106
4.2
Peresentase Hasil Pembelajaran Tindakan II ................................................................. 108
4.3
Peresentase Hasil Pembelajaran Tindakan III ................................................................ 110
4.4
Peresentase Hasil Pembelajaran Tindakan IV ............................................................... 113
4.5
Hasil Pembelajaran Dilihat dari Prespektif Fenomenografi pada Pembelajaran
Sejarah ................................................................................................................................. 114
4.6
Hasil Penilaian untuk Mengembangkan Historical Comprehension Siswa dalam
Pembelajaran Sejarah Dilihat berdasarkan Kelompok ................................................. 119
4.7
Hasil Penilaian untuk Mengembangkan Historical Comprehension Siswa dalam
Pembelajaran Sejarah ........................................................................................................ 120
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
LAMPIRAN 1 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 2 Catatan Lapangan Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 3 Hasil Wawancara dengan Guru dan Siswa Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 4 Hasil Penilaian dari Observer Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 5 Lembar Observasi Guru Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 6 Dokumentasi
LAMPIRAN 7 Surat-surat
LAMPIRAN 8 Frekuensi Bimbingan
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................................................... i
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................................... ii
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH ........................................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR ISI................................................................................................................................. iv
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR GRAFIK ...................................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................................................. x
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Latar Belakang .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................................... 7
1.3
Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 7
1.4
Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................................ 8
1.5
Struktur Organisasi Skripsi.................................................................................................... 9
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................................................... 11
2.1
Pengertian Historical Thinking ........................................................................................... 11
2.2
Historical Comprehension ................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Pengertian Historical Comprehension................................................................................. 13
2.2.2 Indikator Historical Comprehension ................................................................................... 15
2.3
Fenomenografi ...................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.1 Pengertian Fenomenografi ................................................................................................... 18
2.3.2 Penerapan Fenomenografi dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah ................................................. 20
2.4
Fenomenografi dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah untuk Mengembangkan Historical
Comprehension Siswa .......................................................................................................... 22
2.5
Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................................... 24
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ................................................................................ 27
3.1
Metode Penelitian ....................................................................................................... 27
3.2
Desain Penelitian ........................................................................................................ 28
3.2.1 Perencanaan (plan)...................................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Pelaksanaan (act) ........................................................................................................ 31
3.2.3 Pengamatan (observe) ................................................................................................. 31
3.2.4 Refleksi (reflect) ......................................................................................................... 32
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.3
Sasaran Penelitian dan Lokasi Penelitian .......................................................................... 32
3.4
Definisi Operasional ................................................................................................... 33
3.4.1 Historical Comprehension ................................................................................................... 33
3.4.2 Fenomenografi ............................................................................................................ 35
3.5
Prosedur Penelitian ..................................................................................................... 37
3.6
Instrumen Penelitian ................................................................................................... 37
3.6.1 Pedoman Observasi..................................................................................................... 38
3.6.2 Pedoman Wawancara .................................................................................................. 38
3.6.3 Catatan Lapangan........................................................................................................ 39
3.7
Teknik Pengumpulan Data .................................................................................................. 39
3.7.1 Observasi..................................................................................................................... 39
3.7.2 Wawancara .................................................................................................................. 40
3.7.3 Studi Dokumentasi ...................................................................................................... 40
3.8
Teknik Pengolahan dan Analisis Data ............................................................................... 41
3.8.1 Pengolahan Data ......................................................................................................... 41
3.8.2 Validitas Data.............................................................................................................. 42
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ......................................................... 44
4.1
Hasil Penelitian ........................................................................................................... 44
4.1.1 Deskripsi Observasi Awal Kelas XI IIS 2 pada Pembelajaran Sejarah ......................... 44
4.1.2 Pola-pola Pendekatan Belajar Siswa Kelas XI IIS 2 Dilihat dari Prespektif
Fenomenografi sebelum dilakukannya Tindakan ............................................................. 47
4.2
Deskripsi Pelaksanaan Penerapan Fenomenografi untuk Mengembangkan
Historical Coprehension Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah ........................................ 49
4.2.1 Deskripsi Tindakan I ................................................................................................... 49
4.2.2 Deskripsi Tindakan II ................................................................................................. 63
4.2.3 Deskripsi Tindakan III ......................................................................................................... 74
4.2.4 Deskripsi Tindakan IV ................................................................................................ 85
4.3
Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................................. 96
4.3.1 Deskripsi Hasil Pengolahan Data Penelitian Penerapan Fenomenografi untuk
Mengembangkan Historical Comprehension Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah ..... 96
4.3.2 Analisis Hasil Penerapan Fenomenografi untuk Mengembangkan Historical
Comprehension Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah .................................................... 125
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI ................................................................... 128
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.1
Kesimpulan ............................................................................................................... 128
5.2
Rekomendasi ............................................................................................................. 130
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................................ 132
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN
RIWAYAT HIDUP
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR TABEL
2.1
Indikator Pencapaian Historical Comprehension Siswa ................................................. 16
3.1
Indikator Pencapaian Historical Comprehension Siswa ................................................. 34
4.1
Nama-nama Siswa Kelas XI IIS 2 ...................................................................................... 45
4.2
Rubrik Penilaian Historical Comprehension Siswa ......................................................... 55
4.3
Hasil Observasi dan Penilaian Hsitorical Comprehension Siswa pada saat
Pemaparan Kelompok Tindakan I ...................................................................................... 58
4.4
Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan I .............................................................................................................................. 60
4.5
Lembar Observasi Guru pada saat awal Pembelajaran hingga akhir Pembelajaran
Tindakan I .............................................................................................................................. 61
4.6
Hasil Observasi dan Penilaian Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat
Pemaparan Kelompok Tindakan II..................................................................................... 69
4.7
Presentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan II ............................................................................................................................ 71
4.8
Lembar Observasi Guru pada saat Pembelajaran Hingga Akhir Pembelajaran
Tindakan II ............................................................................................................................ 72
4.9
Hasil Observasi dan Penilaian Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat
Pemaparan Kelompok Tindakan III ................................................................................... 80
4.10 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan III ........................................................................................................................... 82
4.11 Lembar Observasi Guru pada saat Pembelajaran Hingga Akhir Pembelajaran
Tindakan III ........................................................................................................................... 83
4.12 Hasil Observasi dan Penilaian Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat
Pemaparan Kelompok Tindakan IV ................................................................................... 91
4.13 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan IV ........................................................................................................................... 93
4.14 Lembar Observasi Guru pada saat Pembelajaran Hingga Akhir Pembelajaran
Tindakan IV ........................................................................................................................... 94
4.15 Peresentase Pembelajaran Dangkal (Surface Learning) Tindakan I ........................... 104
4.16 Peresentase Pembelajaran Mendalam (Deep Learning) Tindakan I ........................... 105
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.17 Peresentase Pembelajaran Dangkal (Surface Learning) Tindakan II ......................... 107
4.18 Peresentase Pembelajaran Mendalam (Deep Learning) Tindakan II ......................... 107
4.19 Peresentase Pembelajaran Dangkal (Surface Learning) Tindakan III ........................ 109
4.20 Peresentase Pembelajaran Mendalam (Deep Learning) Tindakan III ........................ 109
4.21 Peresentase Pembelajaran Dangkal (Surface Learning) Tindakan IV........................ 111
4.22 Peresentase Pembelajaran Mendalaml (Deep Learning) Tindakan IV....................... 112
4.23 Hasil Pembelajaran Dilihat dari Prespektif Fenomenografi pada Pembelajaran
Sejarah ................................................................................................................................. 114
4.24 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan I ........................................................................................................................... 116
4.25 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan II ......................................................................................................................... 117
4.26 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan III ........................................................................................................................ 117
4.27 Peresentase Historical Comprehension Siswa pada saat Pemaparan di Kelas
Tindakan IV ........................................................................................................................ 118
4.28 Hasil Penilaian untuk Mengembangkan Historical Comprehension Siswa dalam
Pembelajaran Sejarah ........................................................................................................ 119
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR GRAFIK
4.1
Peresentase Hasil Pembelajaran Tindakan I................................................................... 106
4.2
Peresentase Hasil Pembelajaran Tindakan II ................................................................. 108
4.3
Peresentase Hasil Pembelajaran Tindakan III ................................................................ 110
4.4
Peresentase Hasil Pembelajaran Tindakan IV ............................................................... 113
4.5
Hasil Pembelajaran Dilihat dari Prespektif Fenomenografi pada Pembelajaran
Sejarah ................................................................................................................................. 114
4.6
Hasil Penilaian untuk Mengembangkan Historical Comprehension Siswa dalam
Pembelajaran Sejarah Dilihat berdasarkan Kelompok ................................................. 119
4.7
Hasil Penilaian untuk Mengembangkan Historical Comprehension Siswa dalam
Pembelajaran Sejarah ........................................................................................................ 120
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
LAMPIRAN 1 Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 2 Catatan Lapangan Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 3 Hasil Wawancara dengan Guru dan Siswa Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 4 Hasil Penilaian dari Observer Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 5 Lembar Observasi Guru Tindakan I-IV
LAMPIRAN 6 Dokumentasi
LAMPIRAN 7 Surat-surat
LAMPIRAN 8 Frekuensi Bimbingan
Rita Kumalasari, 2016
MENGEMBANGKAN HISTORICAL COMPREHENSION SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI
PENERAPAN FENOMENOGRAFI
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu